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Kumar S, Basto AP, Ribeiro F, Almeida SCP, Campos P, Peres C, Pulvirenti N, Al-Khalidi S, Kilbey A, Tosello J, Piaggio E, Russo M, Gama-Carvalho M, Coffelt SB, Roberts EW, Geginat J, Florindo HF, Graca L. Specialized Tfh cell subsets driving type-1 and type-2 humoral responses in lymphoid tissue. Cell Discov 2024; 10:64. [PMID: 38834551 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective antibody responses are essential to generate protective humoral immunity. Different inflammatory signals polarize T cells towards appropriate effector phenotypes during an infection or immunization. Th1 and Th2 cells have been associated with the polarization of humoral responses. However, T follicular helper cells (Tfh) have a unique ability to access the B cell follicle and support the germinal center (GC) responses by providing B cell help. We investigated the specialization of Tfh cells induced under type-1 and type-2 conditions. We first studied homogenous Tfh cell populations generated by adoptively transferred TCR-transgenic T cells in mice immunized with type-1 and type-2 adjuvants. Using a machine learning approach, we established a gene expression signature that discriminates Tfh cells polarized towards type-1 and type-2 response, defined as Tfh1 and Tfh2 cells. The distinct signatures of Tfh1 and Tfh2 cells were validated against datasets of Tfh cells induced following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or helminth infection. We generated single-cell and spatial transcriptomics datasets to dissect the heterogeneity of Tfh cells and their localization under the two immunizing conditions. Besides a distinct specialization of GC Tfh cells under the two immunizations and in different regions of the lymph nodes, we found a population of Gzmk+ Tfh cells specific for type-1 conditions. In human individuals, we could equally identify CMV-specific Tfh cells that expressed Gzmk. Our results show that Tfh cells acquire a specialized function under distinct types of immune responses and with particular properties within the B cell follicle and the GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Kumar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Afonso P Basto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Silvia C P Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia Campos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carina Peres
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Sarwah Al-Khalidi
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Kilbey
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jimena Tosello
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Seth B Coffelt
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ed W Roberts
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, Milano, Italy
- Università degli studi di Milano, DISCCO, Milano, Italy
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
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Wholey WY, Meyer AR, Yoda ST, Mueller JL, Mathenge R, Chackerian B, Zikherman J, Cheng W. An integrated signaling threshold initiates IgG response towards virus-like immunogens. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.28.577643. [PMID: 38469153 PMCID: PMC10926662 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.28.577643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Class-switched neutralizing antibody (nAb) production is rapidly induced upon many viral infections. However, due to the presence of multiple components in typical virions, the precise biochemical and biophysical signals from viral infections that initiate nAb responses remain inadequately defined. Using a reductionist system of synthetic virus-like structures (SVLS) containing minimal, highly purified biochemical components commonly found in enveloped viruses, here we show that a foreign protein on a virion-sized liposome can serve as a stand-alone danger signal to initiate class-switched nAb responses in the absence of cognate T cell help or Toll-like receptor signaling but requires CD19, the antigen (Ag) coreceptor on B cells. Introduction of internal nucleic acids (iNAs) obviates the need for CD19, lowers the epitope density (ED) required to elicit the Ab response and transforms these structures into highly potent immunogens that rival conventional virus-like particles in their ability to elicit strong Ag-specific IgG. As early as day 5 after immunization, structures harbouring iNAs and decorated with just a few molecules of surface Ag at doses as low as 100 ng induced all IgG subclasses of Ab known in mice and reproduced the IgG2a/2c restriction that has been long observed in live viral infections. These findings reveal a shared mechanism for nAb response upon viral infection. High ED is capable but not necessary for driving Ab secretion in vivo . Instead, even a few molecules of surface Ag, when combined with nucleic acids within these structures, can trigger strong antiviral IgG production. As a result, the signaling threshold for the induction of neutralizing IgG is set by dual signals originating from both ED on the surface and the presence of iNAs within viral particulate immunogens. One-sentence summary Reconstitution of minimal viral signals necessary to initiate antiviral IgG.
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Feng H, Zhao Z, Zhao X, Bai X, Fu W, Zheng L, Kang B, Wang X, Zhang Z, Dong C. A novel memory-like Tfh cell subset is precursor to effector Tfh cells in recall immune responses. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20221927. [PMID: 38047912 PMCID: PMC10695277 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, essential for germinal center reactions, are not identical, with different phenotypes reported. Whether, when, and how they generate memory cells is still poorly understood. Here, through single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of CXCR5+Bcl6+ Tfh cells generated under different conditions, we discovered, in addition to PD-1hi effector Tfh cells, a CD62L+PD1low subpopulation. CD62L-expressing Tfh cells developed independently from PD-1+ cells and not in direct contact with B cells. More importantly, CD62L+ Tfh cells expressed memory- and stemness-associated genes, and with better superior long-term survival, they readily generated PD-1hi cells in the recall response. Finally, KLF2 and IL7R, also highly expressed by CD62L+ Tfh cells, were required to regulate their development. Our work thus demonstrates a novel Tfh memory-like cell subpopulation, which may benefit our understanding of immune responses and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Feng
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zixuan Zhao
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Fu
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liangtao Zheng
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Boxi Kang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zemin Zhang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Temchura V, Wagner JT, Damm D. Immunogenicity of Recombinant Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Vaccines: Danger Signal vs. Helping Hand. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:24. [PMID: 38258035 PMCID: PMC10818441 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a predominant problem in human health. While the incidence of many pathogenic infections is controlled by vaccines, some pathogens still pose a challenging task for vaccine researchers. In order to face these challenges, the field of vaccine development has changed tremendously over the last few years. For non-replicating recombinant antigens, novel vaccine delivery systems that attempt to increase the immunogenicity by mimicking structural properties of pathogens are already approved for clinical applications. Lipid-based nanoparticles (LbNPs) of different natures are vesicles made of lipid layers with aqueous cavities, which may carry antigens and other biomolecules either displayed on the surface or encapsulated in the cavity. However, the efficacy profile of recombinant LbNP vaccines is not as high as that of live-attenuated ones. This review gives a compendious picture of two approaches that affect the immunogenicity of recombinant LbNP vaccines: (i) the incorporation of immunostimulatory agents and (ii) the utilization of pre-existing or promiscuous cellular immunity, which might be beneficial for the development of tailored prophylactic and therapeutic LbNP vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Temchura
