1
|
Somerville EN, Krohn L, Senkevich K, Yu E, Ahmad J, Asayesh F, Ruskey JA, Speigelman D, Fahn S, Waters C, Sardi SP, Alcalay RN, Gan-Or Z. Genome-wide association study of glucocerebrosidase activity modifiers. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4425669. [PMID: 38883744 PMCID: PMC11177962 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4425669/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
One of the most common genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD) are variants in GBA1, which encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase). GCase deficiency has been associated with an increased PD risk, but not all individuals with low GCase activity are carriers of GBA1 mutations, suggesting other factors may be acting as modifiers. We aimed to discover common variants associated with GCase activity, as well as replicate previously reported associations, by performing a genome-wide association study using two independent cohorts: a Columbia University cohort consisting of 697 PD cases and 347 controls and the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) cohort consisting of 357 PD cases and 163 controls. As expected, GBA1 variants have the strongest association with decreased activity, led by p.N370S (beta = -4.36, se = 0.32, p = 5.05e-43). We also identify a novel association in the GAA locus (encoding for acid alpha-glucosidase, beta = -0.96, se = 0.17, p = 5.23e-09) that may be the result of an interaction between GCase and acid alpha-glucosidase based on various interaction analyses. Lastly, we show that several PD-risk loci are potentially associated with GCase activity. Further research will be needed to replicate and validate our findings and to uncover the functional connection between acid alpha-glucosidase and GCase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma N Somerville
- The Neuro (Montréal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University
| | - Lynne Krohn
- The Neuro (Montréal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University
| | | | - Eric Yu
- The Neuro (Montréal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University
| | - Jamil Ahmad
- The Neuro (Montréal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University
| | - Farnaz Asayesh
- The Neuro (Montréal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University
| | - Jennifer A Ruskey
- The Neuro (Montréal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University
| | - Dan Speigelman
- The Neuro (Montréal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University
| | - Stanley Fahn
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center
| | - Cheryl Waters
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center
| | - S Pablo Sardi
- Rare and Neurological Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- The Neuro (Montréal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Coukos R, Krainc D. Key genes and convergent pathogenic mechanisms in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:393-413. [PMID: 38600347 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the preferential dysfunction and death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The onset and progression of PD is influenced by a diversity of genetic variants, many of which lack functional characterization. To identify the most high-yield targets for therapeutic intervention, it is important to consider the core cellular compartments and functional pathways upon which the varied forms of pathogenic dysfunction may converge. Here, we review several key PD-linked proteins and pathways, focusing on the mechanisms of their potential convergence in disease pathogenesis. These dysfunctions primarily localize to a subset of subcellular compartments, including mitochondria, lysosomes and synapses. We discuss how these pathogenic mechanisms that originate in different cellular compartments may coordinately lead to cellular dysfunction and neurodegeneration in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Coukos
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nam Y, Na J, Ma SX, Park H, Park H, Lee E, Kim H, Jang SM, Ko HS, Kim S. DJ-1 protects cell death from a mitochondrial oxidative stress due to GBA1 deficiency. Genes Genomics 2024; 46:519-529. [PMID: 38460098 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-024-01506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GBA1 mutations are the most common genetic risk factor for development of Parkinson's disease (PD). The loss of catalytic activity in GBA1, as well as the reduction of the GBA1 protein in certain cellular compartment, may increase disease progression. However, the mechanisms underlying cellular dysfunction caused by GBA1 deficiency are still mostly unknown. OBJECTIVE In this study, we focus on the genetic interaction between GBA1 deficiency and PD-causing genes, such as DJ-1, in mitochondrial dysfunction. METHODS GBA1 knockout (KO) SH-SY5Y cells were used to assess DJ-1 functions against oxidative stress in vitro. The levels of cellular reactive oxygen species were monitored with MitoSOX reagent. The expression of the PARK7 gene was analyzed using the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). To understand the mechanism underlying DJ-1 upregulation in GBA1 KO cells, we assess ROS levels, antioxidant protein, and cell viability in GBA1 KO cells with treatment of ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-cysteine or miglustat, which is an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase. Dopaminergic degeneration was assessed from Gba1 L444P heterozygous mice mated with Park7 knockout mice. RESULTS We find that DJ-1 is significantly upregulated in GBA1 KO cells. Elevated levels of DJ-1 are attributed to the transcriptional expression of PARK7 mRNA, but not the inhibition of DJ-1 protein degradation. Because DJ-1 expression is highly linked to oxidative stress, we observe cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GBA1 KO cells. Moreover, several antioxidant gene expressions and protein levels are increased in GBA1 KO cells. To this end, GBA1 KO cells are more susceptible to H2O2-induced cell death. Importantly, there is a significant reduction in dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain from Gba1 L444P heterozygous mice mated with Park7 knockout mice, followed by mild motor dysfunction. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggest that DJ-1 upregulation due to GBA1 deficiency has a protective role against oxidative stress. It may be supposed that mutations or malfunctions in the DJ-1 protein may have disadvantages in the survival of dopaminergic neurons in the brains of patients harboring GBA1 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younwoo Nam
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Na
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi-Xun Ma
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Haeun Park
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonwoo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerynn Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sangjune Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brooker SM, Naylor GE, Krainc D. Cell biology of Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms of synaptic, lysosomal, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 85:102841. [PMID: 38306948 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2024.102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a growing cause of disability worldwide and there is a critical need for the development of disease-modifying therapies to slow or stop disease progression. Recent advances in characterizing the genetics of PD have expanded our understanding of the cell biology of this disorder. Mitochondrial oxidative stress, defects in synaptic function, and impaired lysosomal activity have been shown to be linked in PD, resulting in a pathogenic feedback cycle involving the accumulation of toxic oxidized dopamine and alpha-synuclein. In this review, we will highlight recent data on a subset of PD-linked genes which have key roles in these pathways and the pathogenic cycle. We will furthermore discuss findings highlighting the importance of dynamic mitochondria-lysosome contact sites that mediate direct inter-organelle cross-talk in the pathogenesis of PD and related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Brooker
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. https://twitter.com/BrookerSarahM
| | - Grace E Naylor
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. https://twitter.com/GENaylor
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma Z, Liu K, Zhang RF, Xie ZX, Liu W, Xu B. Manganese disrupts the maturation and degradation of axonal autophagosome leading to hippocampal synaptic toxicity in mice via the activation of LRRK2 on phosphorylation of Rab10. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170021. [PMID: 38224893 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) overexposure induces hippocampal synaptotoxicity by the accumulation of dysfunctional synaptic vesicles (SVs). Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) kinase activity is involved in regulating axonal transport (autophagosomal maturation) and lysosomal function. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether Mn-induced synaptotoxicity is associated with the LRRK2-mediated disruption of autophagosomal maturation in axonal transport and the impairment of lysosomes in hippocampal neurons. Here, we established models of manganism in C57BL/6 mice and hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells to verify the role of LRRK2-mediated Rab10 phosphorylation in the Mn-induced dysfunction of autophagy- lysosomal fusion. Our results proved that Mn-induced the disorder of axonal transport and that lysosome impairments were associated with the increased recruitment of phospho-Rab10 at the axon and lysosomes. Next, we established Lrrk2-KD and LRRK2 kinase- specific inhibitor (GNE-0877, GNE) pre-treated HT22 cells to inhibit Lrrk2 gene expression and kinase activity, respectively. In Mn-treated Lrrk2-KD or GNE-pretreated normal neurons, our results indicated that lysosomal pH and integrity and autophagic flow were restored, indicating by decreased levels of phospho-Rab10 on lysosomes and JNK-interacting proteins (JIP4). In addition, GNE pretreatment could provide protection against Mn-induced synaptotoxicity in vivo, which was evidenced by the partial recovery in synaptic plasticity and synaptic damage. Thus, the Mn-induced abnormal activation of LRRK2 affected lysosomes and the recruitment of phospho-Rab10 by JIP4, which disrupted autophagosomal maturation in proximal axons and resulted in the hippocampal synaptic toxicity of mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Kuan Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Rui-Feng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Zi-Xin Xie
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gu Y, Zhang J, Zhao X, Nie W, Xu X, Liu M, Zhang X. Olfactory dysfunction and its related molecular mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:583-590. [PMID: 37721288 PMCID: PMC10581567 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in olfactory function are considered to be early biomarkers of Parkinson's disease. Olfactory dysfunction is one of the earliest non-motor features of Parkinson's disease, appearing in about 90% of patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease, and can often predate the diagnosis by years. Therefore, olfactory dysfunction should be considered a reliable marker of the disease. However, the mechanisms responsible for olfactory dysfunction are currently unknown. In this article, we clearly explain the pathology and medical definition of olfactory function as a biomarker for early-stage Parkinson's disease. On the basis of the findings of clinical olfactory function tests and animal model experiments as well as neurotransmitter expression levels, we further characterize the relationship between olfactory dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction in the pathology of early-stage Parkinson's disease. The findings highlighted in this review suggest that olfactory dysfunction is an important biomarker for preclinical-stage Parkinson's disease. Therefore, therapeutic drugs targeting non-motor symptoms such as olfactory dysfunction in the early stage of Parkinson's disease may prevent or delay dopaminergic neurodegeneration and reduce motor symptoms, highlighting the potential of identifying effective targets for treating Parkinson's disease by inhibiting the deterioration of olfactory dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinru Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenyuan Nie
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaole Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingxuan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang J, Li Y, Zhang J, Jiang H, Qi J, Gu Q, Sun Q, Chen L, Jiang Z, Liu A, Ying Z. Causal relationships between Sjögren's syndrome and Parkinson's disease: A Mendelian randomization study. Int J Rheum Dis 2024; 27:e15128. [PMID: 38509724 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.15128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological and observational studies have indicated an association between Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, consistent conclusions have not been reached due to various limitations. In order to determine whether SS and PD are causally related, we conducted a Mendelian randomization study (MR) with two samples. METHODS Data for SS derived from the FinnGen consortium's R9 release (2495 cases and 365 533 controls). Moreover, data for PD were acquired from the publicly available GWAS of European ancestry, which involved 33 674 cases and 449 056 controls. The inverse variance weighted, along with four other effective methodologies, were employed to comprehensively infer the causal relationships between SS and PD. To assess the estimation's robustness, a number of sensitivity studies were performed. To determine the probability of reverse causality, we performed a reverse MR analysis. RESULTS There was no evidence of a significant causal effect of SS on PD risks based on the MR [odds ratio (OR) = 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.95-1.11; p = .45]. Similarly, no evidence supported the causal effects of PD on SS (OR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.81-1.04; p = .20). These findings held up under rigorous sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSIONS MR bidirectional analysis did not reveal any cause-and-effect relationship between SS and PD, or vice versa. Further study of the mechanisms that may underlie the probable causal association between SS and PD is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan Jiang
