1
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Del Corpo D, Coculo D, Greco M, De Lorenzo G, Lionetti V. Pull the fuzes: Processing protein precursors to generate apoplastic danger signals for triggering plant immunity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100931. [PMID: 38689495 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion. Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance mechanisms to sense danger events at the cell surface and promptly activate immunity. However, a fine tuning of the activation of immune pathways is necessary to mount a robust and effective defense response. Several endogenous proteins and enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors, and their post-translational processing has emerged as a critical mechanism for triggering alarms in the apoplast. In this review, we focus on the precursors of phytocytokines, cell wall remodeling enzymes, and proteases. The physiological events that convert inactive precursors into immunomodulatory active peptides or enzymes are described. This review also explores the functional synergies among phytocytokines, cell wall damage-associated molecular patterns, and remodeling, highlighting their roles in boosting extracellular immunity and reinforcing defenses against pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Corpo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Coculo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Greco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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2
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Li W, Li P, Deng Y, Zhang Z, Situ J, Huang J, Li M, Xi P, Jiang Z, Kong G. Litchi aspartic protease LcAP1 enhances plant resistance via suppressing cell death triggered by the pectate lyase PlPeL8 from Peronophythora litchii. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2682-2701. [PMID: 38622771 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell death is regulated in plant-pathogen interactions. While some aspartic proteases (APs) participate in regulating programmed cell death or defense responses, the defense functions of most APs remain largely unknown. Here, we report on a virulence factor, PlPeL8, which is a pectate lyase found in the hemibiotrophic pathogen Peronophythora litchii. Through in vivo and in vitro assays, we confirmed the interaction between PlPeL8 and LcAP1 from litchi, and identified LcAP1 as a positive regulator of plant immunity. PlPeL8 induced cell death associated with NbSOBIR1 and NbMEK2. The 11 conserved residues of PlPeL8 were essential for inducing cell death and enhancing plant susceptibility. Twenty-three LcAPs suppressed cell death induced by PlPeL8 in Nicotiana benthamiana depending on their interaction with PlPeL8. The N-terminus of LcAP1 was required for inhibiting PlPeL8-triggered cell death and susceptibility. Furthermore, PlPeL8 led to higher susceptibility in NbAPs-silenced N. benthamiana than the GUS-control. Our results indicate the crucial roles of LcAP1 and its homologs in enhancing plant resistance via suppression of cell death triggered by PlPeL8, and LcAP1 represents a promising target for engineering disease resistance. Our study provides new insights into the role of plant cell death in the arms race between plants and hemibiotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Peng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yizhen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zijing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ji Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Minhui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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3
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Shi W, Li J, Xie S, Wang X, Zhang Y, Yao H, Chen M, Li J, Deng Z. Selection of the Dominant Endophytes Based on Illumina Sequencing Analysis for Controlling Bacterial Wilt of Patchouli Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:996-1004. [PMID: 38613135 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-23-1722-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (RS) is one of the most devastating diseases in patchouli (Pogostemon cablin [Blanco] Benth.), which results in low yield and quality of patchouli. However, no stable and effective control methods have been developed yet. To evaluate the potential of dominant bacterial endophytes in biocontrol, the endophytic bacterial diversity of patchouli was investigated based on Illumina sequencing analysis, and the ability of isolates belonging to the dominant bacterial genera to control RS wilt of patchouli was explored in pot experiments. A total of 245 bacterial genera were detected in patchouli plants, with the highest relative abundance of operational taxonomic units belonging to the genus Pseudomonas detected in roots, leaves, and stems. The Pseudomonas isolates S02, S09, and S26 showed antagonistic activity against RS in vitro and displayed many plant growth-promoting characteristics, including production of indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase and phosphate- and potassium-solubilizing capability. Inoculation of patchouli plants with the isolates S02, S09, and S26 significantly improved shoot growth and decreased the incidence of bacterial wilt caused by RS. The results suggest that screening of dominant bacterial endophytes for effective biocontrol agents based on Illumina sequencing analysis is more efficient than random isolation and screening procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Junyan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Siyun Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Huaxiong Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Meiqi Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jianbin Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zujun Deng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
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4
