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Chapartegui-González I, Stockton JL, Bowser S, Badten AJ, Torres AG. Unraveling the role of toxin-antitoxin systems in Burkholderia pseudomallei: exploring bacterial pathogenesis and interactions within the HigBA families. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0074824. [PMID: 38916327 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00748-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bpm) is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that causes melioidosis in humans, a neglected, underreported, and lethal disease that can reach a fatal outcome in over 50% of the cases. It can produce both acute and chronic infections, the latter being particularly challenging to eliminate because of the intracellular life cycle of the bacteria and its ability to generate a "persister" dormant state. The molecular mechanism that allows the switch between growing and persister phenotypes is not well understood but it is hypothesized to be due at least in part to the participation of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems. We have previously studied the link between one of those systems (defined as HigBA) with specific expression patterns associated with levofloxacin antibiotic exposure. Through in silico methods, we predicted the presence of another three pairs of genes encoding for additional putative HigBA systems. Therefore, our main goal was to establish which mechanisms are conserved as well as which pathways are specific among different Bpm TA systems from the same family. We hypothesize that the high prevalence, and sometimes even redundancy of these systems in the Bpm chromosomes indicates that they can interact with each other and not function as only individual systems, as it was traditionally thought, and might be playing an undefined role in Bpm lifecycle. Here, we show that both the toxin and the antitoxin of the different systems contribute to bacterial survival and that toxins from the same family can have a cumulative effect under environmental stressful conditions. IMPORTANCE Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems play a significant role in bacterial persistence, a phenomenon where bacterial cells enter a dormant or slow-growing state to survive adverse conditions such as nutrient deprivation, antibiotic exposure, or host immune responses. By studying TA systems in Burkholderia pseudomallei, we can gain insights into how this pathogen survives and persists in the host environment, contributing to its virulence and ability to cause melioidosis chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob L Stockton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah Bowser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander J Badten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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2
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Alves J, Vrieling M, Ring N, Yebra G, Pickering A, Prajsnar TK, Renshaw SA, Fitzgerald JR. Experimental evolution of Staphylococcus aureus in macrophages: dissection of a conditional adaptive trait promoting intracellular survival. mBio 2024; 15:e0034624. [PMID: 38682911 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00346-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen associated with important diseases in humans and animals. Macrophages are a key component of the innate immune response to S. aureus infection and play a major role in disease outcomes. To investigate the adaptive evolution of S. aureus in response to macrophages, we developed an experimental infection assay. S. aureus strains representing major human epidemic clones were passaged many times in a macrophage cell line, accumulating mutations in an array of genomic loci. Phenotypic analysis revealed the emergence of a lineage exhibiting increased survival in macrophages and human blood, and resistance to vancomycin. The evolved lineage exhibited a previously undescribed small colony variant (SCV) phenotype characterized by hyper-pigmentation, which resulted from a missense mutation in rsbW. Notably, the novel SCV was a conditional adaptive trait that was unstable in nutrient-replete conditions in vitro, rapidly converting from hyper-pigmented SCV to a non-pigmented large colony variant via spontaneous sigB deletion events. Importantly, we identified similar deletions in the genome sequences of a limited number of clinical S. aureus isolates from public databases, indicating that related events may occur during clinical infection. Experimental infection of zebrafish did not reveal a difference in virulence between parent and novel SCV but demonstrated an in vivo fitness cost for the compensatory sigB deletion events. Taken together, we report an experimental evolutionary approach for investigating bacterial innate immune cell interactions, revealing a conditional adaptation that promotes S. aureus survival in macrophages and resistance to vancomycin. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is an important human bacterial pathogen. The host response to S. aureus involves the production of innate immune cells such as macrophages which are important for fighting infection. Here we report a new model of experimental evolution for studying how S. aureus can evade killing by macrophages. We identified a novel adaptive phenotype that promotes survival in macrophages and blood and resistance to antibiotics. The phenotype is lost rapidly upon growth in nutrient-rich conditions via disruption of the alternative sigma factor sigB, revealing a conditional niche-specific fitness advantage. Genomic analysis of clinical isolates suggests similar adaptations may occur during human infections. Our model may be used broadly to identify adaptations of S. aureus to the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Alves
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Manouk Vrieling
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Ring
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo Yebra
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Pickering
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tomasz K Prajsnar
- Florey Institute, Bateson Centre and Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- Florey Institute, Bateson Centre and Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - J Ross Fitzgerald
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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3
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Helaine S, Conlon BP, Davis KM, Russell DG. Host stress drives tolerance and persistence: The bane of anti-microbial therapeutics. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:852-862. [PMID: 38870901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance, typically associated with genetic changes within a bacterial population, is a frequent contributor to antibiotic treatment failures. Antibiotic persistence and tolerance, which we collectively term recalcitrance, represent transient phenotypic changes in the bacterial population that prolong survival in the presence of typically lethal concentrations of antibiotics. Antibiotic recalcitrance is challenging to detect and investigate-traditionally studied under in vitro conditions, our understanding during infection and its contribution to antibiotic failure is limited. Recently, significant progress has been made in the study of antibiotic-recalcitrant populations in pathogenic species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, and Yersiniae, in the context of the host environment. Despite the diversity of these pathogens and infection models, shared signals and responses promote recalcitrance, and common features and vulnerabilities of persisters and tolerant bacteria have emerged. These will be discussed here, along with progress toward developing therapeutic interventions to better treat recalcitrant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Helaine
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Brian P Conlon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Kimberly M Davis
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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4
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Volk CF, Proctor RA, Rose WE. The Complex Intracellular Lifecycle of Staphylococcus aureus Contributes to Reduced Antibiotic Efficacy and Persistent Bacteremia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6486. [PMID: 38928191 PMCID: PMC11203666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality, despite improvements in diagnostics and management. Persistent infections pose a major challenge to clinicians and have been consistently shown to increase the risk of mortality and other infectious complications. S. aureus, while typically not considered an intracellular pathogen, has been proven to utilize an intracellular niche, through several phenotypes including small colony variants, as a means for survival that has been linked to chronic, persistent, and recurrent infections. This intracellular persistence allows for protection from the host immune system and leads to reduced antibiotic efficacy through a variety of mechanisms. These include antimicrobial resistance, tolerance, and/or persistence in S. aureus that contribute to persistent bacteremia. This review will discuss the challenges associated with treating these complicated infections and the various methods that S. aureus uses to persist within the intracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia F. Volk
- Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research Division, School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Richard A. Proctor
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Warren E. Rose
- Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research Division, School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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5
