1
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Zhang H, Du X, Liu Y, Lei G, Yin P, Pang S. Fused Triazole-Tetrazine Assembled with Different Functional Moieties: Construction of Multipurpose Energetic Materials. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:33557-33562. [PMID: 39130562 PMCID: PMC11307276 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Azido, amino, and azo functionalities were introduced into tetrazine backbones to access multifunctional energetic materials. AzNTT demonstrates effective initiation capability (MPC = 50 mg), whereas NTTA balances well between the energy and stability. Azo-functionalized BNTTD has a high density of 1.908 g cm-3, with performance comparable to that of the benchmark material HMX. This work underscores the scope of energetic functionalization and the outstanding comprehensive performance of polycyclic tetrazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing
Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Xinyu Du
- School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongjiang Liu
- Beijing
Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Guorong Lei
- State
Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ping Yin
- School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing
Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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2
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Zhang J, Jin Z, Hao W, Luo L, Liu Q, Deng H, Guo Z, Shen J, Peng R, Jin B. Self-Assembly Method for Synthesizing High-Dimensional EMOFs with High Stability and Laser Response. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12498-12505. [PMID: 38912702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Dimension and solvent molecules affect the performance of energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs). High-dimensional EMOFs are usually characterized by high stability and low sensitivity due to their complex network structure. However, solvent molecules affect the detonation performance of EMOFs, and these molecules may be removed at low temperatures, resulting in structural collapse and affecting the stability of EMOFs. In this work, zero-dimensional (0D) Co(AFTO)2·(H2O)2 (EMOF 1) and Ni(AFTO)2·(H2O)2 (EMOF 2) with coordinated water molecules and [Co(AFTO)2]n·EtOH (EMOF 3) and [Ni(AFTO)2]n (EMOF 4) (AFTO = 5-(4-amino-furazan-3-yl)-1-hydroxytetrazole) with high-dimensional structure were synthesized using hydrothermal and self-assembly methods in ethanol, respectively. Structural and performance tests show that EMOF 3 and 4 exhibit remarkable thermal stability and low mechanical sensitivity. This method is a simple, effective, and green technique for synthesizing high-dimensional EMOFs with high stability through self-assembly in ethanol solution. In addition, EMOF 3 and 4 can be used as primary green laser explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Wenjia Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Liqiong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Quancheng Liu
- College of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Hu Deng
- College of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Zhicheng Guo
- School of National Defense & Nuclear Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Juan Shen
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Rufang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Bo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
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3
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Zeng Z, Chen C, Xu X, Liu Y, Huang W, Tang Y. Diazotization of o-Aminoamidoximes for the Preparation of Energetic 6,5,6-Fused 1,2,3-Triazine-3-oxides. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9516-9520. [PMID: 38872301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Two 6,5,6-fused 1,2,3-triazine-3-oxides (4 and 6) were designed and synthesized via the reaction of o-aminoamidoximes with sodium nitrite. In addition, the ring-opening products (5, 7, and 8) derived from 1,2,3-triazine-3-oxides were isolated and characterized. A comprehensive exploration of the reaction mechanism governing the ring-opening process was performed through a combination of theoretical and experimental studies. Notably, compound 4 exhibited commendable detonation properties and low sensitivity, demonstrating its promising potential as an energetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Chunhui Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xuran Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuji Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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4
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Li J, Kou A, Ding H, Pang S, He C. An Intramolecular-Lock Facilitates Planar Tricyclic Fused Energetic Compounds. Org Lett 2024; 26:5488-5492. [PMID: 38900414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Exploiting novel fused cyclic frameworks through simple and efficient methods has provided a blueprint for developing advanced explosives. In this study, six new [5,6,5]-tricyclic fused energetic compounds (I-VI) were synthesized through an intramolecular cyclization strategy involving a C-NH2 directed cyclization reaction. The work not only boosts the development of fused cyclic energetic compounds but also highlights their potential applications as secondary or heat-resistant explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Liu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ao Kou
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongxin Ding
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
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5
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Gong W, Guo B, Hu L, Pang S, Shreeve JM. Host-Guest Technique for Designing Highly Energetic Compounds with the Nitroamino Group. Org Lett 2024; 26:4417-4421. [PMID: 38330149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A new energetic material, 2-azido-4,7-nitroamino-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine (ANIP) with a highly sensitive azido group and its host-guest compounds (ANIP/H2O and ANIP/H2O2), and energetic salts were obtained. With the guest and protons in host molecules, an abundant hydrogen bond system can be formed. This results in high crystal density and good sensitivity, which suggests that the host-guest strategy is a promising way to balance the contradiction between energy and sensitivity and provides a new path to obtain a new generation of high energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Gong
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Benyue Guo
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Lu Hu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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6
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Pandey K, Tiwari A, Singh J, Bhatia P, Das P, Kumar D, Shreeve JM. Pushing the Limit of Oxygen Balance on a Benzofuroxan Framework: K 2DNDP as an Extremely Dense and Thermally Stable Material as a Substitute for Lead Azide. Org Lett 2024; 26:1952-1958. [PMID: 38411560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Because of environmental and health impacts, there is an ongoing necessity to develop sustainable primary explosives to replace existing lead-based analogues. Now we describe a potential primary explosive, dipotassium 4,6-dinitro-5,7-dioxidobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole 1-oxide (K2DNDP), which exhibits an excellent thermal stability (Tdec = 281 °C), positive oxygen balance (+4.79%), and a calculated crystal density of ρ = 2.274 g cm-3 at 100 K. Its physicochemical properties concomitantly with its straightforward synthesis make it a potential replacement for lead-based initiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Pandey
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Atharva Tiwari
