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Chen Q, Hirai H, Chan M, Zhang J, Cho M, Randell SH, Kadur Lakshminarasimha Murthy P, Rehman J, Liu Y. Characterization of perivascular alveolar epithelial stem cells and their niche in lung homeostasis and cancer. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:890-905. [PMID: 38759645 PMCID: PMC11390684 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung alveolar structure and function are maintained by subsets of alveolar type II stem cells (AT2s), but there is a need for characterization of these subsets and their associated niches. Here, we report a CD44high subpopulation of AT2s characterized by increased expression of genes that regulate immune signaling even during steady-state homeostasis. Disruption of one of these immune regulatory transcription factor STAT1 impaired the stem cell function of AT2s. CD44high cells were preferentially located near macro- blood vessels and a supportive niche constituted by LYVE1+ endothelial cells, adventitial fibroblasts, and accumulated hyaluronan. In this microenvironment, CD44high AT2 cells were more responsive to transformation by KRAS than general AT2 cells. Moreover, after bacterial lung injury, there was a significant increase of CD44high AT2s and niche components distributed throughout the lung parenchyma. Taken together, CD44high AT2 cells and their perivascular niche regulate tissue homeostasis and tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Hirai
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Manwai Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Minsu Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Jalees Rehman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yuru Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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2
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Martin-Vega A, Cobb MH. Navigating the ERK1/2 MAPK Cascade. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1555. [PMID: 37892237 PMCID: PMC10605237 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAS-ERK pathway is a fundamental signaling cascade crucial for many biological processes including proliferation, cell cycle control, growth, and survival; common across all cell types. Notably, ERK1/2 are implicated in specific processes in a context-dependent manner as in stem cells and pancreatic β-cells. Alterations in the different components of this cascade result in dysregulation of the effector kinases ERK1/2 which communicate with hundreds of substrates. Aberrant activation of the pathway contributes to a range of disorders, including cancer. This review provides an overview of the structure, activation, regulation, and mutational frequency of the different tiers of the cascade; with a particular focus on ERK1/2. We highlight the importance of scaffold proteins that contribute to kinase localization and coordinate interaction dynamics of the kinases with substrates, activators, and inhibitors. Additionally, we explore innovative therapeutic approaches emphasizing promising avenues in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martin-Vega
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Melanie H. Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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3
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Liu X, Tian F, Cui J, Gong L, Xiang L, Fan B, Liu S, Zhan J, Zhou Y, Jiang B, Wang M, Sun G, Gong Y, Zou Y. CUL4B functions as a tumor suppressor in KRAS-driven lung tumors by inhibiting the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Oncogene 2023; 42:3113-3126. [PMID: 37653114 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. KRAS mutations are the most common oncogenic alterations found in lung cancer. Unfortunately, treating KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) remains a major oncotherapeutic challenge. Here, we used both autochthonous and transplantable KRAS-mutant tumor models to investigate the role of tumor-derived CUL4B in KRAS-driven lung cancers. We showed that knockout or knockdown of CUL4B promotes lung ADC growth and progression in both models. Mechanistically, CUL4B directly binds to the promoter of Cxcl2 and epigenetically represses its transcription. CUL4B deletion increases the expression of CXCL2, which binds to CXCR2 on myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and promotes their migration to the tumor microenvironment. Targeting of MDSCs significantly delayed the growth of CUL4B knockdown KRAS-mutant tumors. Collectively, our study provides mechanistic insights into the novel tumor suppressor-like functions of CUL4B in regulating KRAS-driven lung tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianfeng Cui
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Li Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bowen Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuangteng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiafeng Zhan
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yadi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Baichun Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Molin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gongping Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Yongxin Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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4
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Wu Q, Zou S, Liu W, Liang M, Chen Y, Chang J, Liu Y, Yu X. A novel onco-cardiological mouse model of lung cancer-induced cardiac dysfunction and its application in identifying potential roles of tRNA-derived small RNAs. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115117. [PMID: 37406509 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing body of research suggests cancer-induced cardiovascular diseases, leading to the appearance of an interdisciplinary study known as onco-cardiology. Lung cancer has the highest incidence and mortality. Cardiac dysfunction constitutes a major cause of death in lung cancer patients. However, its mechanism has not been elucidated because suitable animal models that adequately mimic clinical features are lacking. Here, we established a novel chemically induced lung cancer mouse model using benzo[a]pyrene and urethane to recapitulate the general characteristics of cardiac dysfunction caused by lung cancer, the cardiac disorders in the context of the progression of lung cancer were evaluated using echocardiographic and histological approaches. The pathological changes included myocardial ischaemia, pericarditis, cardiac pre-cachexia, and pulmonary artery hypertension. We performed sequencing to detect the tRNA-derived fragments and tRNA-derived stress-induced RNAs (tRFs/tiRNAs) expressions in mouse heart tissue. 