1
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Azmi R, Lindgren F, Stokes-Rodriguez K, Buga M, Ungureanu C, Gouveia T, Christensen I, Pal S, Vlad A, Ladam A, Edström K, Hahlin M. An XPS Study of Electrolytes for Li-Ion Batteries in Full Cell LNMO vs Si/Graphite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:34266-34280. [PMID: 38904375 PMCID: PMC11231978 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Two different types of electrolytes (co-solvent and multi-salt) are tested for use in high voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4||Si/graphite full cells and compared against a carbonate-based standard LiPF6 containing electrolyte (baseline). Ex situ postmortem XPS analysis on both anodes and cathodes over the life span of the cells reveals a continuously growing SEI and CEI for the baseline electrolyte. The cells cycled in the co-solvent electrolyte exhibited a relatively thick and long-term stable CEI (on LNMO), while a slowly growing SEI was determined to form on the Si/graphite. The multi-salt electrolyte offers more inorganic-rich SEI/CEI while also forming the thinnest SEI/CEI observed in this study. Cross-talk is identified in the baseline electrolyte cell, where Si is detected on the cathode, and Mn is detected on the anode. Both the multi-salt and co-solvent electrolytes are observed to substantially reduce this cross-talk, where the co-solvent is found to be the most effective. In addition, Al corrosion is detected for the multi-salt electrolyte mainly at its end-of-life stage, where Al can be found on both the anode and cathode. Although the co-solvent electrolyte offers superior interface properties in terms of the limitation of cross-talk, the multi-salt electrolyte offers the best overall performance, suggesting that interface thickness plays a superior role compared to cross-talk. Together with their electrochemical cycling performance, the results suggest that multi-salt electrolyte provides a better long-term passivation of the electrodes for high-voltage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Azmi
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Structural
Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 538, Uppsala 751 21, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lindgren
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Structural
Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 538, Uppsala 751 21, Sweden
| | - Killian Stokes-Rodriguez
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Structural
Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 538, Uppsala 751 21, Sweden
- Department
of Sustainable Energy Technology, SINTEF
Industry, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Mihaela Buga
- ROM-EST
Laboratory, ICSI Energy Department, National
Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies
− ICSI, 4 Uzinei, Ramnicu Valcea 240050, Romania
| | - Cosmin Ungureanu
- ROM-EST
Laboratory, ICSI Energy Department, National
Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies
− ICSI, 4 Uzinei, Ramnicu Valcea 240050, Romania
- Faculty
of Energy Engineering, National University
of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest 060042, Romania
| | - Tom Gouveia
- Research
and Innovation Department, Solvionic, Toulouse 31100, France
| | | | - Shubhadeep Pal
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université
Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Alexandru Vlad
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université
Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Alix Ladam
- Research
and Innovation Department, Solvionic, Toulouse 31100, France
| | - Kristina Edström
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Structural
Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 538, Uppsala 751 21, Sweden
| | - Maria Hahlin
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Structural
Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 538, Uppsala 751 21, Sweden
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Division of X-ray Photon Science, Uppsala University, Box
516, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Müller P, Szczuka C, Tsai CL, Schöner S, Windmüller A, Yu S, Steinle D, Tempel H, Bresser D, Kungl H, Eichel RA. Capacity Degradation of Zero-Excess All-Solid-State Li Metal Batteries Using a Poly(ethylene oxide) Based Solid Electrolyte. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:32209-32219. [PMID: 38863333 PMCID: PMC11212021 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state polymer electrolytes (SPEs), such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), have good flexibility when compared to ceramic-type solid electrolytes. Therefore, it could be an ideal solid electrolyte for zero-excess all-solid-state Li metal battery (ZESSLB), also known as anode-free all-solid-state Li battery, development by offering better contact to the Cu current collector. However, the low Coulombic efficiencies observed from polymer type solid-state Li batteries (SSLBs) raise the concern that PEO may consume the limited amount of Li in ZESSLB to fail the system. Here, we designed ZESSLBs by using all-ceramic half-cells and an extra PEO electrolyte interlayer to study the reactivity between PEO and freshly deposited Li under a real battery operating conduction. By shuttling active Li back from the anode to the cathode, the PEO SPEs can be separated from the ZESSLBs for experimental studies without the influence from cathode materials or possible contamination from the usage of Li foil as the anode. Electrochemical cycling of ZESSLBs shows that the capacities of ZESSLBs with solvent-free and solvent-casted PEO SPEs significantly degraded compared to the ones with Li metal as the anode for the all-solid-state Li batteries. The fast capacity degradation of ZESSLBs using different types of PEO SPEs is evidenced to be associated with Li reacting with PEO, residual solvent, and water in PEO and dead Li formation upon the presence or absence of residual solvent. The results suggest that avoiding direct contact between the PEO electrolyte and deposited lithium is necessary when there is only a limited amount of Li available in ZESSLBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Müller
- Institut
für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Institut
