1
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Rust D, Vollmer MK, Henne S, Frumau A, van den Bulk P, Hensen A, Stanley KM, Zenobi R, Emmenegger L, Reimann S. Effective realization of abatement measures can reduce HFC-23 emissions. Nature 2024:10.1038/s41586-024-07833-y. [PMID: 39169190 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
HFC-23 is a potent greenhouse gas, predominantly emitted as an undesired by-product during the synthesis and processing of HCFC-22 (ref. 1). Previously, the Clean Development Mechanism and national efforts called for the implementation of abatement technology for reducing HFC-23 emissions2,3. Nevertheless, between 2015 and 2019, a divergence was found between the global emissions derived from atmospheric observations and those expected from reported abatement1,2. Primarily, this points to insufficient implementation of abatement strategies2,4, calling for independent verification of the emissions at the individual chemical facility level. Here we use regional atmospheric observations and a new, deliberately released tracer to quantify the HFC-23 emissions from an HCFC-22 and fluoropolymer production facility, which is equipped with waste gas destruction technology. We find that our inferred HFC-23/HCFC-22 emission factor of 0.19% (0.13-0.24%) broadly fits within the emission factor considered practicable for abatement projects5,6. Extrapolation to global HCFC-22 production underscores that the operation of appropriate destruction technology has the potential to reduce global HFC-23 emissions by at least 84% (69-100%) (14 (12-16) Gg yr-1). This reduction is equivalent to 17% CO2 emissions from aviation in 2019 (ref. 7). We also demonstrate co-destruction of PFC-318, another by-product and greenhouse gas. Our findings show the importance of the 2016 Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, which obligates parties to destroy HFC-23 emissions from facilities manufacturing hydrochlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons "to the extent practicable" from 2020 onwards8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Rust
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Martin K Vollmer
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Stephan Henne
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Arnoud Frumau
- Department of Environmental Modelling, Sensing and Analysis, TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van den Bulk
- Department of Environmental Modelling, Sensing and Analysis, TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Hensen
- Department of Environmental Modelling, Sensing and Analysis, TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Kieran M Stanley
- Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Emmenegger
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Reimann
- Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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2
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Salierno G. On the Chemical Pathways Influencing the Effective Global Warming Potential of Commercial Hydrofluoroolefin Gases. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400280. [PMID: 38576083 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The enforcement of a global hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant phase down led to the introduction of hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) as a low Global Warming Potential (GWP) substitute, given their low atmospheric lifetime. However, to this date it is not fully clear the long-term atmospheric fate of HFOs primary degradation products: trifluoro acetaldehyde (TFE), trifluoro acetyl fluoride (TFF), and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). It particularly concerns the possibility of forming HFC-23, a potent global warming agent. Although the atmospheric reaction networks of TFE, TFF, and TFA have a fair level of complexity, the relevant atmospheric chemical pathways are well characterized in the literature, enabling a comprehensive hazard assessment of HFC-23 formation as a secondary HFO breakdown product in diverse scenarios. A lower bound of the HFOs effective GWP in a baseline scenario is found above regulatory thresholds. While further research is crucial to refine climate risk assessments, the existing evidence suggests a non-negligible climate hazard associated with HFOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Salierno
- Toxics Use Reduction Institute, University of Massachusetts - Lowell, 126 John Street, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States of America
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3
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Li Q, Wei L, Zhong N, Shi X, Han D, Zheng S, Du F, Shi J, Chen J, Huang H, Duan C, Qian X. Low-k nano-dielectrics facilitate electric-field induced phase transition in high-k ferroelectric polymers for sustainable electrocaloric refrigeration. Nat Commun 2024; 15:702. [PMID: 38267410 PMCID: PMC10808131 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44926-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroelectric polymer-based electrocaloric effect may lead to sustainable heat pumps and refrigeration owing to the large electrocaloric-induced entropy changes, flexible, lightweight and zero-global warming potential. Herein, low-k nanodiamonds are served as extrinsic dielectric fillers to fabricate polymeric nanocomposites for electrocaloric refrigeration. As low-k nanofillers are naturally polar-inactive, hence they have been widely applied for consolidate electrical stability in dielectrics. Interestingly, we observe that the nanodiamonds markedly enhances the electrocaloric effect in relaxor ferroelectrics. Compared with their high-k counterparts that have been extensively studied in the field of electrocaloric nanocomposites, the nanodiamonds introduces the highest volumetric electrocaloric enhancement (~23%/vol%). The resulting polymeric nanocomposite exhibits concurrently improved electrocaloric effect (160%), thermal conductivity (175%) and electrical stability (125%), which allow a fluid-solid coupling-based electrocaloric refrigerator to exhibit an improved coefficient of performance from 0.8 to 5.3 (660%) while maintaining high cooling power (over 240 W) at a temperature span of 10 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, and MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Luqi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Center of Brain-inspired Intelligent Materials and Devices, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ni Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Center of Brain-inspired Intelligent Materials and Devices, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaoming Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Donglin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, and MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shanyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, and MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Feihong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, and MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junye Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, and MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiangping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, and MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Houbing Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Chungang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Center of Brain-inspired Intelligent Materials and Devices, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaoshi Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, and MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University ZhongGuanCun Research Institute, Liyang, 213300, China.