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jatinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Prachi Bhatia
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Priyanka Das
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dheeraj Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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7
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Allen JE, Zybin SV, Morozov SI, O'Sullivan OT, Kawamura C, Waxler DE, Hooper JP, Goddard Iii WA, Zdilla MJ. High-Energy-Density Material with Magnetically Modulated Ignition. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4500-4507. [PMID: 38330246 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Preparation of a redox-frustrated high-energy-density energetic material is achieved by gentle protolysis of Mn[N(SiMe3)2]2 with the perchlorate salt of the tetrazolamide [H2NtBuMeTz]ClO4 (Tz = tetrazole), yielding the Mn6N6 hexagonal prismatic cluster, Mn6(μ3-NTztBuMe)6(ClO4)6. Quantum mechanics-based molecular dynamics simulations of the decomposition of this molecule predict that magnetic ordering of the d5 Mn2+ ions influences the pathway and rates of decomposition, suggesting that the initiation of decomposition of the bulk material might be significantly retarded by an applied magnetic field. We report here experimental tests of the prediction showing that the presence of a 0.5 T magnetic field modulates the ignition onset temperature by +10.4 ± 3.9 °C (from 414 ± 4 °C), demonstrating the first example of a magnetically modulated explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Sergey V Zybin
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sergey I Morozov
- Department of Physics of Nanoscale Systems, South Ural State University, 76 Prospekt Lenina, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
| | - Owen T O'Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Colton Kawamura
- Department of Physics, Naval Postgraduate School, 833 Dyer Road, Monterey, California 93943, United States
| | - David E Waxler
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, 1701 N 13th St. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Joseph P Hooper
- Department of Physics, Naval Postgraduate School, 833 Dyer Road, Monterey, California 93943, United States
| | - William A Goddard Iii
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael J Zdilla
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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8
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Zhang H, Cai J, Li Z, Lai Q, Yin P, Pang S. Exploring a Fused Triazole-Tetrazine Binary CN Material for a Promising Initiating Substance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4628-4636. [PMID: 38237118 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The pursuit of binary carbon-nitrogen (CN) materials with high density and good thermal stability presents a significant challenge due to the inherent trade-off between high-energy storage and low bond dissociation energy. In this study, we designed and synthesized (S)-1,2-bis(3-azido-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)diazene (BAzTD) and 2,9-diazidobis([1,2,4]-triazolo)[1,5-d:5',1'-f][1,2,3,4]tetrazine (DAzTT) through a straightforward reaction. Remarkably, DAzTT demonstrated a high density of 1.816 g·cm-3 (at 298 K) and a considerable thermal decomposition temperature of 216.86 °C. These properties outperform those of previously reported binary heterocyclic CN compounds and polyazido heterocyclic compounds. The quantum-chemical methods further substantiated the integral role of aromaticity as the driving force behind this difference. Additionally, the initiation capability of DAzTT was evaluated by a notably low minimum primary charge (MPC = 40 mg), surpassing conventional organic primary explosives, such as commercial 2-diazo-4,6-dinitrophenol (DDNP, MPC = 70 mg). The exceptional priming ability highlights the potential as an environmentally friendly replacement for toxic lead azide. DAzTT sets a new standard for binary CN compounds and provides a valuable precursor for high-nitrogen carbon nitride materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Jinxiong Cai
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qi Lai
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ping Yin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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9
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Li L, Yan Z, Tong W, Hu C, Wang S, Li H, Yang L, Han JM. Construction of High Energy Nanoscale Lead Azide Composite with Improved Flame Sensibility from Intercalated Hydroxide. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:474-484. [PMID: 38100511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
It is of great significance to develop efficient methods for preparing high-content modified nanoscale lead azide (LA) composites used in microinitiating devices. In this work, a structurally controllable salicylate-intercalated lead hydroxide with a nanoscale mesoporous structure is designed. Using it as a precursor, carbon-based lead azide (LA/C) and salicylate-based lead azide (LA/SA) are fabricated by the gas-solid azidation of the framework (GAF) method within 3 h, greatly reducing the preparation time of nano-LA composites. The characterizations of the composites demonstrate that the Pb in the precursors is transformed into nanoscale LA attached to the salicylate radical or its carbonized skeleton. Due to the unique embedded nanostructures and excellent electrical and thermal conductivity of salicylate-derived carbon materials, LA/C exhibits excellent electrostatic safety (E50 = 0.25 J) and flame sensitivity (H50 = 28 cm). The adjustable organic-inorganic ratio of intercalated hydroxides allows the LA content in LA/C to reach as high as 92.5%, enabling 6.50 mg of LA/C to successfully detonate secondary explosive CL-20 in a microinitiating device, demonstrating an amazing detonation ability superior to other reported LA complexes. The research provides a new perspective for the development of nanoscale LA composites with high LA content and appropriate sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Min Han
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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10
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Feng Y, Zhang J, Cao W, Zhang J, Shreeve JM. A promising perovskite primary explosive. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7765. [PMID: 38012175 PMCID: PMC10681991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A primary explosive is an ideal chemical substance for performing ignition in military and commercial applications. For over 150 years, nearly all of the developed primary explosives have suffered from various issues, such as troublesome syntheses, high toxicity, poor stability or/and weak ignition performance. Now we report an interesting example of a primary explosive with double perovskite framework, {(C6H14N2)2[Na(NH4)(IO4)6]}n (DPPE-1), which was synthesized using a simple green one-pot method in an aqueous solution at room temperature. DPPE-1 is free of heavy metals, toxic organic components, and doesn't involve any explosive precursors. It exhibits good stability towards air, moisture, sunlight, and heat and has acceptable mechanical sensitivities. It affords ignition performance on par with the most powerful primary explosives reported to date. DPPE-1 promises to meet the challenges existing with current primary explosives, and this work could trigger more extensive applications of perovskite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongan Feng
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, 030051, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Jichuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-2343, USA
| | - Weiguo Cao
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, 030051, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-2343, USA.
