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Bo R, Xu S, Yang Y, Zhang Y. Mechanically-Guided 3D Assembly for Architected Flexible Electronics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11137-11189. [PMID: 37676059 PMCID: PMC10540141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Architected flexible electronic devices with rationally designed 3D geometries have found essential applications in biology, medicine, therapeutics, sensing/imaging, energy, robotics, and daily healthcare. Mechanically-guided 3D assembly methods, exploiting mechanics principles of materials and structures to transform planar electronic devices fabricated using mature semiconductor techniques into 3D architected ones, are promising routes to such architected flexible electronic devices. Here, we comprehensively review mechanically-guided 3D assembly methods for architected flexible electronics. Mainstream methods of mechanically-guided 3D assembly are classified and discussed on the basis of their fundamental deformation modes (i.e., rolling, folding, curving, and buckling). Diverse 3D interconnects and device forms are then summarized, which correspond to the two key components of an architected flexible electronic device. Afterward, structure-induced functionalities are highlighted to provide guidelines for function-driven structural designs of flexible electronics, followed by a collective summary of their resulting applications. Finally, conclusions and outlooks are given, covering routes to achieve extreme deformations and dimensions, inverse design methods, and encapsulation strategies of architected 3D flexible electronics, as well as perspectives on future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renheng Bo
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Youzhou Yang
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
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2
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Khandelwal A, Li X. Strain-induced self-rolled-up microtubes for multifunctional on-chip microfluidic applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:051501. [PMID: 37720301 PMCID: PMC10505069 DOI: 10.1063/5.0170958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
On-chip microfluidics are characterized as miniaturized devices that can be either integrated with other components on-chip or can individually serve as a standalone lab-on-a-chip system for a variety of applications ranging from biochemical sensing to macromolecular manipulation. Heterogenous integration with various materials and form factors is, therefore, key to enhancing the performance of such microfluidic systems. The fabrication of complex three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic components that can be easily integrated with other material systems and existing state-of-the-art microfluidics is of rising importance. Research on producing self-assembled 3D architectures by the emerging self-rolled-up membrane (S-RuM) technology may hold the key to such integration. S-RuM technology relies on a strain-induced deformation mechanism to spontaneously transform stacked thin-film materials into 3D cylindrical hollow structures virtually on any kind of substrate. Besides serving as a compact microfluidic chamber, the S-RuM-based on-chip microtubular architecture exhibits several other advantages for microfluidic applications including customizable geometry, biocompatibility, chemical stability, ease of integration, uniform field distributions, and increased surface area to volume ratio. In this Review, we will highlight some of the applications related to molecule/particle sensing, particle delivery, and manipulation that utilized S-RuM technology to their advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apratim Khandelwal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Nick Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Xiuling Li
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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3
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Kotnana G, Cheng Y, Lin CC. Triggering Magnets for Wiegand Sensors: Electrodeposited and Origami-Magnetized CoNiP Micro-Magnets. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6043. [PMID: 37447892 DOI: 10.3390/s23136043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Miniature sensors are key components for applications in the Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks, autonomous vehicles, smart cities, and smart manufacturing. As a miniature and self-powered magnetic sensor, the Wiegand sensor possesses advantageous traits including changing-rate-independent output, low cost, and remarkable repeatability and reliability. A typical Wiegand sensor requires hard magnetic pole pieces that provide external fields for triggering voltage outputs that are called Wiegand pulses. However, the wire-shaped sensing element of Wiegand sensors is the critical issue that limits the design, selection, and adoption of the external triggering magnets. Currently, the widely used pole piece materials are rare-earth magnets. However, adopting rare-earth magnets brings strong stray fields, causing an electromagnetic interference (EMI) problem. In this study, patterned CoNiP hard magnets were electrodeposited on flexible substrates through microfabrication. Origami magnetization was utilized to control the resultant stray fields and thus the pole piece of CoNiP magnets can successfully trigger the output of the Wiegand pulse. In comparison, the output voltage of the triggered pulse acquired through the patterned CoNiP magnets is comparable to that acquired by using the rare-earth magnets. Furthermore, both the volume (and hence the weight) of the Wiegand sensor and the EMI issue can be significantly reduced and mitigated, respectively, by the CoNiP magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kotnana
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT-AP University, Amaravati 522237, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Yun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Chi Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
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4
