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Zhou H, Li D, Ren Z, Xu C, Wang LF, Lee C. Surface plasmons-phonons for mid-infrared hyperspectral imaging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado3179. [PMID: 38809968 PMCID: PMC11135386 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado3179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Surface plasmons have proven their ability to boost the sensitivity of mid-infrared hyperspectral imaging by enhancing light-matter interactions. Surface phonons, a counterpart technology to plasmons, present unclear contributions to hyperspectral imaging. Here, we investigate this by developing a plasmon-phonon hyperspectral imaging system that uses asymmetric cross-shaped nanoantennas composed of stacked plasmon-phonon materials. The phonon modes within this system, controlled by light polarization, capture molecular refractive index intensity and lineshape features, distinct from those observed with plasmons, enabling more precise and sensitive molecule identification. In a deep learning-assisted imaging demonstration of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), phonons exhibit enhanced identification capabilities (230,400 spectra/s), facilitating the de-overlapping and observation of the spatial distribution of two mixed SARS-CoV spike proteins. In addition, the plasmon-phonon system demonstrates increased identification accuracy (93%), heightened sensitivity, and enhanced detection limits (down to molecule monolayers). These findings extend phonon polaritonics to hyperspectral imaging, promising applications in imaging-guided molecule screening and pharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Zhihao Ren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- NUS Graduate School–Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
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2
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Herzig Sheinfux H, Orsini L, Jung M, Torre I, Ceccanti M, Marconi S, Maniyara R, Barcons Ruiz D, Hötger A, Bertini R, Castilla S, Hesp NCH, Janzen E, Holleitner A, Pruneri V, Edgar JH, Shvets G, Koppens FHL. High-quality nanocavities through multimodal confinement of hyperbolic polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:499-505. [PMID: 38321241 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01785-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Compressing light into nanocavities substantially enhances light-matter interactions, which has been a major driver for nanostructured materials research. However, extreme confinement generally comes at the cost of absorption and low resonator quality factors. Here we suggest an alternative optical multimodal confinement mechanism, unlocking the potential of hyperbolic phonon polaritons in isotopically pure hexagonal boron nitride. We produce deep-subwavelength cavities and demonstrate several orders of magnitude improvement in confinement, with estimated Purcell factors exceeding 108 and quality factors in the 50-480 range, values approaching the intrinsic quality factor of hexagonal boron nitride polaritons. Intriguingly, the quality factors we obtain exceed the maximum predicted by impedance-mismatch considerations, indicating that confinement is boosted by higher-order modes. We expect that our multimodal approach to nanoscale polariton manipulation will have far-reaching implications for ultrastrong light-matter interactions, mid-infrared nonlinear optics and nanoscale sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Herzig Sheinfux
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lorenzo Orsini
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Minwoo Jung
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Iacopo Torre
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Matteo Ceccanti
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Simone Marconi
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Rinu Maniyara
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - David Barcons Ruiz
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Alexander Hötger
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universitat Munchen, Garching, Germany
| | - Ricardo Bertini
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Sebastián Castilla
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Niels C H Hesp
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Durland Hall, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Alexander Holleitner
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universitat Munchen, Garching, Germany
| | - Valerio Pruneri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Durland Hall, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Gennady Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Frank H L Koppens
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Li D, Xu C, Xie J, Lee C. Research Progress in Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy: From Performance Optimization, Sensing Applications, to System Integration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2377. [PMID: 37630962 PMCID: PMC10458771 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Infrared absorption spectroscopy is an effective tool for the detection and identification of molecules. However, its application is limited by the low infrared absorption cross-section of the molecule, resulting in low sensitivity and a poor signal-to-noise ratio. Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy is a breakthrough technique that exploits the field-enhancing properties of periodic nanostructures to amplify the vibrational signals of trace molecules. The fascinating properties of SEIRA technology have aroused great interest, driving diverse sensing applications. In this review, we first discuss three ways for SEIRA performance optimization, including material selection, sensitivity enhancement, and bandwidth improvement. Subsequently, we discuss the potential applications of SEIRA technology in fields such as biomedicine and environmental monitoring. In recent years, we have ushered in a new era characterized by the Internet of Things, sensor networks, and wearable devices. These new demands spurred the pursuit of miniaturized and consolidated infrared spectroscopy systems and chips. In addition, the rise of machine learning has injected new vitality into SEIRA, bringing smart device design and data analysis to the foreground. The final section of this review explores the anticipated trajectory that SEIRA technology might take, highlighting future trends and possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore; (D.L.); (C.X.); (J.X.)