22 upregulated and 16 downregulated tRFs/tiRNAs were identified. Subsequently, the top 10 significant results of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were presented. The in vitro model was established by exposing neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and myocardial fibroblasts to lung tumour cell-conditioned medium, respectively. Western blotting revealed significant changes in cardiac failure markers (atrial natriuretic peptide and α-myosin heavy chain) and cardiac fibrosis markers (Collagen-1 and Collagen-3). Our model adequately reflects the pathological features of lung cancer-induced cardiac dysfunction. Furthermore, the altered tRF/tiRNA profiles showed great promise as novel targets for therapies. These results might pave the way for research on therapeutic targets in onco-cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, the Municipal & Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, National Medical Products Administration & State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Shiting Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, the Municipal & Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, National Medical Products Administration & State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Wanjie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, the Municipal & Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, National Medical Products Administration & State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Miao Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, the Municipal & Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, National Medical Products Administration & State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Yuling Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, the Municipal & Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, National Medical Products Administration & State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Jishuo Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, the Municipal & Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, National Medical Products Administration & State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, the Municipal & Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, National Medical Products Administration & State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China.
| | - Xiyong Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, the Municipal & Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, National Medical Products Administration & State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China.
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5
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Marchetti F, Cardoso R, Chen CL, Douglas GR, Elloway J, Escobar PA, Harper T, Heflich RH, Kidd D, Lynch AM, Myers MB, Parsons BL, Salk JJ, Settivari RS, Smith-Roe SL, Witt KL, Yauk CL, Young R, Zhang S, Minocherhomji S. Error-corrected next generation sequencing - Promises and challenges for genotoxicity and cancer risk assessment. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2023; 792:108466. [PMID: 37643677 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Error-corrected Next Generation Sequencing (ecNGS) is rapidly emerging as a valuable, highly sensitive and accurate method for detecting and characterizing mutations in any cell type, tissue or organism from which DNA can be isolated. Recent mutagenicity and carcinogenicity studies have used ecNGS to quantify drug-/chemical-induced mutations and mutational spectra associated with cancer risk. ecNGS has potential applications in genotoxicity assessment as a new readout for traditional models, for mutagenesis studies in 3D organotypic cultures, and for detecting off-target effects of gene editing tools. Additionally, early data suggest that ecNGS can measure clonal expansion of mutations as a mechanism-agnostic early marker of carcinogenic potential and can evaluate mutational load directly in human biomonitoring studies. In this review, we discuss promising applications, challenges, limitations, and key data initiatives needed to enable regulatory testing and adoption of ecNGS - including for advancing safety assessment, augmenting weight-of-evidence for mutagenicity and carcinogenicity mechanisms, identifying early biomarkers of cancer risk, and managing human health risk from chemical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Connie L Chen
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | - Joanne Elloway
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tod Harper
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- US Food and Drug Administration/National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Darren Kidd
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | | | - Meagan B Myers
- US Food and Drug Administration/National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Barbara L Parsons
- US Food and Drug Administration/National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kristine L Witt
- NIEHS, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Robert Young
- MilliporeSigma, Rockville, MD, USA; Current: Consultant, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Sheroy Minocherhomji
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA; Current: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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6
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Shape-specific characterization of colorectal adenoma growth and transition to cancer with stochastic cell-based models. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010831. [PMID: 36689547 PMCID: PMC9894544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal adenoma are precursor lesions on the pathway to cancer. Their removal in screening colonoscopies has markedly reduced rates of cancer incidence and death. Generic models of adenoma growth and transition to cancer can guide the implementation of screening strategies. But adenoma shape has rarely featured as a relevant risk factor. Against this backdrop we aim to demonstrate that shape influences growth dynamics and cancer risk. Stochastic cell-based models are applied to a data set of 197,347 Bavarian outpatients who had colonoscopies from 2006-2009, 50,649 patients were reported with adenoma and 296 patients had cancer. For multi-stage clonal expansion (MSCE) models with up to three initiating stages parameters were estimated by fits to data sets of all shapes combined, and of sessile (70% of all adenoma), peduncular (17%) and flat (13%) adenoma separately for both sexes. Pertinent features of adenoma growth present themselves in contrast to previous assumptions. Stem cells with initial molecular changes residing in early adenoma predominantly multiply within two-dimensional structures such as crypts. For these cells mutation and division rates decrease with age. The absolute number of initiated cells in an adenoma of size 1 cm is small around 103, related to all bulk cells they constitute a share of about 10-5. The notion of very few proliferating stem cells with age-decreasing division rates is supported by cell marker experiments. The probability for adenoma transiting to cancer increases with squared linear size and shows a shape dependence. Compared to peduncular and flat adenoma, it is twice as high for sessile adenoma of the same size. We present a simple mathematical expression for the hazard ratio of interval cancers which provides a mechanistic understanding of this important quality indicator. We conclude that adenoma shape deserves closer consideration in screening strategies and as risk factor for transition to cancer.