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4
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Tollefson J. Scientists call out rogue emissions from China at global ozone summit. Nature 2023:10.1038/d41586-023-03325-7. [PMID: 37884846 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
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5
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Taddonio KN, Dreyfus GB, Andersen SO, Ravishankara AR. Trifluoroiodomethane as a Precursor to High Global Warming Potential Climate Pollutants: Could the Transformation of Climatically Benign CF 3I into Potent Greenhouse Gases Significantly Increase Refrigerant-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11731-11737. [PMID: 37534912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The transition away from the production and consumption of high global warming potential (GWP) hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) under the 2016 Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol) has prompted air conditioning, refrigeration, and heat pump equipment manufacturers to seek alternative refrigerants with lower direct climate impacts. Additional factors affecting alternative refrigerant choice include safety (i.e., flammability and toxicity), environmental, and thermodynamic constraints. At the same time, manufacturers are incentivized to seek refrigerants with higher energy efficiency, which saves on electricity costs and reduces indirect greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation. The life cycle climate performance (LCCP) metric is commonly used to assess the combined direct and indirect climate impacts of refrigerant-use equipment. Here, we consider an additional impact on climate performance: the degradation of refrigerant in equipment, i.e., the direct climate impacts of high-GWP byproducts that can form as the result of adding trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) to refrigerant blends to reduce flammability. Such a production of high-GWP gases could change the acceptability of CF3I-containing refrigerants. Further, it highlights the need to understand refrigerant degradation within equipment in calculations of the environmental acceptability of new cooling technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Taddonio
- Institute for Governance & Sustainable Development, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States
| | - Gabrielle B Dreyfus
- Institute for Governance & Sustainable Development, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20007, United States
| | - Stephen O Andersen
- Institute for Governance & Sustainable Development, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Departments of Chemistry and Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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6
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Yi L, An M, Yu H, Ma Z, Xu L, O'Doherty S, Rigby M, Western LM, Ganesan AL, Zhou L, Shi Q, Hu Y, Yao B, Xu W, Hu J. In Situ Observations of Halogenated Gases at the Shangdianzi Background Station and Emission Estimates for Northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7217-7229. [PMID: 37126109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated gases include ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons, halons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and perfluorinated gases. In situ atmospheric observations of major halogenated gases were conducted at the Shangdianzi (SDZ) background station, China, from October 2020 to September 2021 using ODS5-pro, a newly developed measurement system. The measurement time series of 36 halogenated gases showed occasional pollution events, where background conditions represented 25% (CH2Cl2) to 81% (CF3Cl, CFC-13) of the measurements. The annual mean background mole fractions of most species at SDZ were consistent with those obtained at the Mace Head station in Ireland. The background conditions were distinguished from pollution events, and the enhanced mole fractions were used to estimate the emissions of four categories of fluorinated gases (F-gases) from northern China using a tracer ratio method. The CO2-equivalent (CO2-equiv) emission of F-gases from northern China reached 181 ± 18 Tg year-1 during 2020-2021. Among the four categories of F-gases estimated, SF6 accounted for the highest proportion of CO2-equiv emissions (24%), followed by HFC-23 (22%), HFC-125 (17%), HFC-134a (13%), NF3 (10%), CF4 (5.9%), HFC-143a (3.9%), HFC-32 (3.4%), and HFC-152a (0.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yi
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Minde An
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Haibo Yu
- Beijing Huanaco Innovation Co., Ltd., Beijing 102400, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Beijing Huanaco Innovation Co., Ltd., Beijing 102400, China
| | - Simon O'Doherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Matthew Rigby
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Luke M Western
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Anita L Ganesan
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, U.K
| | - Liyan Zhou
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qingfeng Shi
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yunxing Hu