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11
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Zhang C, Wang T, Xu M, Kuang B, Xie Z, Yi Z, Lu Z, Li Y, Zhu S, Zhang J. Regulating the Coordination Environment by Using Isomeric Ligands: Enhancing the Energy and Sensitivity of Energetic Coordination Compounds. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17417-17424. [PMID: 37827495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Transforming the energy storage structure is an effective approach to achieve a balance between the detonation performance and the sensitivity of energetic compounds, with a goal of high energy and low sensitivity. Building upon previous work, this study employed an isomeric compound 1H-pyrazole-3-carbohydrazide (3-PZCA) as a ligand and creatively designed the energetic coordination compound (ECC) Ag(3-HPZCA)2(ClO4)3 (ECC-1). It is a novel material with a dual structure of ionic salts and coordination compounds, which represents the first report of such a structure in Ag(I)-based ECCs. With its unique structures, ECC-1 exhibits a larger [ClO4-] content, a higher oxygen balance constant (OB = 0%), and superior mechanical sensitivity (IS = 13 J and FS = 40 N). Theoretical calculations indicate that ECC-1 has a higher detonation performance compared to previous work. Furthermore, the explosive experiment testing results demonstrate that it can be ignited by lower-threshold lasers and possesses excellent initiation capability and explosive power, making it suitable not only as a primary explosive but also as a secondary explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Meiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Baolong Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenxin Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zujia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shunguan Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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12
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Chen S, Yi Z, Jia C, Li Y, Chen H, Zhu S, Zhang L. Periodate-Based Perovskite Energetic Materials: A Strategy for High-Energy Primary Explosives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302631. [PMID: 37329207 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The requirements for high energy and green primary explosives are more and more stringent because of the rising demand in the application of micro initiation explosive devices. Four new energetic compounds with powerful initiation ability are reported and their performances are experimentally proven as designed, including non-perovskites ([H2 DABCO](H4 IO6 )2 ·2H2 O, named TDPI-0) and perovskitoid energetic materials (PEMs) ([H2 DABCO][M(IO4 )3 ]; DABCO=1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, M=Na+ , K+ , and NH4 + for TDPI-1, -2, and -4, respectively). The tolerance factor is first introduced to guide the design of perovskitoid energetic materials (PEMs). In conjunction with [H2 DABCO](ClO4 )2 ·H2 O (DAP-0) and [H2 DABCO][M(ClO4 )3 ] (M=Na+ , K+ , and NH4 + for DAP-1, -2, and -4), the physiochemical properties of the two series are investigated between PEMs and non-perovskites (TDPI-0 and DAP-0). The experimental results show that PEMs have great advantages in improving the thermal stability, detonation performance, initiation capability, and regulating sensitivity. The influence of X-site replacement is illustrated by hard-soft-acid-base (HSAB) theory. Especially, TDPIs possess much stronger initiation capability than DAPs, which indicates that periodate salts are in favor of deflagration-to-detonation transition. Therefore, PEMs provide a simple and feasible method for designing advanced high energy materials with adjustable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Zhenxin Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Chongwei Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Houhe Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Shunguan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
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13
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Lei C, Xiao C, Tang J, Yang H, Zhang Q, Cheng G. Synthesis of fused energetic compounds using structural modification from local carbonyl to hydroxylamine/hydrazone. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11389-11392. [PMID: 37667587 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03330a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the successful synthesis of a series of fused energetic compounds using the strategy of structural modification from local carbonyl to hydroxylamine, hydrazone or methylamine. Hydroxylamine-substituted compound 2 exhibits high density, high detonation performance and low sensitivities as a secondary explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijin Lei
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chuan Xiao
- China Northern Industries Group Co., Ltd. (NORINCO GROUP), Beijing 100089, P. R. China
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Northwestern Polytechnical University, China, No. 127, Youyi West Road, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province, 710068, China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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Zhang W, Yang Y, Shi S, Pang S, Li Y, Sun C. Regulation of stability and density of energetic materials via isomerism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37470709 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02039h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Selective regulation of stability and density via isomerism is a promising strategy for developing energetic materials. In this work, we selectively introduced dinitromethyl groups at different positions of 4-nitro-1,2,3-triazole. The regional heterogeneity endows a high crystal density by virtue of the dense packing; on the other hand, it changes the charge distribution in the molecule, and reinforces the hydrogen bonding interactions, all of which stabilize the material. The resulting compounds exhibit excellent detonation properties and impact sensitivity that are comparable to those of HMX (Dv = 9250 m s-1 and IS = 10 J).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yiling Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shaoyi Shi
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yuchuan Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Chenghui Sun
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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15
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Cui WH, Liu Q, Ye Z, He Y. Design and Synthesis of Bistetrazole-Based Energetic Salts Bearing the Nitrogen-Rich Fused Ring. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37471513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
A series of bistetrazole-based energetic salts bearing a nitrogen-rich fused ring were designed and synthesized. Among them, compounds 4-10 showed good detonation properties and excellent thermostability. By treating nitrogen-rich fused ring 3 with concentrated hydrochloric acid, a new type of Dimroth rearrangement was observed that afforded compound 12 efficiently. This new transformation herein constitutes a valuable addition to the Dimroth rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, People's Republic of China
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16