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7
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Wang D, Li W, Albasha N, Griffin L, Chang H, Amaya L, Ganguly S, Zeng L, Keum B, González-Navajas JM, Levin M, AkhavanAghdam Z, Snyder H, Schwartz D, Tao A, Boosherhri LM, Hoffman HM, Rose M, Estrada MV, Varki N, Herdman S, Corr M, Webster NJG, Raz E, Bertin S. Long-term exposure to house dust mites accelerates lung cancer development in mice. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:26. [PMID: 36670473 PMCID: PMC9863279 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with certain chronic inflammatory lung diseases have a higher risk of developing lung cancer (LC). However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we hypothesized that chronic exposure to house dust mites (HDM), a common indoor aeroallergen associated with the development of asthma, accelerates LC development through the induction of chronic lung inflammation (CLI). METHODS: The effects of HDM and heat-inactivated HDM (HI-HDM) extracts were evaluated in two preclinical mouse models of LC (a chemically-induced model using the carcinogen urethane and a genetically-driven model with oncogenic KrasG12D activation in lung epithelial cells) and on murine macrophages in vitro. Pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of the Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) or treatment with an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) was used to uncover the pro-tumorigenic effect of HDM. RESULTS: Chronic intranasal (i.n) instillation of HDM accelerated LC development in the two mouse models. Mechanistically, HDM caused a particular subtype of CLI, in which the NLRP3/IL-1β signaling pathway is chronically activated in macrophages, and made the lung microenvironment conducive to tumor development. The tumor-promoting effect of HDM was significantly decreased by heat treatment of the HDM extract and was inhibited by NLRP3, IL-1β, and CCL2 neutralization, or ICS treatment. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data indicate that long-term exposure to HDM can accelerate lung tumorigenesis in susceptible hosts (e.g., mice and potentially humans exposed to lung carcinogens or genetically predisposed to develop LC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Center for Immunology, Inflammation and Immune-Mediated Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Natalie Albasha
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA
| | - Lindsey Griffin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA
| | - Han Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA
| | - Lauren Amaya
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA
| | - Sneha Ganguly
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA
| | - Liping Zeng
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Center for Immunology, Inflammation and Immune-Mediated Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bora Keum
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - José M González-Navajas
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Ailin Tao
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Center for Immunology, Inflammation and Immune-Mediated Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Laela M Boosherhri
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hal M Hoffman
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Rose
- Tissue Technology Shared Resource, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Monica Valeria Estrada
- Tissue Technology Shared Resource, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nissi Varki
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Scott Herdman
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA
| | - Maripat Corr
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA
| | - Nicholas J G Webster
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Medical Research Service, Veteran Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eyal Raz
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA.
| | - Samuel Bertin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, USA.