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Fu ZW, Li JH, Gao X, Wang SJ, Yuan TT, Lu YT. Pathogen-induced methylglyoxal negatively regulates rice bacterial blight resistance by inhibiting OsCDR1 protease activity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:325-341. [PMID: 38178576 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial blight (BB), a globally devastating disease of rice (Oryza sativa) that is responsible for significant crop loss. Sugars and sugar metabolites are important for pathogen infection, providing energy and regulating events associated with defense responses; however, the mechanisms by which they regulate such events in BB are unclear. As an inevitable sugar metabolite, methylglyoxal (MG) is involved in plant growth and responses to various abiotic stresses, but the underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. Whether and how MG functions in plant biotic stress responses is almost completely unknown. Here, we report that the Xoo strain PXO99 induces OsWRKY62.1 to repress transcription of OsGLY II genes by directly binding to their promoters, resulting in overaccumulation of MG. MG negatively regulates rice resistance against PXO99: osglyII2 mutants with higher MG levels are more susceptible to the pathogen, whereas OsGLYII2-overexpressing plants with lower MG content show greater resistance than the wild type. Overexpression of OsGLYII2 to prevent excessive MG accumulation confers broad-spectrum resistance against the biotrophic bacterial pathogens Xoo and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola and the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani, which causes rice sheath blight. Further evidence shows that MG reduces rice resistance against PXO99 through CONSTITUTIVE DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (OsCDR1). MG modifies the Arg97 residue of OsCDR1 to inhibit its aspartic protease activity, which is essential for OsCDR1-enhanced immunity. Taken together, these findings illustrate how Xoo promotes infection by hijacking a sugar metabolite in the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jian-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shi-Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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5
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Qian ZH, Li W, Wang QF, Liang SC, Wu S, Li ZZ, Chen JM. The chromosome-level genome of the submerged plant Cryptocoryne crispatula provides insights into the terrestrial-freshwater transition in Araceae. DNA Res 2024; 31:dsae003. [PMID: 38245835 PMCID: PMC10873505 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant terrestrialization (i.e. the transition to a terrestrial environment) is a significant evolutionary event that has been intensively studied. While certain plant lineages, particularly in angiosperms, have re-adapted to freshwater habitats after colonizing terrene, however, the molecular mechanism of the terrestrial-freshwater (T-F) transition remains limited. Here, the basal monocot Araceae was selected as the study object to explore the T-F transition adaptation mechanism by comparative genomic analysis. Our findings revealed that the substitution rates significantly increased in the lineage of freshwater Araceae, which may promote their adaptation to the freshwater habitat. Additionally, 20 gene sets across all four freshwater species displayed signs of positive selection contributing to tissue development and defense responses in freshwater plants. Comparative synteny analysis showed that genes specific to submerged plants were enriched in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. In contrast, floating plants were involved in regulating gene expression, suggesting that gene and genome duplications may provide the original material for plants to adapt to the freshwater environment. Our study provides valuable insights into the genomic aspects of the transition from terrestrial to aquatic environments in Araceae, laying the groundwork for future research in the angiosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Qian
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Li
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qing-Feng Wang
- Plant Diversity Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shi-Chu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Guangxi Association for Science and Technology, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Li
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jin-Ming Chen
- Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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6
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Entila F, Han X, Mine A, Schulze-Lefert P, Tsuda K. Commensal lifestyle regulated by a negative feedback loop between Arabidopsis ROS and the bacterial T2SS. Nat Commun 2024; 15:456. [PMID: 38212332 PMCID: PMC10784570 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the plant health-promoting effects of plant microbiota, these assemblages also comprise potentially detrimental microbes. How plant immunity controls its microbiota to promote plant health under these conditions remains largely unknown. We find that commensal bacteria isolated from healthy Arabidopsis plants trigger diverse patterns of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production dependent on the immune receptors and completely on the NADPH oxidase RBOHD that selectively inhibited specific commensals, notably Xanthomonas L148. Through random mutagenesis, we find that L148 gspE, encoding a type II secretion system (T2SS) component, is required for the damaging effects of Xanthomonas L148 on rbohD mutant plants. In planta bacterial transcriptomics reveals that RBOHD suppresses most T2SS gene expression including gspE. L148 colonization protected plants against a bacterial pathogen, when gspE was inhibited by ROS or mutation. Thus, a negative feedback loop between Arabidopsis ROS and the bacterial T2SS tames a potentially detrimental leaf commensal and turns it into a microbe beneficial to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederickson Entila
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Xiaowei Han
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518120, China
| | - Akira Mine
- JST PRESTO, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany.
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518120, China.