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore; (D.L.); (C.X.); (J.X.)
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Junsheng Xie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore; (D.L.); (C.X.); (J.X.)
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore; (D.L.); (C.X.); (J.X.)
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou 215123, China
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4
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Xu R, Lin T, Luo J, Chen X, Blackert ER, Moon AR, JeBailey KM, Zhu H. Phonon Polaritonics in Broad Terahertz Frequency Range with Quantum Paraelectric SrTiO 3. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302974. [PMID: 37334883 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Photonics in the frequency range of 5-15 terahertz (THz) potentially open a new realm of quantum materials manipulation and biosensing. This range, sometimes called "the new terahertz gap", is traditionally difficult to access due to prevalent phonon absorption bands in solids. Low-loss phonon-polariton materials may realize sub-wavelength, on-chip photonic devices, but typically operate in mid-infrared frequencies with narrow bandwidths and are difficult to manufacture on a large scale. Here, for the first time, quantum paraelectric SrTiO3 enables broadband surface phonon-polaritonic devices in 7-13 THz. As a proof of concept, polarization-independent field concentrators are designed and fabricated to locally enhance intense, multicycle THz pulses by a factor of 6 and increase the spectral intensity by over 90 times. The time-resolved electric field inside the concentrators is experimentally measured by THz-field-induced second harmonic generation. Illuminated by a table-top light source, the average field reaches 0.5 GV m-1 over a large volume resolvable by far-field optics. These results potentially enable scalable THz photonics with high breakdown fields made of various commercially available phonon-polariton crystals for studying driven phases in quantum materials and nonlinear molecular spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Tong Lin
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jiaming Luo
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Xiaotong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Blackert
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Alyssa R Moon
- Nanotechnology Research Experience for Undergraduates (Nano REU) Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Khalil M JeBailey
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Hanyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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5
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Duan J, Alfaro-Mozaz FJ, Taboada-Gutiérrez J, Dolado I, Álvarez-Pérez G, Titova E, Bylinkin A, Tresguerres-Mata AIF, Martín-Sánchez J, Liu S, Edgar JH, Bandurin DA, Jarillo-Herrero P, Hillenbrand R, Nikitin AY, Alonso-González P. Active and Passive Tuning of Ultranarrow Resonances in Polaritonic Nanoantennas. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104954. [PMID: 34964174 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical nanoantennas are of great importance for photonic devices and spectroscopy due to their capability of squeezing light at the nanoscale and enhancing light-matter interactions. Among them, nanoantennas made of polar crystals supporting phonon polaritons (phononic nanoantennas) exhibit the highest quality factors. This is due to the low optical losses inherent in these materials, which, however, hinder the spectral tuning of the nanoantennas due to their dielectric nature. Here, active and passive tuning of ultranarrow resonances in phononic nanoantennas is realized over a wide spectral range (≈35 cm-1 , being the resonance linewidth ≈9 cm-1 ), monitored by near-field nanoscopy. To do that, the local environment of a single nanoantenna made of hexagonal boron nitride is modified by placing it on different polar substrates, such as quartz and 4H-silicon carbide, or covering it with layers of a high-refractive-index van der Waals crystal (WSe2 ). Importantly, active tuning of the nanoantenna polaritonic resonances is demonstrated by placing it on top of a gated graphene monolayer in which the Fermi energy is varied. This work presents the realization of tunable polaritonic nanoantennas with ultranarrow resonances, which can find applications in active nanooptics and (bio)sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Duan
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
| | | | - Javier Taboada-Gutiérrez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
| | - Irene Dolado
- CIC nanoGUNE, BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastian, 20018, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez-Pérez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
| | - Elena Titova
- Programmable Functional Materials Lab, Brain and Consciousness Research Center, Moscow, 121205, Russia
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Russia
| | - Andrei Bylinkin
- CIC nanoGUNE, BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastian, 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastian, 20018, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel F Tresguerres-Mata