für Materialien und Prozesse für elektrochemische Energiespeicher-
und wandler, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Conrad Szczuka
- Institut
für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Chih-Long Tsai
- Institut
für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Sandro Schöner
- Institut
für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Institut
für Materialien und Prozesse für elektrochemische Energiespeicher-
und wandler, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Anna Windmüller
- Institut
für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Shicheng Yu
- Institut
für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Dominik Steinle
- Helmholtz
Institute Ulm (HIU), Ulm 89081, Germany
- Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Hermann Tempel
- Institut
für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Dominic Bresser
- Helmholtz
Institute Ulm (HIU), Ulm 89081, Germany
- Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Hans Kungl
- Institut
für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Rüdiger-A. Eichel
- Institut
für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Institut
für Materialien und Prozesse für elektrochemische Energiespeicher-
und wandler, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Institut
für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-12: Helmholtz-Institute
Münster, Ionics in Energy Storage), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Münster 48149, Germany
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3
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Andersson EKW, Wu LT, Bertoli L, Weng YC, Friesen D, Elbouazzaoui K, Bloch S, Ovsyannikov R, Giangrisostomi E, Brandell D, Mindemark J, Jiang JC, Hahlin M. Initial SEI formation in LiBOB-, LiDFOB- and LiBF 4-containing PEO electrolytes. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2024; 12:9184-9199. [PMID: 38633215 PMCID: PMC11019830 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta07175h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
A limiting factor for solid polymer electrolyte (SPE)-based Li-batteries is the functionality of the electrolyte decomposition layer that is spontaneously formed at the Li metal anode. A deeper understanding of this layer will facilitate its improvement. This study investigates three SPEs - polyethylene oxide:lithium tetrafluoroborate (PEO:LiBF4), polyethylene oxide:lithium bis(oxalate)borate (PEO:LiBOB), and polyethylene oxide:lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (PEO:LiDFOB) - using a combination of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), galvanostatic cycling, in situ Li deposition photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Through this combination, the cell performance of PEO:LiDFOB can be connected to the initial SPE decomposition at the anode interface. It is found that PEO:LiDFOB had the highest capacity retention, which is correlated to having the least decomposition at the interface. This indicates that the lower SPE decomposition at the interface still creates a more effective decomposition layer, which is capable of preventing further electrolyte decomposition. Moreover, the PES results indicate formation of polyethylene in the SEI in cells based on PEO electrolytes. This is supported by AIMD that shows a polyethylene formation pathway through free-radical polymerization of ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin K W Andersson
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 Uppsala 75121 Sweden
| | - Liang-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Luca Bertoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano Via Luigi Mancinelli 7 20131 Milan Italy
| | - Yi-Chen Weng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University Box 516 Uppsala 75120 Sweden
| | - Daniel Friesen
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 Uppsala 75121 Sweden
| | - Kenza Elbouazzaoui
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 Uppsala 75121 Sweden
| | - Sophia Bloch
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 Uppsala 75121 Sweden
| | - Ruslan Ovsyannikov
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Erika Giangrisostomi
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Daniel Brandell
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 Uppsala 75121 Sweden
| | - Jonas Mindemark
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 Uppsala 75121 Sweden
| | - Jyh-Chiang Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Maria Hahlin
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 538 Uppsala 75121 Sweden
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University Box 516 Uppsala 75120 Sweden
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4
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Wang Y, Yang X, Meng Y, Wen Z, Han R, Hu X, Sun B, Kang F, Li B, Zhou D, Wang C, Wang G. Fluorine Chemistry in Rechargeable Batteries: Challenges, Progress, and Perspectives. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3494-3589. [PMID: 38478597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The renewable energy industry demands rechargeable batteries that can be manufactured at low cost using abundant resources while offering high energy density, good safety, wide operating temperature windows, and long lifespans. Utilizing fluorine chemistry to redesign battery configurations/components is considered a critical strategy to fulfill these requirements due to the natural abundance, robust bond strength, and extraordinary electronegativity of fluorine and the high free energy of fluoride formation, which enables the fluorinated components with cost effectiveness, nonflammability, and intrinsic stability. In particular, fluorinated materials and electrode|electrolyte interphases have been demonstrated to significantly affect reaction reversibility/kinetics, safety, and temperature tolerance of rechargeable batteries. However, the underlining principles governing material design and the mechanistic insights of interphases at the atomic level have been largely overlooked. This review covers a wide range of topics from the exploration of fluorine-containing electrodes, fluorinated electrolyte constituents, and other fluorinated battery components for metal-ion shuttle batteries to constructing fluoride-ion batteries, dual-ion batteries, and other new chemistries. In doing so, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-property interactions, the features of fluorinated interphases, and cutting-edge techniques for elucidating the role of fluorine chemistry in rechargeable batteries. Further, we present current challenges and promising strategies for employing fluorine chemistry, aiming to advance the electrochemical performance, wide temperature operation, and safety attributes of rechargeable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Yuefeng Meng