- Beijing Huanaco Innovation Co., Ltd., Beijing 102400, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weiguang Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianxin Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Luo Z, Cahard D, Tsui GC. Using Fluoroform in Trifluoromethylation Reactions. J Fluor Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2023.110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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8
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Chen A, Chen D, Hu X, Harth CM, Young D, Mühle J, Krummel PB, O'Doherty S, Weiss RF, Prinn RG, Fang X. Historical trend of ozone-depleting substances and hydrofluorocarbon concentrations during 2004-2020 derived from satellite observations and estimates for global emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120570. [PMID: 36328288 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Global concentrations (or mole fractions) and emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and their hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) substitutes that are controlled by the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and adjustments (MP) are of great interest to both the scientific community and public. Previous studies on global concentrations and emissions have mostly relied on ground-based observations. Here, we assess the global concentrations and emissions of eight MP controlled substances and methyl chloride from ACE-FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment high-resolution infrared Fourier transform spectrometer) satellite observations: CFC-11 (CFCl3), CFC-12 (CF2Cl2), CCl4, HCFC-22 (CHClF2), HCFC-141b (C2H3Cl2F), HCFC-142b (C2H3ClF2), HFC-23 (CHF3), HFC-134a (C2H2F4), and CH3Cl. Results show that the ACE-FTS satellite observations can be used to derive the concentrations and emissions of these ODSs, HFCs, and CH3Cl, as they are consistent with those derived from the ground-based observations. Our findings imply that the changes in the concentrations and emissions of the ODSs and HFCs closely match the regulatory status of the MP, and satellite observations can be used to monitor the past and future progress of the MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Di Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Christina M Harth
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dickon Young
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jens Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul B Krummel
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ray F Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald G Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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9
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Charabi Y. Deep near-term mitigation of short-lived climate forcers in Oman: grand challenges and prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:3918-3928. [PMID: 35960465 PMCID: PMC9372979 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22488-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over time, short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) have gradually gained prominence as a rationale in the international global mitigation strategy to preserve temperature below 1.5 °C by the end of this century. Scientists cite the short-term gains in air quality and health co-benefits associated with reducing SLCFs as grounds for raising the pressure on governments to eliminate SLCFs rapidly and aggressively. There is little research on whether deep SLCF mitigation during the next decade is feasible in low- and middle-income nations, particularly the hydrocarbon-based economy. This study estimates current and future emissions of potent SLCFs as methane (CH4) hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in Oman using the basic tier 1 approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) greenhouse gases (GHG) inventory Guidelines of 2006. Current and future emission of black carbon (BC) was also quantified using specific emission factors. A total of 38,268 Gg of SLFCs were released into the atmosphere in Oman in 2015, accounting for 38.8% of the country's total GHG emissions, and is expected to rise significantly over the next decade to reach 67,777 Gg by 2030. The analysis reveals that the source of Oman's highly potent SLCF emissions is associated with key and critical economic sectors such as the oil and gas industry, heavy road transportation, residential air conditioning (RAC), and industrial refrigeration. These vital economic sectors impose a "Grand Challenge" on the immediate reduction of SLCFs in Oman and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Accomplishing a rapid, significant reduction in highly potent SLCFs from the three challenging sectors over a 5- to 10-year time period does not appear feasible or realistic in the context of international market mechanisms, socioeconomic factors, and mitigation targets. Achieving a significant reduction in SLCFs for a hydrocarbon-based economy requires a profound economic shift. Creating an effective long-term vision for a post-oil economy over the next two decades provides a sound foundation for implementing economic and societal transformation policies incorporating near-zero-emission measures for the potent SLCFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Charabi
- Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Po. Box. 42. PC 123, Muscat, Oman.