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Miao X, Yang X, Li Y, Pang S. Thermal stability of azole-rich energetic compounds: their structure, density, enthalpy of formation and energetic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37409442 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Energetic compounds, as a type of special material, are widely used in the fields of national defense, aerospace and exploration. Their research and production have received growing attention. Thermal stability is a crucial factor for the safety of energetic materials. Azole-rich energetic compounds have emerged as a research hotspot in recent years owing to their excellent properties. Due to the aromaticity of unsaturated azoles, many azole-rich energetic compounds have significant thermal stability, which is one of the properties that researchers focus on. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the physicochemical and energetic properties of various energetic materials, highlighting the relationship between thermal stability and the structural, physicochemical, and energetic properties of azole-rich energetic compounds. To improve the thermal stability of compounds, five aspects can be considered, including functional group modification, bridging, preparation of energetic salts, energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs) and co-crystals. It was demonstrated that increasing the strength and number of hydrogen bonds of azoles and expanding the π-π stacking area are the key factors to improve thermal stability, which provides a valuable way to develop energetic materials with higher energy and thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Miao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xinbo Yang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuchuan Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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17
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Fang ZX, Wang C, Wei YL, Wang QY, Zang SQ. Constructing Highly Reliable and Adaptive Primary Explosive Composites for Micro-Initiator Assisting by a Hybrid Template of Metal-Organic Frameworks and Cross-Linked Polymers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300157. [PMID: 36916694 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary explosive, as a reliable initiator for secondary explosives, is the central component of micro-initiators for modern aerospace systems and military operations. However, they are typically prepared as powders, posing potential safety risks because of the inevitable particles scattering issues in the actual working environments. Here, the fabrication of a highly adaptive bulk material of copper azide (CA)-based safe primary explosive for micro-initiators is demonstrated. This bulk material, as derived by a complete azidation reaction of the carbonized metal-organic framework/cross-linked polymer hybrid template, enables the firm embedding of active CA species in a cross-linked carbon network (denoted as CA-C). Interestingly, this CA-C bulk material demonstrates multifarious mechanical stabilities (e.g., good shock and vibration resistance, and anti-overload capacity) in the simulated working conditions. Meanwhile, the CA contents in the CA-C bulk material reached as high as 70.3%, ensuring its detonation power. As a proof of concept, CA-C bulk material assembling in a micro-detonator can efficiently detonate the secondary explosive of CL-20 under laser irradiation. This work hereby advances the fabrication of safe and powerful primary explosives for the fulfillment of safe micro-initiator in a broad range of applications in aerospace systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xin Fang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Li Wei
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Qian-You Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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18
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Lei C, Tang J, Zhang Q, Cheng G, Yang H. Toward High-Energy and Low-Sensitivity Energetic Materials Based on a Fused [5,5,5,6]-Tetracyclic Backbone. Org Lett 2023; 25:3487-3491. [PMID: 37140948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A route for fused [5,5,5,6]-tetracyclic energetic compounds based on the facile cyclization reaction has been explored. Fused [5,5,5,6]-tetracyclic compound 4 shows a high measured density (1.924 g cm-3), a low sensitivity (IS = 10 J, and FS = 144 N), and an excellent detonation velocity (9241 m s-1), which are much better than those of RDX. The results indicate that compound 4 is a potential candidate as a secondary explosive and provide new insight into the construction of fused polycyclic heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijin Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Northwestern Polytechnical University, Youyi West Road, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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19
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Tang J, Xiong H, Tang Y, Yang H, Cheng G. The design and synthesis of new advanced energetic materials based on pyrazole-triazole backbones. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:3169-3175. [PMID: 36790149 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of derivatives of the nitropyrazole-triazole backbone were designed through units' screening of 219 N-heterocycle compounds and were synthesized. Among them, the thermal stability of DNPAT (Tdec = 314 °C) is close to that of traditional heat-resistant explosive HNS (318 °C) while the detonation performance and sensitivity (D = 8889 m s-1; IS = 18 J) are better than those of HNS (D = 7612 m s-1; IS = 5 J) and traditional high-energy explosive RDX (D = 8795 m s-1; IS = 7.4 J), which is rarely reported in heat-resistant explosives. Moreover, compounds 4 and 6 show excellent performances (IS > 15 J, D > 9090 m s-1, P > 37.0 GPa), illustrating that compounds 4 and 6 may be used as secondary explosives. All these results enrich prospects for the development of energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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20
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Li J, Heng P, Wang B, Wang B, Liu N, Wang X. Comparative Study on the Unimolecular Decompositions of Energetic Regioisomers: BFTF-1 and BFTF-2. FIREPHYSCHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
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21
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Gao H, Dai L, Xu Q, Gao P, Dou Z. Transforming agrifood systems in a win-win for health and environment: evidence from organic rice-duck coculture. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:968-975. [PMID: 36260409 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice-duck coculture is an ecological agricultural mode; however, the nutritional and environmental benefits of transforming from conventional rice monoculture to rice-duck coculture are unknown. Based on survey data and the life-cycle assessment approach, this study conducted a carbon footprint evaluation of conventional rice monoculture (CR), organic rice monoculture (OR), and organic rice-duck coculture (ORD) using different functional units. RESULTS The carbon footprint per hectare of ORD (7842 ± 284 kg CO2 eq ha-1 ) was slightly lower than that of CR (7905 ± 412 kg CO2 eq ha-1 ), while higher than that of OR (7786 ± 235 kg CO2 eq ha-1 ). Although the rice yield of ORD was slightly lower than that of CR, its nutrient density unit (NDU) did not decrease significantly due to the additional duck yield. Thus, the carbon footprint per NDU of ORD was significantly lower than that of OR by 24.3% (P < 0.05) and was 5.8% higher than that of CR, but this was not statistically significant. Due to the higher economic profits of ORD, its unit of carbon footprint per economic profit was significantly reduced (by 47.1-75.7%) compared with the other two farming modes, while the net ecosystem economic budget was significantly increased by 98.5-341.9% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Transforming from a rice monoculture to a coculture system will contribute to a win-win situation for human health and environmental sustainability. This study highlighted the abundant nutritional output function of the rice-duck coculture and analyzed the urgency and necessity of transitioning from traditional agriculture to ecological agriculture from the production and consumption perspectives. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Linxiu Dai
- Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Pinglei Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Dou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Research Institute of Rice Industrial Engineering Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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22
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Hao W, Jin B, Zhang J, Luo L, Liu Q, Deng H, Huang T, Liu L, Shen J, Peng R. Construction of variable dimension green high energy complex and laser response. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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23
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Zhou T, Gong J, Xie M, Wang B, Jiang Y, Wang J, Zhou J, Zhong L, Dai Y. Purification, Crystal Structure and Properties of azoxytriazolone (AZTO). FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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24
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Yu C, Gu B, Wang J, Chen J, Zhang W, Shi W, Yang G, Lei X, Zhu J. Valence-Oriented Electrosynthesis Strategies of Cu-Based 5-Nitrotetrazolate for Environmentally Acceptable Primary Explosives. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19379-19387. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunpei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Bonan Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Gexing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Xiaoting Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Junwu Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
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25
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Ding L, Ge R, Wang P, Li D, Lin Q, Lu M, Xu Y. A series of N-trinitromethyl-substituted polynitro-pyrazoles: high-energy-density materials with positive oxygen balances. RSC Adv 2022; 12:33304-33312. [PMID: 36425169 PMCID: PMC9679919 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An N-trinitromethyl strategy was employed for the synthesis of polynitro-pyrazole based high-energy-density compounds with great potential as energetic materials. The new compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 10 exhibits high energetic properties, has a positive oxygen balance (OB) of +2.1%, and an excellent specific impulse (272.4 s), making it a potential high-energy dense oxidizer to replace AP in solid rocket propellants. The nitration of 7 with HNO3/H2SO4 yielded the green primary explosive 12, which showed higher density, higher performance, better oxygen balance and lower sensitivities to those of currently used diazodinitrophenol. Compound 13 is a nitrogen and oxygen rich secondary explosive with a high OB (+5.0%), comparable energy (D = 9030 m s-1; P = 35.6 GPa; η = 1.03) to HMX, and much lower mechanical sensitivity (IS = 12 J, FS = 240 N).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu China
| | - Ruirong Ge
- Anhui Hongxing Electrical Polytron Technologies Inc Hefei 231135 Anhui China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu China
| | - Dongxue Li
- China National Quality Inspection and Testing Center for Industrial Explosive Materials Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu China
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26
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Zelenov VP, Dalinger IL, Anisimov AA, Yu. Suponitsky K, Pivkina AN, Sheremetev AB. New heterocyclic furazano[3,4-d ][1,2,3]triazine system as a platform for energetic compound engineering. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Larin AA, Fershtat LL. Energetic heterocyclic N-oxides: synthesis and performance. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Chinnam AK, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Construction of Highly Thermostable and Insensitive Three-Dimensional Energetic Salts Based on [1,2,5]Oxadiazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine. Org Lett 2022; 24:7544-7548. [PMID: 36206547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for accessing energetic salts of a fused-ring skeleton based on [1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine and three alkali metals, sodium (Na), potassium (K), and cesium (Cs), was developed. All three compounds were fully characterized, and their structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. They were highly thermally stable (>290 °C) and had high density, good detonation properties, and insensitive properties, which suggested possible heat-resistant explosive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343 United States
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343 United States
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29
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Bonaccorsi P, Gangemi CMA, Greco V, Gattuso G, Barattucci A. A two-site reactive platform in the synthesis of amino-functionalized amphiphilic molecules via sulfenic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7448-7457. [PMID: 36082757 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01266a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of some bolaamphiphiles is described. It is a convergent approach that allows the linkage of a glucosyl derivative to a bis-functionalized platform, via a copper-free Sonogashira cross-coupling. The central core was obtained from the reaction of a suitably substituted bis-sulfoxide with diethynyl benzenes. The intermediates of such reaction are sulfenyl functions that are easily added to one triple bond of the unsaturated molecules. The functionalization at the central core, through the nucleophilic addition of ammonia or piperidine onto the two vinyl sulfonyl groups already present in the backbones of the molecules, opened the way to the preparation of more complex derivatives. The observation of the formation of new stereogenic carbons with an unexpected significantly high diastereoselectivity was justified and supported by preliminary theoretical calculations. The two ending glucosyl moieties were favourably deprotected to afford the amino-functionalized bolaamphiphilic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Biologiche Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Università degli Studi di Messina, Sicily, Italy.
| | - Chiara Maria Antonietta Gangemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Biologiche Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Università degli Studi di Messina, Sicily, Italy.
| | - Valentina Greco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Catania, Sicily, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gattuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Biologiche Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Università degli Studi di Messina, Sicily, Italy.
| | - Anna Barattucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Biologiche Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali (CHIBIOFARAM), Università degli Studi di Messina, Sicily, Italy.