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Kumar J, Onteru SK, Singh D. Deciphering the Drug Delivery Potential of Milk Exosome Nanovesicles for Aminobenzylpenicillin Therapeutic Efficacy against Contagious Staphylococcus Aureus in Bovine Mastitis. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300519. [PMID: 38573624 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance and failure of antibiotic treatment are challenging tasks for managing bovine mastitis, which is mainly caused by the contagious Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus).To overcome these difficulties, there is an urgent need for a novel drug system. In the present study, the aim is to develop next-generation therapeutics against S. aureus by harnessing the drug delivery potential of milk nanovesicles called milk exosomes (mENs). In the present work, a drug system is developed by encapsulating aminobenzylpenicillin (AMP) in mENs (mENs-AMP). Electron microscopy and zeta-sizer results indicate that the size of mENs-AMP ranged from 55.79 ± 2.8 to 85.53 ± 7.4 nm. The AMP loading efficiency in mENs is 88.61% with its sustained release. Fluorescence spectroscopy results indicated that mENs are biocompatible with mammary epithelial cells. In vitro studies show that the antibacterial activity and the minimum inhibitory concentrations of mENs-AMP are eleven times greater and four times lower than that of unencapsulated AMP, respectively. The mENs-AMP exhibit significantly higher therapeutic efficacy than AMP at the same dosage and treatment frequency. Validation of this approach is demonstrated in mastitis-affected animals through an observation in the reduction of somatic cell counts and bacterial loads in the milk of treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Suneel Kumar Onteru
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
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6
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Li J, Zheng H, Leung SSY. Investigating the effectiveness of liposome-bacteriophage nanocomplex in killing Staphylococcus aureus using epithelial cell coculture models. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124146. [PMID: 38657716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Host cell invasion with strong antibiotics evading is a major feature of respiratory Staphylococcus aureus infections with severe recurrence. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy and design of liposomal phage to target intracellular pathogens have been described recently. The practicality for pulmonary delivery of liposomal phage, and how formulation compositions affecting the aerosolization and intracellular bacterial killing remain unexplored. In the present study, three commonly used phospholipids (SPC, EPC, and HSPC) were selected to investigate their ability for phage K nebulization and intracellular therapy in the form of liposome-phage nanocomplexes. The three lipid nanocarriers showed protection on phage K upon mesh nebulization and the pulmonary deposition efficiency was influenced by the lipid used. Moreover, the intracellular bacterial killing was strongly depended on the lipid types, where EPC-phage exhibited the best killing performance with no relapsing. Phage K with the aid of EPC liposomes was also observed to manage the tissue infection in a 3D spheroid model more effectively than other groups. Altogether, this novel EPC liposome-phage nanocomplex can be a promising formulation approach that enables inhalable phage to manage respiratory infections caused by bacteria strongly associated with human epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Huangliang Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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7
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Liu X, Wang P, Yuan N, Zhai Y, Yang Y, Hao M, Zhang M, Zhou D, Liu W, Jin Y, Wang A. The (p)ppGpp synthetase Rsh promotes rifampicin tolerant persister cell formation in Brucella abortus by regulating the type II toxin-antitoxin module mbcTA. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1395504. [PMID: 38841069 PMCID: PMC11150624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1395504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Persister cells are transiently tolerant to antibiotics and are associated with recalcitrant chronic infections due to recolonization of host cells after antibiotic removal. Brucella spp. are facultative pathogens that establish intracellular infection cycles in host cells which results in chronic persistent infections. Brucella abortus forms multi-drug persister cells which are promoted by the (p)ppGpp synthetase Rsh during rifampicin exposure. Here, we confirmed that Rsh promoted persister cells formation in B. abortus stationary phase treated with rifampicin and enrofloxacin. Deletion of the gene for Rsh decreased persister cells level in the presence of these drugs in different growth phases. However, persister cells formation by deletion strain varied in different growth phases in the presence of other antibiotics. Rsh also was involved in persister cells formation during rifampicin treatment under certain stress conditions, including acidic conditions, exposure to PBS, and heat stress. Moreover, Rsh impacted persister cell levels during rifampicin or enrofloxacin treatment in RAW264.7 macrophages. Certain typeIItoxin-antitoxin modules were upregulated under various stress conditions in B. abortus. We established that Rsh positively regulated the type II toxin-antitoxin mbcTA. Moreover, rifampicin-tolerant persister cells formation was elevated and ATP levels were decreased when mbcTA promoter was overexpressed in Rsh deletion background in stationary phase. Our results establish that (p)ppGpp synthetase Rsh plays a key role in B. abortus persistence and may serve as a potent novel target in combination with rifampicin in the development of new therapeutic approaches and prevention strategies to treat chronic infections of Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Ningqiu Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yunyi Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuanhao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Mingyue Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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8
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Tang J, Herzfeld AM, Leon G, Brynildsen MP. Differential impacts of DNA repair machinery on fluoroquinolone persisters with different chromosome abundances. mBio 2024; 15:e0037424. [PMID: 38564687 PMCID: PMC11077951 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00374-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA repair machinery has been found to be indispensable for fluoroquinolone (FQ) persistence of Escherichia coli. Previously, we found that cells harboring two copies of the chromosome (2Chr) in stationary-phase cultures were more likely to yield FQ persisters than those with one copy of the chromosome (1Chr). Furthermore, we found that RecA and RecB were required to observe that difference, and that loss of either more significantly impacted 2Chr persisters than 1Chr persisters. To better understand the survival mechanisms of persisters with different chromosome abundances, we examined their dependencies on different DNA repair proteins. Here, we show that lexA3 and ∆recN negatively impact the abundances of 2Chr persisters to FQs, without significant impacts on 1Chr persisters. In comparison, ∆xseA, ∆xseB, and ∆uvrD preferentially depress 1Chr persistence to levels that were near the limit of detection. Collectively, these data show that the DNA repair mechanisms used by persisters vary based on chromosome number, and suggest that efforts to eradicate FQ persisters will likely have to take heterogeneity in single-cell chromosome abundance into consideration. IMPORTANCE Persisters are rare phenotypic variants in isogenic populations that survive antibiotic treatments that kill the other cells present. Evidence has accumulated that supports a role for persisters in chronic and recurrent infections. Here, we explore how an under-appreciated phenotypic variable, chromosome copy number (#Chr), influences the DNA repair systems persisters use to survive fluoroquinolone treatments. We found that #Chr significantly biases the DNA repair systems used by persisters, which suggests that #Chr heterogeneity should be considered when devising strategies to eradicate these troublesome bacterial variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juechun Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Allison M. Herzfeld
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gabrielle Leon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mark P. Brynildsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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9
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Pham HN, Than TDN, Nguyen HA, Vu DH, Phung TH, Nguyen TK. Antibiotic Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Persistent Phenotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Vietnamese Tertiary Hospital: A Focus on Amikacin. Microb Drug Resist 2024; 30:203-209. [PMID: 38512170 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2023.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae stands out as a major opportunistic pathogen responsible for both hospital- and community-acquired bacterial infections. This study comprehensively assesses the antibiotic resistance, amikacin persistent patterns, and biofilm-forming ability of 247 isolates of K. pneumoniae obtained from an intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in Vietnam. Microdilution assays, conducted on a 96-well plate, determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amikacin. Susceptibility data for other antibiotics were gathered from the antibiogram profile. Stationary-phase bacteria were exposed to 50 × MIC, and viable bacteria counts were measured to determine amikacin persistence. Biofilm forming capacity on 96-well polystyrene surfaces was assessed by biomass and viable bacteria. The prevalence of resistance was notably high across most antibiotics, with 64.8% classified as carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and 81.4% as multidrug resistant. Amikacin, however, exhibited a relatively low rate of resistance. Of the isolates, 58.2% demonstrated a moderate to strong biofilm formation capacity, and these were found to be poorly responsive to amikacin. K. pneumoniae reveals a significant inclination for amikacin persistence, with ∼45% of isolates displaying an antibiotic antibiotic-survival ratio exceeding 10%. The study sheds light on challenges in treating of K. pneumoniae infection in Vietnam, encompassing a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance, a substantial ability to form biofilm, and a notable rate of antibiotic persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Nhung Pham