- The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaping Qi
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinchen Gu
- The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Sun
- The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyu Jiang
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aihui Liu
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Ying
- The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Komori T, Kuwahara T. An Update on the Interplay between LRRK2, Rab GTPases and Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1645. [PMID: 38002327 PMCID: PMC10669493 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, research on the pathobiology of neurodegenerative diseases has greatly evolved, revealing potential targets and mechanisms linked to their pathogenesis. Parkinson's disease (PD) is no exception, and recent studies point to the involvement of endolysosomal defects in PD. The endolysosomal system, which tightly controls a flow of endocytosed vesicles targeted either for degradation or recycling, is regulated by a number of Rab GTPases. Their associations with leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a major causative and risk protein of PD, has also been one of the hot topics in the field. Understanding their interactions and functions is critical for unraveling their contribution to PD pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent studies on LRRK2 and Rab GTPases and attempt to provide more insight into the interaction of LRRK2 with each Rab and its relationship to PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomoki Kuwahara
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Labrador-Garrido A, Zhong S, Hughes L, Keshiya S, Kim WS, Halliday GM, Dzamko N. Live cell in situ lysosomal GCase activity correlates to alpha-synuclein levels in human differentiated neurons with LRRK2 and GBA1 mutations. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1229213. [PMID: 37908374 PMCID: PMC10613732 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1229213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heterozygous mutations in GBA1, which encodes the lysosomal hydrolase glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are a common risk factor for the neurodegenerative movement disorder Parkinson's disease (PD). Consequently, therapeutic options targeting the GCase enzyme are in development. An important aspect of this development is determining the effect of potential modifying compounds on GCase activity, which can be complicated by the different methods and substrate probes that are commonly employed for this purpose. Methods In this study, we employed the GCase substrate probe 5-(pentafluorobenzoylamino)fluorescein di-D-glucopyranoside (PFB-FDGlu) in combination with live cell imaging to measure GCase activity in situ in the lysosome. Results The live cell assay was validated using the GCase inhibitor conduritol-B-epoxide and with GBA1 knockout neural cells and was then used to assess GCase activity in iPSC differentiated into neural stem cells and neurons that were obtained from idiopathic PD patients and PD patients with the LRRK2 G2019S and GBA N370S mutations, as well as controls (n = 4 per group). Heterogeneity in GCase activity was observed across all groups. However, a significant inverse correlation between GCase activity and levels of alpha-synuclein protein was observed. Discussion The live cell imaging assay for GCase activity could be useful for further understanding the role of GCase in PD and screening potential modifying compounds in differentiated human cell models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas Dzamko
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Usenko TS, Senkevich KA, Basharova KS, Bezrukova AI, Baydakova GV, Tyurin AA, Beletskaya MV, Kulabukhova DG, Grunina MN, Emelyanov AK, Miliukhina IV, Timofeeva AA, Zakharova EY, Pchelina SN. LRRK2 exonic variants are associated with lysosomal hydrolase activities and lysosphingolipid alterations in Parkinson's disease. Gene 2023; 882:147639. [PMID: 37473971 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Last data demonstrated that exonic variants of LRRK2 (p.G2019S, p.M1646T) may affect the catalytic activity of lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase) probably through the phosphorylation of Rab10 protein. We aimed to evaluate an association of LRRK2 exonic variants previously associated with alteration of phosphorylation levels for Rab10Thr73 with PD risk in Russian population and analyze an impact of p.G2019S mutation and selected LRRK2 variants on lysosomal hydrolase activities. LRRK2 variants were determined by full sequencing of LRRK2 in 508 PD patients and 470 controls from Russian population. Activity of lysosomal enzymes (glucocerebrosidase (GCase), alpha-galactosidase A (GLA), acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) and concentrations of their corresponded substrates (hexosylsphingosine (HexSph), globotriaosylsphingosine (LysoGb3), lysosphingomyelin (LysoSM), respectively) were estimated in 211 PD patients and 179 controls by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) in dry blood spots. p.M1646T and p.N2081D were associated with PD (OR = 2.33, CI 95%: 1.1215 to 4.8253, p = 0.023; OR = 1.89, 95%CI: 1.0727 to 3.3313, p = 0.028, respectively) in Russian population. An increased LysoGb3 concentration was found in p.G2019S and p.N2081D LRRK2 carriers among PD patients compared to both PD patients and controls (p.G2019S: p = 0.00086, p = 0.0004, respectively; p.N2081D: p = 0.012, p = 0.0076, respectively). A decreased ASMase activity in p.G2019S LRRK2 carriers among PD patients (p = 0.014) was demonstrated as well. Our study supported possible involvement of LRRK2 dysfunction in an alteration of sphingolipid metabolism in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T S Usenko
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Gatchina, Russia; Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - K A Senkevich
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - K S Basharova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Gatchina, Russia
| | - A I Bezrukova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Gatchina, Russia; Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - G V Baydakova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Gatchina, Russia; Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Tyurin
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - M V Beletskaya
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - D G Kulabukhova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Gatchina, Russia; Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - M N Grunina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Gatchina, Russia
| | - A K Emelyanov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Gatchina, Russia; Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - I V Miliukhina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Gatchina, Russia; Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Institute of the Human Brain of RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A A Timofeeva
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - E Y Zakharova
- Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - S N Pchelina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Gatchina, Russia; Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhu S, Deen MC, Zhu Y, Gilormini PA, Chen X, Davis OB, Chin MY, Henry AG, Vocadlo DJ. A Fixable Fluorescence-Quenched Substrate for Quantitation of Lysosomal Glucocerebrosidase Activity in Both Live and Fixed Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309306. [PMID: 37582679 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluorogenic substrates are emerging tools that enable studying enzymatic processes within their native cellular environments. However, fluorogenic substrates that function within live cells are generally incompatible with cellular fixation, preventing their tandem application with fundamental cell biology methods such as immunocytochemistry. Here we report a simple approach to enable the chemical fixation of a dark-to-light substrate, LysoFix-GBA, which enables quantification of glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity in both live and fixed cells. LysoFix-GBA enables measuring responses to both chemical and genetic perturbations to lysosomal GCase activity. Further, LysoFix-GBA permits simple multiplexed co-localization studies of GCase activity with subcellular protein markers. This tool will aid studying the role of GCase activity in Parkinson's Disease, creating new therapeutic approaches targeting the GCase pathway. This approach also lays the foundation for an approach to create fixable substrates for other lysosomal enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Matthew C Deen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Yanping Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Pierre-André Gilormini
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Oliver B Davis
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Marcus Y Chin
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Anastasia G Henry
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yao L, Lu F, Koc S, Zheng Z, Wang B, Zhang S, Skutella T, Lu G. LRRK2 Gly2019Ser Mutation Promotes ER Stress via Interacting with THBS1/TGF-β1 in Parkinson's Disease. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303711. [PMID: 37672887 PMCID: PMC10602550 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The gene mutations of LRRK2, which encodes leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), are associated with one of the most prevalent monogenic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the potential effectors of the Gly2019Ser (G2019S) mutation remain unknown. In this study, the authors investigate the effects of LRRK2 G2019S on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-induced dopamine neurons and explore potential therapeutic targets in mice model. These findings demonstrate that LRRK2 G2019S significantly promotes ER stress in neurons and mice. Interestingly, inhibiting LRRK2 activity can ameliorate ER stress induced by the mutation. Moreover, LRRK2 mutation can induce ER stress by directly interacting with thrombospondin-1/transforming growth factor beta1 (THBS1/TGF-β1). Inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity can effectively suppress ER stress and the expression of THBS1/TGF-β1. Knocking down THBS1 can rescue ER stress by interacting with TGF-β1 and behavior burden caused by the LRRK2 mutation, while suppression of TGF-β1 has a similar effect. Overall, it is demonstrated that the LRRK2 mutation promotes ER stress by directly interacting with THBS1/TGF-β1, leading to neural death in PD. These findings provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of PD, highlighting potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longping Yao
- Department of NeurosurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang330209P. R. China
- Department of NeurosurgeryZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510282P. R. China
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell BiologyMedical FacultyHeidelberg University69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Fengfei Lu
- Department of NeurosurgeryZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510282P. R. China
| | - Sumeyye Koc
- Department of NeuroscienceInstitute of Health SciencesOndokuz Mayıs UniversitySamsun55139Turkey
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Department of NeurosurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang330209P. R. China
| | - Baoyan Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510282P. R. China
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510282P. R. China
| | - Thomas Skutella
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell BiologyMedical FacultyHeidelberg University69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Guohui Lu
- Department of NeurosurgeryFirst Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang330209P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Amirian R, Badrbani MA, Derakhshankhah H, Izadi Z, Shahbazi MA. Targeted protein degradation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Advances and future perspective. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115408. [PMID: 37651798 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder that belongs to a class of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) called Synucleinopathies. It has characterized by the misfolding and aggregation of a-synuclein. Our understanding of PD continues to evolve, and so does our approach to treatment. including therapies aimed at delaying pathology, quitting neuronal loss, and shortening the course of the disease by selectively targeting essential proteins suspected to play a role in PD pathogenesis. One emerging approach that is generating significant interest is Targeted Protein Degradation (TPD). TPD is an innovative method that allows us to specifically break down certain proteins using specially designed molecules or peptides, like PROteolysis-TArgeting-Chimera (PROTACs). This approach holds great promise, particularly in the context of NDs. In this review, we will briefly explain PD and its pathogenesis, followed by discussing protein degradation systems and TPD strategy in PD by reviewing synthesized small molecules and peptides. Finally, future perspectives and challenges in the field are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Amirian
- Student research committee, School of pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azadi Badrbani
- Student research committee, School of pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hossein Derakhshankhah
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zhila Izadi