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | | | - Dominik Damm
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
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Brendle SA, Li JJ, Walter V, Schell TD, Kozak M, Balogh KK, Lu S, Christensen ND, Zhu Y, El-Bayoumy K, Hu J. Immune Responses in Oral Papillomavirus Clearance in the MmuPV1 Mouse Model. Pathogens 2023; 12:1452. [PMID: 38133335 PMCID: PMC10745854 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced oropharyngeal cancer now exceeds HPV-induced cervical cancer, with a noticeable sex bias. Although it is well established that women have a more proficient immune system, it remains unclear whether immune control of oral papillomavirus infections differs between sexes. In the current study, we use genetically modified mice to target CCR2 and Stat1 pathways, with the aim of investigating the role of both innate and adaptive immune responses in clearing oral papillomavirus, using our established papillomavirus (MmuPV1) infection model. Persistent oral MmuPV1 infection was detected in Rag1ko mice with T and B cell deficiencies. Meanwhile, other tested mice were susceptible to MmuPV1 infections but were able to clear the virus. We found sex differences in key myeloid cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in the infected tongues of wild type and Stat1ko mice but these differences were not observed in CCR2ko mice. Intriguingly, we also observed a sex difference in anti-MmuPV1 E4 antibody levels, especially for two IgG isotypes: IgG2b and IgG3. However, we found comparable numbers of interferon-gamma-producing CD8 T cells stimulated by E6 and E7 in both sexes. These findings suggest that males and females may use different components of innate and adaptive immune responses to control papillomavirus infections in the MmuPV1 mouse model. The observed sex difference in immune responses, especially in myeloid cells including dendritic cell (DC) subsets, may have potential diagnostic and prognostic values for HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Brendle
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, State College, PA 17033, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.J.L.); (M.K.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jingwei J. Li
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, State College, PA 17033, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.J.L.); (M.K.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Vonn Walter
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (V.W.); (K.E.-B.)
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Todd D. Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Michael Kozak
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, State College, PA 17033, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.J.L.); (M.K.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Karla K. Balogh
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, State College, PA 17033, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.J.L.); (M.K.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Song Lu
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Neil D. Christensen
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, State College, PA 17033, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.J.L.); (M.K.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Yusheng Zhu
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Karam El-Bayoumy
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (V.W.); (K.E.-B.)
| | - Jiafen Hu
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, State College, PA 17033, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.J.L.); (M.K.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.L.); (Y.Z.)
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He R, Zheng X, Zhang J, Liu B, Wang Q, Wu Q, Liu Z, Chang F, Hu Y, Xie T, Liu Y, Chen J, Yang J, Teng S, Lu R, Pan D, Wang Y, Peng L, Huang W, Terzieva V, Liu W, Wang Y, Li YP, Qu X. SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T FH cells exhibit unique responses in infected and vaccinated individuals. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:393. [PMID: 37802996 PMCID: PMC10558553 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is essential for preventing reinfection. The production of neutralizing antibody (nAb) and B cell differentiation are tightly regulated by T follicular help (TFH) cells. However, the longevity and functional role of TFH cell subsets in COVID-19 convalescents and vaccine recipients remain poorly defined. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection and inactivated vaccine elicited both spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cell and CXCR3- TFH cell responses, which showed distinct response patterns. Spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cells exhibit a dominant and more durable response than CXCR3- TFH cells that positively correlated with antibody responses. A third booster dose preferentially expands the spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cell subset induced by two doses of inactivated vaccine, contributing to antibody maturation and potency. Functionally, spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cells have a greater ability to induce spike-specific antibody secreting cells (ASCs) differentiation compared to spike-specific CXCR3- TFH cells. In conclusion, the persistent and functional role of spike-specific CXCR3+ TFH cells following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination may play an important role in antibody maintenance and recall response, thereby conferring long-term protection. The findings from this study will inform the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines aiming to induce long-term protective immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhang He
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China & MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, 421001, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Xingyu Zheng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China & MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, 421001, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Qijie Wang
- The Central Hospital of Shaoyang, 422000, Shaoyang, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, 501180, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyan Liu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Chang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, 501180, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yabin Hu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Ting Xie
- The Central Hospital of Shaoyang, 422000, Shaoyang, China
| | - Yongchen Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, 501180, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Shishan Teng
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Rui Lu
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Dong Pan
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - You Wang
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, China
| | - Liting Peng
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Key Laboratory of Biological Product Quality Research and Evaluation of National Medical Products Administration, 102629, Beijing, China
| | - Velislava Terzieva
- Laboratory of OMICs Technologies, Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction "Acad. Kiril Bratanov", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Wenpei Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China & MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, 421001, Hengyang, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Key Laboratory of Biological Product Quality Research and Evaluation of National Medical Products Administration, 102629, Beijing, China.
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, 501180, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaowang Qu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China & MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, 421001, Hengyang, China.
- Translational Medicine Institute, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 423000, Chenzhou, China.