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zuxin Wen
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ran Han
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xia Hu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Bing Sun
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Baohua Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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5
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Zhang R, Zhou Q, Huang S, Zhang Y, Wen RT. Capturing ion trapping and detrapping dynamics in electrochromic thin films. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2294. [PMID: 38480724 PMCID: PMC10937924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Ion trapping has been found to be responsible for the performance degradation in electrochromic oxide thin films, and a detrapping procedure was proved to be effective to rejuvenate the degraded films. Despite of the studies on ion trapping and detrapping, its dynamics remain largely unknown. Moreover, coloration mechanisms of electrochromic oxides are also far from clear, limiting the development of superior devices. Here, we visualize ion trapping and detrapping dynamics in a model electrochromic material, amorphous WO3. Specifically, formation of orthorhombic Li2WO4 during long-term cycling accounts for the origin of shallow traps. Deep traps are multiple-step-determined, composed of mixed W4+-Li2WO4, amorphous Li2WO4 and W4+-Li2O. The non-decomposable W4+-Li2WO4 couple is the origin of the irreversible traps. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, besides the typical small polaron hopping between W5+ ↔ W6+ sites, bipolaron hopping between W4+ ↔ W6+ sites gives rise to optical absorption in the short-wavelength region. Overall, we provide a general picture of electrochromism based on polaron hopping. Ion trapping and detrapping were demonstrated to also prevail in other cathodic electrochromic oxides. This work not only provides the ion trapping and detrapping dynamics of WO3, but also open avenues to study other cathodic electrochromic oxides and develop superior electrochromic devices with great durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qinqi Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Siyuan Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Rui-Tao Wen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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6
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Stottmeister D, Wildersinn L, Maibach J, Hofmann A, Jeschull F, Groß A. Unraveling Propylene Oxide Formation in Alkali Metal Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202300995. [PMID: 37820026 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing need for electrochemical energy storage drives the development of post-lithium battery systems. Among the most promising new battery types are sodium-based battery systems. However, like its lithium predecessor, sodium batteries suffer from various issues like parasitic side reactions, which lead to a loss of active sodium inventory, thus reducing the capacity over time. Some problems in sodium batteries arise from an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) reducing its protective power e. g., due to increased solubility of SEI components in sodium battery systems. While it is known that the electrolyte affects the SEI structure, the exact formation mechanism of the SEI is not yet fully understood. In this study, we follow the initial SEI formation on a piece of sodium metal submerged in propylene carbonate with and without the electrolyte salt sodium perchlorate. We combine X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and density functional theory to unravel the sudden emergence of propylene oxide after adding sodium perchlorate to the electrolyte solvent. We identify the formation of a sodium chloride layer as a crucial step in forming propylene oxide by enabling precursors formed from propylene carbonate on the sodium metal surface to undergo a ring-closing reaction. Based on our combined theoretical and experimental approach, we identify changes in the electrolyte decomposition process, propose a reaction mechanism to form propylene oxide and discuss alternatives based on known synthesis routes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonie Wildersinn
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Angewandte Materialien (IAM), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein - Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Julia Maibach
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Angewandte Materialien (IAM), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein - Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE - 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Angewandte Materialien (IAM), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein - Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Fabian Jeschull
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Angewandte Materialien (IAM), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein - Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Axel Groß
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89069, Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstr. 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany
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7
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Jommongkol R, Deebansok S, Deng J, Zhu Y, Bouchal R, Fontaine O. Unveiling LiTFSI Precipitation as a Key Factor in Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation in Li-Based Water-in-Salt Electrolytes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2303945. [PMID: 37705137 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