- Department Microbiology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Microbiology, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Hoang Anh Nguyen
- National Drug Information and Adverse Drug Reactions Monitoring Centre, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Hoa Vu
- National Drug Information and Adverse Drug Reactions Monitoring Centre, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Huong Phung
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tiep Khac Nguyen
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
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10
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Jeong GJ, Khan F, Tabassum N, Cho KJ, Kim YM. Marine-derived bioactive materials as antibiofilm and antivirulence agents. Trends Biotechnol 2024:S0167-7799(24)00090-8. [PMID: 38637243 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Microbial infections are major human health issues, and, recently, the mortality rate owing to bacterial and fungal infections has been increasing. In addition to intrinsic and extrinsic antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, biofilm formation is a key adaptive resistance mechanism. Several bioactive compounds from marine organisms have been identified for use in biofilm therapy owing to their structural complexity, biocompatibility, and economic viability. In this review, we discuss recent trends in the application of marine natural compounds, marine-bioinspired nanomaterials, and marine polymer conjugates as possible therapeutic agents for controlling biofilms and virulence factors. We also comprehensively discuss the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation and inhibition of virulence factors by marine-derived materials and propose possible applications of novel and effective antibiofilm and antivirulence agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Institute of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Zhang F, Wang S, Yang S, Ma F, Gao H. Recent progress in nanomaterials for bacteria-related tumor therapy. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1965-1980. [PMID: 38454904 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01952g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Many studies suggest that tumor microbiome closely relates to the oncogenesis and anti-tumor responses in multiple cancer types (e.g., colorectal cancer (CRC), breast cancer, lung cancer and pancreatic cancer), thereby raising an emerging research area of bacteria-related tumor therapy. Nanomaterials have long been used for both cancer and bacterial infection treatment, holding great potential for bacteria-related tumor therapy. In this review, we summarized recent progress in nanomaterials for bacteria-related tumor therapy. We focus on the types and mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria in the development and promotion of cancers and emphasize how nanomaterials work. We also briefly discuss the design principles and challenges of nanomaterials for bacteria-related tumor therapy. We hope this review can provide some insights into this emerging and rapidly growing research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuping Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Shuyu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Feihe Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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12
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Chaudhary K, Agrahari B, Biswas B, Chatterjee N, Chaudhary A, Kumar A, Sonker H, Dewan S, Saxena D, Akhir A, Malhotra N, Chopra S, Misra S, Matheswaran S, Singh RG. Pyridine-2,6-Dicarboxamide Proligands and their Cu(II)/Zn(II) Complexes Targeting Staphylococcus Aureus for the Attenuation of In Vivo Dental Biofilm. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400378. [PMID: 38621382 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
In the pursuit to combat stubborn bacterial infections, particularly those stemming from gram-positive bacteria, this study is an attempt to craft a precision-driven platform characterized by unparalleled selectivity, specificity, and synergistic antimicrobial mechanisms. Leveraging remarkable potential of metalloantibiotics in antimicrobial applications, herein, this work rationally designs, synthesizes, and characterizes a new library of Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide ligands and their corresponding transition metal Cu(II)/Zn(II) complexes. The lead compound L11 demonstrates robust antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) = 2-16 µg mL-1), methicillin and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (MIC = 2-4 µg mL-1) and exhibit superior antibacterial activity when compared to FDA-approved vancomycin, the drug of last resort. Additionally, the compound exhibits notable antimicrobial efficacy against resistant enterococcus strains (MIC = 2-8 µg mL-1). To unravel mechanistic profile, advanced imaging techniques including SEM and AFM are harnessed, collectively suggesting a mechanistic pathway involving cell wall disruption. Live/dead fluorescence studies further confirm efficacy of L11 and its complexes against S. aureus membranes. This translational exploration extends to a rat model, indicating promising in vivo therapeutic potential. Thus, this comprehensive research initiative has capabilities to transcends the confines of this laboratory, heralding a pivotal step toward combatting antibiotic-resistant pathogens and advancing the frontiers of metalloantibiotics-based therapy with a profound clinical implication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bhumika Biswas
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, IIT, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Niranjan Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, IIT, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | | | | | | | - Sayari Dewan
- Department of Chemistry, IIT, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Deepanshi Saxena
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Abdul Akhir
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Nidhi Malhotra
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Budh Nagar, 201314, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Santosh Misra
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, IIT, Kanpur, 208016, India
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13
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Xia Z, Liao Y, Gao G, Zhang S. Rifampicin-Loaded Polyelectrolyte Complex Eliminates Intracellular Bacteria through Thiol-Mediated Cellular Uptake and Oxidative Stress Enhancement. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2544-2553. [PMID: 38507285 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The poor accumulation of antibiotics in the cytoplasm leads to the poor eradication of intracellular bacteria. Herein, a polyelectrolyte complex (PECs@Rif) allowing direct cytosolic delivery of rifampicin (Rif) was developed for the treatment of intracellular infections by complexation of poly(α-lipoic acid) (pLA) and oligosaccharide (COS) in water and loading Rif. Due to the thiol-mediated cellular uptake, PECs@Rif delivered 3.9 times higher Rif into the cytoplasm than that of the free Rif during 8 h of incubation. After entering cells, PECs@Rif released Rif by dissociating pLA into dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) in the presence of intracellular thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). Notably, DHLA could reduce endogenous Fe(III) to Fe(II) and provide a catalyst for the Fenton reaction to produce a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which would assist Rif in eradicating intracellular bacteria. In vitro assay showed that PECs@Rif reduced almost 2.8 orders of magnitude of intracellular bacteria, much higher than 0.7 orders of magnitude of free Rif. The bacteremia-bearing mouse models showed that PECs@Rif reduced bacterial levels in the liver, spleen, and kidney by 2.2, 3.7, and 2.3 orders of magnitude, respectively, much higher than free Rif in corresponding tissues. The direct cytosolic delivery in a thiol-mediated manner and enhanced oxidative stress proposed a feasible strategy for treating intracellular bacteria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxin Xia
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yulong Liao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ge Gao
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shiyong Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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14
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Truong-Bolduc QC, Wang Y, Ferrer-Espada R, Reedy JL, Martens AT, Goulev Y, Paulsson J, Vyas JM, Hooper DC. Staphylococcus aureus AbcA transporter enhances persister formation under β-lactam exposure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0134023. [PMID: 38364015 PMCID: PMC10916373 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01340-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the role of Staphylococcus aureus AbcA transporter in bacterial persistence and survival following exposure to the bactericidal agents nafcillin and oxacillin at both the population and single-cell levels. We show that AbcA overexpression resulted in resistance to nafcillin but not oxacillin. Using distinct fluorescent reporters of cell viability and AbcA expression, we found that over 6-14 hours of persistence formation, the proportion of AbcA reporter-expressing cells assessed by confocal microscopy increased sixfold as cell viability reporters decreased. Similarly, single-cell analysis in a high-throughput microfluidic system found a strong correspondence between antibiotic exposure and AbcA reporter expression. Persister cells grown in the absence of antibiotics showed neither an increase in nafcillin MIC nor in abcA transcript levels, indicating that survival was not associated with stable mutational resistance or abcA overexpression. Furthermore, persister cell levels on exposure to 1×MIC and 25×MIC of nafcillin decreased in an abcA knockout mutant. Survivors of nafcillin and oxacillin treatment overexpressed transporter AbcA, contributing to an enrichment of the number of persisters during treatment with pump-substrate nafcillin but not with pump-non-substrate oxacillin, indicating that efflux pump expression can contribute selectively to the survival of a persister population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. C. Truong-Bolduc