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xia X, Li H, Xu X, Zhao G, Du M. Facilitating Pro-survival Mitophagy for Alleviating Parkinson's Disease via Sequence-Targeted Lycopene Nanodots. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17979-17995. [PMID: 37714739 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is closely linked to impaired mitochondrial function and abnormal mitophagy. Biocompatible natural antioxidants effectively protect dopaminergic neurons. However, the main challenge in using natural antioxidants for Parkinson's disease therapy is creating a delivery platform to achieve neuron-targeted enrichment. Herein, we synthesized rationally sequence-targeted lycopene nanodots using recombinant human H-ferritin nanocages with lycopene loading into the cavity and lipophilic triphenylphosphonium (TPP) coupling on the outer surface. The nanodots allow for the neural enrichment and mitochondrial regulation of lycopene through blood-brain barrier transcytosis and neuronal mitochondria-targeting capability. These anti-ROS nanodots protect neuronal mitochondrial function and promote PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in MPTP toxicity-induced neurons in vivo and in vitro, which favors the secretory efflux of pathogenic α-synuclein and the survival of dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, these nanodots restore the Parkinson-like motor symptoms in Parkinson's model mice. This noninvasive sequence-targeted delivery strategy with excellent biocompatibility for pro-survival mitophagy-mediated pathology alleviation makes it a promising approach for treating and preventing Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xia
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction for Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Han Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction for Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xianbing Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction for Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ming Du
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction for Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian 116034, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nechushtai L, Frenkel D, Pinkas-Kramarski R. Autophagy in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1435. [PMID: 37892117 PMCID: PMC10604695 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a devastating disease associated with accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) within dopaminergic neurons, leading to neuronal death. PD is characterized by both motor and non-motor clinical symptoms. Several studies indicate that autophagy, an important intracellular degradation pathway, may be involved in different neurodegenerative diseases including PD. The autophagic process mediates the degradation of protein aggregates, damaged and unneeded proteins, and organelles, allowing their clearance, and thereby maintaining cell homeostasis. Impaired autophagy may cause the accumulation of abnormal proteins. Incomplete or impaired autophagy may explain the neurotoxic accumulation of protein aggregates in several neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Indeed, studies have suggested the contribution of impaired autophagy to α-Syn accumulation, the death of dopaminergic neurons, and neuroinflammation. In this review, we summarize the recent literature on the involvement of autophagy in PD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronit Pinkas-Kramarski
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (L.N.); (D.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huh YE, Usnich T, Scherzer CR, Klein C, Chung SJ. GBA1 Variants and Parkinson's Disease: Paving the Way for Targeted Therapy. J Mov Disord 2023; 16:261-278. [PMID: 37302978 PMCID: PMC10548077 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.23023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosylceramidase beta 1 (GBA1) variants have attracted enormous attention as the most promising and important genetic candidates for precision medicine in Parkinson's disease (PD). A substantial correlation between GBA1 genotypes and PD phenotypes could inform the prediction of disease progression and promote the development of a preventive intervention for individuals at a higher risk of a worse disease prognosis. Moreover, the GBA1-regulated pathway provides new perspectives on the pathogenesis of PD, such as dysregulated sphingolipid metabolism, impaired protein quality control, and disrupted endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi trafficking. These perspectives have led to the development of novel disease-modifying therapies for PD targeting the GBA1-regulated pathway by repositioning treatment strategies for Gaucher's disease. This review summarizes the current hypotheses on a mechanistic link between GBA1 variants and PD and possible therapeutic options for modulating GBA1-regulated pathways in PD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Huh
- Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Tatiana Usnich
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck and University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Clemens R. Scherzer
- Advanced Center for Parkinson’s Disease Research, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck and University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Harraz MM. Selective dopaminergic vulnerability in Parkinson's disease: new insights into the role of DAT. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1219441. [PMID: 37694119 PMCID: PMC10483232 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1219441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and associated dopamine depletion. Several mechanisms, previously considered in isolation, have been proposed to contribute to the pathophysiology of dopaminergic degeneration: dopamine oxidation-mediated neurotoxicity, high dopamine transporter (DAT) expression density per neuron, and autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) dysfunction. However, the interrelationships among these mechanisms remained unclear. Our recent research bridges this gap, recognizing autophagy as a novel dopamine homeostasis regulator, unifying these concepts. I propose that autophagy modulates dopamine reuptake by selectively degrading DAT. In PD, ALP dysfunction could increase DAT density per neuron, and enhance dopamine reuptake, oxidation, and neurotoxicity, potentially contributing to the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. This integrated understanding may provide a more comprehensive view of aspects of PD pathophysiology and opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maged M. Harraz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cannavo A. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Chronic and Degenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12507. [PMID: 37569882 PMCID: PMC10420070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Special Issue entitled "Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Chronic and Degenerative Diseases" contains eight articles: six original studies and two reviews [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cannavo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yadavalli N, Ferguson SM. LRRK2 suppresses lysosome degradative activity in macrophages and microglia through MiT-TFE transcription factor inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303789120. [PMID: 37487100 PMCID: PMC10400961 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303789120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells maintain optimal levels of lysosome degradative activity to protect against pathogens, clear waste, and generate nutrients. Here, we show that LRRK2, a protein that is tightly linked to Parkinson's disease, negatively regulates lysosome degradative activity in macrophages and microglia via a transcriptional mechanism. Depletion of LRRK2 and inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity enhanced lysosomal proteolytic activity and increased the expression of multiple lysosomal hydrolases. Conversely, the kinase hyperactive LRRK2 G2019S Parkinson's disease mutant suppressed lysosomal degradative activity and gene expression. We identified MiT-TFE transcription factors (TFE3, TFEB, and MITF) as mediators of LRRK2-dependent control of lysosomal gene expression. LRRK2 negatively regulated the abundance and nuclear localization of these transcription factors and their depletion prevented LRRK2-dependent changes in lysosome protein levels. These observations define a role for LRRK2 in controlling lysosome degradative activity and support a model wherein LRRK2 hyperactivity may increase Parkinson's disease risk by suppressing lysosome degradative activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narayana Yadavalli
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Shawn M. Ferguson
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Siwecka N, Saramowicz K, Galita G, Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Majsterek I. Inhibition of Protein Aggregation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as a Targeted Therapy for α-Synucleinopathy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2051. [PMID: 37631265 PMCID: PMC10459316 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (α-syn) is an intrinsically disordered protein abundant in the central nervous system. Physiologically, the protein regulates vesicle trafficking and neurotransmitter release in the presynaptic terminals. Pathologies related to misfolding and aggregation of α-syn are referred to as α-synucleinopathies, and they constitute a frequent cause of neurodegeneration. The most common α-synucleinopathy, Parkinson's disease (PD), is caused by abnormal accumulation of α-syn in the dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain. This results in protein overload, activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and, ultimately, neural cell apoptosis and neurodegeneration. To date, the available treatment options for PD are only symptomatic and rely on dopamine replacement therapy or palliative surgery. As the prevalence of PD has skyrocketed in recent years, there is a pending issue for development of new disease-modifying strategies. These include anti-aggregative agents that target α-syn directly (gene therapy, small molecules and immunization), indirectly (modulators of ER stress, oxidative stress and clearance pathways) or combine both actions (natural compounds). Herein, we provide an overview on the characteristic features of the structure and pathogenic mechanisms of α-syn that could be targeted with novel molecular-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (N.S.); (K.S.); (G.G.); (W.R.-K.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Perez-Abshana LP, Mendivil-Perez M, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. Rotenone Blocks the Glucocerebrosidase Enzyme and Induces the Accumulation of Lysosomes and Autophagolysosomes Independently of LRRK2 Kinase in HEK-293 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10589. [PMID: 37445771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra and the intraneuronal presence of Lewy bodies (LBs), composed of aggregates of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein at residue Ser129 (p-Ser129α-Syn). Unfortunately, no curative treatment is available yet. To aggravate matters further, the etiopathogenesis of the disorder is still unresolved. However, the neurotoxin rotenone (ROT) has been implicated in PD. Therefore, it has been widely used to understand the molecular mechanism of neuronal cell death. In the present investigation, we show that ROT induces two convergent pathways in HEK-293 cells. First, ROT generates H2O2, which, in turn, either oxidizes the stress sensor protein DJ-Cys106-SH into DJ-1Cys106SO3 or induces the phosphorylation of the protein LRRK2 kinase at residue Ser395 (p-Ser395 LRRK2). Once active, the kinase phosphorylates α-Syn (at Ser129), induces the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and triggers the production of cleaved caspase 3 (CC3), resulting in signs of apoptotic cell death. ROT also reduces glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity concomitant with the accumulation of lysosomes and autophagolysosomes reflected by the increase in LC3-II (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate II) markers in HEK-293 cells. Second, the exposure of HEK-293 LRRK2 knockout (KO) cells to ROT displays an almost-normal phenotype. Indeed, KO cells showed neither H2O2, DJ-1Cys106SO3, p-Ser395 LRRK2, p-Ser129α-Syn, nor CC3 but displayed high ΔΨm, reduced GCase activity, and the accumulation of lysosomes and autophagolysosomes. Similar observations are obtained when HEK-293 LRRK2 wild-type (WT) cells are exposed to the inhibitor GCase conduritol-β-epoxide (CBE). Taken together, these observations imply that the combined development of LRRK2 inhibitors and compounds for recovering GCase activity might be promising therapeutic agents for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patricia Perez-Abshana
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Miguel Mendivil-Perez
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, University Research Headquarters, Calle 62#52-59, Building 1, Laboratory 411/412, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chatterjee D, Krainc D. Mechanisms of Glucocerebrosidase Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168023. [PMID: 36828270 PMCID: PMC10247409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Beta-glucocerebrosidase is a lysosomal hydrolase, encoded by GBA1 that represents the most common risk gene associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Lewy Body Dementia. Glucocerebrosidase dysfunction has been also observed in the absence of GBA1 mutations across different genetic and sporadic forms of PD and related disorders, suggesting a broader role of glucocerebrosidase in neurodegeneration. In this review, we highlight recent advances in mechanistic characterization of glucocerebrosidase function as the foundation for development of novel therapeutics targeting glucocerebrosidase in PD and related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diptaman Chatterjee
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. https://twitter.com/NeilChatterBox
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sosero YL, Gan‐Or Z. LRRK2 and Parkinson's disease: from genetics to targeted therapy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:850-864. [PMID: 37021623 PMCID: PMC10270275 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