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Li T, Bandari VK, Schmidt OG. Molecular Electronics: Creating and Bridging Molecular Junctions and Promoting Its Commercialization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209088. [PMID: 36512432 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronics is driven by the dream of expanding Moore's law to the molecular level for next-generation electronics through incorporating individual or ensemble molecules into electronic circuits. For nearly 50 years, numerous efforts have been made to explore the intrinsic properties of molecules and develop diverse fascinating molecular electronic devices with the desired functionalities. The flourishing of molecular electronics is inseparable from the development of various elegant methodologies for creating nanogap electrodes and bridging the nanogap with molecules. This review first focuses on the techniques for making lateral and vertical nanogap electrodes by breaking, narrowing, and fixed modes, and highlights their capabilities, applications, merits, and shortcomings. After summarizing the approaches of growing single molecules or molecular layers on the electrodes, the methods of constructing a complete molecular circuit are comprehensively grouped into three categories: 1) directly bridging one-molecule-electrode component with another electrode, 2) physically bridging two-molecule-electrode components, and 3) chemically bridging two-molecule-electrode components. Finally, the current state of molecular circuit integration and commercialization is discussed and perspectives are provided, hoping to encourage the community to accelerate the realization of fully scalable molecular electronics for a new era of integrated microsystems and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Li
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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5
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Liu L, Huang S, Shi W, Sun X, Pang J, Lu Q, Yang Y, Xi L, Deng L, Oswald S, Yin Y, Liu L, Ma L, Schmidt OG, Shi Y, Zhang L. Single "Swiss-roll" microelectrode elucidates the critical role of iron substitution in conversion-type oxides. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd6596. [PMID: 36542707 PMCID: PMC9770940 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Advancing the lithium-ion battery technology requires the understanding of electrochemical processes in electrode materials with high resolution, accuracy, and sensitivity. However, most techniques today are limited by their inability to separate the complex signals from slurry-coated composite electrodes. Here, we use a three-dimensional "Swiss-roll" microtubular electrode that is incorporated into a micrometer-sized lithium battery. This on-chip platform combines various in situ characterization techniques and precisely probes the intrinsic electrochemical properties of each active material due to the removal of unnecessary binders and additives. As an example, it helps elucidate the critical role of Fe substitution in a conversion-type NiO electrode by monitoring the evolution of Fe2O3 and solid electrolyte interphase layer. The markedly enhanced electrode performances are therefore explained. Our approach exposes a hitherto unexplored route to tracking the phase, morphology, and electrochemical evolution of electrodes in real time, allowing us to reveal information that is not accessible with bulk-level characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Liu
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Rosenbergstraße 6, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Shaozhuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education, South-Central Minzu University, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Wujun Shi
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Jinbo Pang
- Institute for Complex Materials, IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Qiongqiong Lu
- Institute for Complex Materials, IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ye Yang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lixia Xi
- Institute for Complex Materials, IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Liang Deng
- Institute for Complex Materials, IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Oswald
- Institute for Complex Materials, IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yin Yin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Clean Energy Cluster, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Libo Ma
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Rosenbergstraße 6, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yumeng Shi
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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6
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Xia N, Zhu G, Wang X, Dong Y, Zhang L. Multicomponent and multifunctional integrated miniature soft robots. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7464-7485. [PMID: 36189642 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00891b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Miniature soft robots with elaborate structures and programmable physical properties could conduct micromanipulation with high precision as well as access confined and tortuous spaces, which promise benefits in medical tasks and environmental monitoring. To improve the functionalities and adaptability of miniature soft robots, a variety of integrated design and fabrication strategies have been proposed for the development of miniaturized soft robotic systems integrated with multicomponents and multifunctionalities. Combining the latest advancement in fabrication technologies, intelligent materials and active control methods enable these integrated robotic systems to adapt to increasingly complex application scenarios including precision medicine, intelligent electronics, and environmental and proprioceptive sensing. Herein, this review delivers an overview of various integration strategies applicable for miniature soft robotic systems, including semiconductor and microelectronic techniques, modular assembly based on self-healing and welding, modular assembly based on bonding agents, laser machining techniques, template assisted methods with modular material design, and 3D printing techniques. Emerging applications of the integrated miniature soft robots and perspectives for the future design of small-scale intelligent robots are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Xia