- Infectious Diseases Division and Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Y. Wang
- Infectious Diseases Division and Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R. Ferrer-Espada
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J. L. Reedy
- Infectious Diseases Division and Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A. T. Martens
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Y. Goulev
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J. Paulsson
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J. M. Vyas
- Infectious Diseases Division and Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D. C. Hooper
- Infectious Diseases Division and Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Dadole I, Blaha D, Personnic N. The macrophage-bacterium mismatch in persister formation. Trends Microbiol 2024:S0966-842X(24)00049-0. [PMID: 38443279 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Many pathogens are hard to eradicate, even in the absence of genetically detectable antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and despite proven antibiotic susceptibility. The fraction of clonal bacteria that temporarily elude effective antibiotic treatments is commonly known as 'antibiotic persisters.' Over the past decade, there has been a growing body of research highlighting the pivotal role played by the cellular host in the development of persisters. In parallel, this research has also sought to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of intracellular antibiotic persisters and has demonstrated a prominent role for the bacterial stress response. However, questions remain regarding the conditions leading to the formation of stress-induced persisters among a clonal population of intracellular bacteria and despite an ostensibly uniform environment. In this opinion, following a brief review of the current state of knowledge regarding intracellular antibiotic persisters, we explore the ways in which macrophage functional heterogeneity and bacterial phenotypic heterogeneity may contribute to the emergence of these persisters. We propose that the degree of mismatch between the macrophage permissiveness and the bacterial preparedness to invade and thrive intracellularly may explain the formation of stress-induced nonreplicating intracellular persisters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Dadole
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Group Persistence and single-cell dynamics of respiratory pathogens, CIRI, Lyon, France
| | - Didier Blaha
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Group Persistence and single-cell dynamics of respiratory pathogens, CIRI, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Personnic
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Group Persistence and single-cell dynamics of respiratory pathogens, CIRI, Lyon, France.
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16
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Bayer J, Becker J, Liu X, Gritsch L, Daiber E, Korn N, Oesterhelt F, Fraunholz M, Weber A, Wolz C. Differential survival of Staphylococcal species in macrophages. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:470-480. [PMID: 37898563 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is considered an extracellular pathogen, yet the bacterium is able to survive within and escape from host cells. An agr/sae mutant of strain USA300 is unable to escape from macrophages but can replicate and survive within. We questioned whether such "non-toxic" S. aureus resembles the less pathogenic coagulase-negative Staphylococcal (CoNS) species like S. epidermidis, S. carnosus, S. lugdunensis, S. capitis, S. warneri, or S. pettenkoferi. We show that the CoNS are more efficiently killed in macrophage-like THP-1 cells or in human primary macrophages. Mutations in katA, copL, the regulatory system graRS, or sigB did not impact bacterial survival in THP-1 cells. Deletion of the superoxide dismutases impaired S. aureus survival in primary macrophages but not in THP-1 cells. However, expression of the S. aureus-specific sodM in S. epidermidis was not sufficient to protect this species from being killed. Thus, at least in those cells, better bacterial survival of S. aureus could not be linked to higher protection from ROS. However, "non-toxic" S. aureus was found to be insensitive to pH, whereas most CoNS were protected when phagosomal acidification was inhibited. Thus, species differences are at least partially linked to differences in sensitivity to acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Bayer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janna Becker
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xiao Liu
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Innate Immunity, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Gritsch
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Daiber
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Natalya Korn
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Filipp Oesterhelt
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Fraunholz
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Weber
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Innate Immunity, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Day NJ, Santucci P, Gutierrez MG. Host cell environments and antibiotic efficacy in tuberculosis. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:270-279. [PMID: 37709598 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The aetiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), can survive, persist, and proliferate in a variety of heterogeneous subcellular compartments. Therefore, TB chemotherapy requires antibiotics crossing multiple biological membranes to reach distinct subcellular compartments and target these bacterial populations. These compartments are also dynamic, and our understanding of intracellular pharmacokinetics (PK) often represents a challenge for antitubercular drug development. In recent years, the development of high-resolution imaging approaches in the context of host-pathogen interactions has revealed the intracellular distribution of antibiotics at a new level, yielding discoveries with important clinical implications. In this review, we describe the current knowledge regarding cellular PK of antibiotics and the complexity of drug distribution within the context of TB. We also discuss the recent advances in quantitative imaging and highlight their applications for drug development in the context of how intracellular environments and microbial localisation affect TB treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Day
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Pierre Santucci
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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18
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Luo Y, Su L, Yang H, Geng A, Bai S, Zhou J. A disulfide molecule-vancomycin nanodrug delivery system efficiently eradicates intracellular bacteria. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2334-2345. [PMID: 38327236 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02430j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria often lead to chronic and recurrent infections; however, most of the known antibiotics have poor efficacy against intracellular bacteria due to their poor cell membrane penetration efficiency into the cytosol. Here, a thiol-mediated nanodrug delivery system, named Van-DM NPs, was developed to improve vancomycin's penetration efficiency and intracellular antibacterial activities. Van-DM NPs were prepared through self-assembly of vancomycin (Van) and the disulfide molecule (DM) in NaOH buffer solution. On the one hand, the disulfide exchange reaction between Van-DM NPs and the bacterial surface enhances vancomycin accumulation in bacteria, increasing the local concentration of vancomycin. On the other hand, the disulfide exchange reaction between Van-DM NPs and the mammalian cell membrane triggered the translocation of Van-DM NPs across the mammalian cell membrane into the cell cytosol. These dual mechanisms promote antibacterial activities of vancomycin against both extracellular and intracellular bacteria S. aureus. Furthermore, in an intravenous S. aureus infection mouse model, Van-DM NPs exhibited high antibacterial capability and efficiently reduced the bacterial load in liver and spleen, where intracellular bacteria tend to reside. Altogether, the reported Van-DM NPs would be highly promising against intracellular pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Liu Su
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Hui Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Aizhen Geng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Shumeng Bai
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Jie Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
- China Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
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19
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Karimaei S, Aghamir SMK, Pourmand MR. Comparative analysis of genes expression involved in type II toxin-antitoxin system in Staphylococcus aureus following persister cell formation. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:324. [PMID: 38393536 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of persister cells is the main reason for persistent infections. They are associated with antibiotic treatment failure and subsequently chronic infection. The study aimed to assess the expression of type II toxin/antitoxin (TA) system genes in persister cells of Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of the following antibiotics vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin in exponential and stationary phases. METHODS AND RESULTS The colony count was used to evaluate the effect of different types of antibiotics on S. aureus persister cell formation during exponential and stationary phases. Moreover, the expression level of TA systems and clpP genes in the persister population in exponential and stationary phases were measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results of the study showed the presence of persister phenotype of S. aureus strains in the attendance of bactericidal antibiotics in comparison to the control group during the exponential and stationary phases. Moreover, qRT-PCR resulted in the fact that the role of TA systems involved in the persister cell formation depends on the bacterial growth phase and the type of strain and antibiotic. CONCLUSIONS In total, the present study provides some data on the persister cell formation and the possible role of TA system genes in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Karimaei