LRRK2 variants are implicated in both familial and sporadic PD. LRRK2-PD has a generally benign clinical presentation and variable pathology, with inconsistent presence of Lewy bodies and marked Alzheimer's disease pathology. The mechanisms underlying LRRK2-PD are still unclear, but inflammation, vesicle trafficking, lysosomal homeostasis, and ciliogenesis have been suggested, among others. As novel therapies targeting LRRK2 are under development, understanding the role and function of LRRK2 in PD is becoming increasingly important. Here, we outline the epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical features of LRRK2-PD, and discuss the arising therapeutic approaches targeting LRRK2 and possible future directions for research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L. Sosero
- Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecH3A 1A1Canada
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecH3A 1A1Canada
| | - Ziv Gan‐Or
- Montreal Neurological InstituteMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecH3A 1A1Canada
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecH3A 1A1Canada
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMcGill UniversityMontréalQuébecH3A 0G4Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Leyns CEG, Prigent A, Beezhold B, Yao L, Hatcher NG, Tao P, Kang J, Suh E, Van Deerlin VM, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Kennedy ME, Fell MJ, Henderson MX. Glucocerebrosidase activity and lipid levels are related to protein pathologies in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:74. [PMID: 37169750 PMCID: PMC10175254 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are progressive neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein in the form of Lewy pathology. While most cases are sporadic, there are rare genetic mutations that cause disease and more common variants that increase incidence of disease. The most prominent genetic mutations for PD and DLB are in the GBA1 and LRRK2 genes. GBA1 mutations are associated with decreased glucocerebrosidase activity and lysosomal accumulation of its lipid substrates, glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine. Previous studies have shown a link between this enzyme and lipids even in sporadic PD. However, it is unclear how the protein pathologies of disease are related to enzyme activity and glycosphingolipid levels. To address this gap in knowledge, we examined quantitative protein pathology, glucocerebrosidase activity and lipid substrates in parallel from 4 regions of 91 brains with no neurological disease, idiopathic, GBA1-linked, or LRRK2-linked PD and DLB. We find that several biomarkers are altered with respect to mutation and progression to dementia. We found mild association of glucocerebrosidase activity with disease, but a strong association of glucosylsphingosine with α-synuclein pathology, irrespective of genetic mutation. This association suggests that Lewy pathology precipitates changes in lipid levels related to progression to dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl E G Leyns
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alice Prigent
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Brenna Beezhold
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Lihang Yao
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pk, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Nathan G Hatcher
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pk, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Peining Tao
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John Kang
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - EunRan Suh
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael X Henderson
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hu J, Zhang D, Tian K, Ren C, Li H, Lin C, Huang X, Liu J, Mao W, Zhang J. Small-molecule LRRK2 inhibitors for PD therapy: Current achievements and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115475. [PMID: 37201428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a multifunctional protein that orchestrates a diverse array of cellular processes, including vesicle transport, autophagy, lysosome degradation, neurotransmission, and mitochondrial activity. Hyperactivation of LRRK2 triggers vesicle transport dysfunction, neuroinflammation, accumulation of α-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the loss of cilia, ultimately leading to Parkinson's disease (PD). Therefore, targeting LRRK2 protein is a promising therapeutic strategy for PD. The clinical translation of LRRK2 inhibitors was historically impeded by issues surrounding tissue specificity. Recent studies have identified LRRK2 inhibitors that have no effect on peripheral tissues. Currently, there are four small-molecule LRRK2 inhibitors undergoing clinical trials. This review provides a summary of the structure and biological functions of LRRK2, along with an overview of the binding modes and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of small-molecule inhibitors targeting LRRK2. It offers valuable references for developing novel drugs targeting LRRK2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Hu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Keyue Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Changyu Ren
- Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Heng Li
- Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Congcong Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Wuyu Mao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
DeBroff J, Omer N, Cohen B, Giladi N, Kestenbaum M, Shirvan JC, Cedarbaum JM, Gana‐Weisz M, Goldstein O, Orr‐Urtreger A, Mirelman A, Thaler A. The Influence of GBA and LRRK2 on Mood Disorders in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10:606-616. [PMID: 37070047 PMCID: PMC10105114 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mood disorders have emerged as major non-motor comorbidities in Parkinson's disease (PD) even at the prodromal stage of the disease. Mutations in the LRRK2 and GBA genes are common among Ashkenazi Jews, with more severe phenotype reported for GBA-PD. Objective To explore the association between genetic status and mood related disorders before and after diagnosis of PD and the association between mood-related medications, phenotype, and genetic status. Methods Participants were genotyped for mutations in the LRRK2 and GBA genes. State of depression, anxiety and non-motor features were evaluated using validated questionnaires. History of mood disorders prior to diagnosis of PD and use of mood-related medications were assessed. Results The study included 105 idiopathic PD (iPD), 55 LRRK2-PD and 94 GBA-PD. Scores on mood related questionnaires and frequency of depression and anxiety before diagnosis were similar between the groups (p>0.05). However, more GBA-PD patients used mood related medications before PD diagnosis than LRRK2-PD and iPD (16.5% vs 7.1% and 8.2%, p=0.044). LRRK2-PD and GBA-PD receiving mood-related medications at time of assessment had worse motor and non-motor phenotype compared to those that did not (p<0.05). LRRK2-PD receiving mood related-medications at time of assessment, scored higher on mood-related questionnaires compared to LRRK2-PD not receiving such medications (p<0.04). Conclusions Prodromal GBA-PD are more frequently treated with mood related-medications despite equal rates of reported mood-related disorders, while LRRK2-PD with mood-related disorders experience high rates of anxiety and depression despite treatment, attesting to the need of more precise assessment and treatment of these genetic subgroups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nurit Omer
- Sackler School of MedicineTel‐Aviv University
- Movement Disorders UnitNeurological Institute, Tel‐Aviv Medical Center
- Laboratory of Early Markers of NeurodegenerationNeurological Institute, Tel‐Aviv Medical Center
| | - Batsheva Cohen
- Laboratory of Early Markers of NeurodegenerationNeurological Institute, Tel‐Aviv Medical Center
| | - Nir Giladi
- Sackler School of MedicineTel‐Aviv University
- Movement Disorders UnitNeurological Institute, Tel‐Aviv Medical Center
- Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel‐Aviv University
| | - Meir Kestenbaum
- Sackler School of MedicineTel‐Aviv University
- Neurology departmentMeir HospitalKfar‐SabaIsrael
| | | | | | - Mali Gana‐Weisz
- Genomic Research Laboratory for NeurodegenerationTel‐Aviv Medical CenterTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Orly Goldstein
- Genomic Research Laboratory for NeurodegenerationTel‐Aviv Medical CenterTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Avi Orr‐Urtreger
- Sackler School of MedicineTel‐Aviv University
- Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel‐Aviv University
- Genomic Research Laboratory for NeurodegenerationTel‐Aviv Medical CenterTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Anat Mirelman
- Sackler School of MedicineTel‐Aviv University
- Laboratory of Early Markers of NeurodegenerationNeurological Institute, Tel‐Aviv Medical Center
- Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel‐Aviv University
| | - Avner Thaler
- Sackler School of MedicineTel‐Aviv University
- Movement Disorders UnitNeurological Institute, Tel‐Aviv Medical Center
- Laboratory of Early Markers of NeurodegenerationNeurological Institute, Tel‐Aviv Medical Center
- Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel‐Aviv University
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yahya V, Di Fonzo A, Monfrini E. Genetic Evidence for Endolysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076338. [PMID: 37047309 PMCID: PMC10094484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population, and no disease-modifying therapy has been approved to date. The pathogenesis of PD has been related to many dysfunctional cellular mechanisms, however, most of its monogenic forms are caused by pathogenic variants in genes involved in endolysosomal function (LRRK2, VPS35, VPS13C, and ATP13A2) and synaptic vesicle trafficking (SNCA, RAB39B, SYNJ1, and DNAJC6). Moreover, an extensive search for PD risk variants revealed strong risk variants in several lysosomal genes (e.g., GBA1, SMPD1, TMEM175, and SCARB2) highlighting the key role of lysosomal dysfunction in PD pathogenesis. Furthermore, large genetic studies revealed that PD status is associated with the overall “lysosomal genetic burden”, namely the cumulative effect of strong and weak risk variants affecting lysosomal genes. In this context, understanding the complex mechanisms of impaired vesicular trafficking and dysfunctional endolysosomes in dopaminergic neurons of PD patients is a fundamental step to identifying precise therapeutic targets and developing effective drugs to modify the neurodegenerative process in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidal Yahya
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Monfrini
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Corral Nieto Y, Yakhine-Diop SMS, Moreno-Cruz P, Manrique García L, Gabrielly Pereira A, Morales-García JA, Niso-Santano M, González-Polo RA, Uribe-Carretero E, Durand S, Maiuri MC, Paredes-Barquero M, Alegre-Cortés E, Canales-Cortés S, López de Munain A, Pérez-Tur J, Pérez-Castillo A, Kroemer G, Fuentes JM, Bravo-San Pedro JM. Changes in Liver Lipidomic Profile in G2019S- LRRK2 Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050806. [PMID: 36899942 PMCID: PMC10000529 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of Parkinson's disease (PD) biomarkers has become a main goal for the diagnosis of this neurodegenerative disorder. PD has not only been intrinsically related to neurological problems, but also to a series of alterations in peripheral metabolism. The purpose of this study was to identify metabolic changes in the liver in mouse models of PD with the scope of finding new peripheral biomarkers for PD diagnosis. To achieve this goal, we used mass spectrometry technology to determine the complete metabolomic profile of liver and striatal tissue samples from WT mice, 6-hydroxydopamine-treated mice (idiopathic model) and mice affected by the G2019S-LRRK2 mutation in LRRK2/PARK8 gene (genetic model). This analysis revealed that the metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleotides and nucleosides was similarly altered in the liver from the two PD mouse models. However, long-chain fatty acids, phosphatidylcholine and other related lipid metabolites were only altered in hepatocytes from G2019S-LRRK2 mice. In summary, these results reveal specific differences, mainly in lipid metabolism, between idiopathic and genetic PD models in peripheral tissues and open up new possibilities to better understand the etiology of this neurological disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaiza Corral Nieto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sokhna M. S. Yakhine-Diop
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Paula Moreno-Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Manrique García
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Gabrielly Pereira
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Morales-García
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Niso-Santano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Rosa A. González-Polo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Elisabet Uribe-Carretero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Sylvère Durand
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Maria Chiara Maiuri
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm U1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Marta Paredes-Barquero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Eva Alegre-Cortés
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Saray Canales-Cortés
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Neuroscience Area of Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, OSAKIDETZA, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
- Ilundain Foundation, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jordi Pérez-Tur
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-CSIC, Unidad de Genética Molecular, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Genética y Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm U1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - José M. Fuentes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.); (J.M.B.-S.P.)