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7
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Jian Y, Gong D, Wang Z, Liu L, He J, Han X, Tsuda K. How plants manage pathogen infection. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:31-44. [PMID: 38177909 PMCID: PMC10897293 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
To combat microbial pathogens, plants have evolved specific immune responses that can be divided into three essential steps: microbial recognition by immune receptors, signal transduction within plant cells, and immune execution directly suppressing pathogens. During the past three decades, many plant immune receptors and signaling components and their mode of action have been revealed, markedly advancing our understanding of the first two steps. Activation of immune signaling results in physical and chemical actions that actually stop pathogen infection. Nevertheless, this third step of plant immunity is under explored. In addition to immune execution by plants, recent evidence suggests that the plant microbiota, which is considered an additional layer of the plant immune system, also plays a critical role in direct pathogen suppression. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how plant immunity as well as microbiota control pathogen growth and behavior and highlight outstanding questions that need to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Jian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dianming Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjing He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China.
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8
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Kim JH, Lee GH, Jeong JH, Kim YG, Park HH. The structure of MucD from Pseudomonas syringae revealed N-terminal loop-mediated trimerization of HtrA-like serine protease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 688:149175. [PMID: 37976815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Protein quality control mechanisms are essential for maintaining cellular integrity, and the HtrA family of serine proteases plays a crucial role in handling folding stress in prokaryotic periplasm. Escherichia coli harbors three HtrA members, namely, DegS, DegP, and DegQ, which share a common domain structure. MucD, a putative HtrA family member that resembles DegP, is involved in alginate biosynthesis regulation and the stress response. Pseudomonas syringae causes plant diseases and opportunistic infections in humans. This study presents the high-resolution structure of MucD from Pseudomonas syringae (psMucD), revealing its composition as a typical HtrA family serine protease with protease and PDZ domains. Its findings suggest that psMucD containing one PDZ domain is a trimer in solution, and psMucD trimerization is mediated by its N-terminal loop. Sequence and structural analyses revealed similarities and differences with other HtrA family members. Additionally, this study provides a model of psMucD's catalytic process, comparing it with other members of the HtrA family of serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwan Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Jeong
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Gil Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Wang Y, Yu H, Xu Y, Wu M, Zhang J, Tsuda K, Liu S, Jiang D, Chen W, Wei Y, Li G, Yang L. Expression of a mycoparasite protease in plant petals suppresses the petal-mediated infection by necrotrophic pathogens. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113290. [PMID: 37874677 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are necrotrophic plant-pathogenic fungi, causing substantial economic losses on many crops. So far, resistant cultivars against these pathogens are unavailable in most crops. Here, we show that the serine protease CmSp1 of Coniothyrium minitans, a well-characterized mycoparasite of S. sclerotiorum, contributed to suppressing the petal-mediated infection by S. sclerotiorum in rapeseed. Application of recombinant CmSp1 proteins facilitates the bulk degradation of S. sclerotiorum proteins and inhibits spore germination and hyphal growth of S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea, thereby preventing the development of both diseases. Stable transgenic rapeseed plants with tissue-specific expression of CmSp1 in flower petals inhibit the petal-mediated infection by both S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea, and resulting transgenic plants have no adverse effect on other agronomic traits. Thus, our findings provide a novel mechanism by which a mycoparasite inhibits fungal pathogens and an environmentally friendly disease management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingde Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Guoqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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10
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Farvardin A, Llorens E, Liu-Xu L, Sánchez-Giménez L, Wong A, Biosca EG, Pedra JM, Falomir E, Camañes G, Scalschi L, Vicedo B. Solanum lycopersicum heme-binding protein 2 as a potent antimicrobial weapon against plant pathogens. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20336. [PMID: 37990046 PMCID: PMC10663603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria caused by the excessive use of antibiotics has led to the urgent exploration of alternative antimicrobial solutions. Among these alternatives, antimicrobial proteins, and peptides (Apps) have garnered attention due to their wide-ranging antimicrobial effects. This study focuses on evaluating the antimicrobial properties of Solanum lycopersicum heme-binding protein 2 (SlHBP2), an apoplastic protein extracted from tomato plants treated with 1-Methyl tryptophan (1-MT), against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst). Computational studies indicate that SlHBP2 is annotated as a SOUL heme-binding family protein. Remarkably, recombinant SlHBP2 demonstrated significant efficacy in inhibiting the growth of Pst within a concentration range of 3-25 μg/mL. Moreover, SlHBP2 exhibited potent antimicrobial effects against other microorganisms, including Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Xv), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), and Botrytis cinerea. To understand the mechanism of action employed by SlHBP2 against Pst, various techniques such as microscopy and fluorescence assays were employed. The results revealed that SlHBP2 disrupts the bacterial cell wall and causes leakage of intracellular contents. To summarize, the findings suggest that SlHBP2 has significant antimicrobial properties, making it a potential antimicrobial agent against a wide range of pathogens. Although further studies are warranted to explore the full potential of SlHBP2 and its suitability in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Farvardin