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
| | - Javier Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
| | - Song Liu
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Denis A Bandurin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Pablo Jarillo-Herrero
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- CIC nanoGUNE, BRTA and Department of Electricity and Electronics, EHU/UPV, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Alexey Y Nikitin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastian, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Pablo Alonso-González
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, 33940, Spain
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6
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Yu SJ, Jiang Y, Roberts JA, Huber MA, Yao H, Shi X, Bechtel HA, Gilbert Corder SN, Heinz TF, Zheng X, Fan JA. Ultrahigh-Quality Infrared Polaritonic Resonators Based on Bottom-Up-Synthesized van der Waals Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3027-3035. [PMID: 35041379 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
van der Waals nanomaterials supporting phonon polariton quasiparticles possess extraordinary light confinement capabilities, making them ideal systems for molecular sensing, thermal emission, and subwavelength imaging applications, but they require defect-free crystallinity and nanostructured form factors to fully showcase these capabilities. We introduce bottom-up-synthesized α-MoO3 structures as nanoscale phonon polaritonic systems that feature tailorable morphologies and crystal qualities consistent with bulk single crystals. α-MoO3 nanoribbons serve as low-loss hyperbolic Fabry-Pérot nanoresonators, and we experimentally map hyperbolic resonances over four Reststrahlen bands spanning the far- and mid-infrared spectral range, including resonance modes beyond the 10th order. The measured quality factors are the highest from phonon polaritonic van der Waals structures to date. We anticipate that bottom-up-synthesized polaritonic van der Waals nanostructures will serve as an enabling high-performance and low-loss platform for infrared optical and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Jie Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - John A Roberts
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Markus A Huber
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Helen Yao
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xinjian Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hans A Bechtel
- Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephanie N Gilbert Corder
- Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jonathan A Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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7
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Liu K, Huang G, Li X, Zhu G, Du W, Wang T. Vibrational Strong Coupling between Surface Phonon Polaritons and Organic Molecules via Single Quartz Micropillars. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109088. [PMID: 34902196 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational strong coupling (VSC), the strong coupling between optical resonances and the dipolar absorption of molecular vibrations at mid-infrared frequencies, holds the great potential for the development of ultrasensitive infrared spectroscopy, the modification of chemical properties of molecules, and the control of chemical reactions. In the realm of ultracompact VSC, there is a need to scale down the size of mid-infrared optical resonators and to elevate their optical field strength. Herein, by using single quartz micropillars as mid-infrared optical resonators, the strong coupling is demonstrated between surface phonon polariton (SPhP) resonances and molecular vibrations from far-field observation. The single quartz micropillars support sharp SPhP resonances with an ultrasmall mode volume, which strongly couples with the molecular vibrations of 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol (C7 H7 NO3 ) molecules featuring pronounced mode splitting and anticrossing dispersion. The coupling strength depends on the molecular concentration and reaches the strong coupling regime with only 7300 molecules. The findings pave the way for promoting the VSC sensitivity, miniaturing the VSC devices, and will boost the development of ultracompact mid-infrared spectroscopy and chemical reaction control devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhen Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Guangyan Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Guangpeng Zhu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wei Du
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yutian Road, Shanghai, 200083, P. R. China
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8