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Silva AJD, de Jesus ALS, Leal LRS, de Macêdo LS, da Silva Barros BR, de Sousa GF, da Paz Leôncio Alves S, Pena LJ, de Melo CML, de Freitas AC. Whole Yeast Vaccine Displaying ZIKV B and T Cell Epitopes Induces Cellular Immune Responses in the Murine Model. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1898. [PMID: 37514084 PMCID: PMC10385271 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving antigen presentation is crucial for the success of immunization strategies. Yeasts are classically used as biofactories to produce recombinant proteins and are efficient vehicles for antigen delivery, in addition to their adjuvant properties. Despite the absence of epidemic outbreaks, several vaccine approaches continue to be developed for Zika virus infection. The development of these prophylactic strategies is fundamental given the severity of clinical manifestations, mainly due to viral neurotropism. The present study aimed to evaluate in vivo the immune response induced by P. pastoris recombinant strains displaying epitopes of the envelope (ENV) and NS1 ZIKV proteins. Intramuscular immunization with heat-attenuated yeast enhanced the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, in addition to the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in BALB/c mice. P. pastoris displaying ENV epitopes induced a more robust immune response, increasing immunoglobulin production, especially IgG isotypes. Both proposed vaccines showed the potential to induce immune responses without adverse effects, confirming the safety of administering P. pastoris as a vaccine vehicle. Here, we demonstrated, for the first time, the evaluation of a vaccine against ZIKV based on a multiepitope construct using yeast as a delivery system and reinforcing the applicability of P. pastoris as a whole-cell vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jéssica Duarte Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy-LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | - Lígia Rosa Sales Leal
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy-LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Larissa Silva de Macêdo
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy-LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lindomar José Pena
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy-LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
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Effect of cigarette smoke on mucosal vaccine response with activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells: The outcomes of in vivo and in vitro experiments. Vaccine 2023; 41:1447-1456. [PMID: 36702691 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal vaccines offer several advantages over transdermal vaccines, including the ability to acquire systemic and mucosal immunities. Smoking is a huge public health threat and major risk factor for various diseases that exacerbate or prolong respiratory symptoms and conditions. However, its impact on the efficacy of mucosal vaccines remains partially explored. Thus, this study investigates the effects of smoking on mucosal vaccine reactivity by assessing the induction of Th1 immunity, a vital response in infection defense. Cigarette smoke condensate was prepared as a substitute for mainstream smoke. We intranasally administered diphtheria toxoid as an antigen and natural CpG oligonucleotide G9.1, which enhances the Th1-type antibody (Ab) response in a plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) dependent manner, as an adjuvant to mice to assess the effect of cigarette smoke condensate on Ab responses. The mechanism of its effect was evaluated using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and their pDC-rich fraction cultured with or without G9.1. In mice, cigarette smoke condensate tended to decrease diphtheria toxoid-specific Ab response, with a higher reduction in Th1-type IgG2 Ab response than in Th2-type IgG1 Ab response. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cigarette smoke condensate significantly reduced the induction of IFN-α production by G9.1. Moreover, G9.1-induced increases in the CD83 expression in pDCs and the CD80 expression in DCs were suppressed via treatment with cigarette smoke condensate. Among the mechanisms suggested were decreased expression of toll-like receptor 9 mRNA, decreased expression of mRNA for IFN regulatory factor 7, and increased CpG methylation of its promoter region. The analysis of Tbet and GATA3 expressions revealed that cigarette smoke condensate exhibits Th1-directed immunostimulatory activity at a steady state but becomes more Th2-directed under G9.1 stimulation. In conclusion, smoking could reduce mucosal vaccine responses by decreasing pDC activation and, consequently, Th1-dominant immunity.
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Silveira F, Rivera-Patron M, Deshpande N, Sienra S, Checa J, Moreno M, Chabalgoity JA, Cibulski SP, Baz M. Quillaja brasiliensis nanoparticle adjuvant formulation improves the efficacy of an inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1163858. [PMID: 37197659 PMCID: PMC10183569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1163858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The threat of viral influenza infections has sparked research efforts to develop vaccines that can induce broadly protective immunity with safe adjuvants that trigger robust immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that subcutaneous or intranasal delivery of a seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) adjuvanted with the Quillaja brasiliensis saponin-based nanoparticle (IMXQB) increases the potency of TIV. The adjuvanted vaccine (TIV-IMXQB) elicited high levels of IgG2a and IgG1 antibodies with virus-neutralizing capacity and improved serum hemagglutination inhibition titers. The cellular immune response induced by TIV-IMXQB suggests the presence of a mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine profile, antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) skewed toward an IgG2a phenotype, a positive delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, and effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. After challenge, viral titers in the lungs were significantly lower in animals receiving TIV-IMXQB than in those inoculated with TIV alone. Most notably, mice vaccinated intranasally with TIV-IMXQB and challenged with a lethal dose of influenza virus were fully protected against weight loss and lung virus replication, with no mortality, whereas, among animals vaccinated with TIV alone, the mortality rate was 75%. These findings demonstrate that TIV-IMXQB improved the immune responses to TIV, and, unlike the commercial vaccine, conferred full protection against influenza challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Silveira
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Fernando Silveira, ; Mariana Baz,
| | - Mariana Rivera-Patron
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nikita Deshpande
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Soledad Sienra
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jackeline Checa
- Unidad de Biología Parasitaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Moreno
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jose A. Chabalgoity
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Samuel P. Cibulski
- Centro de Biotecnologia – CBiotec, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Mariana Baz
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Fernando Silveira, ; Mariana Baz,
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10
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Feng H, Zhao Z, Dong C. Adapting to the world: The determination and plasticity of T follicular helper cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:981-989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Robinson AM, Higgins BW, Shuparski AG, Miller KB, McHeyzer-Williams LJ, McHeyzer-Williams MG. Evolution of antigen-specific follicular helper T cell transcription from effector function to memory. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabm2084. [PMID: 36206356 PMCID: PMC9881730 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abm2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how follicular helper T cells (TFH) regulate the specialization, maturation, and differentiation of adaptive B cell immunity is crucial for developing durable high-affinity immune protection. Using indexed single-cell molecular strategies, we reveal a skewed intraclonal assortment of higher-affinity T cell receptors and the distinct molecular programming of the localized TFH compartment compared with emigrant conventional effector TH cells. We find a temporal shift in B cell receptor class switch, which permits identification of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory modules of transcriptional programming that subspecialize TFH function before and during the germinal center (GC) reaction. Late collapse of this local primary GC reaction reveals a persistent post-GC TFH population that discloses a putative memory TFH program. These studies define subspecialized antigen-specific TFH transcriptional programs that progressively change with antibody class-specific evolution of high-affinity B cell immunity and a memory TFH transcriptional program that emerges upon local GC resolution.