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30
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Li C, Lei C, Tang J, Zhu T, Cheng G, Yang H. C-C bonded bis-5,6 fused triazole-triazine compound: an advanced heat-resistant explosive with high energy and low sensitivity. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15292-15299. [PMID: 36168960 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is still an urgent problem in the field of energetic materials to explore the synthesis of heat-resistant compounds with balanced energy and thermal stability through simple synthetic routes. Recently, fused compounds are considered to provide a promising framework for the construction of ideal heat-resistant compounds. In this study, three novel C-C bonded bis-5,6 fused triazole-triazine compounds, 3,3'-dinitro-[7,7'-bi[1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine]-4,4'-diamine (2), 4,4'-diamino-[7,7'-bi[1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine]-3,3'-dicarbonitrile (3), and 3,3'-di(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-[7,7'-bi[1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine]-4,4'-diamine (4), were synthesized by a simple method. Compound 2 exhibited an approaching detonation velocity of 8837 m s-1 compared with that of the traditional high energy explosive RDX velocity of 8795 m s-1, while its thermal stability (Td = 327 °C) was comparable to that of the heat-resistant explosive HNS (Td = 318 °C). At the same time, the double fused compound 2 also realized high density (1.90 g cm-3) and extremely low sensitivity (FS > 360 N, IS > 40 J). The above good comprehensive properties prove that compound 2 can be used as a potential insensitive high-energy heat-resistant explosive. In addition, the effects of the crystal structure on the sensitivity and thermal stability were studied using the quantum chemical methods. These results imply that the formation of double fused ring compounds by the ring closing reaction at symmetrical positions is an ideal strategy for the development of advanced heat-resistant explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchuang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Caijin Lei
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Teng Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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31
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Lei C, Yang H, Zhang Q, Cheng G. Series of Azido and Fused-Tetrazole Explosives: Combining Good Thermal Stability and Low Sensitivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39091-39097. [PMID: 35989560 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of azido groups into the energetic skeleton has the advantages of increasing the energy level. In this work, a series of azido compounds with good stability and low sensitivity as well as tetrazole-fused compounds based on energetic salts are synthesized. The detonation pressures and velocities of these new compounds fall in the ranges of 18.9-27.3 GPa and 7153-8450 m s-1, respectively. The detonation velocity of the tetrazole-fused compounds based on the potassium salts 3, 6, and 7 are 7810, 7153, and 7989 m s-1, respectively. Also, their decomposition temperatures (244, 237, and 240 °C, respectively) are higher than that of traditional explosive RDX (204 °C). Notably, two representative compounds 2 and 5 possess higher decomposition temperature (2: 196 °C and 5: 178 °C) and overall detonation properties (2: D = 8129 m s-1 and P = 26.6 GPa and 5: D = 8336 m s-1 and P = 27.3 GPa) as well as relativity lower sensitivities (2: IS = 12 J and FS = 240 N and 5: IS = 10 J and FS = 144 N) than that of primary explosive 2-diazo-4,6-dinitrophenol (Td = 157 °C, D = 6900 m s-1, P = 24.7 GPa, IS = 1 J, and FS = 24.7 N). Moreover, the initiation capacity of compounds 2 and 5 was also assessed through the initiation tests. The results indicate that the two compounds could be a promising environmentally friendly primary explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijin Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Sichuan, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210094, China
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32
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Mittal AK, Prakash G, Pathak P, Maiti D. Synthesis of CTA and DNAN using flow chemistry. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Mittal
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Department of Chemistry Mumbai INDIA
| | - Gaurav Prakash
- IIT Bombay: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Department of Chemistry Mumbai INDIA
| | - Pramod Pathak
- IIT Bombay: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Department of Chemistry Mumbai INDIA
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay Department of Chemistry Powai 400076 Mumbai INDIA
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33
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Dong Z, Wu Z, Zhang Q, Xu Y, Lu GP. 2-(1,2,4-triazole-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole as a novel building block for energetic materials. Front Chem 2022; 10:996812. [PMID: 36092665 PMCID: PMC9458958 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.996812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploration of novel nitrogen-rich heterocyclic building blocks is of importance in the field of energetic materials. A series of 2-(1,2,4-triazole-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives based on a new energetic skeleton have been first synthesized by a simple synthetic strategy. All three compounds are well-characterized by IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy and thermal analysis. The compounds 5 and 8 are further characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. 8 and its salts (8a-8c) possess relative high decomposition temperature and low sensitivity, while 5 exhibits low decomposition temperature and high sensitivity. According to EXPLO5 calculation results of detonation performance, both 5 and 8 display acceptable detonation velocities (D) of 8450 m/s and 8130 m/s and detonation pressures (P) of 31.6 GPa and 29.2 GPa, respectively. Furthermore, 5 containing a rare diazonium ylide structure shows high impact sensitivity (4.5 J), making it has a potential as a primary explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheting Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengqiang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuangang Xu, ; Guo-Ping Lu,
| | - Guo-Ping Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuangang Xu, ; Guo-Ping Lu,
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35
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Yan Z, Yang L, Tong W, Han JM. Facile Synthesis of Energetic Nanoparticles of Copper Azide with High Initiation Ability for Micro-Initiator Applications Using Layered Copper Hydroxide. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9096-9103. [PMID: 35670700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Copper azide (CA) is one of the preferred primary explosives in the micro-initiating device, and it is of conducive significance to develop high-content CA-modified materials. In this work, we reported two types of CA composites with CA nanorods embedded in carbon nanosheets (CA/C) and CA distributed on salicylic acid (CA/SA) using layered copper hydroxide nanosheets intercalated with salicylic acid as the precursor. The detailed characterizations demonstrated that CA/C exhibits eximious electrostatic sensitivity (1.06 mJ) due to the inherent structural characteristics of CA/C such as the limitation of the free movement of CA by the layered structure and preeminent electrical conductivity of carbon nanosheets. Surprisingly, CA/C with nearly 1.0 mg in the miro-initiating device can reliably detonate Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20). CA/C exhibits extremely high CA content (93%), excellent ignition ability, and detonation ability, and its performance is superior to pure CA and most CA-modified materials reported previously. CA/SA also has an excellent detonation ability and its electrostatic sensitivity is as low as 0.92 mJ. These findings provide a new perspective for the development of high-performance primary explosives for the micro-initiating device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Wenchao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Min Han