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10
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Lin J, Khanna N, Liu X, Wang W, Gordon J, Dai F. Opportunities to tackle short-lived climate pollutants and other greenhouse gases for China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156842. [PMID: 35738378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To limit the global temperature increase to below 1.5 °C, it is critical to reduce not only carbon dioxide (CO2), but also specific non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHGs) and precursors, including some short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs). These include emissions of black carbon, methane (CH4), tropospheric ozone, and fluorinated gases such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). As the largest CH4 emitter and second-largest HFCs emitter, China plays a critical role in global efforts to reduce SLCPs and has acknowledged the need to reduce non-CO2 GHGs in its 2060 carbon neutrality goal. This study reviewed leading international experiences with SLCP reduction to identify global best practices to inform target development and policy actions in China and elsewhere. We used bottom-up modeling and scenario analysis to evaluate pathways of non-CO2 emission mitigation in China to 2050, drawing on mitigation measures developed through updated 2030 and 2050 cost curves. We identified a cost-effective reduction potential of 35 % for methane, 30 % for fluorinated gases, and 40 % for nitrous oxides-another potent GHG-in 2030 relative to 2015 levels for China under a Deep Non-CO2 Mitigation scenario. Annual total reduction potential of 1080 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent is also possible by 2030. For long-term targets, progress made on reducing SLCPs could help China reach its carbon neutrality target by 2060. While some uncertainties regarding the long-term mitigation potential of SLCPs remain, our analyses suggest that the fast adoption of available cost-effective technologies could allow China to reduce its non-CO2 GHGs by 56 % by 2050.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Lin
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
| | - Nina Khanna
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Xu Liu
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Jessica Gordon
- California-China Climate Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Fan Dai
- California-China Climate Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
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11
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Sheldon DJ, Crimmin MR. Repurposing of F-gases: challenges and opportunities in fluorine chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4977-4995. [PMID: 35616085 PMCID: PMC9207706 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01072g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated gases (F-gases) are routinely employed as refrigerants, blowing agents, and electrical insulators. These volatile compounds are potent greenhouse gases and consequently their release to the environment creates a significant contribution to global warming. This review article seeks to summarise: (i) the current applications of F-gases, (ii) the environmental issues caused by F-gases, (iii) current methods of destruction of F-gases and (iv) recent work in the field towards the chemical repurposing of F-gases. There is a great opportunity to tackle the environmental and sustainability issues created by F-gases by developing reactions that repurpose these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Sheldon
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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12
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Mid-infrared-scanning cavity ring-down CH 2F 2 detection using electronically tuned Cr:ZnSe laser. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7879. [PMID: 35550573 PMCID: PMC9098542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of mid-infrared (mid-IR) tunable lasers has been driving various laser spectroscopic technologies. Herein, we report wavelength-scanning cavity ring-down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) in the mid-IR region using an electronically tuned Cr:ZnSe (ET-Cr:ZnSe) laser, which could achieve a nanosecond pulse operation, with broad wavelength tuning of 2-3 µm. This allowed WS-CRDS-induced trace detection of the refrigerant, CH2F2. A CH2F2 detection limit of 0.66 ppm (3σ), and the detection of trace H2O in CH2F2 was realized using the broad wavelength-tuning range feature, demonstrating the effectiveness of the ET-Cr:ZnSe laser in WS-CRDS. We believe that our method would accelerate the development of various trace-gas detection technologies.
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13
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An M, Western LM, Say D, Chen L, Claxton T, Ganesan AL, Hossaini R, Krummel PB, Manning AJ, Mühle J, O'Doherty S, Prinn RG, Weiss RF, Young D, Hu J, Yao B, Rigby M. Rapid increase in dichloromethane emissions from China inferred through atmospheric observations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7279. [PMID: 34907196 PMCID: PMC8671471 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27592-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
With the successful implementation of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the atmospheric abundance of ozone-depleting substances continues to decrease slowly and the Antarctic ozone hole is showing signs of recovery. However, growing emissions of unregulated short-lived anthropogenic chlorocarbons are offsetting some of these gains. Here, we report an increase in emissions from China of the industrially produced chlorocarbon, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2). The emissions grew from 231 (213-245) Gg yr-1 in 2011 to 628 (599-658) Gg yr-1 in 2019, with an average annual increase of 13 (12-15) %, primarily from eastern China. The overall increase in CH2Cl2 emissions from China has the same magnitude as the global emission rise of 354 (281-427) Gg yr-1 over the same period. If global CH2Cl2 emissions remain at 2019 levels, they could lead to a delay in Antarctic ozone recovery of around 5 years compared to a scenario with no CH2Cl2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minde An
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Daniel Say
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Liqu Chen
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing, China
| | - Tom Claxton
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Anita L Ganesan
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ryan Hossaini
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Data Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Paul B Krummel
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Jens Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Ronald G Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ray F Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dickon Young
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jianxin Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Bo Yao
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing, China.