A water-in-salt electrolyte is a highly concentrated aqueous solution (i.e., 21 mol LiTFSI in 1 kg H2 O) that reduces the number of water molecules surrounding salt ions, thereby decreasing the water activity responsible for decomposition. This electrolyte widens the electrochemical stability window via the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) at the electrode surface. However, using high concentration electrolytes in Li-ion battery technology to enhance energy density and increase cycling stability remains challenging. A parasitic reaction, called the hydrogen evolution reaction, occurs when the reaction operates at a lower voltage. It is demonstrated here that a micrometric white layer is indeed a component of the SEI layer, not just on the nanoscale, through the utilization of an operando high-resolution optical microscope. The results indicate that LiTFSI precipitation is the primary species present in the SEI layer. Furthermore, the passivation layer is found to be dynamic since it dissolves back into the electrolyte during open circuit voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossukon Jommongkol
- Molecular Electrochemistry for Energy Laboratory, School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Siraprapha Deebansok
- Molecular Electrochemistry for Energy Laboratory, School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Jie Deng
- Institute for Advanced Study and College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Yachao Zhu
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Roza Bouchal
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Olivier Fontaine
- Molecular Electrochemistry for Energy Laboratory, School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, 21210, Thailand
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8
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Maibach J, Rizell J, Matic A, Mozhzhukhina N. Toward Operando Characterization of Interphases in Batteries. ACS MATERIALS LETTERS 2023; 5:2431-2444. [PMID: 37680543 PMCID: PMC10482148 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.3c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrode/electrolyte interfaces are the most important and least understood components of Li-ion and next-generation batteries. An improved understanding of interphases in batteries will undoubtedly lead to breakthroughs in the field. Traditionally, evaluating those interphases involves using ex situ surface sensitive and/or imaging techniques. Due to their very dynamic and reactive nature, ex situ sample manipulation is undesirable. From this point of view, operando surface sensitive techniques represent a major opportunity to push boundaries in battery development. While numerous bulk spectroscopic, scattering, and imaging techniques are well established and widely used, surface sensitive operando techniques remain challenging and, to a larger extent, restricted to the model systems. Here, we give a perspective on techniques with the potential to characterize solid/liquid interfaces in both model and realistic battery configurations. The focus is on techniques that provide chemical and structural information at length and time scales relevant for the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and evolution, while also probing representative electrode areas. We highlight the following techniques: vibrational spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), neutron and X-ray reflectometry, and grazing incidence scattering techniques. Comprehensive overviews, as well as promises and challenges, of these techniques when used operando on battery interphases are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Maibach
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Josef Rizell
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Aleksandar Matic
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Nataliia Mozhzhukhina
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
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9
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Black AP, Sorrentino A, Fauth F, Yousef I, Simonelli L, Frontera C, Ponrouch A, Tonti D, Palacín MR. Synchrotron radiation based operando characterization of battery materials. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1641-1665. [PMID: 36819848 PMCID: PMC9931056 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04397a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation based techniques are powerful tools for battery research and allow probing a wide range of length scales, with different depth sensitivities and spatial/temporal resolutions. Operando experiments enable characterization during functioning of the cell and are thus a precious tool to elucidate the reaction mechanisms taking place. In this perspective, the current state of the art for the most relevant techniques (scattering, spectroscopy, and imaging) is discussed together with the bottlenecks to address, either specific for application in the battery field or more generic. The former includes the improvement of cell designs, multi-modal characterization and development of protocols for automated or at least semi-automated data analysis to quickly process the huge amount of data resulting from operando experiments. Given the recent evolution in these areas, accelerated progress is expected in the years to come, which should in turn foster battery performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Black
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - François Fauth
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Ibraheem Yousef
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Laura Simonelli
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Carlos Frontera
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - Alexandre Ponrouch
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - Dino Tonti
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - M Rosa Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
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10