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Eugenio Llorens
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Luisa Liu-Xu
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Lorena Sánchez-Giménez
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Aloysius Wong
- College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, 325060, Zhejiang, China
| | - Elena G Biosca
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Universitat de Valencia, E-46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Pedra
- Central Service of Scientific Instrumentation, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Eva Falomir
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Gemma Camañes
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
| | - Begonya Vicedo
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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11
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Bhandari DD, Ko DK, Kim SJ, Nomura K, He SY, Brandizzi F. Defense against phytopathogens relies on efficient antimicrobial protein secretion mediated by the microtubule-binding protein TGNap1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6357. [PMID: 37821453 PMCID: PMC10567756 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant immunity depends on the secretion of antimicrobial proteins, which occurs through yet-largely unknown mechanisms. The trans-Golgi network (TGN), a hub for intracellular and extracellular trafficking pathways, and the cytoskeleton, which is required for antimicrobial protein secretion, are emerging as pathogen targets to dampen plant immunity. In this work, we demonstrate that tgnap1-2, a loss-of-function mutant of Arabidopsis TGNap1, a TGN-associated and microtubule (MT)-binding protein, is susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae (Pst DC3000). Pst DC3000 infected tgnap1-2 is capable of mobilizing defense pathways, accumulating salicylic acid (SA), and expressing antimicrobial proteins. The susceptibility of tgnap1-2 is due to a failure to efficiently transport antimicrobial proteins to the apoplast in a partially MT-dependent pathway but independent from SA and is additive to the pathogen-antagonizing MIN7, a TGN-associated ARF-GEF protein. Therefore, our data demonstrate that plant immunity relies on TGNap1 for secretion of antimicrobial proteins, and that TGNap1 is a key immunity element that functionally links secretion and cytoskeleton in SA-independent pathogen responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak D Bhandari
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Dae Kwan Ko
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Kinya Nomura
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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12
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Janda M, Rybak K, Krassini L, Meng C, Feitosa-Junior O, Stigliano E, Szulc B, Sklenar J, Menke FL, Malone JG, Brachmann A, Klingl A, Ludwig C, Robatzek S. Biophysical and proteomic analyses of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 extracellular vesicles suggest adaptive functions during plant infection. mBio 2023; 14:e0358922. [PMID: 37366628 PMCID: PMC10470744 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03589-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesiculation is a process employed by Gram-negative bacteria to release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the environment. EVs from pathogenic bacteria play functions in host immune modulation, elimination of host defenses, and acquisition of nutrients from the host. Here, we observed EV production of the bacterial speck disease causal agent, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000, as outer membrane vesicle release. Mass spectrometry identified 369 proteins enriched in Pto DC3000 EVs. The EV samples contained known immunomodulatory proteins and could induce plant immune responses mediated by bacterial flagellin. Having identified two biomarkers for EV detection, we provide evidence for Pto DC3000 releasing EVs during plant infection. Bioinformatic analysis of the EV-enriched proteins suggests a role for EVs in antibiotic defense and iron acquisition. Thus, our data provide insights into the strategies this pathogen may use to develop in a plant environment. IMPORTANCE The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the environment is ubiquitous among bacteria. Vesiculation has been recognized as an important mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis and human disease but is poorly understood in phytopathogenic bacteria. Our research addresses the role of bacterial EVs in plant infection. In this work, we show that the causal agent of bacterial speck disease, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, produces EVs during plant infection. Our data suggest that EVs may help the bacteria to adapt to environments, e.g., when iron could be limiting such as the plant apoplast, laying the foundation for studying the factors that phytopathogenic bacteria use to thrive in the plant environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Janda
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Katarzyna Rybak
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Krassini
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chen Meng
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse, Freising, United Kingdom
| | | | - Egidio Stigliano
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Beata Szulc
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Frank L.H. Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob G. Malone
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Brachmann
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Klingl
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse, Freising, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Robatzek
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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13