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12
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Palacios-Pedrero MÁ, Jansen JM, Blume C, Stanislawski N, Jonczyk R, Molle A, Hernandez MG, Kaiser FK, Jung K, Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF, Saletti G. Signs of immunosenescence correlate with poor outcome of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in older adults. NATURE AGING 2022; 2:896-905. [PMID: 37118289 PMCID: PMC10154205 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is effective in preventing COVID-19 hospitalization and fatal outcome. However, several studies indicated that there is reduced vaccine effectiveness among older individuals, which is correlated with their general health status1,2. How and to what extent age-related immunological defects are responsible for the suboptimal vaccine responses observed in older individuals receiving SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccine, is unclear and not fully investigated1,3-5. In this observational study, we investigated adaptive immune responses in adults of various ages (22-99 years old) receiving 2 doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Vaccine-induced Spike-specific antibody, and T and memory B cell responses decreased with increasing age. These responses positively correlated with the percentages of peripheral naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and negatively with CD8+ T cells expressing signs of immunosenescence. Older adults displayed a preferred T cell response to the S2 region of the Spike protein, which is relatively conserved and a target for cross-reactive T cells induced by human 'common cold' coronaviruses. Memory T cell responses to influenza virus were not affected by age-related changes, nor the SARS-CoV-2-specific response induced by infection. Collectively, we identified signs of immunosenescence correlating with the outcome of vaccination against a new viral antigen to which older adults are immunologically naïve. This knowledge is important for the management of COVID-19 infections in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janina M Jansen
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Blume
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University, Hanover, Germany
| | - Nils Stanislawski
- Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Leibniz University, Hanover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Jonczyk
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University, Hanover, Germany
| | - Antonia Molle
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mariana Gonzalez Hernandez
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Franziska K Kaiser
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
- Global Virus Network, Center of Excellence, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Giulietta Saletti
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany.
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13
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Feng H, Zhao X, Xie J, Bai X, Fu W, Chen H, Tang H, Wang X, Dong C. Pathogen-associated T follicular helper cell plasticity is critical in anti-viral immunity. SCIENCE CHINA LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1075-1090. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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An Integrative Analysis of the Immune Features of Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (CoronaVac). Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060878. [PMID: 35746486 PMCID: PMC9231306 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, an inactivated vaccine has been widely used with encouraging results as a prophylactic agent against COVID-19 infection, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants. However, in vitro SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-specific immune features remain elusive, hindering the promotion of a third dose of the vaccine. Here, we present a detailed in vitro immune cellular response and large-scale multi-omics analysis for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from participants vaccinated with CoronaVac (Sinovac Life Sciences, Beijing, China) and recovered participants from COVID-19. The mean titers of SARS-CoV-2 serum-neutralizing antibodies were significantly increased after the boosting immunization (Day 45) compared to the unimmunized state. We observed that type-1 helper T cells (Th1) tended to dominate after the first dose of vaccine, while humoral immune responses became dominant after the second dose due to the activation of type-2 helper T cell (Th2), memory B cells, and plasmablasts. T follicular helper cells (Tfh) involved in antibody production were activated after the first dose and were maintained for the observed time points. Single-cell RNA sequencing of PBMCs revealed specific changes in cell compositions and gene expression in immunized participants. Multi-omics analysis also demonstrated that CoronaVac-specific serum proteins, plasma metabolites, and plasma lipid changes were skewed to those changes in convalescent patients. Collectively, we provide a comprehensive understanding of CoronaVac-specific in vitro immune features.
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15
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He C, Malone MJ, Wendel BS, Ma KY, Del Alcazar D, Weiner DB, De Jager PL, Del Río-Estrada PM, Ablanedo-Terrazas Y, Reyes-Terán G, Su LF, Jiang N. Transcriptome and TCR Repertoire Measurements of CXCR3 + T Follicular Helper Cells Within HIV-Infected Human Lymph Nodes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859070. [PMID: 35619703 PMCID: PMC9128546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular-helper T cells (TFH) are an essential arm of the adaptive immune system. Although TFH were first discovered through their ability to contribute to antibody affinity maturation through co-stimulatory interactions with B cells, new light has been shed on their ability to remain a complex and functionally plastic cell type. Due to a lack sample availability, however, many studies have been limited to characterizing TFH in mice or non-canonical tissue types, such as peripheral blood. Such constraints have resulted in a limited, and sometimes contradictory, understanding of this fundamental cell type. One subset of TFH receiving attention in chronic infection are CXCR3-expressing TFH cells (CXCR3+TFH) due to their abnormal accumulation in secondary lymphoid tissues. Their function and clonal relationship with other TFH subsets in lymphoid tissues during infection, however, remains largely unclear. We thus systematically investigated this and other subsets of TFH within untreated HIV-infected human lymph nodes using Mass CyTOF and a combination of RNA and TCR repertoire sequencing. We show an inflation of the CXCR3+TFH compartment during HIV infection that correlates with a lower HIV burden. Deeper analysis into this population revealed a functional shift of CXCR3+TFH away from germinal center TFH (GC-TFH), including the altered expression of several important transcription factors and cytokines. CXCR3+TFH also upregulated cell migration transcriptional programs and were clonally related to peripheral TFH populations. In combination, these data suggest that CXCR3+TFH have a greater tendency to enter circulation than their CXCR3- counterparts, potentially functioning through distinct modalities that may lead to enhanced defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfeng He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Michael J. Malone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Ben S. Wendel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States,McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Ke-Yue Ma
- Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Daniel Del Alcazar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Corporal Michael J Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David B. Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Columbia University Medical Center, Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Perla M. Del Río-Estrada
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yuria Ablanedo-Terrazas
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Comisión Coordinadora de Institutos Nacional de Salud y Hospitales de Alta Especialidad, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Laura F. Su
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Corporal Michael J Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Ning Jiang, ; Laura F. Su,
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Ning Jiang, ; Laura F. Su,
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16
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Pardy RD, Gentile ME, Carter AM, Condotta SA, King IL, Richer MJ. An Epidemic Zika Virus Isolate Drives Enhanced T Follicular Helper Cell and B Cell-Mediated Immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1719-1728. [PMID: 35346966 PMCID: PMC8976755 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that recently caused a series of increasingly severe outbreaks. We previously demonstrated that, compared with a pre-epidemic isolate (ZIKVCDN), a Brazilian ZIKV isolate (ZIKVBR) possesses a novel capacity to suppress host immunity, resulting in delayed viral clearance. However, whether ZIKVBR modulates CD4 T cell responses remains unknown. In this study, we show that, in comparison with ZIKVCDN infection, CD4 T cells are less polarized to the Th1 subtype following ZIKVBR challenge in mice. In contrast, we observed an enhanced accumulation of T follicular helper cells 10, 14, and 21 d postinfection with ZIKVBR This response correlated with an enhanced germinal center B cell response and robust production of higher avidity-neutralizing Abs following ZIKVBR infection. Taken together, our data suggest that contemporary ZIKV strains have evolved to differentially induce CD4 T cell, B cell, and Ab responses and this could provide a model to further define the signals required for T follicular helper cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Pardy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria E Gentile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Alexandria M Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Stephanie A Condotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Irah L King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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17
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Chen JS, Chow RD, Song E, Mao T, Israelow B, Kamath K, Bozekowski J, Haynes WA, Filler RB, Menasche BL, Wei J, Alfajaro MM, Song W, Peng L, Carter L, Weinstein JS, Gowthaman U, Chen S, Craft J, Shon JC, Iwasaki A, Wilen CB, Eisenbarth SC. High-affinity, neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 can be made without T follicular helper cells. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabl5652. [PMID: 34914544 PMCID: PMC8977051 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl5652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are the conventional drivers of protective, germinal center (GC)–based antiviral antibody responses. However, loss of TFH cells and GCs has been observed in patients with severe COVID-19. As T cell–B cell interactions and immunoglobulin class switching still occur in these patients, noncanonical pathways of antibody production may be operative during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that both TFH-dependent and -independent antibodies were induced against SARS-CoV-2 infection, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and influenza A virus infection. Although TFH-independent antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 had evidence of reduced somatic hypermutation, they were still high affinity, durable, and reactive against diverse spike-derived epitopes and were capable of neutralizing both homologous SARS-CoV-2 and the B.1.351 (beta) variant of concern. We found by epitope mapping and B cell receptor sequencing that TFH cells focused the B cell response, and therefore, in the absence of TFH cells, a more diverse clonal repertoire was maintained. These data support an alternative pathway for the induction of B cell responses during viral infection that enables effective, neutralizing antibody production to complement traditional GC-derived antibodies that might compensate for GCs damaged by viral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ryan D. Chow
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University; West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Song
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Renata B. Filler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bridget L. Menasche
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenzhi Song
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lei Peng
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University; West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason S. Weinstein
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School; Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Uthaman Gowthaman
- Deparment of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University; West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie C. Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT, USA
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18
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Balint E, Montemarano A, Feng E, Ashkar AA. From Mosquito Bites to Sexual Transmission: Evaluating Mouse Models of Zika Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112244. [PMID: 34835050 PMCID: PMC8625727 DOI: 10.3390/v13112244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections in Latin America, ZIKV has emerged as a global health threat due to its ability to induce neurological disease in both adults and the developing fetus. ZIKV is largely mosquito-borne and is now endemic in many parts of Africa, Asia, and South America. However, several reports have demonstrated persistent ZIKV infection of the male reproductive tract and evidence of male-to-female sexual transmission of ZIKV. Sexual transmission may broaden the reach of ZIKV infections beyond its current geographical limits, presenting a significant threat worldwide. Several mouse models of ZIKV infection have been developed to investigate ZIKV pathogenesis and develop effective vaccines and therapeutics. However, the majority of these models focus on mosquito-borne infection, while few have considered the impact of sexual transmission on immunity and pathogenesis. This review will examine the advantages and disadvantages of current models of mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted ZIKV and provide recommendations for the effective use of ZIKV mouse models.
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19