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8
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Boumelha J, de Carné Trécesson S, Law EK, Romero-Clavijo P, Coelho MA, Ng K, Mugarza E, Moore C, Rana S, Caswell DR, Murillo M, Hancock DC, Argyris PP, Brown WL, Durfee C, Larson LK, Vogel RI, Suárez-Bonnet A, Priestnall SL, East P, Ross SJ, Kassiotis G, Molina-Arcas M, Swanton C, Harris R, Downward J. An Immunogenic Model of KRAS-Mutant Lung Cancer Enables Evaluation of Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy Combinations. Cancer Res 2022; 82:3435-3448. [PMID: 35930804 PMCID: PMC7613674 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in oncogenes such as KRAS and EGFR cause a high proportion of lung cancers. Drugs targeting these proteins cause tumor regression but ultimately fail to elicit cures. As a result, there is an intense interest in how to best combine targeted therapies with other treatments, such as immunotherapies. However, preclinical systems for studying the interaction of lung tumors with the host immune system are inadequate, in part due to the low tumor mutational burden in genetically engineered mouse models. Here we set out to develop mouse models of mutant KRAS-driven lung cancer with an elevated tumor mutational burden by expressing the human DNA cytosine deaminase, APOBEC3B, to mimic the mutational signature seen in human lung cancer. This failed to substantially increase clonal tumor mutational burden and autochthonous tumors remained refractory to immunotherapy. However, establishing clonal cell lines from these tumors enabled the generation of an immunogenic syngeneic transplantation model of KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma that was sensitive to immunotherapy. Unexpectedly, antitumor immune responses were not directed against neoantigens but instead targeted derepressed endogenous retroviral antigens. The ability of KRASG12C inhibitors to cause regression of KRASG12C -expressing tumors was markedly potentiated by the adaptive immune system, highlighting the importance of using immunocompetent models for evaluating targeted therapies. Overall, this model provides a unique opportunity for the study of combinations of targeted and immunotherapies in immune-hot lung cancer. SIGNIFICANCE This study develops a mouse model of immunogenic KRAS-mutant lung cancer to facilitate the investigation of optimal combinations of targeted therapies with immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily K. Law
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | | | | | - Kevin Ng
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory
| | | | | | - Sareena Rana
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory
- Lung Cancer Group, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | - Miguel Murillo
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory
- Lung Cancer Group, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | - Prokopios P. Argyris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - William L. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Cameron Durfee
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Lindsay K. Larson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Rachel I. Vogel
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women’s Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet
- Experimental Histopathology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Simon L. Priestnall
- Experimental Histopathology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Reuben Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Julian Downward
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory
- Lung Cancer Group, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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9
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Wu H, Chen C, Gu L, Li J, Yue Y, Lyu M, Cui Y, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhu H, Liao X, Zhang T, Sun F, Hu W. B cell deficiency promotes the initiation and progression of lung cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1006477. [PMID: 36249034 PMCID: PMC9556970 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1006477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently commercialized CAR-T cell therapies targeting CD19 and BCMA show great efficacy to cure B cell malignancies. However, intravenous infusion of these CAR-T cells severely destroys both transformed and normal B cells in most tissues and organs, in particular lung, leading to a critical question that what the impact of normal B cell depletion on pulmonary diseases and lung cancer is. Herein, we find that B cell frequency is remarkably reduced in both smoking carcinogen-treated lung tissues and lung tumors, which is associated with advanced cancer progression and worse patient survival. B cell depletion by anti-CD20 antibody significantly accelerates the initiation and progression of lung tumors, which is mediated by repressed tumor infiltration of T cells and macrophage elimination of tumor cells. These findings unveil the overall antitumor activity of B cells in lung cancer, providing novel insights into both mechanisms underlying lung cancer pathogenesis and clinical prevention post CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lixing Gu
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- College of Science, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiapeng Li
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- College of Science, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunqiang Yue
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengqing Lyu
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yeting Cui
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haichuan Zhu
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghua Liao
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Tongcun Zhang, ; Fan Sun, ; Weidong Hu,
| | - Fan Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Tongcun Zhang, ; Fan Sun, ; Weidong Hu,
| | - Weidong Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Tongcun Zhang, ; Fan Sun, ; Weidong Hu,
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10
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KRAS Pathway Alterations in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: An Underestimated Player. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174303. [PMID: 36077838 PMCID: PMC9454618 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare, incurable cancer. KRAS pathway alterations are frequent in human MPM but have been likely underestimated by next generation sequencing studies. Abstract Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare, incurable cancer of the mesothelial cells lining the lungs and the chest wall that is mainly caused by asbestos inhalation. The molecular mechanisms of mesothelial carcinogenesis are still unclear despite comprehensive studies of the mutational landscape of MPM, and the most frequently mutated genes BAP1, NF2, CDKN2A, TP53, and TSC1 cannot cause MPM in mice in a standalone fashion. Although KRAS pathway alterations were sporadically detected in older studies employing targeted sequencing, they have been largely undetected by next generation sequencing. We recently identified KRAS mutations and copy number alterations in a significant proportion of MPM patients. Here, we review and analyze multiple human datasets and the published literature to show that, in addition to KRAS, multiple other genes of the KRAS pathway are perturbed in a significant proportion of patients with MPM.