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Hansda B, Majumder J, Mondal B, Chatterjee A, Das S, Kumar S, Gachhui R, Castelletto V, Hamley IW, Sen P, Banerjee A. Histidine-Containing Amphiphilic Peptide-Based Non-Cytotoxic Hydrogelator with Antibacterial Activity and Sustainable Drug Release. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:7307-7316. [PMID: 37192174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A histidine-based amphiphilic peptide (P) has been found to form an injectable transparent hydrogel in phosphate buffer solution over a pH range from 7.0 to 8.5 with an inherent antibacterial property. It also formed a hydrogel in water at pH = 6.7. The peptide self-assembles into a nanofibrillar network structure which is characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction. The hydrogel exhibits efficient antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli). The minimum inhibitory concentration of the hydrogel ranges from 20 to 100 μg/mL. The hydrogel is capable of encapsulation of the drugs naproxen (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), amoxicillin (an antibiotic), and doxorubicin, (an anticancer drug), but, selectively and sustainably, the gel releases naproxen, 84% being released in 84 h and amoxicillin was released more or less in same manner with that of the naproxen. The hydrogel is biocompatible with HEK 293T cells as well as NIH (mouse fibroblast cell line) cells and thus has potential as a potent antibacterial and drug releasing agent. Another remarkable feature of this hydrogel is its magnification property like a convex lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswanath Hansda
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Jhilam Majumder
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Biplab Mondal
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Akash Chatterjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subhadeep Das
- Purdue University, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sourav Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Ratan Gachhui
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Valeria Castelletto
- School of Chemistry, University of Reading, White knights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Ian W Hamley
- School of Chemistry, University of Reading, White knights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Prosenjit Sen
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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14
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Wei L, Wang D, Gupta R, Kim ST, Wang Y. A Proteomics Insight into Advancements in the Rice-Microbe Interaction. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12051079. [PMID: 36903938 PMCID: PMC10005616 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rice is one of the most-consumed foods worldwide. However, the productivity and quality of rice grains are severely constrained by pathogenic microbes. Over the last few decades, proteomics tools have been applied to investigate the protein level changes during rice-microbe interactions, leading to the identification of several proteins involved in disease resistance. Plants have developed a multi-layered immune system to suppress the invasion and infection of pathogens. Therefore, targeting the proteins and pathways associated with the host's innate immune response is an efficient strategy for developing stress-resistant crops. In this review, we discuss the progress made thus far with respect to rice-microbe interactions from side views of the proteome. Genetic evidence associated with pathogen-resistance-related proteins is also presented, and challenges and future perspectives are highlighted in order to understand the complexity of rice-microbe interactions and to develop disease-resistant crops in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dacheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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15
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Duan Y, Tang H, Yu X. Phylogenetic and AlphaFold predicted structure analyses provide insights for A1 aspartic protease family classification in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1072168. [PMID: 36818878 PMCID: PMC9937552 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1072168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aspartic proteases are widely distributed in animals, plants, fungi and other organisms. In land plants, A1 aspartic protease family members have been implicated to play important and varied roles in growth, development and defense. Thus a robust classification of this family is important for understanding their gene function and evolution. However, current A1 family members in Arabidopsis are less well classified and need to be re-evaluated. In this paper, 70 A1 aspartic proteases in Arabidopsis are divided into four groups (group I-IV) based on phylogenetic and gene structure analyses of 1200 A1 aspartic proteases which are obtained from 12 Embryophyta species. Group I-III members are further classified into 2, 4 and 7 subgroups based on the AlphaFold predicted structures. Furthermore, unique insights of A1 aspartic proteases have been unraveled by AlphaFold predicted structures. For example, subgroup II-C members have a unique II-C specific motif in the C-extend domain, and subgroup IV is a Spermatophyta conserved group without canonical DTGS/DSGT active sites. These results prove that AlphaFold combining phylogenetic analysis is a promising solution for complex gene family classification.
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16
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Apoplastic and vascular defences. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:595-605. [PMID: 36062526 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The apoplast comprises the intercellular space between cell membranes, includes the xylem, and extends to the rhizoplane and the outer surfaces of the plant. The apoplast plays roles in different biological processes including plant immunity. This highly specialised space is often the first place where pathogen recognition occurs, and this then triggers the immune response. The immune response in the apoplast involves different mechanisms that restrict pathogen infection. Among these responses, secretion of different molecules like proteases, proteins related to immunity, small RNAs and secondary metabolites play important and often additive or synergistic roles. In addition, production of reactive oxygen species occurs to cause direct deleterious effects on the pathogen as well as reinforce the plant's immune response by triggering modifications to cell wall composition and providing additional defence signalling capabilities. The pool of available sugar in the apoplast also plays a role in immunity. These sugars can be manipulated by both interactors, pathogens gaining access to nutrients whilst the plant's responses restrict the pathogen's access to nutrients. In this review, we describe the latest findings in the field to highlight the importance of the apoplast in plant-pathogen interactions and plant immunity. We also indicate where new discoveries are needed.