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guangda Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yue Dong
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Wang X, Wang Z, Dong H, Saggau CN, Tang H, Tang M, Liu L, Baunack S, Bai L, Liu J, Yin Y, Ma L, Schmidt OG. Collective Coupling of 3D Confined Optical Modes in Monolithic Twin Microtube Cavities Formed by Nanomembrane Origami. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6692-6699. [PMID: 35939782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the monolithic fabrication of twin microtube cavities by a nanomembrane origami method for achieving collective coupling of 3D confined optical modes. Owing to the well-aligned twin geometries, two sets of 3D confined optical modes in twin microtubes are spectrally and spatially matched, by which both the fundamental and higher-order axial modes are respectively coupled with each other. Multiple groups of the coupling modes provide multiple effective channels for energy exchange between coupled microcavities illustrated by the measured spatial optical field distributions. The spectral anticrossing and changing-over features of each group of coupled modes are revealed in experiments and calculations, indicating the occurrence of strong coupling. In addition, the simulated 3D mode profiles of twin microcavities confirm the collective strong coupling behavior, which shows good agreement with experiments. The collective coupling of 3D confined resonant modes promises broad applications in multichannel optical signal processing, nanophotonics, and 3D non-Hermitian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Research on Utilization of Si-Zr-Ti Resources of Hainan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 570228 Haikou, China
| | - Haiyun Dong
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Hongmei Tang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), TU Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Min Tang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lixiang Liu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Baunack
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ling Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yin Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Libo Ma
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), TU Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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Michaels M, Yu SY, Zhou T, Du F, Al Faruque MA, Kulinsky L. Artificial Intelligence Algorithms Enable Automated Characterization of the Positive and Negative Dielectrophoretic Ranges of Applied Frequency. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:399. [PMID: 35334691 PMCID: PMC8949608 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes the phenomenological approach to automatically determine the frequency range for positive and negative dielectrophoresis (DEP)-an electrokinetic force that can be used for massively parallel micro- and nano-assembly. An experimental setup consists of the microfabricated chip with gold microelectrode array connected to a function generator capable of digitally controlling an AC signal of 1 V (peak-to-peak) and of various frequencies in the range between 10 kHz and 1 MHz. The suspension of latex microbeads (3-μm diameter) is either attracted or repelled from the microelectrodes under the influence of DEP force as a function of the applied frequency. The video of the bead movement is captured via a digital camera attached to the microscope. The OpenCV software package is used to digitally analyze the images and identify the beads. Positions of the identified beads are compared for successive frames via Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithm that determines the cloud behavior of the microbeads and algorithmically determines if the beads experience attraction or repulsion from the electrodes. Based on the determined behavior of the beads, algorithm will either increase or decrease the applied frequency and implement the digital command of the function generator that is controlled by the computer. Thus, the operation of the study platform is fully automated. The AI-guided platform has determined that positive DEP (pDEP) is active below 500 kHz frequency, negative DEP (nDEP) is evidenced above 1 MHz frequency and the crossover frequency is between 500 kHz and 1 MHz. These results are in line with previously published experimentally determined frequency-dependent DEP behavior of the latex microbeads. The phenomenological approach assisted by live AI-guided feedback loop described in the present study will assist the active manipulation of the system towards the desired phenomenological outcome such as, for example, collection of the particles at the electrodes, even if, due to the complexity and plurality of the interactive forces, model-based predictions are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Michaels
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA; (M.M.); (T.Z.)
- Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, University of California Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA
| | - Shih-Yuan Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, 2200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA; (S.-Y.Y.); (F.D.)
| | - Tuo Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA; (M.M.); (T.Z.)
- Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technology, University of California Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA
| | - Fangzhou Du
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, 2200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA; (S.-Y.Y.); (F.D.)
| | - Mohammad Abdullah Al Faruque
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA; (M.M.); (T.Z.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, 2200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA; (S.-Y.Y.); (F.D.)
| | - Lawrence Kulinsky
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, 5200 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92627-2700, USA; (M.M.); (T.Z.)