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Matthew Rigby
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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14
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Narrowing feedstock exemptions under the Montreal Protocol has multiple environmental benefits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022668118. [PMID: 34845018 PMCID: PMC8665836 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022668118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol) can be further strengthened to control ozone-depleting substances and hydrofluorocarbons used as feedstocks to provide additional protection of the stratospheric ozone layer and the climate system while also mitigating plastics pollution. The feedstock exemptions were premised on the assumption that feedstocks presented an insignificant threat to the environment; experience has shown that this is incorrect. Through its adjustment procedures, the Montreal Protocol can narrow the scope of feedstock exemptions to reduce inadvertent and unauthorized emissions while continuing to exempt production of feedstocks for time-limited, essential uses. This upstream approach can be an effective and efficient complement to other efforts to reduce plastic pollution. Existing mechanisms in the Montreal Protocol such as the Assessment Panels and national implementation strategies can guide the choice of environmentally superior substitutes for feedstock-derived plastics. This paper provides a framework for policy makers, industries, and civil society to consider how stronger actions under the Montreal Protocol can complement other chemical and environmental treaties.
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15
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Synthesis of titanium oxyfluoride with oxygen vacancy as novel catalysts for pyrolysis of fluorinated greenhouse gasses to hydrofluoroolefins. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Sutherland WJ, Atkinson PW, Butchart SHM, Capaja M, Dicks LV, Fleishman E, Gaston KJ, Hails RS, Hughes AC, Le Anstey B, Le Roux X, Lickorish FA, Maggs L, Noor N, Oldfield TEE, Palardy JE, Peck LS, Pettorelli N, Pretty J, Spalding MD, Tonneijck FH, Truelove G, Watson JEM, Wentworth J, Wilson JD, Thornton A. A horizon scan of global biological conservation issues for 2022. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 37:95-104. [PMID: 34809998 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We present the results of our 13th annual horizon scan of issues likely to impact on biodiversity conservation. Issues are either novel within the biological conservation sector or could cause a substantial step-change in impact, either globally or regionally. Our global panel of 26 scientists and practitioners identified 15 issues that we believe to represent the highest priorities for tracking and action. Many of the issues we identified, including the impact of satellite megaconstellations and the use of long-distance wireless energy transfer, have both elements of threats and emerging opportunities. A recent state-sponsored application to commence deep-sea mining represents a significant step-change in impact. We hope that this horizon scan will increase research and policy attention on the highlighted issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Sutherland
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK; Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's (BioRISC), St Catharine's College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1RL, UK.
| | | | - Stuart H M Butchart
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK; BirdLife International, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Marcela Capaja
- Natural England, Eastbrook, Shaftesbury Rd, Cambridge CB2 8DR, UK
| | - Lynn V Dicks
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Erica Fleishman
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | | | - Alice C Hughes
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan 666303, PR China
| | - Becky Le Anstey
- Environment Agency, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol BS1 5AH, UK
| | - Xavier Le Roux
- Microbial Ecology Centre, UMR1418 INRAE, UMR5557 CNRS, University Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; BiodivERsA, la Fondation pour la recherche sur la biodiversité, 195 rue Saint Jacques, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fiona A Lickorish
- UK Research and Consultancy Services (RCS) Ltd, Valletts Cottage, Westhope, Hereford HR4 8BU, UK
| | - Luke Maggs
- Natural Resources Wales, Cambria House, 29 Newport Road, Cardiff CF24 0TP, UK
| | - Noor Noor
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | | | - James E Palardy
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 E St NW, Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | - Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Nathalie Pettorelli
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Jules Pretty
- Centre for Public and Policy Engagement and School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Mark D Spalding
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK; The Nature Conservancy, Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Pian dei Mantellini, Siena 53100, Italy
| | | | - Gemma Truelove
- UK Research and Innovation, Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1EU, UK
| | - James E M Watson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan Wentworth
- Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 14 Tothill Street, Westminster, London SW1H 9NB, UK
| | - Jeremy D Wilson
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) Centre for Conservation Science, 2 Lochside View, Edinburgh EH12 9DH, UK
| | - Ann Thornton
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
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17