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Zheng Z, Jiang J, Xu N, Wang X, Huang W, Ke Y, Zhang S, Chen H, Deng S. Controlling and Focusing In-Plane Hyperbolic Phonon Polaritons in α-MoO 3 with a Curved Plasmonic Antenna. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104164. [PMID: 34791711 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) sustained in polar van der Waals (vdW) crystals exhibit extraordinary confinement of long-wave electromagnetic fields to the deep subwavelength scale. In stark contrast to uniaxial vdW hyperbolic materials, recently emerged biaxial hyperbolic materials, such as α-MoO3 and α-V2 O5 , offer new degrees of freedom for controlling light in two-dimensions due to their distinctive in-plane hyperbolic dispersions. However, the control and focusing of these in-plane HPhPs remain elusive. Here, a versatile technique is proposed for launching, controlling, and focusing in-plane HPhPs in α-MoO3 with geometrically designed curved gold plasmonic antennas. It is found that the subwavelength manipulation and focusing behaviors are strongly dependent on the curvature of the antenna extremity. This strategy operates effectively in a broadband spectral region. These findings not only provide fundamental insights into the manipulation of light by biaxial hyperbolic crystals at the nanoscale but also open up new opportunities for planar nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Jingyao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Ningsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
- Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ximiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Wuchao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Yanlin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Shouren Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Nanocomposites and Applications, Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, 450006, China
| | - Huanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
| | - Shaozhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen, 510275, China
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9
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Choupanian S, Nagel A, Möller W, Pacholski C, Ronning C. The disappearance and return of nanoparticles upon low energy ion irradiation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 33:035703. [PMID: 34619667 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac2dc3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ion irradiation of bulk and thin film materials is tightly connected to well described effects such as sputtering or/and ion beam mixing. However, when a nanoparticle is ion irradiated and the ion range is comparable to the nanoparticle size, these effects are to be reconsidered essentially. This study investigates the morphology changes of silver nanoparticles on top of silicon substrates, being irradiated with Ga+ions in an energy range from 1 to 30 keV. The hemispherical shaped nanoparticles become conical due to an enhanced and curvature-dependent sputtering, before they finally disappear. The sputter yield and morphology changes can be well described by 3D Monte Carlo TRI3DYN simulations. However, the combination of sputtering, ion beam mixing, ion beam induced diffusion, and Ostwald ripening at ion energies lower than 8 keV results in the reappearance of new particles. These newly formed nanoparticles appear in various structures depending on the material and ion energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Choupanian
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alessandro Nagel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolfhard Möller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Pacholski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Carsten Ronning
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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10
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Broadband Achromatic Metasurfaces for Longwave Infrared Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102760. [PMID: 34685203 PMCID: PMC8538097 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Longwave infrared (LWIR) optics are essential for several technologies, such as thermal imaging and wireless communication, but their development is hindered by their bulk and high fabrication costs. Metasurfaces have recently emerged as powerful platforms for LWIR integrated optics; however, conventional metasurfaces are highly chromatic, which adversely affects their performance in broadband applications. In this work, the chromatic dispersion properties of metasurfaces are analyzed via ray tracing, and a general method for correcting chromatic aberrations of metasurfaces is presented. By combining the dynamic and geometric phases, the desired group delay and phase profiles are imparted to the metasurfaces simultaneously, resulting in good achromatic performance. Two broadband achromatic metasurfaces based on all-germanium platforms are demonstrated in the LWIR: a broadband achromatic metalens with a numerical aperture of 0.32, an average intensity efficiency of 31%, and a Strehl ratio above 0.8 from 9.6 μm to 11.6 μm, and a broadband achromatic metasurface grating with a constant deflection angle of 30° from 9.6 μm to 11.6 μm. Compared with state-of-the-art chromatic-aberration-restricted LWIR metasurfaces, this work represents a substantial advance and brings the field a step closer to practical applications.