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Makarov D, Volkov OM, Kákay A, Pylypovskyi OV, Budinská B, Dobrovolskiy OV. New Dimension in Magnetism and Superconductivity: 3D and Curvilinear Nanoarchitectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101758. [PMID: 34705309 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the primary field, where curvature has been at the heart of research, is the theory of general relativity. In recent studies, however, the impact of curvilinear geometry enters various disciplines, ranging from solid-state physics over soft-matter physics, chemistry, and biology to mathematics, giving rise to a plethora of emerging domains such as curvilinear nematics, curvilinear studies of cell biology, curvilinear semiconductors, superfluidity, optics, 2D van der Waals materials, plasmonics, magnetism, and superconductivity. Here, the state of the art is summarized and prospects for future research in curvilinear solid-state systems exhibiting such fundamental cooperative phenomena as ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and superconductivity are outlined. Highlighting the recent developments and current challenges in theory, fabrication, and characterization of curvilinear micro- and nanostructures, special attention is paid to perspective research directions entailing new physics and to their strong application potential. Overall, the perspective is aimed at crossing the boundaries between the magnetism and superconductivity communities and drawing attention to the conceptual aspects of how extension of structures into the third dimension and curvilinear geometry can modify existing and aid launching novel functionalities. In addition, the perspective should stimulate the development and dissemination of research and development oriented techniques to facilitate rapid transitions from laboratory demonstrations to industry-ready prototypes and eventual products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Pylypovskyi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Barbora Budinská
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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10
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Liu Y, Lin G, Bao G, Guan M, Yang L, Liu Y, Wang D, Zhang X, Liao J, Fang G, Di X, Huang G, Zhou J, Cheng YY, Jin D. Stratified Disk Microrobots with Dynamic Maneuverability and Proton-Activatable Luminescence for in Vivo Imaging. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19924-19937. [PMID: 34714044 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microrobots can expand our abilities to access remote, confined, and enclosed spaces. Their potential applications inside our body are obvious, e.g., to diagnose diseases, deliver medicine, and monitor treatment efficacy. However, critical requirements exist in relation to their operations in gastrointestinal environments, including resistance to strong gastric acid, responsivity to a narrow proton variation window, and locomotion in confined cavities with hierarchical terrains. Here, we report a proton-activatable microrobot to enable real-time, repeated, and site-selective pH sensing and monitoring in physiological relevant environments. This is achieved by stratifying a hydrogel disk to combine a range of functional nanomaterials, including proton-responsive molecular switches, upconversion nanoparticles, and near-infrared (NIR) emitters. By leveraging the 3D magnetic gradient fields and the anisotropic composition, the microrobot can be steered to locomote as a gyrating "Euler's disk", i.e., aslant relative to the surface and along its low-friction outer circumference, exhibiting a high motility of up to 60 body lengths/s. The enhanced magnetomotility can boost the pH-sensing kinetics by 2-fold. The fluorescence of the molecular switch can respond to pH variations with over 600-fold enhancement when the pH decreases from 8 to 1, and the integration of upconversion nanoparticles further allows both the efficient sensitization of NIR light through deep tissue and energy transfer to activate the pH probes. Moreover, the embedded down-shifting NIR emitters provide sufficient contrast for imaging of a single microrobot inside a live mouse. This work suggests great potential in developing multifunctional microrobots to perform generic site-selective tasks in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Gungun Lin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Guochen Bao
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Ming Guan
- UTS-SUStech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan Qu, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liu Yang
- UTS-SUStech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan Qu, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yongtao Liu
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Dejiang Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Xun Zhang
- UTS-SUStech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan Qu, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiayan Liao
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Guocheng Fang
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Xiangjun Di
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Guan Huang
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Yuen Yee Cheng
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- UTS-SUStech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan Qu, Shenzhen 518055, China
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11
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Abstract
In contrast to conventional hard actuators, soft actuators offer many vivid advantages, such as improved flexibility, adaptability, and reconfigurability, which are intrinsic to living systems. These properties make them particularly promising for different applications, including soft electronics, surgery, drug delivery, artificial organs, or prosthesis. The additional degree of freedom for soft actuatoric devices can be provided through the use of intelligent materials, which are able to change their structure, macroscopic properties, and shape under the influence of external signals. The use of such intelligent materials allows a substantial reduction of a device's size, which enables a number of applications that cannot be realized by externally powered systems. This review aims to provide an overview of the properties of intelligent synthetic and living/natural materials used for the fabrication of soft robotic devices. We discuss basic physical/chemical properties of the main kinds of materials (elastomers, gels, shape memory polymers and gels, liquid crystalline elastomers, semicrystalline ferroelectric polymers, gels and hydrogels, other swelling polymers, materials with volume change during melting/crystallization, materials with tunable mechanical properties, and living and naturally derived materials), how they are related to actuation and soft robotic application, and effects of micro/macro structures on shape transformation, fabrication methods, and we highlight selected applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Apsite