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
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36
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Mishra DR, Panda BS, Nayak S, Panda J, Mohapatra S. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of 5‐Membered
N
‐Heterocycles via Rhodium Catalysed Cascade Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak R. Mishra
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Bhabani S. Panda
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Sabita Nayak
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Jasmine Panda
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Seetaram Mohapatra
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
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37
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Tariq Q, Manzoor S, Tariq M, Cao W, Dong W, Arshad F, Zhang J. Synthesis and Energetic Properties of Trending Metal‐Free Potential Green Primary Explosives: A Review. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qamar‐un‐Nisa Tariq
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Saira Manzoor
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Maher‐un‐Nisa Tariq
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Wen‐Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Wen‐Shuai Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Faiza Arshad
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Jian‐Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
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38
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Lv M, Han C, Li Z, Zhou P, Li W, Liu J. Impact of regiochemistry on thermal stability of trifuroxan based energetic materials: A theoretical perspective. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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39
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Lv M, Wang T, Zhou P, He Y, Li W, Liu J. Theoretical insights into the role of regiochemistry in thermal stability regulation of energetic materials. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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40
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Huang W, Yin Z, Dong Y, Liu Y, Tang Y. An Energetic Coordination Polymer with High Thermal Stability and Initiation Power. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Zhaoyang Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yaqun Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yuji Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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41
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Yu C, Zhang W, Xian M, Wang J, Chen J, Chen Y, Shi W, Yang G, Ye J, Ma K, Zhu J. Copper Azide Nanoparticle-Encapsulating MOF-Derived Porous Carbon: Electrochemical Preparation for High-Performance Primary Explosive Film. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107364. [PMID: 35143716 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is highly desired but still remains challenging to design a primary explosive-based nanoparticle-encapsulated conductive skeleton for the development of powerful yet safe energetic films employed in miniaturized explosive systems. Herein, a proof-of-concept electrochemical preparation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived porous carbon embedding copper-based azide (Cu(N3 )2 or CuN3 , CA) nanoparticles on copper substrate is described. A Cu-based MOF, i.e., Cu-BTC is fabricated based on anodized Cu(OH)2 nanorods, as a template, to achieve CA/C film through pyrolysis and electrochemical azidation. Such a CA/C film, which is woven by numerous ultrafine nanofibers, favorably demonstrates excellent energy release (945-2090 J g-1 ), tunable electrostatic sensitivity (0.22-1.39 mJ), and considerable initiation ability. The performance is superior to most reported primary explosives, since the CA nanoparticles contribute to high brisance and the protection of the porous carbon network. Notably, the growth mechanism of the CA/C film is further disclosed by detailed experimental investigation and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. This work will offer new insight to design and develop a CA-based primary explosive film for applications in advanced explosive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Mingchun Xian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yajie Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Gexing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jiahai Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Kefeng Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Junwu Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
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42
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Sun Q, Ding N, Zhao C, Zhang Q, Zhang S, Li S, Pang S. Full-nitro-nitroamino cooperative action: Climbing the energy peak of benzenes with enhanced chemical stability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3176. [PMID: 35319977 PMCID: PMC8942363 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
More nitro groups accord benzenes with higher energy but lower chemical stability. Hexanitrobenzene (HNB) with a fully nitrated structure has stood as the energy peak of organic explosives since 1966, but it is very unstable and even decomposes in moist air. To increase the energy limit and strike a balance between energy and chemical stability, we propose an interval full-nitro-nitroamino cooperative strategy to present a new fully nitrated benzene, 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-trinitroaminobenzene (TNTNB), which was synthesized using an acylation-activation-nitration method. TNTNB exhibits a high density (d: 1.995 g cm-3 at 173 K, 1.964 g cm-3 at 298 K) and excellent heat of detonation (Q: 7179 kJ kg-1), which significantly exceed those of HNB (Q: 6993 kJ kg-1) and the state-of-the-art explosive CL-20 (Q: 6534 kJ kg-1); thus, TNTNB represents the new energy peak for organic explosives. Compared to HNB, TNTNB also exhibits enhanced chemical stability in water, acids, and bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ning Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chaofeng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of
Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621050, China
| | - Shaowen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shenghua Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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43
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Zhang G, Yi Z, Cheng G, Yang W, Yang H. Polynitro-Functionalized Azopyrazole with High Performance and Low Sensitivity as Novel Energetic Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10594-10604. [PMID: 35189684 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of energetic materials is still facing a huge challenge because the relationship between energy and sensitivity is usually contradictory: high energy is always accompanied with low sensitivity. Here, a high-energy, low-sensitivity energetic polynitro-functionalized azopyrazole (TNAP) and its energetic salts have been synthesized. The structural characterization of these compounds was analyzed by elemental analysis, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies, and infrared spectroscopy. The single-crystal structure of compounds K2TNAP, TNAP, 5, and 6 was obtained by X-ray diffraction, and K2TNAP is a novel energetic metal-organic framework. The calculated detonation properties of TNAP (9040 m s-1 and 36.0 GPa) are superior to that of RDX (8796 m s-1 and 33.6 GPa). In addition, TNAP also has lower mechanical sensitivity (IS > 40 J, FS = 244 N) and higher decomposition temperature (Td = 221 °C) than RDX (IS = 7.4 J, FS = 120 N, and Td = 204 °C). These experimental results suggest that TNAP may become a new candidate for secondary explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhenxin Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, China
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44