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Pourmand
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Mirzaei R, Campoccia D, Ravaioli S, Arciola CR. Emerging Issues and Initial Insights into Bacterial Biofilms: From Orthopedic Infection to Metabolomics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:184. [PMID: 38391570 PMCID: PMC10885942 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms, enigmatic communities of microorganisms enclosed in an extracellular matrix, still represent an open challenge in many clinical contexts, including orthopedics, where biofilm-associated bone and joint infections remain the main cause of implant failure. This study explores the scenario of biofilm infections, with a focus on those related to orthopedic implants, highlighting recently emerged substantial aspects of the pathogenesis and their potential repercussions on the clinic, as well as the progress and gaps that still exist in the diagnostics and management of these infections. The classic mechanisms through which biofilms form and the more recently proposed new ones are depicted. The ways in which bacteria hide, become impenetrable to antibiotics, and evade the immune defenses, creating reservoirs of bacteria difficult to detect and reach, are delineated, such as bacterial dormancy within biofilms, entry into host cells, and penetration into bone canaliculi. New findings on biofilm formation with host components are presented. The article also delves into the emerging and critical concept of immunometabolism, a key function of immune cells that biofilm interferes with. The growing potential of biofilm metabolomics in the diagnosis and therapy of biofilm infections is highlighted, referring to the latest research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Davide Campoccia
- Laboratorio di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all'Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ravaioli
- Laboratorio di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all'Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Laboratory of Pathology of Implant Infections, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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21
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Subramaniam S, Joyce P, Ogunniyi AD, Dube A, Sampson SL, Lehr CM, Prestidge CA. Minimum Information for Conducting and Reporting In Vitro Intracellular Infection Assays. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:337-349. [PMID: 38295053 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are constantly evolving to outsmart the host immune system and antibiotics developed to eradicate them. One key strategy involves the ability of bacteria to survive and replicate within host cells, thereby causing intracellular infections. To address this unmet clinical need, researchers are adopting new approaches, such as the development of novel molecules that can penetrate host cells, thus exerting their antimicrobial activity intracellularly, or repurposing existing antibiotics using nanocarriers (i.e., nanoantibiotics) for site-specific delivery. However, inconsistency in information reported across published studies makes it challenging for scientific comparison and judgment of experiments for future direction by researchers. Together with the lack of reproducibility of experiments, these inconsistencies limit the translation of experimental results beyond pre-clinical evaluation. Minimum information guidelines have been instrumental in addressing such challenges in other fields of biomedical research. Guidelines and recommendations provided herein have been designed for researchers as essential parameters to be disclosed when publishing their methodology and results, divided into four main categories: (i) experimental design, (ii) establishing an in vitro model, (iii) assessment of efficacy of novel therapeutics, and (iv) statistical assessment. These guidelines have been designed with the intention to improve the reproducibility and rigor of future studies while enabling quantitative comparisons of published studies, ultimately facilitating translation of emerging antimicrobial technologies into clinically viable therapies that safely and effectively treat intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhni Subramaniam
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Abiodun D Ogunniyi
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Admire Dube
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samantha L Sampson
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, and Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E 8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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22
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Liu H, Xu T, Xue Z, Huang M, Wang T, Zhang M, Yang R, Guo Y. Current Development of Thiazole-Containing Compounds as Potential Antibacterials against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:350-370. [PMID: 38232301 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria is threatening to human health and life around the world. In particular, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes fatal injuries to human beings and serious economic losses to animal husbandry due to its easy transmission and difficult treatment. Currently, the development of novel, highly effective, and low-toxicity antimicrobials is important to combat MRSA infections. Thiazole-containing compounds with good biological activity are widely used in clinical practice, and appropriate structural modifications make it possible to develop new antimicrobials. Here, we review thiazole-containing compounds and their antibacterial effects against MRSA reported in the past two decades and discuss their structure-activity relationships as well as the corresponding antimicrobial mechanisms. Some thiazole-containing compounds exhibit potent antibacterial efficacy in vitro and in vivo after appropriate structural modifications and could be used as antibacterial candidates. This Review provides insights into the development of thiazole-containing compounds as antimicrobials to combat MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zihan Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Meijuan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Ruige Yang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
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23
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Chen YT, Lohia GK, Chen S, Riquelme SA. Immunometabolic Regulation of Bacterial Infection, Biofilms, and Antibiotic Susceptibility. J Innate Immun 2024; 16:143-158. [PMID: 38310854 PMCID: PMC10914382 DOI: 10.1159/000536649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upon infection, mucosal tissues activate a brisk inflammatory response to clear the pathogen, i.e., resistance to disease. Resistance to disease is orchestrated by tissue-resident macrophages, which undergo profound metabolic reprogramming after sensing the pathogen. These metabolically activated macrophages release many inflammatory factors, which promote their bactericidal function. However, in immunocompetent individuals, pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella evade this type of immunity, generating communities that thrive for the long term. SUMMARY These organisms develop features that render them less susceptible to eradication, such as biofilms and increased tolerance to antibiotics. Furthermore, after antibiotic therapy withdrawal, "persister" cells rapidly upsurge, triggering inflammatory relapses that worsen host health. How these pathogens persisted in inflamed tissues replete with activated macrophages remains poorly understood. KEY MESSAGES In this review, we discuss recent findings indicating that the ability of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and Salmonella to evolve biofilms and antibiotic tolerance is promoted by the similar metabolic routes that regulate macrophage metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Tsun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gaurav Kumar Lohia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samantha Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sebastián A Riquelme
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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24
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Ronneau S, Michaux C, Giorgio RT, Helaine S. Intoxication of antibiotic persisters by host RNS inactivates their efflux machinery during infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012033. [PMID: 38421944 PMCID: PMC10903880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The host environment is of critical importance for antibiotic efficacy. By impacting bacterial machineries, stresses encountered by pathogens during infection promote the formation of phenotypic variants that are transiently insensitive to the action of antibiotics. It is assumed that these recalcitrant bacteria-termed persisters-contribute to antibiotic treatment failure and relapsing infections. Recently, we demonstrated that host reactive nitrogen species (RNS) transiently protect persisters against the action of β-lactam antibiotics by delaying their regrowth within host cells. Here, we discovered that RNS intoxication of persisters also collaterally sensitizing them to fluoroquinolones during infection, explaining the higher efficiency of fluoroquinolones against intramacrophage Salmonella. By reducing bacterial respiration and the proton-motive force, RNS inactivate the AcrAB efflux machinery of persisters, facilitating the accumulation of fluoroquinolones intracellularly. Our work shows that target inactivity is not the sole reason for Salmonella persisters to withstand antibiotics during infection, with active efflux being a major contributor to survival. Thus, understanding how the host environment impacts persister physiology is critical to optimize antibiotics efficacy during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverin Ronneau
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charlotte Michaux