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Biofabrication, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Department of Biomaterials, Center of Energy Technology und Materials Science, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Straße 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leonid Ionov
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Biofabrication, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.,Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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12
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Rivkin B, Becker C, Singh B, Aziz A, Akbar F, Egunov A, Karnaushenko DD, Naumann R, Schäfer R, Medina-Sánchez M, Karnaushenko D, Schmidt OG. Electronically integrated microcatheters based on self-assembling polymer films. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl5408. [PMID: 34919439 PMCID: PMC8682992 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Existing electronically integrated catheters rely on the manual assembly of separate components to integrate sensing and actuation capabilities. This strongly impedes their miniaturization and further integration. Here, we report an electronically integrated self-assembled microcatheter. Electronic components for sensing and actuation are embedded into the catheter wall through the self-assembly of photolithographically processed polymer thin films. With a diameter of only about 0.1 mm, the catheter integrates actuated digits for manipulation and a magnetic sensor for navigation and is capable of targeted delivery of liquids. Fundamental functionalities are demonstrated and evaluated with artificial model environments and ex vivo tissue. Using the integrated magnetic sensor, we develop a strategy for the magnetic tracking of medical tools that facilitates basic navigation with a high resolution below 0.1 mm. These highly flexible and microsized integrated catheters might expand the boundary of minimally invasive surgery and lead to new biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Rivkin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Balram Singh
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Azaam Aziz
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Farzin Akbar
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Egunov
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dmitriy D. Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ronald Naumann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Transgenic Core Facility, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schäfer
- Institute for Metallic Materials, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mariana Medina-Sánchez
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Corresponding author. (M.M.-S.); (D.K.); (O.G.S.)
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Corresponding author. (M.M.-S.); (D.K.); (O.G.S.)
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Rosenbergstraße 6, TU Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Corresponding author. (M.M.-S.); (D.K.); (O.G.S.)
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13
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Merces L, Candiotto G, Ferro LMM, de Barros A, Batista CVS, Nawaz A, Riul A, Capaz RB, Bufon CCB. Reorganization Energy upon Controlled Intermolecular Charge-Transfer Reactions in Monolithically Integrated Nanodevices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103897. [PMID: 34596956 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intermolecular electron-transfer reactions are key processes in physics, chemistry, and biology. The electron-transfer rates depend primarily on the system reorganization energy, that is, the energetic cost to rearrange each reactant and its surrounding environment when a charge is transferred. Despite the evident impact of electron-transfer reactions on charge-carrier hopping, well-controlled electronic transport measurements using monolithically integrated electrochemical devices have not successfully measured the reorganization energies to this date. Here, it is shown that self-rolling nanomembrane devices with strain-engineered mechanical properties, on-a-chip monolithic integration, and multi-environment operation features can overcome this challenge. The ongoing advances in nanomembrane-origami technology allow to manufacture the nCap, a nanocapacitor platform, to perform molecular-level charge transport characterization. Thereby, employing nCap, the copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc) reorganization energy is probed, ≈0.93 eV, from temperature-dependent measurements of CuPc nanometer-thick films. Supporting the experimental findings, density functional theory calculations provide the atomistic picture of the measured CuPc charge-transfer reaction. The experimental strategy demonstrated here is a consistent route towards determining the reorganization energy of a system formed by molecules monolithically integrated into electrochemical nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Merces
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Graziâni Candiotto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-972, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Letícia Mariê Minatogau Ferro
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-100, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Anerise de Barros
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos Vinícius Santos Batista
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-100, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Bauru, SP, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Antonio Riul