| | - José M. Bravo-San Pedro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.); (J.M.B.-S.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bogetofte H, Ryan BJ, Jensen P, Schmidt SI, Vergoossen DLE, Barnkob MB, Kiani LN, Chughtai U, Heon-Roberts R, Caiazza MC, McGuinness W, Márquez-Gómez R, Vowles J, Bunn FS, Brandes J, Kilfeather P, Connor JP, Fernandes HJR, Caffrey TM, Meyer M, Cowley SA, Larsen MR, Wade-Martins R. Post-translational proteomics platform identifies neurite outgrowth impairments in Parkinson's disease GBA-N370S dopamine neurons. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112180. [PMID: 36870058 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants at the GBA locus, encoding glucocerebrosidase, are the strongest common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). To understand GBA-related disease mechanisms, we use a multi-part-enrichment proteomics and post-translational modification (PTM) workflow, identifying large numbers of dysregulated proteins and PTMs in heterozygous GBA-N370S PD patient induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) dopamine neurons. Alterations in glycosylation status show disturbances in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, which concur with upstream perturbations in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation in GBA-PD neurons. Several native and modified proteins encoded by PD-associated genes are dysregulated in GBA-PD neurons. Integrated pathway analysis reveals impaired neuritogenesis in GBA-PD neurons and identify tau as a key pathway mediator. Functional assays confirm neurite outgrowth deficits and identify impaired mitochondrial movement in GBA-PD neurons. Furthermore, pharmacological rescue of glucocerebrosidase activity in GBA-PD neurons improves the neurite outgrowth deficit. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of PTMomics to elucidate neurodegeneration-associated pathways and potential drug targets in complex disease models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helle Bogetofte
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Brent J Ryan
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Pia Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sissel I Schmidt
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Dana L E Vergoossen
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Mike B Barnkob
- Centre for Cellular Immunotherapy of Haematological Cancer Odense (CITCO), Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Lisa N Kiani
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Uroosa Chughtai
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Rachel Heon-Roberts
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Maria Claudia Caiazza
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - William McGuinness
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ricardo Márquez-Gómez
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jane Vowles
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Fiona S Bunn
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Janine Brandes
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Peter Kilfeather
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jack P Connor
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Hugo J R Fernandes
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Tara M Caffrey
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Sally A Cowley
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jennings D, Huntwork-Rodriguez S, Vissers MFJM, Daryani VM, Diaz D, Goo MS, Chen JJ, Maciuca R, Fraser K, Mabrouk OS, van de Wetering de Rooij J, Heuberger JAAC, Groeneveld GJ, Borin MT, Cruz-Herranz A, Graham D, Scearce-Levie K, De Vicente J, Henry AG, Chin P, Ho C, Troyer MD. LRRK2 Inhibition by BIIB122 in Healthy Participants and Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023; 38:386-398. [PMID: 36807624 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibition is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the potent, selective, CNS-penetrant LRRK2 inhibitor BIIB122 (DNL151) in healthy participants and patients with PD. METHODS Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were completed. The phase 1 study (DNLI-C-0001) evaluated single and multiple doses of BIIB122 for up to 28 days in healthy participants. The phase 1b study (DNLI-C-0003) evaluated BIIB122 for 28 days in patients with mild to moderate PD. The primary objectives were to investigate the safety, tolerability, and plasma pharmacokinetics of BIIB122. Pharmacodynamic outcomes included peripheral and central target inhibition and lysosomal pathway engagement biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 186/184 healthy participants (146/145 BIIB122, 40/39 placebo) and 36/36 patients (26/26 BIIB122, 10/10 placebo) were randomized/treated in the phase 1 and phase 1b studies, respectively. In both studies, BIIB122 was generally well tolerated; no serious adverse events were reported, and the majority of treatment-emergent adverse events were mild. BIIB122 cerebrospinal fluid/unbound plasma concentration ratio was ~1 (range, 0.7-1.8). Dose-dependent median reductions from baseline were observed in whole-blood phosphorylated serine 935 LRRK2 (≤98%), peripheral blood mononuclear cell phosphorylated threonine 73 pRab10 (≤93%), cerebrospinal fluid total LRRK2 (≤50%), and urine bis (monoacylglycerol) phosphate (≤74%). CONCLUSIONS At generally safe and well-tolerated doses, BIIB122 achieved substantial peripheral LRRK2 kinase inhibition and modulation of lysosomal pathways downstream of LRRK2, with evidence of CNS distribution and target inhibition. These studies support continued investigation of LRRK2 inhibition with BIIB122 for the treatment of PD. © 2023 Denali Therapeutics Inc and The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danna Jennings
- SeniorClinical Scientist - Clinical Development, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah Huntwork-Rodriguez
- SeniorClinical Scientist - Clinical Development, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maurits F J M Vissers
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Neuropharmacology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vinay M Daryani
- SeniorClinical Scientist - Clinical Development, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dolores Diaz
- SeniorClinical Scientist - Clinical Development, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marisa S Goo
- SeniorClinical Scientist - Clinical Development, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John J Chen
- SeniorClinical Scientist - Clinical Development, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Romeo Maciuca
- SeniorClinical Scientist - Clinical Development, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Jeroen van de Wetering de Rooij
- SeniorClinical Scientist - Clinical Development, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
- PRA Health Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Geert Jan Groeneveld
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Neuropharmacology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marie T Borin
- SeniorClinical Scientist - Clinical Development, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrés Cruz-Herranz
- SeniorClinical Scientist - Clinical Development, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Scearce-Levie
- SeniorClinical Scientist - Clinical Development, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Javier De Vicente
- SeniorClinical Scientist - Clinical Development, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anastasia G Henry
- SeniorClinical Scientist - Clinical Development, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter Chin
- SeniorClinical Scientist - Clinical Development, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carole Ho
- SeniorClinical Scientist - Clinical Development, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew D Troyer
- SeniorClinical Scientist - Clinical Development, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
LRRK2 and GBA1 variant carriers have higher urinary bis(monacylglycerol) phosphate concentrations in PPMI cohorts. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:30. [PMID: 36854767 PMCID: PMC9974978 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We quantified concentrations of three isoforms of the endolysosomal lipid, bis(monoacylglycerol) phosphate (BMP) in the urine of deeply phenotyped cohorts in the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative: LRRK2 G2019S PD (N = 134) and non-manifesting carriers (NMC) (G2019S+ NMC; N = 182), LRRK2 R1441G PD (N = 15) and R1441G+ NMC (N = 15), GBA1 N409S PD (N = 76) and N409S+ NMC (N = 178), sporadic PD (sPD, N = 379) and healthy controls (HC) (N = 190). The effects of each mutation and disease status were analyzed using nonparametric methods. Longitudinal changes in BMP levels were analyzed using linear mixed models. At baseline, all LRRK2 carriers had 3-7× higher BMP levels compared to HC, irrespective of the disease status. GBA1 N409S carriers also showed significant, albeit smaller, elevation (~30-40%) in BMP levels compared to HC. In LRRK2 G2019S PD, urinary BMP levels remained stable over two years. Furthermore, baseline BMP levels did not predict disease progression as measured by striatal DaT imaging, MDS-UPDRS III Off, or MoCA in any of the cohorts. These data support the utility of BMP as a target modulation biomarker in therapeutic trials of genetic and sPD but not as a prognostic or disease progression biomarker.