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11
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Patlán-Vázquez AG, Ayala-García VM, Vallin C, Cortés J, Vásquez-Morales SG, Robleto EA, Nudler E, Pedraza-Reyes M. Dynamics of Mismatch and Alternative Excision-Dependent Repair in Replicating Bacillus subtilis DNA Examined Under Conditions of Neutral Selection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:866089. [PMID: 35847079 PMCID: PMC9280176 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.866089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous DNA deamination is a potential source of transition mutations. In Bacillus subtilis, EndoV, a component of the alternative excision repair pathway (AER), counteracts the mutagenicity of base deamination-induced mispairs. Here, we report that the mismatch repair (MMR) system, MutSL, prevents the harmful effects of HNO2, a deaminating agent of Cytosine (C), Adenine (A), and Guanine (G). Using Maximum Depth Sequencing (MDS), which measures mutagenesis under conditions of neutral selection, in B. subtilis strains proficient or deficient in MutSL and/or EndoV, revealed asymmetric and heterogeneous patterns of mutations in both DNA template strands. While the lagging template strand showed a higher frequency of C → T substitutions; G → A mutations, occurred more frequently in the leading template strand in different genetic backgrounds. In summary, our results unveiled a role for MutSL in preventing the deleterious effects of base deamination and uncovered differential patterns of base deamination processing by the AER and MMR systems that are influenced by the sequence context and the replicating DNA strand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana G. Patlán-Vázquez
- Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Carmen Vallin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Jonathan Cortés
- Biological Research Center, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Suria G. Vásquez-Morales
- Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Eduardo A. Robleto
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Evgeny Nudler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mario Pedraza-Reyes
- Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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12
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Li S, Counter CM. An ultra-sensitive method to detect mutations in human RAS templates. Small GTPases 2022; 13:287-295. [PMID: 35658790 PMCID: PMC9584555 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2022.2083895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS family of small GTPases is mutated in roughly a fifth of human cancers. Hotspot point mutations at codons G12, G13, and Q61 account for 95% of all these mutations, which are well established to render the encoded proteins oncogenic. In humans, this family comprises three genes: HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS. Accumulating evidence argues that oncogenic RAS point mutations may be initiating, as they are often truncal in human tumours and capable of inducing tumorigenesis in mice. As such, there is great interest in detecting oncogenic mutation in the RAS genes to understand the origins of cancer, as well as for early detection purposes. To this end, we previously adapted the microbial ultra-sensitive Maximum Depth Sequencing (MDS) assay for the murine Kras gene, which was capable of detecting oncogenic mutations in the tissues of mice days after carcinogen exposure, essentially capturing the very first step in tumour initiation. Given this, we report here the adaption and details of this assay to detect mutations in a human KRAS sequence at an analytic sensitivity of one mutation in a million independently barcoded templates. This humanized version of MDS can thus be exploited to detect oncogenic mutations in KRAS at an incredible sensitivity and modified for the same purpose for the other RAS genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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13
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Non-canonical genomic driver mutations of urethane carcinogenesis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267147. [PMID: 35482806 PMCID: PMC9049545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The carcinogen urethane induces pulmonary tumors in mice initiated by an incredibly specific Q61L/R oncogenic mutation in the proto-oncogene Kras. Previous Whole-Exome Sequencing of urethane-induced tumors revealed a bias towards A➙T/G and G➙A substitutions. Subsequent ultra-sensitive Maximum-Depth Sequencing of Kras shortly after urethane exposure suggest a further refinement to CA➙CT/G substitutions. As C182AA➙C182T/GA substitutions in Kras result in Q61L/R mutations, the extreme bias of urethane towards these genomic driver mutations can be ascribed to the specificity of the carcinogen for CA➙CT/G substitutions. However, we previously found that changing rare codons to common in the Kras gene to increase protein expression shifted mutations in urethane-induced tumors away from Kras, or when detected in Kras, to G12D mutations that are usually rarely detected in such tumors. Moreover, the loss of p53 partially reversed this effect, generating tumors with either Q61L/R or G12D oncogenic Kras mutations, or no Kras mutations, presumably due to other genomic driver mutations. Determining the origin of these G12D and other unknown non-canonical genomic driver mutations would provide critical insight into the extreme bias of carcinogens for specific genomic driver mutations. We thus compared the types of Single Nucleotide Variations detected by previously performed Maximum-Depth Sequencing immediately after urethane exposure to the mutation signatures derived from Whole Exome Sequencing of urethane-induced tumors. This identified two types of non-canonical mutations. First, a V637E oncogenic mutation in the proto-oncogene Braf that conforms to the mutation signature of urethane, suggesting that the mutational bias of the carcinogen may account for this non-canonical mutation, similar to that for canonical Q61L/R mutations in Kras. Second, G12D and Q61H mutations in Kras that did not fit this mutation signature, and instead shared similarity with Single Nucleotide Variations detected by Maximum-Depth Sequencing from normal cells, suggesting that perhaps these mutations were pre-existing. We thus posit that when canonical Kras mutations are selected against that the carcinogen may instead promote the expansion of pre-existing genomic driver mutations, although admittedly we cannot rule out other mechanisms. Interrogating the mutation signatures of human lung cancers similarly identified KRAS genomic driver mutations that failed to match the mutation signature of the tumor. Thus, we also speculate that the selection for non-canonical genomic driver mutations during urethane carcinogenesis may reflect the process by which discordance between genomic driver mutations and mutational signatures arises in human cancers.