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17
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Wang H, Smith A, Lovelace A, Kvitko BH. In planta transcriptomics reveals conflicts between pattern-triggered immunity and the AlgU sigma factor regulon. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274009. [PMID: 36048876 PMCID: PMC9436044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous work, we determined the transcriptomic impacts of flg22 pre-induced Pattern Triggered Immunity (PTI) in Arabidopsis thaliana on the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto). During PTI exposure we observed expression patterns in Pto reminiscent of those previously observed in a Pto algU mutant. AlgU is a conserved extracytoplasmic function sigma factor which has been observed to regulate over 950 genes in Pto in growth media. We sought to identify the AlgU regulon when the bacteria are inside the plant host and which PTI-regulated genes overlapped with AlgU-regulated genes. In this study, we analyzed transcriptomic data from RNA-sequencing to identify the AlgU regulon (while in the host) and its relationship with PTI. Our results showed that the upregulation of 224 genes while inside the plant host require AlgU, while another 154 genes are downregulated dependent on AlgU in Arabidopsis during early infection. Both stress response and virulence-associated genes were upregulated in a manner dependent on AlgU, while the flagellar motility genes are downregulated in a manner dependent on AlgU. Under the pre-induced PTI condition, more than half of these AlgU-regulated genes have lost induction/suppression in contrast to mock treated plants, and almost all function groups regulated by AlgU were affected by PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amy Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amelia Lovelace
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Brian H. Kvitko
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- The Plant Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Protein glycosylation changes during systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:381-392. [PMID: 35623457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation, an important post-translational modification of proteins in all eukaryotes, has been clearly shown to be involved in numerous diseases in mammalian systems. In contrast, little is known regarding the role of protein N-glycosylation in plant defensive responses to pathogen infection. We identified, for the first time, glycoproteins related to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in an Arabidopsis thaliana model, using a glycoproteomics platform based on high-resolution mass spectrometry. 407 glycosylation sites corresponding to 378 glycopeptides and 273 unique glycoproteins were identified. 65 significantly changed glycoproteins with 80 N-glycosylation sites were detected in systemic leaves of SAR-induced plants, including numerous GDSL-like lipases, thioglucoside glucohydrolases, kinases, and glycosidases. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that significantly changed glycoproteins were involved mainly in N-glycan biosynthesis and degradation, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, cutin and wax biosynthesis, and plant-pathogen interactions. Comparative analysis of glycoproteomics and proteomics data indicated that glycoproteomics analysis is an efficient method for screening proteins associated with SAR. The present findings clarify glycosylation status and sites of A. thaliana proteins, and will facilitate further research on roles of glycoproteins in SAR induction.
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19
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Braga LPP, Coutinho FH, Amgarten DE, Kot W, Hansen L, Setubal JC, Philippot L. Novel virocell metabolic potential revealed in agricultural soils by virus-enriched soil metagenome analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:348-354. [PMID: 34018688 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are now recognized as important players in microbial dynamics and biogeochemical cycles in the oceans. Yet, compared with aquatic ecosystems, virus discovery in terrestrial ecosystems has been challenging partly due to the inherent complexity of soils. To expand our understanding of soil viruses and their putative contributions to soil microbial processes, we analysed metagenomes of community-level virus-enriched suspensions by tangential flow filtration obtained from two French agricultural soils. We found viral sequences representing a total of 239 viral operational taxonomic units that corresponded to 29.5% of the mapping reads in the metagenomic datasets. The analysis of their genomic sequences revealed novel virocell metabolic potential with implications to virus-host interactions, carbon cycling, plant-beneficial functions in the rhizosphere, horizontal gene transfer and other relevant microbial strategies applied to survive in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P P Braga
- University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, INRAE, AgroSup Dijon, Agroécologie Department, Dijon, France
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Ecosystems and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Felipe H Coutinho
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Universidad Miguel Henández, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Witold Kot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lars Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - João C Setubal
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laurent Philippot
- University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, INRAE, AgroSup Dijon, Agroécologie Department, Dijon, France
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20
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Santos RB, Figueiredo A. Two sides of the same story in grapevine-pathogen interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3367-3380. [PMID: 33631010 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are an integral part of plant defence systems, and their role in plant-pathogen interactions is unequivocal. Emerging evidence suggests that different protease families contribute to the establishment not only of hypersensitive response, priming, and signalling, but also of recognition events through complex proteolytic cascades. Moreover, they play a crucial role in pathogen/microbe-associated molecular pattern (PAMP/MAMP)-triggered immunity as well as in effector-triggered immunity. However, despite important advances in our understanding of the role of proteases in plant defence, the contribution of proteases to pathogen defence in grapevine remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the main grapevine pathosystems and explore the role of serine, cysteine, and aspartic proteases from both the host and pathogen point of views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita B Santos