Collapse
|
32
|
Senkevich K, Rudakou U, Gan-Or Z. Genetic mechanism vs genetic subtypes: The example of GBA. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 193:155-170. [PMID: 36803808 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variants in GBA, encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are common risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). Genotype-phenotype studies have demonstrated that different types of GBA variants have differential effects on the phenotype. Variants could be classified as mild or severe depending on the type of Gaucher disease they cause in the biallelic state. It was shown that severe GBA variants, as compared to mild variants, are associated with higher risk of PD, earlier age at onset, and faster progression of motor and nonmotor symptoms. The observed difference in phenotype might be caused by a diversity of cellular mechanisms related to the particular variants. The lysosomal function of GCase is thought to play a significant role in the development of GBA-associated PD, and other mechanisms such as endoplasmic reticulum retention, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation have also been suggested. Moreover, genetic modifiers such as LRRK2, TMEM175, SNCA, and CTSB can either affect GCase activity or modulate risk and age at onset of GBA-associated PD. To achieve ideal outcomes with precision medicine, therapies will have to be tailored to individuals with specific variants, potentially in combination with known modifiers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Senkevich
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Uladzislau Rudakou
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic membrane-bound organelles that use hydrolytic enzymes to break down material through pathways such as endocytosis, phagocytosis, mitophagy, and autophagy. To function properly, intralysosomal environments are strictly controlled by a set of integral membrane proteins such as ion channels and transporters. Potassium ion (K+) channels are a large and diverse family of membrane proteins that control K+ flux across both the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes. In the plasma membrane, they are essential in both excitable and non-excitable cells for the control of membrane potential and cell signaling. However, our understanding of intracellular K+ channels is very limited. In this review, we summarize the recent development in studies of K+ channels in the lysosome. We focus on their characterization, potential roles in maintaining lysosomal membrane potential and lysosomal function, and pathological implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengnan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Yi Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Alia Kazim Rizvi Syeda
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Xian-Ping Dong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Volta M. Lysosomal Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease: Insights From LRRK2 and GBA1 Rodent Models. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:127-139. [PMID: 36085537 PMCID: PMC10119359 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of mutations in LRRK2 and GBA1 that are linked to Parkinson's disease provided further evidence that autophagy and lysosome pathways are likely implicated in the pathogenic process. Their protein products are important regulators of lysosome function. LRRK2 has kinase-dependent effects on lysosome activity, autophagic efficacy and lysosomal Ca2+ signaling. Glucocerebrosidase (encoded by GBA1) is a hydrolytic enzyme contained in the lysosomes and contributes to the degradation of alpha-synuclein. PD-related mutations in LRRK2 and GBA1 slow the degradation of alpha-synuclein, thus directly implicating the dysfunction of the process in the neuropathology of Parkinson's disease. The development of genetic rodent models of LRRK2 and GBA1 provided hopes of obtaining reliable preclinical models in which to study pathogenic processes and perform drug validation studies. Here, I will review the extensive characterization of these models, their impact on understanding lysosome alterations in the course of Parkinson's disease and what novel insights have been obtained. In addition, I will discuss how these models fare with respect to the features of a "gold standard" animal models and what could be attempted in future studies to exploit LRRK2 and GBA1 rodent models in the fight against Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Volta
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, via Volta 21, Bolzano, 39100, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Park Y, Liao J, Hoang QQ. Roc, the G-domain of the Parkinson's disease-associated protein LRRK2. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:1038-1047. [PMID: 35840518 PMCID: PMC9669111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutation in leucine-rich repeat (LRR) kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a common cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Aberrant LRRK2 kinase activity is associated with disease pathogenesis and thus it is an attractive drug target for combating PD. Intense efforts in the past nearly two decades have focused on the development of small-molecule inhibitors of the kinase domain of LRRK2 and have identified potent kinase inhibitors. However, most LRRK2 kinase inhibitors have shown adverse effects; therefore, alternative-mechanism-based strategies are desperately needed. In this review, we discuss the new insights gleaned from recent cryoelectron microscope (cryo-EM) structures of LRRK2 towards understanding the mechanisms of actions of LRRK2 and explore the potential new therapeutic avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangshin Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jingling Liao
- Department of Public Health, Academy of Nutrition and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, 430074 Wuhan, China.
| | - Quyen Q Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Erekat NS. Autophagy and Its Association with Genetic Mutations in Parkinson Disease. Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e938519. [PMID: 36366737 PMCID: PMC9664771 DOI: 10.12659/msm.938519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 0.1-0.2% of the general population. It is a progressive debilitating disorder caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. It is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. Parkinson disease can be caused by mutations in genes that encode proteins involved in the autophagic process, resulting in impaired autophagy. Indeed, autophagy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease, particularly because its impairment causes the buildup of proteins. Thus, this review aims to provide an overview of Parkinson disease-related genetic mutations and their association with autophagy impairment in Parkinson disease, which can be helpful in improving the understanding of the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease, illustrating the potential therapeutic implications of agents that can enhance autophagy in Parkinson disease. Additionally, we will highlight the essential need for the development of highly sensitive and specific assays for gene-based diagnostic biomarkers. Finally, we will provide an overview on the potential gene-based therapeutic approaches for Parkinson disease, which have been most advanced and are associated with the most common targets being alpha-synuclein (SNCA), leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2), and glucocerebrosidase (GBA).
Collapse
|
37
|
Galper J, Kim WS, Dzamko N. LRRK2 and Lipid Pathways: Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1597. [PMID: 36358947 PMCID: PMC9687231 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations in the LRRK2 gene, encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, are a common risk factor for Parkinson's disease. How LRRK2 alterations lead to cell pathology is an area of ongoing investigation, however, multiple lines of evidence suggest a role for LRRK2 in lipid pathways. It is increasingly recognized that in addition to being energy reservoirs and structural entities, some lipids, including neural lipids, participate in signaling cascades. Early investigations revealed that LRRK2 localized to membranous and vesicular structures, suggesting an interaction of LRRK2 and lipids or lipid-associated proteins. LRRK2 substrates from the Rab GTPase family play a critical role in vesicle trafficking, lipid metabolism and lipid storage, all processes which rely on lipid dynamics. In addition, LRRK2 is associated with the phosphorylation and activity of enzymes that catabolize plasma membrane and lysosomal lipids. Furthermore, LRRK2 knockout studies have revealed that blood, brain and urine exhibit lipid level changes, including alterations to sterols, sphingolipids and phospholipids, respectively. In human LRRK2 mutation carriers, changes to sterols, sphingolipids, phospholipids, fatty acyls and glycerolipids are reported in multiple tissues. This review summarizes the evidence regarding associations between LRRK2 and lipids, and the functional consequences of LRRK2-associated lipid changes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Galper
- Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Woojin S Kim
- Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Nicolas Dzamko
- Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kim J, Daadi EW, Oh T, Daadi ES, Daadi MM. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Phenotyping and Preclinical Modeling of Familial Parkinson's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1937. [PMID: 36360174 PMCID: PMC9689743 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily idiopathic and a highly heterogenous neurodegenerative disease with patients experiencing a wide array of motor and non-motor symptoms. A major challenge for understanding susceptibility to PD is to determine the genetic and environmental factors that influence the mechanisms underlying the variations in disease-associated traits. The pathological hallmark of PD is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the brain and post-mortem Lewy pathology, which leads to the loss of projecting axons innervating the striatum and to impaired motor and cognitive functions. While the cause of PD is still largely unknown, genome-wide association studies provide evidence that numerous polymorphic variants in various genes contribute to sporadic PD, and 10 to 15% of all cases are linked to some form of hereditary mutations, either autosomal dominant or recessive. Among the most common mutations observed in PD patients are in the genes LRRK2, SNCA, GBA1, PINK1, PRKN, and PARK7/DJ-1. In this review, we cover these PD-related mutations, the use of induced pluripotent stem cells as a disease in a dish model, and genetic animal models to better understand the diversity in the pathogenesis and long-term outcomes seen in PD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kim
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Etienne W. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Thomas Oh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Elyas S. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Marcel M. Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Radiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ravinther AI, Dewadas HD, Tong SR, Foo CN, Lin YE, Chien CT, Lim YM. Molecular Pathways Involved in LRRK2-Linked Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911744. [PMID: 36233046 PMCID: PMC9569706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases affecting the ageing population, with a prevalence that has doubled over the last 30 years. As the mechanism of the disease is not fully elucidated, the current treatments are unable to effectively prevent neurodegeneration. Studies have found that mutations in Leucine-rich-repeat-kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). Moreover, aberrant (higher) LRRK2 kinase activity has an influence in idiopathic PD as well. Hence, the aim of this review is to categorize and synthesize current information related to LRRK2-linked PD and present the factors associated with LRRK2 that can be targeted therapeutically. A systematic review was conducted using the databases PubMed, Medline, SCOPUS, SAGE, and Cochrane (January 2016 to July 2021). Search terms included “Parkinson’s disease”, “mechanism”, “LRRK2”, and synonyms in various combinations. The search yielded a total of 988 abstracts for initial review, 80 of which met the inclusion criteria. Here, we emphasize molecular mechanisms revealed in recent in vivo and in vitro studies. By consolidating the recent updates in the field of LRRK2-linked PD, researchers can further evaluate targets for therapeutic application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ailyn Irvita Ravinther
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hemaniswarri Dewi Dewadas
- Centre for Biomedical and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Shi Ruo Tong
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chai Nien Foo
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Population Medicine, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yu-En Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Chien