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14
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Marazioti A, Krontira AC, Behrend SJ, Giotopoulou GA, Ntaliarda G, Blanquart C, Bayram H, Iliopoulou M, Vreka M, Trassl L, Pepe MAA, Hackl CM, Klotz LV, Weiss SAI, Koch I, Lindner M, Hatz RA, Behr J, Wagner DE, Papadaki H, Antimisiaris SG, Jean D, Deshayes S, Grégoire M, Kayalar Ö, Mortazavi D, Dilege Ş, Tanju S, Erus S, Yavuz Ö, Bulutay P, Fırat P, Psallidas I, Spella M, Giopanou I, Lilis I, Lamort A, Stathopoulos GT. KRAS signaling in malignant pleural mesothelioma. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e13631. [PMID: 34898002 PMCID: PMC8819314 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) arises from mesothelial cells lining the pleural cavity of asbestos-exposed individuals and rapidly leads to death. MPM harbors loss-of-function mutations in BAP1, NF2, CDKN2A, and TP53, but isolated deletion of these genes alone in mice does not cause MPM and mouse models of the disease are sparse. Here, we show that a proportion of human MPM harbor point mutations, copy number alterations, and overexpression of KRAS with or without TP53 changes. These are likely pathogenic, since ectopic expression of mutant KRASG12D in the pleural mesothelium of conditional mice causes epithelioid MPM and cooperates with TP53 deletion to drive a more aggressive disease form with biphasic features and pleural effusions. Murine MPM cell lines derived from these tumors carry the initiating KRASG12D lesions, secondary Bap1 alterations, and human MPM-like gene expression profiles. Moreover, they are transplantable and actionable by KRAS inhibition. Our results indicate that KRAS alterations alone or in accomplice with TP53 alterations likely play an important and underestimated role in a proportion of patients with MPM, which warrants further exploration.
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15
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Burge RA, Hobbs GA. Not all RAS mutations are equal: A detailed review of the functional diversity of RAS hot spot mutations. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 153:29-61. [PMID: 35101234 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The RAS family of small GTPases are among the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancer. Approximately 20% of cancers harbor a RAS mutation, and >150 different missense mutations have been detected. Many of these mutations have mutant-specific biochemical defects that alter nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, effector interactions and cell signaling, prompting renewed efforts in the development of anti-RAS therapies, including the mutation-specific strategies. Previously viewed as undruggable, the recent FDA approval of a KRASG12C-selective inhibitor has offered real promise to the development of allele-specific RAS therapies. A broader understanding of the mutational consequences on RAS function must be developed to exploit additional allele-specific vulnerabilities. Approximately 94% of RAS mutations occur at one of three mutational "hot spots" at Gly12, Gly13 and Gln61. Further, the single-nucleotide substitutions represent >99% of these mutations. Within this scope, we discuss the mutational frequencies of RAS isoforms in cancer, mutant-specific effector interactions and biochemical properties. By limiting our analysis to this mutational subset, we simplify the analysis while only excluding a small percentage of total mutations. Combined, these data suggest that the presence or absence of select RAS mutations in human cancers can be linked to their biochemical properties. Continuing to examine the biochemical differences in each RAS-mutant protein will continue to provide additional breakthroughs in allele-specific therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Burge
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - G Aaron Hobbs
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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16
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Behrend SJ, Giotopoulou GA, Spella M, Stathopoulos GT. A role for club cells in smoking-associated lung adenocarcinoma. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/162/210122. [PMID: 34670807 PMCID: PMC9488964 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0122-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular origin of lung adenocarcinoma remains a focus of intense research efforts. The marked cellular heterogeneity and plasticity of the lungs, as well as the vast variety of molecular subtypes of lung adenocarcinomas perplex the field and account for the extensive variability of experimental results. While most experts would agree on the cellular origins of other types of thoracic tumours, great controversy exists on the tumour-initiating cells of lung adenocarcinoma, since this histologic subtype of lung cancer arises in the distal pulmonary regions where airways and alveoli converge, occurs in smokers as well as nonsmokers, is likely caused by various environmental agents, and is marked by vast molecular and pathologic heterogeneity. Alveolar type II, club, and their variant cells have all been implicated in lung adenocarcinoma progeny and the lineage hierarchies in the distal lung remain disputed. Here we review the relevant literature in this rapidly expanding field, including results from mouse models and human studies. In addition, we present a case for club cells as cells of origin of lung adenocarcinomas that arise in smokers. Multiple lung epithelial cells are targets of carcinogenic hits. Club cells are such cells that can metabolically activate tobacco pre-carcinogens, being thus positioned as cells of origin of lung adenocarcinomas in smokers.https://bit.ly/3iOshcy