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Zoldan K, Ehrlich S, Killmer S, Wild K, Smits M, Russ M, Globig AM, Hofmann M, Thimme R, Boettler T. Th1-Biased Hepatitis C Virus-Specific Follicular T Helper-Like Cells Effectively Support B Cells After Antiviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742061. [PMID: 34659236 PMCID: PMC8514946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating Th1-biased follicular T helper (cTfh1) cells have been associated with antibody responses to viral infection and after vaccination but their B cell helper functionality is less understood. After viral elimination, Tfh1 cells are the dominant subset within circulating Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-specific CD4 T cells, but their functional capacity is currently unknown. To address this important point, we established a clone-based system to evaluate CD4 T cell functionality in vitro to overcome experimental limitations associated with their low frequencies. Specifically, we analyzed the transcription factor expression, cytokine secretion and B cell help in co-culture assays of HCV- (n = 18) and influenza-specific CD4 T cell clones (n = 5) in comparison to Tfh (n = 26) and Th1 clones (n = 15) with unknown antigen-specificity derived from healthy donors (n = 4) or direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-treated patients (n = 5). The transcription factor expression and cytokine secretion patterns of HCV-specific CD4 T cell clones indicated a Tfh1 phenotype, with expression of T-bet and Bcl6 and production of IFN-γ and IL-21. Their B helper capacity was superior compared to influenza-specific or Tfh and Th1 clones. Moreover, since Tfh cells are enriched in the IFN-rich milieu of the HCV-infected liver, we investigated the impact of IFN exposure on Tfh phenotype and function. Type I IFN exposure was able to introduce similar phenotypic and functional characteristics in the Tfh cell population within PBMCs or Tfh clones in vitro in line with our finding that Tfh cells are elevated in HCV-infected patients shortly after initiation of IFN-α therapy. Collectively, we were able to functionally characterize HCV-specific CD4 T cells in vitro and not only confirmed a Tfh1 phenotype but observed superior Tfh functionality despite their Th1 bias. Furthermore, our results suggest that chronic type I IFN exposure supports the enrichment of highly functional HCV-specific Tfh-like cells during HCV infection. Thus, HCV-specific Tfh-like cells after DAA therapy may be a promising target for future vaccination design aiming to introduce a neutralizing antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Zoldan
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Ehrlich
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Killmer
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Wild
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Smits
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marissa Russ
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Globig
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Cui D, Tang Y, Jiang Q, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Lv Y, Xu D, Wu J, Xie J, Wen C, Lu L. Follicular Helper T Cells in the Immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731100. [PMID: 34603308 PMCID: PMC8481693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a serious infectious disease that has led to a global pandemic with high morbidity and mortality. High-affinity neutralizing antibody is important for controlling infection, which is closely regulated by follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. Tfh cells play a central role in promoting germinal center reactions and driving cognate B cell differentiation for antibody secretion. Available studies indicate a close relationship between virus-specific Tfh cell-mediated immunity and SARS-CoV-2 infection progression. Although several lines of evidence have suggested that Tfh cells contribute to the control of SARS-CoV-2 infection by eliciting neutralizing antibody productions, further studies are needed to elucidate Tfh-mediated effector mechanisms in anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Here, we summarize the functional features and roles of virus-specific Tfh cells in the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and in COVID-19 vaccines, and highlight the potential of targeting Tfh cells as therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China.,Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Daixi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jue Xie
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengping Wen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China.,Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China
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21
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Sun J, Zheng Z, Li M, Liu Z, Su X, Jin X. Development of a novel ZIKV vaccine comprised of immunodominant CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes identified through comprehensive epitope mapping in Zika virus infected mice. Vaccine 2021; 39:5173-5186. [PMID: 34353682 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) caused over two million human infections in more than 80 countries around 2015-2016. Current vaccines under development are mostly focused on inducing antibodies that despite capable of inhibiting the virus, may have the potential to trigger antibody dependent enhancement (ADE). T cell vaccines that do not induce antibodies targeting viral surface will unlikely cause ADE, but be capable of potentiating the effectiveness of an antibody-inducing vaccine. To develop such a protective T cell vaccine, we first examined the repertoire of antigen-specific T cells in immunocompetent mice that have been transiently infected by ZIKV. Through epitope mapping using 427 overlapping peptides spanning the entire length of ZIKV polyprotein, we discovered 27 immunodominant epitopes scattered throughout the virus on C, E, NS1-NS5 proteins. Among them, 8 were confirmed as CD4+ T cell epitopes, and 16 as CD8+ T cell epitopes, while 3 for both T cell subsets. From these 27 newly identified epitopes, the top 10 epitopes were selected to formulate three T cell vaccines comprised of either CD4+ T cell epitopes, or CD8+ T cell epitopes, or a mixture of both. Immunization with these T cell epitopes induced T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine production, and conferred varying degrees of protection against ZIKV challenge. Moreover, these new T cell vaccines also improved the protective efficacy of a neutralizing antibody-inducing recombinant E80 protein vaccine. Together, our results provided additional evidence in support of the protective role of ZIKV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and laid foundation for future development of T cell vaccines for ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhihang Zheng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201058, China
| | - Min Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201058, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201058, China
| | - Xiao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201058, China.
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22
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CD4 + T Cells Cross-Reactive with Dengue and Zika Viruses Protect against Zika Virus Infection. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107566. [PMID: 32348763 PMCID: PMC7261136 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms by which prior immunity to dengue virus (DENV) affords cross-protection against the related flavivirus Zika virus (ZIKV) are poorly understood. Here, we examine the ability of DENV/ZIKV-cross-reactive CD4+ T cells to protect against versus exacerbate ZIKV infection by using a histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*0101 transgenic, interferon α/β receptor-deficient mouse model that supports robust DENV and ZIKV replication. By mapping the HLA-DRB1*0101-restricted T cell response, we identify DENV/ZIKV-cross-reactive CD4+ T cell epitopes that stimulate interferon gamma (IFNγ) and/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. Vaccination of naive HLA-DRB1*0101 transgenic mice with these peptides induces a CD4+ T cell response sufficient to reduce tissue viral burden following ZIKV infection. Notably, this protective response requires IFNγ and/or TNF secretion but not anti-ZIKV immunoglobulin G (IgG) production. Thus, DENV/ZIKV-cross-reactive CD4+ T cells producing canonical Th1 cytokines can suppress ZIKV replication in an antibody-independent manner. These results may have important implications for increasing the efficacy and safety of DENV/ZIKV vaccines and for developing pan-flavivirus vaccines.