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11
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Zhang Q, Ou Q, Hu G, Liu J, Dai Z, Fuhrer MS, Bao Q, Qiu CW. Hybridized Hyperbolic Surface Phonon Polaritons at α-MoO 3 and Polar Dielectric Interfaces. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3112-3119. [PMID: 33764791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) in polar dielectrics offer new opportunities for infrared nanophotonics. However, bulk SPhPs inherently propagate isotropically with limited photon confinement, and how to collectively realize ultralarge confinement, in-plane hyperbolicity, and unidirectional propagation remains elusive. Here, we report an approach to solve the aforementioned issues of bulk SPhPs in one go by constructing a heterostructural interface between biaxial van der Waals material (e.g., α-MoO3) and bulk polar dielectric (e.g., SiC, AlN, and GaN). Because of anisotropy-oriented mode couplings, the hybridized SPhPs with a large confinement factor (>100) show in-plane hyperbolicity that has been switched to the orthogonal direction as compared to that in natural α-MoO3. More interestingly, this proof of concept allows steerable and unidirectional polariton excitation by suspending α-MoO3 on patterned SiC air cavities. Our finding exemplifies a generalizable framework to manipulate the flow of nanolight in many other hybrid systems consisting of anisotropic materials and polar dielectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qingdong Ou
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Jingying Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zhigao Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Michael S Fuhrer
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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12
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Pérez-Escudero JM, Buldain I, Beruete M, Goicoechea J, Liberal I. Silicon carbide as a material-based high-impedance surface for enhanced absorption within ultra-thin metallic films. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:31624-31636. [PMID: 33115132 DOI: 10.1364/oe.402397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The absorption of infrared radiation within ultra-thin metallic films is technologically relevant for different thermal engineering applications and optoelectronic devices, as well as for fundamental research on sub-nanometer and atomically-thin materials. However, the maximal attainable absorption within an ultra-thin metallic film is intrinsically limited by both its geometry and material properties. Here, we demonstrate that material-based high-impedance surfaces enhance the absorptivity of the films, potentially leading to perfect absorption for optimal resistive layers, and a fourfold enhancement for films at deep nanometer scales. Moreover, material-based high-impedance surfaces do not suffer from spatial dispersion and the geometrical restrictions of their metamaterial counterparts. We provide a proof-of-concept experimental demonstration by using titanium nanofilms on top of a silicon carbide substrate.
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13
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Mancini A, Gubbin CR, Berté R, Martini F, Politi A, Cortés E, Li Y, De Liberato S, Maier SA. Near-Field Spectroscopy of Cylindrical Phonon-Polariton Antennas. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8508-8517. [PMID: 32530605 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) are hybrid light-matter states in which light strongly couples to lattice vibrations inside the Reststrahlen band of polar dielectrics at mid-infrared frequencies. Antennas supporting localized surface phonon polaritons (LSPhPs) easily outperform their plasmonic counterparts operating in the visible or near-infrared in terms of field enhancement and confinement thanks to the inherently slower phonon-phonon scattering processes governing SPhP decay. In particular, LSPhP antennas have attracted considerable interest for thermal management at the nanoscale, where the emission strongly diverts from the usual far-field blackbody radiation due to the presence of evanescent waves at the surface. However, far-field measurements cannot shed light on the behavior of antennas in the near-field region. To overcome this limitation, we employ scattering-scanning near-field optical microscopy (sSNOM) to unveil the spectral near-field response of 3C-SiC antenna arrays. We present a detailed description of the behavior of the antenna resonances by comparing far-field and near-field spectra and demonstrate the existence of a mode with no net dipole moment, absent in the far-field spectra, but of importance for applications that exploit the heightened electromagnetic near fields. Furthermore, we investigate the perturbation in the antenna response induced by the presence of the AFM tip, which can be further extended toward situations where for example strong IR emitters couple to LSPhP modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancini
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maxilimians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Christopher R Gubbin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo Berté
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maxilimians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Francesco Martini
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-CNR, Via Cineto Romano 42, 00156 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Politi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maxilimians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Yi Li
- School of Microelectronics, MOE Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next Generation Communications, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Simone De Liberato
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maxilimians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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