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine J Behrend
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD); Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) and Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany .,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Georgia A Giotopoulou
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD); Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) and Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Magda Spella
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Dept of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD); Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU) and Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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17
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Low-Coverage Whole Genome Sequencing Using Laser Capture Microscopy with Combined Digital Droplet PCR: An Effective Tool to Study Copy Number and Kras Mutations in Early Lung Adenocarcinoma Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112034. [PMID: 34769463 PMCID: PMC8584993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining detailed genomic characterization of early tumor progression is critical to identifying key regulators and pathways in carcinogenesis as potentially druggable targets. In human lung cancer, work to characterize early cancer development has mainly focused on squamous cancer, as the earliest lesions are more proximal in the airways and often accessible by repeated bronchoscopy. Adenocarcinomas are typically located distally in the lung, limiting accessibility for biopsy of pre-malignant and early stages. Mouse lung cancer models recapitulate many human genomic features and provide a model for tumorigenesis with pre-malignant atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and in situ adenocarcinomas often developing contemporaneously within the same animal. Here, we combined tissue characterization and collection by laser capture microscopy (LCM) with digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) and low-coverage whole genome sequencing (LC-WGS). ddPCR can be used to identify specific missense mutations in Kras (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, here focused on Kras Q61) and estimate the percentage of mutation predominance. LC-WGS is a cost-effective method to infer localized copy number alterations (CNAs) across the genome using low-input DNA. Combining these methods, the histological stage of lung cancer can be correlated with appearance of Kras mutations and CNAs. The utility of this approach is adaptable to other mouse models of human cancer.
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18
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Ayukawa S, Kamoshita N, Nakayama J, Teramoto R, Pishesha N, Ohba K, Sato N, Kozawa K, Abe H, Semba K, Goda N, Fujita Y, Maruyama T. Epithelial cells remove precancerous cells by cell competition via MHC class I-LILRB3 interaction. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1391-1402. [PMID: 34686865 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells have an ability termed 'cell competition', which is an immune surveillance-like function that extrudes precancerous cells from the epithelial layer, leading to apoptosis and clearance. However, it remains unclear how epithelial cells recognize and extrude transformed cells. Here, we discovered that a PirB family protein, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B3 (LILRB3), which is expressed on non-transformed epithelial cells, recognizes major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) that is highly expressed on transformed cells. MHC class I interaction with LILRB3 expressed on normal epithelial cells triggers an SHP2-ROCK2 pathway that generates a mechanical force to extrude transformed cells. Removal of transformed cells occurs independently of natural killer (NK) cell or CD8+ cytotoxic T cell-mediated activity. This is a new mechanism in that the immunological ligand-receptor system generates a mechanical force in non-immune epithelial cells to extrude precancerous cells in the same epithelial layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Ayukawa
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nagisa Kamoshita
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Teramoto
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Novalia Pishesha
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kenji Ohba
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Nanami Sato
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kei Kozawa
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hikari Abe
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Semba
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Goda
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Maruyama
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Li S, Counter CM. Signaling levels mold the RAS mutation tropism of urethane. eLife 2021; 10:67172. [PMID: 33998997 PMCID: PMC8128437 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS genes are commonly mutated in human cancer. Despite many possible mutations, individual cancer types often have a 'tropism' towards a specific subset of RAS mutations. As driver mutations, these patterns ostensibly originate from normal cells. High oncogenic RAS activity causes oncogenic stress and different oncogenic mutations can impart different levels of activity, suggesting a relationship between oncoprotein activity and RAS mutation tropism. Here, we show that changing rare codons to common in the murine Kras gene to increase protein expression shifts tumors induced by the carcinogen urethane from arising from canonical Q61 to biochemically less active G12 Kras driver mutations, despite the carcinogen still being biased towards generating Q61 mutations. Conversely, inactivating the tumor suppressor p53 to blunt oncogenic stress partially reversed this effect, restoring Q61 mutations. One interpretation of these findings is that the RAS mutation tropism of urethane arises from selection in normal cells for specific mutations that impart a narrow window of signaling that promotes proliferation without causing oncogenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States