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Zhu B, Zhu L, Hou T, Ren K, Kang K, Xiao C, Luo J. Cobalt Metal-Organic Frameworks with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics for Fluorometric/Colorimetric Dual Channel Detection of Nitrogen-Rich Heterocyclic Compounds. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3744-3748. [PMID: 35213129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds (NRHCs) are an emerging type of explosive, and their quantification is important in national security inspection and environmental monitoring. Up until now, designing an efficient NRHCs sensing strategy was still in the early stages. Herein, a new metal-organic framework (MOF) with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics is synthesized with fluorometric/colorimetric responses for rapid and selective detection of NRHCs. The nonemissive probe is designed with tetraphenylethylene derivative as the linker and Co as the node, quencher, and color-changing agent. Cobalt AIE-MOF exhibits a turn-on emission enhancement due to the competitive coordination substitution between NRHCs and the scaffold as well as the following AIE process of the liberative linkers. Meanwhile, the color appearance of the probe changes from blue to yellow based on the dissociation of the original Co coordinating system. Using this dual-mode probe, single- and dual-ring NRHCs are successfully detected from 5 μM to 7.5 mM within 25 s. The cobalt AIE-MOF exhibits excellent selectivity of NRHCs against a variety of interferences, providing a promising tool for designing a multichannel detection strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Longyi Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Tianjiao Hou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kewei Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Kang Kang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chengliang Xiao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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45
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Benz M, Klapötke TM, Stierstorfer J. Krapcho Decarboxylation of Ethyl-Carbazate: Synthetic Approach toward 1,1'-Diamino-5,5'-bistetrazole and Its Utilization as a High-Performing Metal-Free Initiator. Org Lett 2022; 24:1747-1751. [PMID: 35200031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1,1'-Diamino-5,5'-bistetrazole (C2H4N10), a highly nitrogen-containing compound with promising energetic characteristics, is available through a classic organic reaction protocol applied on an inorganic azole system. This is the only Krapcho reaction on a carbamate system described in the literature so far. 1,1'-Diamino-5,5'-bistetrazole was extensively characterized through multinuclear spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The sensitivity values were measured, and detonation values were calculated. Its capability to initiate pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) was successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Benz
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Shang Y, Chen SL, Yu ZH, Huang RK, He CT, Ye ZM, Zhang WX, Chen XM. Silver(I)-Based Molecular Perovskite Energetic Compounds with Exceptional Thermal Stability and Energetic Performance. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:4143-4149. [PMID: 35192767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, molecular perovskite energetic materials have attracted more attention because of their simple synthesis processes, high thermal stabilities, excellent performances, and great significance as a design platform for energetic materials. To explore the possibility of the application of molecular perovskite energetic materials in heat-resistant explosives, four silver(I)-based molecular perovskite energetic compounds, (H2A)[Ag(ClO4)3], where H2A = piperazine-1,4-diium (H2pz2+) for PAP-5, 1-methyl-piperazine-1,4-diium (H2mpz2+) for PAP-M5, homopiperazine-1,4-diium (H2hpz2+) for PAP-H5, and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diium (H2dabco2+) for DAP-5, were synthesized by a one-pot self-assembly strategy and structurally characterized. The single-crystal structures indicated that PAP-5, PAP-M5, and DAP-5 possess cubic perovskite structures while PAP-H5 possesses a hexagonal perovskite structure. Differential thermal analyses showed that their onset decomposition temperatures are >308.3 °C. For PAP-5 and DAP-5, they have not only exceptional calculated detonation parameters (D values of 8.961 and 8.534 km s-1 and P values of 42.4 and 37.9 GPa, respectively) but also the proper mechanical sensitivity (impact sensitivities of ≤10 J for PAP-5 and 3 J for DAP-5 and friction sensitivities of ≤5N for both PAP-5 and DAP-5) and thus are of interest as potential heat-resistant primary explosive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shao-Li Chen
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rui-Kang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chun-Ting He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zi-Ming Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wei-Xiong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Chen
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Cho H, Kim Y, Lee S, Kwon K, Yoo HW, Moon HR, Choe W. Modulating Energetic Characteristics of Multicomponent 1D Coordination Polymers: Interplay of Metal-Ligand Coordination Modes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1881-1887. [PMID: 35025496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The energetic properties of multicomponent explosive materials can be altered for high detonation capabilities and minimized safety risk by changing their building components. We synthesized energetic coordination polymers (ECPs) using a 5,5'-bis(tetrazole)-1,1'-diolate linker and a N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) solvent, together with Cu and Mn metal cations. The new compounds, ECP-1 and ECP-2, contain two different types of 1D chain structures, straight and helical. We have conducted comprehensive studies on these ECP structures, energetic properties, and sensitivity and found excellent insensitivity owing to the long chain-to-chain distances created by the DMA solvent molecules. The results indicate that the metals as well as solvents used are crucial components influencing both the structure and energetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonsoo Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuktae Kwon
- The 1st R&D Institute - 2nd Directorate, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Wook Yoo
- The 1st R&D Institute - 2nd Directorate, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoi Ri Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyoung Choe
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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48
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Yan Z, Yang L, Tong W, Han JM. Fabrication of nanoscale core–shell structured lead azide/porous carbon based on a metal–organic framework with high safety performance. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj06060k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-based lead azide with nano-scale lead azide coated with a carbon shell (LA/C) was prepared using a lead-containing MOF material. The prepared LA/C exhibits excellent electrostatic sensitivity (1.84 J), higher LA content (85%), and better ignition ability (22 cm) compared to other reported modified LA materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhan Yan
- Department: State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department: State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Tong
- Department: State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Min Han
- Department: State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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Zhang Q, He C, Pang S. Synthesis of heterocyclic (triazole, furoxan, furazan) fused pyridazine di- N-oxides via hypervalent iodine oxidation. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02908a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Use of a mild PIDA oxidation strategy to access heterocyclic (triazole, furoxan, furazan) fused pyridazine di-N-oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Hu Y, Lu ZJ, Dong WS, Zhang J, Sinditskii VP. Detonation performance enhancement through a positional isomerism modification strategy. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, physical properties, and calculated detonation performances of two skeleton isomeric energetic compounds containing tetrazole were introduced. By changing the chemical modification sites of the original fused-pyrimidine skeleton,...
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