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Farina DS, Sirumalla SK, Mazeau EJ, West RH. Extensive High-Accuracy Thermochemistry and Group Additivity Values for Halocarbon Combustion Modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Farina
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sai Krishna Sirumalla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Emily J. Mazeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Richard H. West
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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18
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Perugini L, Pellis G, Grassi G, Ciais P, Dolman H, House JI, Peters GP, Smith P, Günther D, Peylin P. Emerging reporting and verification needs under the Paris Agreement: How can the research community effectively contribute? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY 2021; 122:116-126. [PMID: 34345221 PMCID: PMC8171125 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories represent the link between national and international political actions on climate change, and climate and environmental sciences. Inventory agencies need to include, in national GHG inventories, emission and removal estimates based on scientific data following specific reporting guidance under the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement, using the methodologies defined in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines. Often however, research communities and inventory agencies have approached the problem of climate change from different angles and by using terminologies, metrics, rules and approaches that do not always match. This is particularly true dealing with "Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry" (LULUCF), the most challenging among the inventory sectors to deal with, mainly because of high level of complexity of its carbon dynamics and the difficulties in disaggregating the fluxes between those caused by natural and anthropogenic processes. In this paper, we facilitate the understanding by research communities of the current (UNFCCC) and future (under the Paris Agreement) reporting requirements, and we identify the main issues and topics that should be considered when targeting improvement of the GHG inventory. In relation to these topics, we describe where and how the research community can contribute to producing useful inputs, data, methods and solutions for inventory agencies and policy makers, on the basis of available literature. However, a greater effort by both communities is desirable for closer cooperation and collaboration, for data sharing and the understanding of respective and common aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Perugini
- Foundation Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Division on Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture, Forests and Ecosystem Services (IAFES), Viale Trieste n. 127, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Guido Pellis
- Foundation Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Division on Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture, Forests and Ecosystem Services (IAFES), Viale Trieste n. 127, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giacomo Grassi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Sustainable Resources, Via Enrico Fermi n. 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, (LSCE) CEA CNRS UVSQ UPSACLAY, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Han Dolman
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joanna I. House
- University of Bristol, School of Geographical Science, University Road, BS8 1SS, Bristol, UK
| | - Glen P. Peters
- CICERO Center of International Climate Research, Pb. 1129 Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pete Smith
- University of Aberdeen, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 23 St Machar Drive, AB24 3UU, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Dirk Günther
- Umweltbundesamt / German Environment Agency, Postfach 1406, 06813, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Philippe Peylin
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, (LSCE) CEA CNRS UVSQ UPSACLAY, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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19
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Waste Management Strategies to Mitigate the Effects of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases on Climate Change. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11104367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) are used for various applications, such as in refrigeration and air conditioning, as substitutes of the ozone-depleting substances. Their utilization has increased drastically over the last few decades, with serious consequences for global warming. The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol and several national and international legislations, such as the 2014 EU F-gas Regulation, aim to control the utilization and emissions of these gases. In the EU, the phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) is underway, with successive reductions in quotas up to 2050. Under this scenario, efficient strategies for managing the produced and already existing F-gases are of vital importance to guarantee that their effect on the environment is mitigated. Up to now, most of the F-gases recovered from end-of-life equipment or when retrofitting systems are either released into the atmosphere or destroyed. However, in order to put forward a cost-efficient adaptation to the F-gas phase-down, increasing separation and recycling efforts must be made. This critical review aims at providing a revision of the current F-gas management problems and strategies and providing an overview on the innovative strategies that can be applied to contribute to build a sustainable market under circular economy principles.