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachel T. Giorgio
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sophie Helaine
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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25
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Siddiqui H, Jasiak A, Doub JB. Do All Prosthetic Joint Infection Clinical Isolates Form Aggregates in Synovial Fluid That Are Resistant to Antibiotic Agents? Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2024; 25:71-76. [PMID: 38150525 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2023.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic prosthetic joint infections (PJI) are associated with substantial morbidity because conventional antibiotic agents lack activity to bacteria in biofilms that necessitates prosthetic removal to attempt definitive cure. However, these are complex infections that go beyond biofilms and bacteria can be present in various other different states such as synovial fluid aggregates. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to assess the propensity of historically preserved PJI clinical isolates to form synovial fluid aggregates and if aggregation occurred then what is proclivity to be tolerant to high doses of antibiotic agents. Patients and Methods: Historically preserved chronic PJI clinical isolates from 2021 were evaluated for their ability to form synovial fluid aggregates under static and dynamic conditions in 24-microwell plates. Tolerance to vancomycin, gentamicin, or amphotericin was conducted by adding high concentrations of these antibiotic agents to synovial fluid microbial aggregates. Results: All clinical isolates formed synovial fluid aggregates under dynamic conditions, which with the use of scanning electron microscopy showed dense collections of bacteria with synovial fluid polymers. However, under static conditions only Staphylococcus aureus formed aggregates. Importantly, all the microbes in these aggregates were tolerant to high concentrations of antibiotic agents. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that synovial fluid aggregation occurred with all bacterial and fungal species assessed. Therefore, the findings here have important clinical ramifications given the extent that this phenomenon occurs across microbial species and the propensity for the microbes in these aggregates to be tolerant to antibiotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamda Siddiqui
- The Doub Laboratory of Translational Bacterial Research, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Jasiak
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James B Doub
- The Doub Laboratory of Translational Bacterial Research, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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26
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Hamad M, Al-Marzooq F, Srinivasulu V, Sulaiman A, Menon V, Ramadan WS, El-Awady R, Al-Tel TH. Antimicrobial activity of nature-inspired molecules against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1336856. [PMID: 38318129 PMCID: PMC10838778 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1336856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections present a serious challenge to global health. In addition to the spread of antibiotic resistance, some bacteria can form persister cells which are tolerant to most antibiotics and can lead to treatment failure or relapse. In the present work, we report the discovery of a new class of small molecules with potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and moderate activity against Gram-negative drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. The lead compound SIMR 2404 had a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 μg/mL against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA). The MIC values against Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Actinobacteria baumannii were between 8-32 μg/mL. Time-kill experiments show that compound SIMR 2404 can rapidly kill tested bacteria. Compound SIMR 2404 was also found to rapidly kill MRSA persisters which display high levels of tolerance to conventional antibiotics. In antibiotic evolution experiments, MRSA quickly developed resistance to ciprofloxacin but failed to develop resistance to compound SIMR 2404 even after 24 serial passages. Compound SIMR 2404 was not toxic to normal human fibroblast at a concentration of 4 μg/mL which is twice the MIC concentration against MRSA. However, at a concentration of 8 μg/mL or higher, it showed cytotoxic activity indicating that it is not ideal as a candidate against Gram-negative bacteria. The acceptable toxicity profile and rapid antibacterial activity against MRSA highlight the potential of these molecules for further studies as anti-MRSA agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hamad
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farah Al-Marzooq
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vunnam Srinivasulu
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ashna Sulaiman
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Varsha Menon
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wafaa S. Ramadan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Raafat El-Awady
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb H. Al-Tel
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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27
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Vozza EG, Daly CM, O'Rourke SA, Fitzgerald HK, Dunne A, McLoughlin RM. Staphylococcus aureus suppresses the pentose phosphate pathway in human neutrophils via the adenosine receptor A2aR to enhance intracellular survival. mBio 2024; 15:e0257123. [PMID: 38108639 PMCID: PMC10790693 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02571-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of antimicrobial-resistant infections whose success as a pathogen is facilitated by its massive array of immune evasion tactics, including intracellular survival within critical immune cells such as neutrophils, the immune system's first line of defense. In this study, we describe a novel pathway by which intracellular S. aureus can suppress the antimicrobial capabilities of human neutrophils by using the anti-inflammatory adenosine receptor, adora2a (A2aR). We show that signaling through A2aR suppresses the pentose phosphate pathway, a metabolic pathway used to fuel the antimicrobial NADPH oxidase complex that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). As such, neutrophils show enhanced ROS production and reduced intracellular S. aureus when treated with an A2aR inhibitor. Taken together, we identify A2aR as a potential therapeutic target for combatting intracellular S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio G. Vozza
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clíodhna M. Daly
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead A. O'Rourke
- Molecular Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hannah K. Fitzgerald
- Molecular Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aisling Dunne
- Molecular Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel M. McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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28
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Kelly JJ, Dalesandro BE, Liu Z, Chordia MD, Ongwae GM, Pires MM. Measurement of Accumulation of Antibiotics to Staphylococcus aureus in Phagosomes of Live Macrophages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313870. [PMID: 38051128 PMCID: PMC10799677 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has evolved the ability to persist after uptake into host immune cells. This intracellular niche enables S. aureus to potentially escape host immune responses and survive the lethal actions of antibiotics. While the elevated tolerance of S. aureus to small-molecule antibiotics is likely to be multifactorial, we pose that there may be contributions related to permeation of antibiotics into phagocytic vacuoles, which would require translocation across two mammalian bilayers. To empirically test this, we adapted our recently developed permeability assay to determine the accumulation of FDA-approved antibiotics into phagocytic vacuoles of live macrophages. Bioorthogonal reactive handles were metabolically anchored within the surface of S. aureus, and complementary tags were chemically added to antibiotics. Following phagocytosis of tagged S. aureus cells, we were able to specifically analyze the arrival of antibiotics within the phagosomes of infected macrophages. Our findings enabled the determination of permeability differences between extra- and intracellular S. aureus, thus providing a roadmap to dissect the contribution of antibiotic permeability to intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zichen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Mahendra D. Chordia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - George M. Ongwae
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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29
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Liu S, Huang Y, Jensen S, Laman P, Kramer G, Zaat SAJ, Brul S. Molecular physiological characterization of the dynamics of persister formation in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0085023. [PMID: 38051079 PMCID: PMC10777834 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00850-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria possess the ability to enter a growth-arrested state known as persistence in order to survive antibiotic exposure. Clinically, persisters are regarded as the main causative agents for chronic and recurrent infectious diseases. To combat this antibiotic-tolerant population, a better understanding of the molecular physiology of persisters is required. In this study, we collected samples at different stages of the biphasic kill curve to reveal the dynamics of the cellular molecular changes that occur in the process of persister formation. After exposure to antibiotics with different modes of action, namely, vancomycin and enrofloxacin, similar persister levels were obtained. Both shared and distinct stress responses were enriched for the respective persister populations. However, the dynamics of the presence of proteins linked to the persister phenotype throughout the biphasic kill curve and the molecular profiles in a stable persistent population did show large differences, depending on the antibiotic used. This suggests that persisters at the molecular level are highly stress specific, emphasizing the importance of characterizing persisters generated under different stress conditions. Additionally, although generated persisters exhibited cross-tolerance toward tested antibiotics, combined therapies were demonstrated to be a promising approach to reduce persister levels. In conclusion, this investigation sheds light on the stress-specific nature of persisters, highlighting the necessity of tailored treatment approaches and the potential of combined therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yixuan Huang