- Department of Applied Physics, "Gleb Wataghin" Institute of Physics, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Capaz
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-100, Brazil
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-972, Brazil
| | - Carlos César Bof Bufon
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-100, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Bauru, SP, 17033-360, Brazil
- Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
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14
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Zhou M, Qi Z, Xia Z, Li Y, Ling W, Yang J, Yang Z, Pei J, Wu D, Huo W, Huang X. Miniaturized soft centrifugal pumps with magnetic levitation for fluid handling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi7203. [PMID: 34705505 PMCID: PMC8550243 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi7203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Centrifugal pumps are essential mechanical components for liquid delivery in many biomedical systems whose miniaturization can promote innovative disease treatment approaches. However, centrifugal pumps are predominately constructed by rigid and bulky components. Here, we combine the soft materials and flexible electronics to achieve soft magnetic levitation micropumps (SMLMs) that are only 1.9 to 12.8 grams in weight. The SMLMs that rotate at a rotation speed of 1000 revolutions per min to pump liquids with various viscosities ranging from 1 to 6 centipoise can be used in assisting dialysis, blood circulation, and skin temperature control because of excellent biocompatibility with no organ damage. The development of SMLMs not only demonstrates the possibility to replace rigid rotating structures with soft materials for handling large volumes of fluids but also indicates the potential for fully flexible artificial organs that may revolutionize health care and improve the well-being of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhijie Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Ling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jingxuan Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ji Pei
- National Research Center of Pumps, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Dazhuan Wu
- College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Wenxing Huo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- Corresponding author. (W.H.); (X.H.)
| | - Xian Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- Corresponding author. (W.H.); (X.H.)
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15
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Lee Y, Bandari VK, Li Z, Medina-Sánchez M, Maitz MF, Karnaushenko D, Tsurkan MV, Karnaushenko DD, Schmidt OG. Nano-biosupercapacitors enable autarkic sensor operation in blood. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4967. [PMID: 34426576 PMCID: PMC8382768 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Today's smallest energy storage devices for in-vivo applications are larger than 3 mm3 and lack the ability to continuously drive the complex functions of smart dust electronic and microrobotic systems. Here, we create a tubular biosupercapacitor occupying a mere volume of 1/1000 mm3 (=1 nanoliter), yet delivering up to 1.6 V in blood. The tubular geometry of this nano-biosupercapacitor provides efficient self-protection against external forces from pulsating blood or muscle contraction. Redox enzymes and living cells, naturally present in blood boost the performance of the device by 40% and help to solve the self-discharging problem persistently encountered by miniaturized supercapacitors. At full capacity, the nano-biosupercapacitors drive a complex integrated sensor system to measure the pH-value in blood. This demonstration opens up opportunities for next generation intravascular implants and microrobotic systems operating in hard-to-reach small spaces deep inside the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Lee
- grid.6810.f0000 0001 2294 5505Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ,grid.6810.f0000 0001 2294 5505Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ,grid.14841.380000 0000 9972 3583Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- grid.6810.f0000 0001 2294 5505Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ,grid.6810.f0000 0001 2294 5505Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ,grid.14841.380000 0000 9972 3583Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhe Li
- grid.6810.f0000 0001 2294 5505Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ,grid.6810.f0000 0001 2294 5505Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ,grid.14841.380000 0000 9972 3583Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mariana Medina-Sánchez
- grid.14841.380000 0000 9972 3583Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred F. Maitz
- grid.419239.40000 0000 8583 7301Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- grid.14841.380000 0000 9972 3583Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mikhail V. Tsurkan
- grid.419239.40000 0000 8583 7301Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden, Germany
| | - Dmitriy D. Karnaushenko
- grid.14841.380000 0000 9972 3583Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- grid.6810.f0000 0001 2294 5505Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ,grid.6810.f0000 0001 2294 5505Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany ,grid.14841.380000 0000 9972 3583Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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16