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23
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Zaini A, Good-Jacobson KL, Zaph C. Context-dependent roles of B cells during intestinal helminth infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009340. [PMID: 33983946 PMCID: PMC8118336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The current approaches to reduce the burden of chronic helminth infections in endemic areas are adequate sanitation and periodic administration of deworming drugs. Yet, resistance against some deworming drugs and reinfection can still rapidly occur even after treatment. A vaccine against helminths would be an effective solution at preventing reinfection. However, vaccines against helminth parasites have yet to be successfully developed. While T helper cells and innate lymphoid cells have been established as important components of the protective type 2 response, the roles of B cells and antibodies remain the most controversial. Here, we review the roles of B cells during intestinal helminth infection. We discuss the potential factors that contribute to the context-specific roles for B cells in protection against diverse intestinal helminth parasite species, using evidence from well-defined murine model systems. Understanding the precise roles of B cells during resistance and susceptibility to helminth infection may offer a new perspective of type 2 protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidil Zaini
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim L. Good-Jacobson
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colby Zaph
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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24
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Olatunde AC, Hale JS, Lamb TJ. Cytokine-skewed Tfh cells: functional consequences for B cell help. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:536-550. [PMID: 33972167 PMCID: PMC9107098 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a vital role in providing help for B cells undergoing selection and differentiation into activated antibody-secreting cells in mammalian germinal centers (GCs). Increasing evidence suggests that Tfh cells are a heterogeneous population that generates cytokine-skewed immune responses - a reflection of the microenvironment during differentiation. This has important ramifications for Tfh-mediated B cell help. Because Tfh subsets can have opposing effects on GC B cell responses, we discuss current findings regarding the differentiation and functions of cytokine-skewed Tfh cells in modulating GC B cell differentiation. Antibodies are important weapons against infectious diseases but can also be pathogenic mediators in some autoimmune conditions. Since cytokine-skewed Tfh cells can influence the magnitude and quality of the humoral response, we address the roles of cytokine-skewed Tfh cells in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adesola C Olatunde
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - J Scott Hale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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25
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Schroeder AR, Zhu F, Hu H. Stepwise Tfh cell differentiation revisited: new advances and long-standing questions. Fac Rev 2021; 10. [PMID: 33644779 PMCID: PMC7894273 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play an essential role in germinal center formation and the generation of high-affinity antibodies. Studies have proposed that Tfh cell differentiation is a multi-step process. However, it is still not fully understood how a subset of activated CD4+ T cells begin to express CXCR5 during the early stage of the response and, shortly after, how some CXCR5+ precursor Tfh (pre-Tfh) cells enter B cell follicles and differentiate further into germinal center Tfh (GC-Tfh) cells while others have a different fate. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent advances surrounding these two aspects of Tfh cell differentiation and discuss related long-standing questions, including Tfh memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Fangming Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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26
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Qi J, He Y, Shen L, Yu W, Hu T. Conjugation of Hemoglobin and Mannan Markedly Improves the Immunogenicity of Domain III of the Zika Virus E Protein: Structural and Immunological Study. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:328-338. [PMID: 33522239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) leads to congenital microcephaly and anomalies and severe neurological diseases such as Guillain-Barre syndrome. Safe and effective vaccines are necessitated to deal with these severe health threats. As an ideal antigen, the domain III of the envelope protein (EDIII) of ZIKV can evoke potent neutralizing antibodies without any antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect. However, EDIII necessitates to be formulated with an antigen delivery system or adjuvants to improve its immunogenicity. Hemoglobin (Hb) regulates inflammation, cytokine levels, and activate macrophage. Mannan is a polysaccharide of the fungal cell wall with an immunomodulatory activity. In this study, EDIII was conjugated with Hb and mannan, using the disulfide bond as the linker. Hb and mannan both functioned as the adjuvants. Conjugation of Hb and mannan acted as the delivery system for EDIII. The structure of EDIII was essentially maintained upon conjugation of Hb and mannan. The intracellular release of EDIII from the conjugate (HM-EDIII-2) was achieved by reduction of the glutathione-sensitive disulfide bond. As compared with EDIII, HM-EDIII-2 elicited high EDIII-specific IgG titers and high levels of Th1-type cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2) and Th2-type cytokines (IL-5 and IL-10), along with no apparent toxicity to the organs. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic study revealed a prolonged serum exposure of HM-EDIII-2 to the immune cells. Thus, HM-EDIII-2 could boost a strong humoral and cellular immune response to EDIII. Our study was expected to provide the feasibility necessary to develop a robust and potentially safe ZIKV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yunxia He
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lijuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weili Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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27
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IMXQB-80: A Quillaja brasiliensis saponin-based nanoadjuvant enhances Zika virus specific immune responses in mice. Vaccine 2020; 39:571-579. [PMID: 33339669 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants are compounds that enhance/prolong the immune response to a co-administered antigen. Saponins have been widely used as adjuvants for many years in several vaccines - especially for intracellular pathogens - including the recent and somewhat revolutionary malaria and shingles vaccines. In view of the immunoadjuvant potential of Q. brasiliensis saponins, the present study aimed to characterize the QB-80 saponin-rich fraction and a nanoadjuvant prepared with QB-80 and lipids (IMXQB-80). In addition, the performance of such adjuvants was examined in experimental inactivated vaccines against Zika virus (ZIKV). Analysis of QB-80 by DI-ESI-ToF by negative ion electrospray revealed over 29 saponins that could be assigned to known structures existing in their congener Q. saponaria, including the well-studied QS-21 and QS-7. The QB-80 saponins were a micrOTOF able to self-assembly with lipids in ISCOM-like nanoparticles with diameters of approximately 43 nm, here named IMXQB-80. Toxicity assays revealed that QB-80 saponins did present some haemolytical and cytotoxic potentials; however, these were abrogated in IMXQB-80 nanoparticles. Regarding the adjuvant activity, QB-80 and IMXQB-80 significantly enhanced serum levels of anti-Zika virus IgG and subtypes (IgG1, IgG2b, IgG2c) as well as neutralized antibodies when compared to an unadjuvanted vaccine. Furthermore, the nanoadjuvant IMXQB-80 was as effective as QB-80 in stimulating immune responses, yet requiring fourfold less saponins to induce the equivalent stimuli, and with less toxicity. These findings reveal that the saponin fraction QB-80, and particularly the IMXQB-80 nanoadjuvant, are safe and capable of potentializing immune responses when used as adjuvants in experimental ZIKV vaccines.