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sean Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Laman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Kramer
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A. J. Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stanley Brul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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30
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Morón Á, Tarhouchi AE, Belinchón I, Valenzuela JM, de Francisco P, Martín-González A, Amaro F. Protozoan predation enhances stress resistance and antibiotic tolerance in Burkholderia cenocepacia by triggering the SOS response. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae014. [PMID: 38366016 PMCID: PMC10944698 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Bacterivorous protists are thought to serve as training grounds for bacterial pathogens by subjecting them to the same hostile conditions that they will encounter in the human host. Bacteria that survive intracellular digestion exhibit enhanced virulence and stress resistance after successful passage through protozoa but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here we show that the opportunistic pathogen Burkholderia cenocepacia survives phagocytosis by ciliates found in domestic and hospital sink drains, and viable bacteria are expelled packaged in respirable membrane vesicles with enhanced resistance to oxidative stress, desiccation, and antibiotics, thereby contributing to pathogen dissemination in the environment. Reactive oxygen species generated within the protozoan phagosome promote the formation of persisters tolerant to ciprofloxacin by activating the bacterial SOS response. In addition, we show that genes encoding antioxidant enzymes are upregulated during passage through ciliates increasing bacterial resistance to oxidative radicals. We prove that suppression of the SOS response impairs bacterial intracellular survival and persister formation within protists. This study highlights the significance of protozoan food vacuoles as niches that foster bacterial adaptation in natural and built environments and suggests that persister switch within phagosomes may be a widespread phenomenon in bacteria surviving intracellular digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Morón
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology. Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of MadridMadrid 28040, Spain
| | - Alaa E Tarhouchi
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology. Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of MadridMadrid 28040, Spain
| | - Iván Belinchón
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology. Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of MadridMadrid 28040, Spain
| | - Juan M Valenzuela
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology. Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of MadridMadrid 28040, Spain
| | - Patricia de Francisco
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology. Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of MadridMadrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ana Martín-González
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology. Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of MadridMadrid 28040, Spain
| | - Francisco Amaro
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology. Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of MadridMadrid 28040, Spain
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31
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Lin XQ, Liu ZZ, Zhou CK, Zhang L, Gao Y, Luo XY, Zhang JG, Chen W, Yang YJ. Trained immunity in recurrent Staphylococcus aureus infection promotes bacterial persistence. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011918. [PMID: 38241414 PMCID: PMC10798626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial persister cells, a sub-population of dormant phenotypic variants highly tolerant to antibiotics, present a significant challenge for infection control. Investigating the mechanisms of antibiotic persistence is crucial for developing effective treatment strategies. Here, we found a significant association between tolerance frequency and previous infection history in bovine mastitis. Previous S. aureus infection led to S. aureus tolerance to killing by rifampicin in subsequent infection in vivo and in vitro. Actually, the activation of trained immunity contributed to rifampicin persistence of S. aureus in secondary infection, where it reduced the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment and increased disease severity. Mechanically, we found that S. aureus persistence was mediated by the accumulation of fumarate provoked by trained immunity. Combination therapy with metformin and rifampicin promoted eradication of persisters and improved the severity of recurrent S. aureus infection. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the relationship between trained immunity and S. aureus persistence, while providing proof of concept that trained immunity is a therapeutic target in recurrent bacterial infections involving persistent pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qi Lin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Kai Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Yue Luo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Gang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jun Yang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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32
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Goormaghtigh F, Van Bambeke F. Understanding Staphylococcus aureus internalisation and induction of antimicrobial tolerance. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2024; 22:87-101. [PMID: 38180805 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2024.2303018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus, a human commensal, is also one of the most common and serious pathogens for humans. In recent years, its capacity to survive and replicate in phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells has been largely demonstrated. In these intracellular niches, bacteria are shielded from the immune response and antibiotics, turning host cells into long-term infectious reservoirs. Moreover, neutrophils carry intracellular bacteria in the bloodstream, leading to systemic spreading of the disease. Despite the serious threat posed by intracellular S. aureus to human health, the molecular mechanisms behind its intracellular survival and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure remain elusive. AREA COVERED We give an overview of the killing mechanisms of phagocytes and of the impressive arsenal of virulence factors, toxins and stress responses deployed by S. aureus as a response. We then discuss the different barriers to antibiotic activity in this intracellular niche and finally describe innovative strategies to target intracellular persisting reservoirs. EXPERT OPINION Intracellular niches represent a challenge in terms of diagnostic and treatment. Further research using ad-hoc in-vivo models and single cell approaches are needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying intracellular survival and tolerance to antibiotics in order to identify strategies to eliminate these persistent bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Goormaghtigh
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Van Bambeke
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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33
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Mishra AK, Thakare RP, Santani BG, Yabaji SM, Dixit SK, Srivastava KK. Unlocking the enigma of phenotypic drug tolerance: Mechanisms and emerging therapeutic strategies. Biochimie 2023; 220:67-83. [PMID: 38168626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In the ongoing battle against antimicrobial resistance, phenotypic drug tolerance poses a formidable challenge. This adaptive ability of microorganisms to withstand drug pressure without genetic alterations further complicating global healthcare challenges. Microbial populations employ an array of persistence mechanisms, including dormancy, biofilm formation, adaptation to intracellular environments, and the adoption of L-forms, to develop drug tolerance. Moreover, molecular mechanisms like toxin-antitoxin modules, oxidative stress responses, energy metabolism, and (p)ppGpp signaling contribute to this phenomenon. Understanding these persistence mechanisms is crucial for predicting drug efficacy, developing strategies for chronic bacterial infections, and exploring innovative therapies for refractory infections. In this comprehensive review, we dissect the intricacies of drug tolerance and persister formation, explore their role in acquired drug resistance, and highlight emerging therapeutic approaches to combat phenotypic drug tolerance. Furthermore, we outline the future landscape of interventions for persistent bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok K Mishra
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India; Department of Molecular Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Ritesh P Thakare
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India; Department of Molecular Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Bela G Santani
- Department of Microbiology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University (SGBAU), Amravati, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shivraj M Yabaji
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shivendra K Dixit
- Division of Medicine ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
| | - Kishore K Srivastava
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India.