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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21
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Godson A, van der Hoorn RAL. The front line of defence: a meta-analysis of apoplastic proteases in plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3381-3394. [PMID: 33462613 PMCID: PMC8042752 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Secreted proteases act at the front line of defence and play pivotal roles in disease resistance. However, the criteria for apoplastic immune proteases are not always defined and followed. Here, we critically reviewed 46 apoplastic proteases that function in plant defence. We found that most apoplastic immune proteases are induced upon infection, and 17 proteases are genetically required for the immune response. Proteolytic activity has been confirmed for most of the proteases but is rarely shown to be required for biological function, and the apoplastic location of proteases can be subjective and dynamic. Pathogen-derived inhibitors have only been described for cysteine and serine proteases, and the selection pressure acting on immune proteases is rarely investigated. We discuss six different mechanisms by which these proteases mediate plant immunity and summarize the challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Godson
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Wang H, Yang Z, Swingle B, Kvitko BH. AlgU, a Conserved Sigma Factor Regulating Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Promoting Virulence in Pseudomonas syringae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:326-336. [PMID: 33264045 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-20-0254-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae can rapidly deploy specialized functions to deal with abiotic and biotic stresses. Host niches pose specific sets of environmental challenges driven, in part, by immune defenses. Bacteria use a "just-in-time" strategy of gene regulation, meaning that they only produce the functions necessary for survival as needed. Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors transduce a specific set of environmental signals and change gene expression patterns by altering RNA polymerase promoter specificity, to adjust bacterial physiology, structure, or behavior, singly or in combination, to improve chances of survival. The broadly conserved ECF sigma factor AlgU affects virulence in both animal and plant pathogens. Pseudomonas syringae AlgU controls expression of more than 800 genes, some of which contribute to suppression of plant immunity and bacterial fitness in plants. This review discusses AlgU activation mechanisms, functions controlled by AlgU, and how these functions contribute to P. syringae survival in plants.[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton St., Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Zichu Yang
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Bryan Swingle
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Brian H Kvitko
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton St., Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
- The Plant Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
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23
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Wang S, Xing R, Wang Y, Shu H, Fu S, Huang J, Paulus JK, Schuster M, Saunders DGO, Win J, Vleeshouwers V, Wang Y, Zheng X, van der Hoorn RAL, Dong S. Cleavage of a pathogen apoplastic protein by plant subtilases activates host immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3424-3439. [PMID: 33251609 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant apoplast is a harsh environment in which hydrolytic enzymes, especially proteases, accumulate during pathogen infection. However, the defense functions of most apoplastic proteases remain largely elusive. We show here that a newly identified small cysteine-rich secreted protein PC2 from the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans induces immunity in Solanum plants only after cleavage by plant apoplastic subtilisin-like proteases, such as tomato P69B. A minimal 61 amino acid core peptide carrying two key cysteines, conserved widely in most oomycete species, is sufficient for PC2-induced cell death. Furthermore, we showed that Kazal-like protease inhibitors, such as EPI1, produced by P. infestans prevent PC2 cleavage and dampen PC2 elicited host immunity. This study reveals that cleavage of pathogen proteins to release immunogenic peptides is an important function of plant apoplastic proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rongkang Xing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haidong Shu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shenggui Fu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Judith K Paulus
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Mariana Schuster
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Diane G O Saunders
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vivianne Vleeshouwers
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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24
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Figueiredo L, Santos RB, Figueiredo A. Defense and Offense Strategies: The Role of Aspartic Proteases in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:75. [PMID: 33494266 PMCID: PMC7909840 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plant aspartic proteases (APs; E.C.3.4.23) are a group of proteolytic enzymes widely distributed among different species characterized by the conserved sequence Asp-Gly-Thr at the active site. With a broad spectrum of biological roles, plant APs are suggested to undergo functional specialization and to be crucial in developmental processes, such as in both biotic and abiotic stress responses. Over the last decade, an increasing number of publications highlighted the APs' involvement in plant defense responses against a diversity of stresses. In contrast, few studies regarding pathogen-secreted APs and AP inhibitors have been published so far. In this review, we provide a comprehensive picture of aspartic proteases from plant and pathogenic origins, focusing on their relevance and participation in defense and offense strategies in plant-pathogen interactions.