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28
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Gong F, Dai Y, Zheng T, Cheng L, Zhao D, Wang H, Liu M, Pei H, Jin T, Yu D, Zhou P. Peripheral CD4+ T cell subsets and antibody response in COVID-19 convalescent individuals. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:6588-6599. [PMID: 32841212 PMCID: PMC7685722 DOI: 10.1172/jci141054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDMarked progress is achieved in understanding the physiopathology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which caused a global pandemic. However, the CD4+ T cell population critical for antibody response in COVID-19 is poorly understood.METHODSIn this study, we provided a comprehensive analysis of peripheral CD4+ T cells from 13 COVID-19 convalescent patients, defined as confirmed free of SARS-CoV-2 for 2 to 4 weeks, using flow cytometry and magnetic chemiluminescence enzyme antibody immunoassay. The data were correlated with clinical characteristics.RESULTSWe observed that, relative to healthy individuals, convalescent patients displayed an altered peripheral CD4+ T cell spectrum. Specifically, consistent with other viral infections, cTfh1 cells associated with SARS-CoV-2-targeting antibodies were found in COVID-19 covalescent patients. Individuals with severe disease showed higher frequencies of Tem and Tfh-em cells but lower frequencies of Tcm, Tfh-cm, Tfr, and Tnaive cells, compared with healthy individuals and patients with mild and moderate disease. Interestingly, a higher frequency of cTfh-em cells correlated with a lower blood oxygen level, recorded at the time of admission, in convalescent patients. These observations might constitute residual effects by which COVID-19 can impact the homeostasis of CD4+ T cells in the long-term and explain the highest ratio of class-switched virus-specific antibody producing individuals found in our severe COVID-19 cohort.CONCLUSIONOur study demonstrated a close connection between CD4+ T cells and antibody production in COVID-19 convalescent patients.FUNDINGSix Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Yaping Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Jinan, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Respiration, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Pei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Di Yu
- Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Jinan, China
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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29
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Zeiträg J, Dahlström F, Chang Y, Alterauge D, Richter D, Niemietz J, Baumjohann D. T cell-expressed microRNAs critically regulate germinal center T follicular helper cell function and maintenance in acute viral infection in mice. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:408-413. [PMID: 32996581 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive T cell-intrinsic miRNA expression is required for the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Tfh cells, thus making it difficult to study the role of miRNAs in the maintenance of already established Tfh cells and ongoing germinal center (GC) responses. To overcome this problem, we here used temporally controlled ablation of mature miRNAs specifically in CD4+ T cells during acute LCMV infection in mice. T cell-intrinsic miRNA expression was not only critical at early stages of Tfh cell differentiation, but also important for the maintenance of already established Tfh cells. In addition, CD4+ T cell-specific ablation of miRNAs resulted in impaired GC B cell responses. Notably, miRNA deficiency also compromised the antigen-specific CD4+ T cell compartment, Th1 cells, Treg cells, and Tfr cells. In conclusion, our results highlight miRNAs as important regulators of Tfh cells, thus providing novel insights into the molecular events that govern T cell-B cell interactions and Th cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zeiträg
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Frank Dahlström
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yinshui Chang
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dominik Alterauge
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel Richter
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department Biology II, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Julia Niemietz
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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30
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Sulczewski FB, Martino LA, Almeida BDS, Zaneti AB, Ferreira NS, Amorim KNDS, Yamamoto MM, Apostolico JDS, Rosa DS, Boscardin SB. Conventional type 1 dendritic cells induce T H 1, T H 1-like follicular helper T cells and regulatory T cells after antigen boost via DEC205 receptor. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1895-1911. [PMID: 32673408 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are specialized in antigen presentation. In the mouse spleen, cDCs are classified in cDC1s and cDC2s, and express DEC205 and DCIR2 endocytic receptors, respectively. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) αDEC205 (αDEC) and αDCIR2 have been fused to different antigens to deliver them to cDC1s or cDC2s. We immunized mice with αDEC and αDCIR2 fused to an antigen using Poly(I:C) as adjuvant. The initial immune response was analyzed from days 3 to 6 after the immunization. We also studied the influence of a booster dose. Our results showed that antigen targeting to cDC1s promoted a pro-inflammatory TH 1 cell response. Antigen targeting to cDC2s induced TFH cells, GCs, and plasma cell differentiation. After boost, antigen targeting to cDC1s improved the TH 1 cell response and induced TH 1-like TFH cells that led to an increase in specific antibody titers and IgG class switch. Additionally, a population of regulatory T cells was also observed. Antigen targeting to cDC2s did not improve the specific antibody response after boost. Our results add new information on the immune response induced after the administration of a booster dose with αDEC and αDCIR2 fusion mAbs. These results may be useful for vaccine design using recombinant mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larissa Alves Martino
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca da Silva Almeida
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur Baruel Zaneti
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Soares Ferreira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Márcio Massao Yamamoto
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Souza Apostolico
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigaçao em Imunologia (iii), INCT, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigaçao em Imunologia (iii), INCT, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Zhang M, Sun J, Li M, Jin X. Modified mRNA-LNP Vaccines Confer Protection against Experimental DENV-2 Infection in Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 18:702-712. [PMID: 32913878 PMCID: PMC7452130 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a major global public health concern, and there is no effective vaccine for it. In this study, we describe the design and characterization of three nucleotide-modified mRNA vaccines (prME-mRNA, E80-mRNA, and NS1-mRNA) for DENV-2. Our results showed that vaccination with E80-mRNA alone or a combination of E80-mRNA and NS1-mRNA can induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies and antigen-specific T cell responses; furthermore, these vaccines confer complete protection against DENV-2 challenge in immunocompetent mice. These data provide foundations for further development of a tetravalent DENV vaccine based on nucleotide-modified mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Zhang
- Viral Disease and Vaccine Translational Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Viral Disease and Vaccine Translational Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- Viral Disease and Vaccine Translational Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Bai X, Chi X, Qiao Q, Xie S, Wan S, Ni L, Wang P, Jin W, Dong C. T Follicular Helper Cells Regulate Humoral Response for Host Protection against Intestinal Citrobacter rodentium Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2754-2761. [PMID: 32269096 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium colonizes at the colon and causes mucosal inflammation in mice. Previous studies have revealed the importance of the innate and adaptive immune response for controlling C. rodentium infection. In the present study, we examined the role of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in intestinal C. rodentium infection using mice with Bcl6 deficiency in T cells. Tfh cells were absolutely required at the late, but not the early, phase to control infection. Compared with control mice, we observed systemic pathogen dissemination and more severe colitis in Tfh-deficient mice. Furthermore, the susceptibility of Tfh-deficient mice correlated with an impaired serum IgG1 response to infection, and serum Abs from infected wild-type mice protected Tfh-deficient mice from infection. The transfer of wild-type Tfh cells also restored the levels of IgG1 and led to effective clearance of the pathogens in Tfh-deficient mice. Moreover, during C. rodentium infection, IL-21- and IL-4-producing Tfh cells were increased obviously in wild-type mice, correlating with IgG1 as the major isotype in germinal center B cells. Taken together, our work highlights the requirement and the function of Tfh cells in regulating humoral response for the host protection against C. rodentium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Xinxin Chi
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Qin Qiao
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Shan Xie
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Siyuan Wan
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Lu Ni
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Pengzhi Wang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Wei Jin
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
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