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Ferro LMM, Merces L, de Camargo DHS, Bof Bufon CC. Ultrahigh-Gain Organic Electrochemical Transistor Chemosensors Based on Self-Curled Nanomembranes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101518. [PMID: 34061409 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are technologically relevant devices presenting high susceptibility to physical stimulus, chemical functionalization, and shape changes-jointly to versatility and low production costs. The OECT capability of liquid-gating addresses both electrochemical sensing and signal amplification within a single integrated device unit. However, given the organic semiconductor time-consuming doping process and their usual low field-effect mobility, OECTs are frequently considered low-end category devices. Toward high-performance OECTs, microtubular electrochemical devices based on strain-engineering are presented here by taking advantage of the exclusive shape features of self-curled nanomembranes. Such novel OECTs outperform the state-of-the-art organic liquid-gated transistors, reaching lower operating voltage, improved ion doping, and a signal amplification with a >104 intrinsic gain. The multipurpose OECT concept is validated with different electrolytes and distinct nanometer-thick molecular films, namely, phthalocyanine and thiophene derivatives. The OECTs are also applied as transducers to detect a biomarker related to neurological diseases, the neurotransmitter dopamine. The self-curled OECTs update the premises of electrochemical energy conversion in liquid-gated transistors, yielding a substantial performance improvement and new chemical sensing capabilities within picoliter sampling volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia M M Ferro
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro 10000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia, Campinas, 13083-100, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro Merces
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro 10000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia, Campinas, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Davi H S de Camargo
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro 10000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia, Campinas, 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Bof Bufon
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro 10000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia, Campinas, 13083-100, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, 17033-360, Brazil
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17
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Ha M, Cañón Bermúdez GS, Liu JAC, Oliveros Mata ES, Evans BA, Tracy JB, Makarov D. Reconfigurable Magnetic Origami Actuators with On-Board Sensing for Guided Assembly. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008751. [PMID: 33969551 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Origami utilizes orchestrated transformation of soft 2D structures into complex 3D architectures, mimicking shapes and functions found in nature. In contrast to origami in nature, synthetic origami lacks the ability to monitor the environment and correspondingly adjust its behavior. Here, magnetic origami actuators with capabilities to sense their orientation and displacement as well as detect their own magnetization state and readiness for supervised folding are designed, fabricated, and demonstrated. These origami actuators integrate photothermal heating and magnetic actuation by using composite thin films (≈60 µm thick) of shape-memory polymers with embedded magnetic NdFeB microparticles. Mechanically compliant magnetic field sensors, known as magnetosensitive electronic skins, are laminated on the surface of the soft actuators. These ultrathin actuators accomplish sequential folding and recovery, with hinge locations programmed on the fly. Endowing mechanically active smart materials with cognition is an important step toward realizing intelligent, stimuli-responsive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Ha
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Gilbert Santiago Cañón Bermúdez
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | - Jessica A-C Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Eduardo Sergio Oliveros Mata
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
| | | | - Joseph B Tracy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden, 01328, Germany
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18
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19
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Advanced architecture designs towards high-performance 3D microbatteries. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Liu L, Wang J, Oswald S, Hu J, Tang H, Wang J, Yin Y, Lu Q, Liu L, Carbó-Argibay E, Huang S, Dong H, Ma L, Zhu F, Zhu M, Schmidt OG. Decoding of Oxygen Network Distortion in a Layered High-Rate Anode by In Situ Investigation of a Single Microelectrode. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11753-11764. [PMID: 32877171 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sluggish conversion reactions severely impair the rate capability for lithium storage, which is the main disadvantage of the conversion-type anode materials. Here, the microplatform based on a single microelectrode is designed and utilized for the fundamental understanding of the conversion reaction. The kinetic-favorable layered structure of the anode material is on-site synthesized in the microplatform. The in situ characterization reveals that introducing an oxygen network distortion in the layered oxide anode effectively circumvents the severe passivation of the electrode material by lithium oxide, thus leading to highly reversible conversion reactions. As a result, the high-rate capability of the conversion-type anode materials is realized. The on-site synthesis strategy is further applied in the large-scale synthesis of nanomaterials for lithium-ion batteries. As such, oxide nanorods with the layered structure are synthesized by a facile chemical strategy, showing high rate performance (574 mAh g-1 at 10 A g-1). This work unveils the beneficial effect of oxygen network distortion in the layered anode for conversion reactions over cycling, thus providing an alternative strategy to enhance the rate capability of conversion-type anodes for lithium storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Liu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Steffen Oswald
- Institute for Complex Materials, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Junping Hu
- School of Science, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, China
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yin Yin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Qiongqiong Lu
- Institute for Complex Materials, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lifeng Liu
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Shaozhuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Haiyun Dong
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Libo Ma
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Feng Zhu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Minshen Zhu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