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25
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Llorens E, Scalschi L, González-Hernández AI, Camañes G, García-Agustín P, Vicedo B. 1-Methyltryptophan Treatment Increases Defense-Related Proteins in the Apoplast of Tomato Plants. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:433-443. [PMID: 32989989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The activation of induced resistance in plants may enhance the production of defensive proteins to avoid the invasion of pathogens. In this way, the composition of the apoplastic fluid could represent an important layer of defense that plants can modify to avoid the attack. In this study, we performed a proteomic study of the apoplastic fluid from plants treated with the resistance inducer 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT) as well as infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Our results showed that both the inoculation with Pst and the application of the inducer provoke changes in the proteomic composition in the apoplast enhancing the accumulation of proteins involved in plant defense. Finally, one of the identified proteins that are overaccumulated upon the treatment have been expressed in Escherichia coli and purified in order to test their antimicrobial effect. The result showed that the tested protein is able to reduce the growth of Pst in vitro. Taken together, in this work, we described the proteomic changes in the apoplast induced by the treatment and by the inoculation, as well as demonstrated that the proteins identified have a role in the plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Llorens
- Grupo de Bioquı́mica y Biotecnologı́a, Área de Fisiologı́a Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de Bioquı́mica y Biotecnologı́a, Área de Fisiologı́a Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Ana I González-Hernández
- Grupo de Bioquı́mica y Biotecnologı́a, Área de Fisiologı́a Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Gemma Camañes
- Grupo de Bioquı́mica y Biotecnologı́a, Área de Fisiologı́a Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grupo de Bioquı́mica y Biotecnologı́a, Área de Fisiologı́a Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Begonya Vicedo
- Grupo de Bioquı́mica y Biotecnologı́a, Área de Fisiologı́a Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
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26
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. Apoplastic Proteases: Powerful Weapons against Pathogen Infection in Plants. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100085. [PMID: 33367249 PMCID: PMC7748006 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants associate with diverse microbes that exert beneficial, neutral, or pathogenic effects inside the host. During the initial stages of invasion, the plant apoplast constitutes a hospitable environment for invading microbes, providing both water and nutrients. In response to microbial infection, a number of secreted proteins from host cells accumulate in the apoplastic space, which is related to microbial association or colonization processes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying plant modulation of the apoplast environment and how plant-secreted proteases are involved in pathogen resistance are still poorly understood. Recently, several studies have reported the roles of apoplastic proteases in plant resistance against bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. On the other hand, microbe-secreted proteins directly and/or indirectly inhibit host-derived apoplastic proteases to promote infection. These findings illustrate the importance of apoplastic proteases in plant-microbe interactions. Therefore, understanding the protease-mediated apoplastic battle between hosts and pathogens is of fundamental importance for understanding plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we provide an overview of plant-microbe interactions in the apoplastic space. We define the apoplast, summarize the physical and chemical properties of these structures, and discuss the roles of plant apoplastic proteases and pathogen protease inhibitors in host-microbe interactions. Challenges and future perspectives for research into protease-mediated apoplastic interactions are discussed, which may facilitate the engineering of resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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27
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Nobori T, Wang Y, Wu J, Stolze SC, Tsuda Y, Finkemeier I, Nakagami H, Tsuda K. Multidimensional gene regulatory landscape of a bacterial pathogen in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:883-896. [PMID: 32541952 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the gene regulation of plant pathogens is crucial for pest control and thus global food security. An integrated understanding of bacterial gene regulation in the host is dependent on multi-omic datasets, but these are largely lacking. Here, we simultaneously characterized the transcriptome and proteome of a bacterial pathogen in plants. We found a number of bacterial processes affected by plant immunity at the transcriptome and proteome levels. For instance, salicylic acid-mediated plant immunity suppressed the accumulation of proteins comprising the tip component of the bacterial type III secretion system. Interestingly, there were instances of concordant and discordant regulation of bacterial messenger RNAs and proteins. Gene co-expression analysis uncovered previously unknown gene regulatory modules underlying virulence. This study provides molecular insights into the multiple layers of gene regulation that contribute to bacterial growth in planta, and elucidates the role of plant immunity in affecting pathogen responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nobori
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingni Wu
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sara Christina Stolze
- Protein Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yayoi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Protein Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Protein Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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