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yang Mooi Lim
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fonseca-Ornelas L, Stricker JMS, Soriano-Cruz S, Weykopf B, Dettmer U, Muratore CR, Scherzer CR, Selkoe DJ. Parkinson-causing mutations in LRRK2 impair the physiological tetramerization of endogenous α-synuclein in human neurons. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:118. [PMID: 36114228 PMCID: PMC9481630 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αSyn) aggregation in Lewy bodies and neurites defines both familial and 'sporadic' Parkinson's disease. We previously identified α-helically folded αSyn tetramers, in addition to the long-known unfolded monomers, in normal cells. PD-causing αSyn mutations decrease the tetramer:monomer (T:M) ratio, associated with αSyn hyperphosphorylation and cytotoxicity in neurons and a motor syndrome of tremor and gait deficits in transgenic mice that responds in part to L-DOPA. Here, we asked whether LRRK2 mutations, the most common genetic cause of cases previously considered sporadic PD, also alter tetramer homeostasis. Patient neurons carrying G2019S, the most prevalent LRRK2 mutation, or R1441C each had decreased T:M ratios and pSer129 hyperphosphorylation of their endogenous αSyn along with increased phosphorylation of Rab10, a widely reported substrate of LRRK2 kinase activity. Two LRRK2 kinase inhibitors normalized the T:M ratio and the hyperphosphorylation in the G2019S and R1441C patient neurons. An inhibitor of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, the rate-limiting enzyme for monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis, also restored the αSyn T:M ratio and reversed pSer129 hyperphosphorylation in both mutants. Coupled with the recent discovery that PD-causing mutations of glucocerebrosidase in Gaucher's neurons also decrease T:M ratios, our findings indicate that three dominant genetic forms of PD involve life-long destabilization of αSyn physiological tetramers as a common pathogenic mechanism that can occur upstream of progressive neuronal synucleinopathy. Based on αSyn's finely-tuned interaction with certain vesicles, we hypothesize that the fatty acid composition and fluidity of membranes regulate αSyn's correct binding to highly curved membranes and subsequent assembly into metastable tetramers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fonseca-Ornelas
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan M S Stricker
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie Soriano-Cruz
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Beatrice Weykopf
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ulf Dettmer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christina R Muratore
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sahyadri M, Nadiga APR, Mehdi S, Mruthunjaya K, Nayak PG, Parihar VK, Manjula SN. Mitochondria-lysosome crosstalk in GBA1-associated Parkinson's disease. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:230. [PMID: 35992895 PMCID: PMC9388709 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelle crosstalk is significant in regulating their respective functions and subsequent cell fate. Mitochondria and lysosomes are amongst the essential organelles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Mitochondria-lysosome connections, which may develop dynamically in the human neurons, have been identified as sites of bidirectional communication. Aberrancies are often associated with neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting the physical and functional link between these two organelles. PD is often linked with genetic mutations of several mutations discovered in the familial forms of the disease; some are considered risk factors. Many of these genes are either associated with mitochondrial function or belong to endo-lysosomal pathways. The recent investigations have indicated that neurons with mutant glucosylceramidase beta (GBA1) exhibit extended mitochondria-lysosome connections in individuals with PD. This may be due to impaired control of the untethering protein, which aids in the hydrolysis of Rab7 GTP required for contact untethering. A GCase modulator may be used to augment the reduced GBA1 lysosomal enzyme activity in the neurons of PD patients. This review focuses on how GBA1 mutation in PD is interlinked with mitochondria-lysosome (ML) crosstalk, exploring the pathways governing these interactions and mechanistically comprehending the mitochondrial and lysosomal miscommunication in the pathophysiology of PD. This review is based on the limited literature available on the topic and hence may be subject to bias in its views. Our estimates may be conservative and limited due to the lack of studies under the said discipline due to its inherent complex nature. The current association of GBA1 to PD pathogenesis is based on the limited scope of study and further research is necessary to explore the risk factors further and identify the relationship with more detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sahyadri
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015 Karnataka India
| | - Abhishek P. R. Nadiga
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015 Karnataka India
| | - Seema Mehdi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015 Karnataka India
| | - K. Mruthunjaya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015 Karnataka India
| | - Pawan G. Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104 Karnataka India
| | - Vipan K. Parihar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NIPER-Hajipur, Bihar, 844102 India
| | - S. N. Manjula
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015 Karnataka India
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Smith LJ, Lee CY, Menozzi E, Schapira AHV. Genetic variations in GBA1 and LRRK2 genes: Biochemical and clinical consequences in Parkinson disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:971252. [PMID: 36034282 PMCID: PMC9416236 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.971252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants in the GBA1 and LRRK2 genes are the most common genetic risk factors associated with Parkinson disease (PD). Both genes are associated with lysosomal and autophagic pathways, with the GBA1 gene encoding for the lysosomal enzyme, glucocerebrosidase (GCase) and the LRRK2 gene encoding for the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 enzyme. GBA1-associated PD is characterized by earlier age at onset and more severe non-motor symptoms compared to sporadic PD. Mutations in the GBA1 gene can be stratified into severe, mild and risk variants depending on the clinical presentation of disease. Both a loss- and gain- of function hypothesis has been proposed for GBA1 variants and the functional consequences associated with each variant is often linked to mutation severity. On the other hand, LRRK2-associated PD is similar to sporadic PD, but with a more benign disease course. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene occur in several structural domains and affect phosphorylation of GTPases. Biochemical studies suggest a possible convergence of GBA1 and LRRK2 pathways, with double mutant carriers showing a milder phenotype compared to GBA1-associated PD. This review compares GBA1 and LRRK2-associated PD, and highlights possible genotype-phenotype associations for GBA1 and LRRK2 separately, based on biochemical consequences of single variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Smith
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Chiao-Yin Lee
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Elisa Menozzi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Anthony H. V. Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Thakur G, Kumar V, Lee KW, Won C. Structural Insights and Development of LRRK2 Inhibitors for Parkinson’s Disease in the Last Decade. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081426. [PMID: 36011337 PMCID: PMC9408223 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the specific loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. The pathophysiology of PD is likely caused by a variety of environmental and hereditary factors. Many single-gene mutations have been linked to this disease, but a significant number of studies indicate that mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a potential therapeutic target for both sporadic and familial forms of PD. Consequently, the identification of potential LRRK2 inhibitors has been the focus of drug discovery. Various investigations have been conducted in academic and industrial organizations to investigate the mechanism of LRRK2 in PD and further develop its inhibitors. This review summarizes the role of LRRK2 in PD and its structural details, especially the kinase domain. Furthermore, we reviewed in vitro and in vivo findings of selected inhibitors reported to date against wild-type and mutant versions of the LRRK2 kinase domain as well as the current trends researchers are employing in the development of LRRK2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Thakur
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Division of Life Sciences, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Chungkil Won
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
A versatile fluorescence-quenched substrate for quantitative measurement of glucocerebrosidase activity within live cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200553119. [PMID: 35858317 PMCID: PMC9304032 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200553119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of activity of the lysosomal glycosidase β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) causes the lysosomal storage disease Gaucher disease (GD) and has emerged as the greatest genetic risk factor for the development of both Parkinson disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies. There is significant interest into how GCase dysfunction contributes to these diseases, however, progress toward a full understanding is complicated by presence of endogenous cellular factors that influence lysosomal GCase activity. Indeed, such factors are thought to contribute to the high degree of variable penetrance of GBA mutations among patients. Robust methods to quantitatively measure GCase activity within lysosomes are therefore needed to advance research in this area, as well as to develop clinical assays to monitor disease progression and assess GCase-directed therapeutics. Here, we report a selective fluorescence-quenched substrate, LysoFQ-GBA, which enables measuring endogenous levels of lysosomal GCase activity within living cells. LysoFQ-GBA is a sensitive tool for studying chemical or genetic perturbations of GCase activity using either fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. We validate the quantitative nature of measurements made with LysoFQ-GBA using various cell types and demonstrate that it accurately reports on both target engagement by GCase inhibitors and the GBA allele status of cells. Furthermore, through comparisons of GD, PD, and control patient-derived tissues, we show there is a close correlation in the lysosomal GCase activity within monocytes, neuronal progenitor cells, and neurons. Accordingly, analysis of clinical blood samples using LysoFQ-GBA may provide a surrogate marker of lysosomal GCase activity in neuronal tissue.
Collapse
|
45
|
LRRK2 kinase activity regulates GCase level and enzymatic activity differently depending on cell type in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:92. [PMID: 35853899 PMCID: PMC9296523 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a kinase involved in different cellular functions, including autophagy, endolysosomal pathways, and immune function. Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Heterozygous mutations in GBA1, the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are the most common genetic risk factors for PD. Moreover, GCase function is altered in idiopathic PD and in other genetic forms of the disease. Recent work suggests that LRRK2 kinase activity can regulate GCase function. However, both a positive and a negative correlation have been described. To gain insights into the impact of LRRK2 on GCase, we performed a comprehensive analysis of GCase levels and activity in complementary LRRK2 models, including (i) LRRK2 G2019S knock in (GSKI) mice, (ii) peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs), plasma, and fibroblasts from PD patients carrying LRRK2 G2019S mutation, (iii) patient iPSCs-derived neurons; (iv) endogenous and overexpressed cell models. In some of these models we found a positive correlation between the activities of LRRK2 and GCase, which was further confirmed in cell lines with genetic and pharmacological manipulation of LRRK2 kinase activity. GCase protein level is reduced in GSKI brain tissues and in G2019S iPSCs-derived neurons, but increased in fibroblasts and PBMCs from patients, suggesting cell-type-specific effects. Overall, our study indicates that LRRK2 kinase activity affects both the levels and the catalytic activity of GCase in a cell-type-specific manner, with important implications in the context of therapeutic application of LRRK2 inhibitors in GBA1-linked and idiopathic PD.