- School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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21
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Saggau CN, Gabler F, Karnaushenko DD, Karnaushenko D, Ma L, Schmidt OG. Wafer-Scale High-Quality Microtubular Devices Fabricated via Dry-Etching for Optical and Microelectronic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003252. [PMID: 32686201 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical strain formed at the interfaces of thin films has been widely applied to self-assemble 3D microarchitectures. Among them, rolled-up microtubes possess a unique 3D geometry beneficial for working as photonic, electromagnetic, energy storage, and sensing devices. However, the yield and quality of microtubular architectures are often limited by the wet-release of lithographically patterned stacks of thin-film structures. To address the drawbacks of conventionally used wet-etching methods in self-assembly techniques, here a dry-release approach is developed to roll-up both metallic and dielectric, as well as metallic/dielectric hybrid thin films for the fabrication of electronic and optical devices. A silicon thin film sacrificial layer on insulator is etched by dry fluorine chemistry, triggering self-assembly of prestrained nanomembranes in a well-controlled wafer scale fashion. More than 6000 integrated microcapacitors as well as hundreds of active microtubular optical cavities are obtained in a simultaneous self-assembly process. The fabrication of wafer-scale self-assembled microdevices results in high yield, reproducibility, uniformity, and performance, which promise broad applications in microelectronics, photonics, and opto-electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian N Saggau
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Felix Gabler
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Str. der Nationen 62, Chemnitz, 09111, Germany
| | - Dmitriy D Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Libo Ma
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Str. der Nationen 62, Chemnitz, 09111, Germany
- Nanophysics, Dresden University of Technology, Haeckelstraße 3, Dresden, 01069, Germany
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22
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Tang H, Karnaushenko DD, Neu V, Gabler F, Wang S, Liu L, Li Y, Wang J, Zhu M, Schmidt OG. Stress-Actuated Spiral Microelectrode for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Microbatteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002410. [PMID: 32700453 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization of batteries lags behind the success of modern electronic devices. Neither the device volume nor the energy density of microbatteries meets the requirement of microscale electronic devices. The main limitation for pushing the energy density of microbatteries arises from the low mass loading of active materials. However, merely pushing the mass loading through increased electrode thickness is accompanied by the long charge transfer pathway and inferior mechanical properties for long-term operation. Here, a new spiral microelectrode upon stress-actuation accomplishes high mass loading but short charge transfer pathways. At a small footprint area of around 1 mm2 , a 21-fold increase of the mass loading is achieved while featuring fast charge transfer at the nanoscale. The spiral microelectrode delivers a maximum area capacity of 1053 µAh cm-2 with a retention of 67% over 50 cycles. Moreover, the energy density of the cylinder microbattery using the spiral microelectrode as the anode reaches 12.6 mWh cm-3 at an ultrasmall volume of 3 mm3 . In terms of the device volume and energy density, the cylinder microbattery outperforms most of the current microbattery technologies, and hence provides a new strategy to develop high-performance microbatteries that can be integrated with miniaturized electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Tang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
| | | | - Volker Neu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Felix Gabler
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
| | - Sitao Wang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Lixiang Liu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
| | - Yang Li
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Minshen Zhu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
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Karnaushenko D, Kang T, Bandari VK, Zhu F, Schmidt OG. 3D Self-Assembled Microelectronic Devices: Concepts, Materials, Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902994. [PMID: 31512308 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Modern microelectronic systems and their components are essentially 3D devices that have become smaller and lighter in order to improve performance and reduce costs. To maintain this trend, novel materials and technologies are required that provide more structural freedom in 3D over conventional microelectronics, as well as easier parallel fabrication routes while maintaining compatability with existing manufacturing methods. Self-assembly of initially planar membranes into complex 3D architectures offers a wealth of opportunities to accommodate thin-film microelectronic functionalities in devices and systems possessing improved performance and higher integration density. Existing work in this field, with a focus on components constructed from 3D self-assembly, is reviewed, and an outlook on their application potential in tomorrow's microelectronics world is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Karnaushenko
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Tong Kang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
| | - Vineeth K Bandari
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Rosenbergstraße 6, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
| | - Feng Zhu
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Rosenbergstraße 6, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Dresden, 01069, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, 09107, Germany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Rosenbergstraße 6, TU Chemnitz, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
- School of Science, TU Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
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