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Freiberg AT, Qian S, Wandt J, Gasteiger HA, Crumlin EJ. Surface Oxygen Depletion of Layered Transition Metal Oxides in Li-Ion Batteries Studied by Operando Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4743-4754. [PMID: 36623251 PMCID: PMC9880953 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A new operando spectro-electrochemical setup was developed to study oxygen depletion from the surface of layered transition metal oxide particles at high degrees of delithiation. An NCM111 working electrode was paired with a chemically delithiated LiFePO4 counter electrode in a fuel cell-inspired membrane electrode assembly (MEA). A propylene carbonate-soaked Li-ion conducting ionomer served as an electrolyte, providing both good electrochemical performance and direct probing of the NCM111 particles during cycling by ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The irreversible emergence of an oxygen-depleted phase in the O 1s spectra of the layered oxide particles was observed upon the first delithiation to high state-of-charge, which is in excellent agreement with oxygen release analysis via mass spectrometry analysis of such MEAs. By comparing the metal oxide-based O 1s spectral features to the Ni 2p3/2 intensity, we can calculate the transition metal-to-oxygen ratio of the metal oxide close to the particle surface, which shows good agreement with the formation of a spinel-like stoichiometry as an oxygen-depleted phase. This new setup enables a deeper understanding of interfacial changes of layered oxide-based cathode active materials for Li-ion batteries upon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T.S. Freiberg
- Chair
of Technical Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Garching
bei MünchenD-85748, Germany
| | - Simon Qian
- Chair
of Technical Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Garching
bei MünchenD-85748, Germany
| | - Johannes Wandt
- Chair
of Technical Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Garching
bei MünchenD-85748, Germany
| | - Hubert A. Gasteiger
- Chair
of Technical Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Garching
bei MünchenD-85748, Germany
| | - Ethan J. Crumlin
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
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11
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Källquist I, Ericson T, Lindgren F, Chen H, Shavorskiy A, Maibach J, Hahlin M. Potentials in Li-Ion Batteries Probed by Operando Ambient Pressure Photoelectron Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6465-6475. [PMID: 35099928 PMCID: PMC8832392 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The important electrochemical processes in a battery happen at the solid/liquid interfaces. Operando ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy (APPES) is one tool to study these processes with chemical specificity. However, accessing this crucial interface and identifying the interface signal are not trivial. Therefore, we present a measurement setup, together with a suggested model, exemplifying how APPES can be used to probe potential differences over the electrode/electrolyte interface, even without direct access to the interface. Both the change in electron electrochemical potential over the solid/liquid interface, and the change in Li chemical potential of the working electrode (WE) surface at Li-ion equilibrium can be probed. Using a Li4Ti5O12 composite as a WE, our results show that the shifts in kinetic energy of the electrolyte measured by APPES can be correlated to the electrochemical reactions occurring at the WE/electrolyte interface. Different shifts in kinetic energy are seen depending on if a phase transition reaction occurs or if a single phase is lithiated. The developed methodology can be used to evaluate charge transfer over the WE/electrolyte interface as well as the lithiation/delithiation mechanism of the WE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Källquist
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tove Ericson
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lindgren
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heyin Chen
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Julia Maibach
- Institute
for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Maria Hahlin
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Fehse M, Iadecola A, Simonelli L, Longo A, Stievano L. The rise of X-ray spectroscopies for unveiling the functional mechanisms in batteries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23445-23465. [PMID: 34664565 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron-based techniques have been key tools in the discovery, understanding, and development of battery materials. In this review, some of the most suitable X-ray spectroscopy related techniques employed for addressing diverse scientific cases connected to battery science are highlighted. Furthermore, current shortcomings, intrinsic limitations, and ongoing challenges of individual techniques are pointed out, providing an outlook of future trends that are relevant to the battery research community. In particular, the ongoing development of next generation synchrotrons, machine learning algorithms for data analysis and combined theoretical/experimental approaches will enhance the already powerful assets of these advanced spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonella Iadecola
- Rééseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS, Amiens, France
| | | | - Alessandro Longo
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.,Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, ISMN-CNR UOS di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stievano
- Rééseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS, Amiens, France.,ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
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13