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20
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Vollmer MK, Mühle J, Henne S, Young D, Rigby M, Mitrevski B, Park S, Lunder CR, Rhee TS, Harth CM, Hill M, Langenfelds RL, Guillevic M, Schlauri PM, Hermansen O, Arduini J, Wang RHJ, Salameh PK, Maione M, Krummel PB, Reimann S, O'Doherty S, Simmonds PG, Fraser PJ, Prinn RG, Weiss RF, Steele LP. Unexpected nascent atmospheric emissions of three ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2010914118. [PMID: 33495345 PMCID: PMC7865182 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010914118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global and regional atmospheric measurements and modeling can play key roles in discovering and quantifying unexpected nascent emissions of environmentally important substances. We focus here on three hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that are restricted by the Montreal Protocol because of their roles in stratospheric ozone depletion. Based on measurements of archived air samples and on in situ measurements at stations of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network, we report global abundances, trends, and regional enhancements for HCFC-132b ([Formula: see text]), which is newly discovered in the atmosphere, and updated results for HCFC-133a ([Formula: see text]) and HCFC-31 ([Formula: see text]ClF). No purposeful end-use is known for any of these compounds. We find that HCFC-132b appeared in the atmosphere 20 y ago and that its global emissions increased to 1.1 Gg⋅y-1 by 2019. Regional top-down emission estimates for East Asia, based on high-frequency measurements for 2016-2019, account for ∼95% of the global HCFC-132b emissions and for ∼80% of the global HCFC-133a emissions of 2.3 Gg⋅y-1 during this period. Global emissions of HCFC-31 for the same period are 0.71 Gg⋅y-1 Small European emissions of HCFC-132b and HCFC-133a, found in southeastern France, ceased in early 2017 when a fluorocarbon production facility in that area closed. Although unreported emissive end-uses cannot be ruled out, all three compounds are most likely emitted as intermediate by-products in chemical production pathways. Identification of harmful emissions to the atmosphere at an early stage can guide the effective development of global and regional environmental policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Vollmer
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
| | - Jens Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Stephan Henne
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Dickon Young
- Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Rigby
- Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Blagoj Mitrevski
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Aspendale, VIC 3195, Australia
| | - Sunyoung Park
- Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Chris R Lunder
- Monitoring and Instrumentation Technology Department, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Tae Siek Rhee
- Division of Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Christina M Harth
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Matthias Hill
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ray L Langenfelds
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Aspendale, VIC 3195, Australia
| | - Myriam Guillevic
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Paul M Schlauri
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ove Hermansen
- Monitoring and Instrumentation Technology Department, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Jgor Arduini
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Italian National Research Council, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ray H J Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Peter K Salameh
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Michela Maione
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Italian National Research Council, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paul B Krummel
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Aspendale, VIC 3195, Australia
| | - Stefan Reimann
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Simon O'Doherty
- Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Simmonds
- Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Fraser
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Aspendale, VIC 3195, Australia
| | - Ronald G Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ray F Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - L Paul Steele
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Aspendale, VIC 3195, Australia
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21
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Signaling Network Centered on mTORC1 Dominates Mammalian Intestinal Stem Cell Ageing. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:842-849. [PMID: 33201440 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The intestine integrates the function of digestion, absorption, and barrier, which is easily damaged by the external factors upon ageing. The intestinal stem cells (ISCs) exist at the intestinal crypt base and play an indispensable role in intestinal homeostasis and regeneration. The intestine ageing contributes to malabsorption and other associated illnesses, which were considered to be related to ISCs. Here, we summarize the current research progress of mammalian ISCs ageing and pay more attention to the central regulatory role of the mTORC1 signaling pathway in regulating mammalian ISCs ageing, and its related AMPK, FOXO, Wnt signaling pathways. Furthermore, we also discuss the interventions aimed at mTORC1 and its associated signaling pathways, which may provide potential strategies for rejuvenating aged ISCs and the therapy of age-related intestinal diseases. Graphical abstract Many signaling pathways are altered in the ageing ISCs, thereby inducing the decrease of ISC self-renewal, differentiation, and regeneration, an increasing of oxidative stress may contribute to damage to the ISCs. Interventions such as calorie restriction, fasting and so on can effectively alleviate these adverse effects.
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22
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Morais ARC, Harders AN, Baca KR, Olsen GM, Befort BJ, Dowling AW, Maginn EJ, Shiflett MB. Phase Equilibria, Diffusivities, and Equation of State Modeling of HFC-32 and HFC-125 in Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids for the Separation of R-410A. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita C. Morais
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Abby N. Harders
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Institute for Sustainable Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Kalin R. Baca
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Institute for Sustainable Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Greta M. Olsen
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Institute for Sustainable Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Bridgette J. Befort
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Alexander W. Dowling
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Edward J. Maginn
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mark B. Shiflett
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Institute for Sustainable Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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