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20
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Direct quantification of in vivo mutagenesis and carcinogenesis using duplex sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33414-33425. [PMID: 33318186 PMCID: PMC7776782 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013724117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Error-corrected next-generation sequencing (ecNGS) can be used to rapidly detect and quantify the in vivo mutagenic impact of environmental exposures or endogenous processes in any tissue, from any species, at any genomic location. The greater speed, higher scalability, richer data outputs, and cross-species and cross-locus applicability of ecNGS compared to existing methods make it a powerful new tool for mutational research, regulatory safety testing, and emerging clinical applications. The ability to accurately measure mutations is critical for basic research and identifying potential drug and chemical carcinogens. Current methods for in vivo quantification of mutagenesis are limited because they rely on transgenic rodent systems that are low-throughput, expensive, prolonged, and do not fully represent other species such as humans. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a conceptually attractive alternative for detecting mutations in the DNA of any organism; however, the limit of resolution for standard NGS is poor. Technical error rates (∼1 × 10−3) of NGS obscure the true abundance of somatic mutations, which can exist at per-nucleotide frequencies ≤1 × 10−7. Using duplex sequencing, an extremely accurate error-corrected NGS (ecNGS) technology, we were able to detect mutations induced by three carcinogens in five tissues of two strains of mice within 31 d following exposure. We observed a strong correlation between mutation induction measured by duplex sequencing and the gold-standard transgenic rodent mutation assay. We identified exposure-specific mutation spectra of each compound through trinucleotide patterns of base substitution. We observed variation in mutation susceptibility by genomic region, as well as by DNA strand. We also identified a primordial marker of carcinogenesis in a cancer-predisposed strain of mice, as evidenced by clonal expansions of cells carrying an activated oncogene, less than a month after carcinogen exposure. These findings demonstrate that ecNGS is a powerful method for sensitively detecting and characterizing mutagenesis and the early clonal evolutionary hallmarks of carcinogenesis. Duplex sequencing can be broadly applied to basic mutational research, regulatory safety testing, and emerging clinical applications.
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The critical roles of somatic mutations and environmental tumor-promoting agents in cancer risk. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1139-1143. [PMID: 33106632 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-00727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is driven by genomic mutations in 'cancer driver' genes, which have essential roles in tumor development. These mutations may be caused by exposure to mutagens in the environment or by endogenous DNA-replication errors in tissue stem cells. Recent observations of abundant mutations, including cancer driver mutations, in histologically normal human tissues suggest that mutations alone are not sufficient for tumor development, thus prompting the question of how single mutant cells give rise to neoplasia. In a concept supported by decades-old data from mouse tumor models, non-mutagenic tumor-promoting agents have been posited to activate the proliferation of dormant mutated cells, thus generating actively growing lesions, with the promotion stage as the rate-limiting step in tumor formation. Non-mutagenic promoting agents, either endogenous or environmental, may therefore have a more important role in human cancer etiology than previously thought.
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Abstract
Chemical induced carcinogenesis together with genetically engineered mouse models represent important approaches for the study of the complex mechanisms involving genotype and environmental factors in cancer development, including lung cancer. The induction of lung tumor in mice with urethane (ethyl carbamate) is considered a valuable model of Kras-driven lung cancer. However, inbred mouse strains show variable susceptibility to lung tumor formation, with C57BL/6 background, widely used to study many transgenic and null mutations, highly resistant to lung carcinogenesis. Here is described a protocol of urethane-induced lung cancer effective in lung tumor induction in C57BL/6J strain. Multiple urethane injections are needed to overcome genetic resistance and induce in a reproducible manner lung carcinogenesis in C57BL/6J background mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sozio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano-Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schioppa
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano-Milano, Italy
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Del Prete
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano-Milano, Italy
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