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Källquist I, Lindgren F, Lee MT, Shavorskiy A, Edström K, Rensmo H, Nyholm L, Maibach J, Hahlin M. Probing Electrochemical Potential Differences over the Solid/Liquid Interface in Li-Ion Battery Model Systems. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:32989-32996. [PMID: 34251812 PMCID: PMC8397238 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical potential difference (Δμ̅) is the driving force for the transfer of a charged species from one phase to another in a redox reaction. In Li-ion batteries (LIBs), Δμ̅ values for both electrons and Li-ions play an important role in the charge-transfer kinetics at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces. Because of the lack of suitable measurement techniques, little is known about how Δμ̅ affects the redox reactions occurring at the solid/liquid interfaces during LIB operation. Herein, we outline the relations between different potentials and show how ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy (APPES) can be used to follow changes in Δμ̅e over the solid/liquid interfaces operando by measuring the kinetic energy (KE) shifts of the electrolyte core levels. The KE shift versus applied voltage shows a linear dependence of ∼1 eV/V during charging of the electrical double layer and during solid electrolyte interphase formation. This agrees with the expected results for an ideally polarizable interface. During lithiation, the slope changes drastically. We propose a model to explain this based on charge transfer over the solid/liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Källquist
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lindgren
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ming-Tao Lee
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala
University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Kristina Edström
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala
University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Nyholm
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala
University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Maibach
- Institute
for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Maria Hahlin
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala
University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Dupuy R, Richter C, Winter B, Meijer G, Schlögl R, Bluhm H. Core level photoelectron spectroscopy of heterogeneous reactions at liquid-vapor interfaces: Current status, challenges, and prospects. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:060901. [PMID: 33588531 DOI: 10.1063/5.0036178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-vapor interfaces, particularly those between aqueous solutions and air, drive numerous important chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere and in the environment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is an excellent method for the investigation of these interfaces due to its surface sensitivity, elemental and chemical specificity, and the possibility to obtain information on the depth distribution of solute and solvent species in the interfacial region. In this Perspective, we review the progress that was made in this field over the past decades and discuss the challenges that need to be overcome for investigations of heterogeneous reactions at liquid-vapor interfaces under close-to-realistic environmental conditions. We close with an outlook on where some of the most exciting and promising developments might lie in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Dupuy
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens Richter
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Probing Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes with Laboratory Near-Ambient Pressure XPS. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10111056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we present Near Ambient Pressure (NAP)-X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) results from model and commercial liquid electrolytes for lithium-ion battery production using an automated laboratory NAP-XPS system. The electrolyte solutions were (i) LiPF6 in EC/DMC (LP30) as a typical commercial battery electrolyte and (ii) LiTFSI in PC as a model electrolyte. We analyzed the LP30 electrolyte solution, first in its vapor and liquid phase to compare individual core-level spectra. In a second step, we immersed a V2O5 crystal as a model cathode material in this LiPF6 solution. Additionally, the LiTFSI electrolyte model system was studied to compare and verify our findings with previous NAP-XPS data. Photoelectron spectra recorded at pressures of 2–10 mbar show significant chemical differences for the different lithium-based electrolytes. We show the enormous potential of laboratory NAP-XPS instruments for investigations of solid-liquid interfaces in electrochemical energy storage systems at elevated pressures and illustrate the simplicity and ease of the used experimental setup (EnviroESCA).
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16
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Hausbrand R. Electronic energy levels at Li-ion cathode-liquid electrolyte interfaces: Concepts, experimental insights, and perspectives. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:180902. [PMID: 32414277 DOI: 10.1063/1.5143106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although electrolyte decomposition is a key issue for the stability of Li-ion batteries and has been intensively investigated in the past, a common understanding of the concepts and involved processes is still missing. In this article, we present an overview on our results obtained with a surface science approach and discuss the implications for the stability window of Li-ion electrolytes under consideration of calculated oxidation potentials from the literature. We find LiCoO2 valence band-solvent highest occupied molecular orbital offsets that are in agreement with expectations based on ionization potentials, polarization effects, and solvent-salt interactions. In agreement with thermodynamic considerations, our data show that surface layer formation on pristine electrodes occurs inside the electrochemical window as defined by the measured oxidation and reduction potentials, which can be attributed to electrode surface interactions. The results demonstrate that the simple energy level approach commonly used to evaluate the stability window of Li-ion electrolytes has very limited applicability. The perspectives for further investigations of the electronic structure of Li-ion cathode-liquid electrolyte interfaces are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Hausbrand
- Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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