Collapse
|
46
|
Wallings RL, Hughes LP, Staley HA, Simon ZD, McFarland NR, Alcalay RN, Garrido A, Martí MJ, Sarró ET, Dzamko N, Tansey MG. WHOPPA Enables Parallel Assessment of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 and Glucocerebrosidase Enzymatic Activity in Parkinson's Disease Monocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:892899. [PMID: 35755775 PMCID: PMC9229349 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.892899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and glucocerebrosidase (GCase) are promising targets for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Evidence suggests that both proteins are involved in biological pathways involving the lysosome. However, studies to date have largely investigated the enzymes in isolation and any relationship between LRRK2 and GCase remains unclear. Both enzymes are highly expressed in peripheral blood monocytes and have been implicated in immune function and inflammation. To facilitate the standardized measurement of these readouts in large cohorts of samples collected from persons with PD across the globe, we developed and optimized a sample collection and processing protocol with parallel flow cytometry assays. Assay parameters were first optimized using healthy control peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and then LRRK2 and GCase activities were measured in immune cells from persons with idiopathic PD (iPD). We tested the ability of this protocol to deliver similar results across institutes across the globe, and named this protocol the Wallings-Hughes Optimized Protocol for PBMC Assessment (WHOPPA). In the application of this protocol, we found increased LRRK2 levels and stimulation-dependent enzymatic activity, and decreased GBA index in classical iPD monocytes, as well as increased cytokine release in PD PBMCs. WHOPPA also demonstrated a strong positive correlation between LRRK2 levels, pRab10 and HLA-DR in classical monocytes from subjects with iPD. These data support a role for the global use of WHOPPA and expression levels of these two PD-associated proteins in immune responses, and provide a robust assay to determine if LRRK2 and GCase activities in monocytes have potential utility as reliable and reproducible biomarkers of disease in larger cohorts of subjects with PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Wallings
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Laura P Hughes
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah A Staley
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Zachary D Simon
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nikolaus R McFarland
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute of New York, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alicia Garrido
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Servicio de Neurología, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Martí
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Servicio de Neurología, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Nicolas Dzamko
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ruz C, Alcantud JL, Vives F, Arrebola F, Hardy J, Lewis PA, Manzoni C, Duran R. Seventy-Two-Hour LRRK2 Kinase Activity Inhibition Increases Lysosomal GBA Expression in H4, a Human Neuroglioma Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136935. [PMID: 35805938 PMCID: PMC9266636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2 and GBA1 are key contributors to genetic risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). To investigate how LRRK2 kinase activity interacts with GBA and contributes to lysosomal dysfunctions associated with the pathology of PD. The activity of the lysosomal enzyme β-Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) was assessed in a human neuroglioma cell model treated with two selective inhibitors of LRKK2 kinase activity (LRRK2-in-1 and MLi-2) and a GCase irreversible inhibitor, condutirol-beta-epoxide (CBE), under 24 and 72 h experimental conditions. We observed levels of GCase activity comparable to controls in response to 24 and 72 h treatments with LRRK2-in-1 and MLi-2. However, GBA protein levels increased upon 72 h treatment with LRRK2-in-1. Moreover, LC3-II protein levels were increased after both 24 and 72 h treatments with LRRK2-in-1, suggesting an activation of the autophagic pathway. These results highlight a possible regulation of lysosomal function through the LRRK2 kinase domain and suggest an interplay between LRRK2 kinase activity and GBA. Although further investigations are needed, the enhancement of GCase activity might restore the defective protein metabolism seen in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ruz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.R.); (F.V.)
- Institute of Neurosciences “Federico Olóriz”, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (J.L.A.); (F.A.)
| | - José Luis Alcantud
- Institute of Neurosciences “Federico Olóriz”, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (J.L.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Francisco Vives
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.R.); (F.V.)
- Institute of Neurosciences “Federico Olóriz”, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (J.L.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Francisco Arrebola
- Institute of Neurosciences “Federico Olóriz”, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (J.L.A.); (F.A.)
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (J.H.); (P.A.L.)
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (J.H.); (P.A.L.)
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Claudia Manzoni
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Raquel Duran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (C.R.); (F.V.)
- Institute of Neurosciences “Federico Olóriz”, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (J.L.A.); (F.A.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jennings D, Huntwork-Rodriguez S, Henry AG, Sasaki JC, Meisner R, Diaz D, Solanoy H, Wang X, Negrou E, Bondar VV, Ghosh R, Maloney MT, Propson NE, Zhu Y, Maciuca RD, Harris L, Kay A, LeWitt P, King TA, Kern D, Ellenbogen A, Goodman I, Siderowf A, Aldred J, Omidvar O, Masoud ST, Davis SS, Arguello A, Estrada AA, de Vicente J, Sweeney ZK, Astarita G, Borin MT, Wong BK, Wong H, Nguyen H, Scearce-Levie K, Ho C, Troyer MD. Preclinical and clinical evaluation of the LRRK2 inhibitor DNL201 for Parkinson's disease. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabj2658. [PMID: 35675433 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). Increased LRRK2 kinase activity is thought to impair lysosomal function and may contribute to the pathogenesis of PD. Thus, inhibition of LRRK2 is a potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for PD. DNL201 is an investigational, first-in-class, CNS-penetrant, selective, ATP-competitive, small-molecule LRRK2 kinase inhibitor. In preclinical models, DNL201 inhibited LRRK2 kinase activity as evidenced by reduced phosphorylation of both LRRK2 at serine-935 (pS935) and Rab10 at threonine-73 (pT73), a direct substrate of LRRK2. Inhibition of LRRK2 by DNL201 demonstrated improved lysosomal function in cellular models of disease, including primary mouse astrocytes and fibroblasts from patients with Gaucher disease. Chronic administration of DNL201 to cynomolgus macaques at pharmacologically relevant doses was not associated with adverse findings. In phase 1 and phase 1b clinical trials in 122 healthy volunteers and in 28 patients with PD, respectively, DNL201 at single and multiple doses inhibited LRRK2 and was well tolerated at doses demonstrating LRRK2 pathway engagement and alteration of downstream lysosomal biomarkers. Robust cerebrospinal fluid penetration of DNL201 was observed in both healthy volunteers and patients with PD. These data support the hypothesis that LRRK2 inhibition has the potential to correct lysosomal dysfunction in patients with PD at doses that are generally safe and well tolerated, warranting further clinical development of LRRK2 inhibitors as a therapeutic modality for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - René Meisner
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dolores Diaz
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elvira Negrou
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuda Zhu
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Laura Harris
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Angela Kay
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Drew Kern
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aaron Ellenbogen
- Michigan Institute for Neurological Disorders, Farmington Hills, MI, USA
| | | | - Andrew Siderowf
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Neurology Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Omid Omidvar
- Collaborative Neuroscience Research, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Astarita
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Marie T Borin
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Harvey Wong
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Carole Ho
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nishioka K, Imai Y, Yoshino H, Li Y, Funayama M, Hattori N. Clinical Manifestations and Molecular Backgrounds of Parkinson's Disease Regarding Genes Identified From Familial and Population Studies. Front Neurol 2022; 13:764917. [PMID: 35720097 PMCID: PMC9201061 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.764917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, numerous robust analyses have identified over 20 genes related to familial Parkinson's disease (PD), thereby uncovering its molecular underpinnings and giving rise to more sophisticated approaches to investigate its pathogenesis. α-Synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies (LBs) and behaves in a prion-like manner. The discovery of α-Synuclein enables an in-depth understanding of the pathology behind the generation of LBs and dopaminergic neuronal loss. Understanding the pathophysiological roles of genes identified from PD families is uncovering the molecular mechanisms, such as defects in dopamine biosynthesis and metabolism, excessive oxidative stress, dysfunction of mitochondrial maintenance, and abnormalities in the autophagy–lysosome pathway, involved in PD pathogenesis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on familial PD genes detected by both single-gene analyses obeying the Mendelian inheritance and meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from genome libraries of PD. Studying the functional role of these genes might potentially elucidate the pathological mechanisms underlying familial PD and sporadic PD and stimulate future investigations to decipher the common pathways between the diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Nishioka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kenya Nishioka
| | - Yuzuru Imai
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Yuzuru Imai
| | - Hiroyo Yoshino
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuanzhe Li
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Funayama
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Altered neural cell junctions and ion-channels leading to disrupted neuron communication in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:66. [PMID: 35650269 PMCID: PMC9160246 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disorder that affects the movement of the human body. It is primarily characterized by reduced dopamine levels in the brain. The causative agent of PD is still unclear but it is generally accepted that α-synuclein has a central role to play. It is also known that gap-junctions and associated connexins are complicated structures that play critical roles in nervous system signaling and associated misfunctioning. Thus, our current article emphasizes how, alongside α-synuclein, ion-channels, gap-junctions, and related connexins, all play vital roles in influencing multiple metabolic activities of the brain during PD. It also highlights that ion-channel and gap-junction disruptions, which are primarily mediated by their structural-functional changes and alterations, have a role in PD. Furthermore, we discussed available drugs and advanced therapeutic interventions that target Parkinson’s pathogenesis. In conclusion, it warrants creating better treatments for PD patients. Although, dopaminergic replenishment therapy is useful in treating neurological problems, such therapies are, however, unable to control the degeneration that underpins the disease, thereby declining their overall efficacy. This creates an additional challenge and an untapped scope for neurologists to adopt treatments for PD by targeting the ion-channels and gap-junctions, which is well-reviewed in the present article.
Collapse
|