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34
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Cotten KL, Davis KM. Bacterial heterogeneity and antibiotic persistence: bacterial mechanisms utilized in the host environment. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0017422. [PMID: 37962348 PMCID: PMC10732018 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00174-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYAntibiotic persistence, or the ability of small subsets of bacteria to survive prolonged antibiotic treatment, is an underappreciated cause of antibiotic treatment failure. Over the past decade, researchers have discovered multiple different stress responses and mechanisms that can promote antibiotic persistence. However, many of these studies have been completed in culture-based systems that fail to truly replicate the complexities of the host environment, and it is unclear whether the mechanisms defined in in vitro studies are applicable during host infection. In this review, we focus our discussion on recent studies that utilize a mixture of ex vivo culture systems and animal models to understand what stressors in the host environment are important for inducing antibiotic persistence. Different host stressors are involved depending on the anatomical niche the bacteria reside in and whether the host immune system is primed to generate a more robust response against bacteria, which can result in differing downstream effects on antibiotic susceptibility. Bacterial pathogens can also utilize specific strategies to reprogram their metabolism, which is vital for transitioning into an antibiotic-persistent state within host tissues. Importantly, we highlight that more attention is needed to establish guidelines for in vivo work on antibiotic persistence, particularly when identifying antibiotic-persistent subpopulations and distinguishing these phenotypes from antibiotic tolerance. Studying antibiotic persistence in the context of the host environment will be crucial for developing tools and strategies to target antibiotic-persistent bacteria and increase the efficacy of antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Cotten
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly Michele Davis
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Lin WC, Hsu KC, You MF, Lee KH, Chi CH, Chen JY. Octanoic acid promotes clearance of antibiotic-tolerant cells and eradicates biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from recurrent bovine mastitis. Biofilm 2023; 6:100149. [PMID: 37635811 PMCID: PMC10450856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic therapy is the primary treatment for bovine mastitis, but the drawbacks of this strategy include poor cure rate and economic losses from the need to discard milk with antibiotic residues. Unfortunately, few other treatment options are currently available for mastitis. Failure of antibiotic treatments is often attributed to formation of bacterial biofilms and abscesses in the mammary gland tissue, which lead to chronic infections that are difficult to eradicate and drive recurrent disease. A major mastitis-causing pathogen (MCP) associated with biofilms in bovine mastitis is Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, we demonstrate that octanoic acid has broad-spectrum microbicidal activity against MCPs and effectively inhibits S. aureus biofilm formation in milk (>50% inhibition at 3.13 mM). Octanoic acid effectively clears biofilms (95% eradication at 1X minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC) and infrequently induces S. aureus small colony variants (SCVs) that may cause recurrent mastitis. Additionally, octanoic acid rapidly kills persistent biofilm cells and cells with antibiotic tolerance (within 4 h). In contrast, antibiotics treated at >100X MBC cannot eradicate biofilms but do induce SCVs and antibiotic-tolerant cells. These effects may accelerate the transition from biofilm to chronic infection. Thus, octanoic acid exhibits bactericidal action against S. aureus biofilms, and it is less likely than antibiotic therapy to induce persistent cells and pathogen tolerance. Moreover, octanoic acid acts additively with antibiotics against S. aureus, and it attenuates tetracycline-induced virulence factor gene expression in S. aureus cells. According to these data, octanoic acid may prevent the pathological progression of bovine mastitis and offer a new strategy for treating the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chun Lin
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chen Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng You
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hua Lee
- Hsin-Chu Branch Station, COA- TRI, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Hwa Chi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center and the Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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Qin L, Hu N, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhao L, Zhang X, Yang Y, Zhang J, Zou Y, Wei K, Zhao C, Li Y, Zeng H, Huang W, Zou Q. Antibody-antibiotic conjugate targeted therapy for orthopedic implant-associated intracellular S. aureus infections. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00375-2. [PMID: 38048846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treating orthopedic implant-associated infections, especially those caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), remains a significant challenge. S. aureus has the ability to invade host cells, enabling it to evade both antibiotics and immune responses during infection, which may result in clinical treatment failures. Therefore, it is critical to identify the host cell type of implant-associated intracellular S. aureus infections and to develop a strategy for highly targeted delivery of antibiotics to the host cells. OBJECTIVES Introduced an antibody-antibiotic conjugate (AAC) for the targeted elimination of intracellular S. aureus. METHODS The AAC comprises of a human monoclonal antibody (M0662) directly recognizes the surface antigen of S. aureus, Staphylococcus protein A, which is conjugated with vancomycin through cathepsin-sensitive linkers that are cleavable in the proteolytic environment of the intracellular phagolysosome. AAC, vancomycin and vancomycin combined with AAC were used in vitro intracellular infection and mice implant infection models. We then tested the effect of AAC in vivo and in vivo by fluorescence imaging, in vivo imaging, bacterial quantitative analysis and bacterial biofilm imaging. RESULTS In vitro, it was observed that AAC captured extracellular S. aureus and co-entered the cells, and subsequently released vancomycin to induce rapid elimination of intracellular S. aureus. In the implant infection model, AAC significantly improved the bactericidal effect of vancomycin. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the application of AAC effectively blocked the formation of bacterial biofilm. Further histochemical and micro-CT analysis showed AAC significantly reduced the level of bone marrow density (BMD) and bone volume fraction (BV/TV) reduction caused by bacterial infection in the distal femur of mice compared to vancomycin treatment alone. CONCLUSIONS The application of AAC in an implant infection model showed that it significantly improved the bactericidal effects of vancomycin and effectively blocked the formation of bacterial biofilms, without apparent toxicity to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Ning Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Jianye Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Liqun Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Xiaokai Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Yun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Yinshuang Zou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Keyu Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Yujian Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Quanming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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Carratalá JV, Arís A, Garcia-Fruitós E, Ferrer-Miralles N. Design strategies for positively charged endolysins: Insights into Artilysin development. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108250. [PMID: 37678419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Endolysins are bacteriophage-encoded enzymes that can specifically degrade the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wall, making them an attractive tool for the development of novel antibacterial agents. The use of genetic engineering techniques for the production and modification of endolysins offers the opportunity to customize their properties and activity against specific bacterial targets, paving the way for the development of personalized therapies for bacterial infections. Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane that can hinder the action of recombinantly produced endolysins. However, certain endolysins are capable of crossing the outer membrane by virtue of segments that share properties resembling those of cationic peptides. These regions increase the affinity of the endolysin towards the bacterial surface and assist in the permeabilization of the membrane. In order to improve the bactericidal effectiveness of endolysins, approaches have been implemented to increase their net charge, including the development of Artilysins containing positively charged amino acids at one end. At present, there are no specific guidelines outlining the steps for implementing these modifications. There is an ongoing debate surrounding the optimal location of positive charge, the need for a linker region, and the specific amino acid composition of peptides for modifying endolysins. The aim of this study is to provide clarity on these topics by analyzing and comparing the most effective modifications found in previous literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Vicente Carratalá
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Anna Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Duan X, Boo ZZ, Chua SL, Chong KHC, Long Z, Yang R, Zhou Y, Janela B, Chotirmall SH, Ginhoux F, Hu Q, Wu B, Yang L. A Bacterial Quorum Sensing Regulated Protease Inhibits Host Immune Responses by Cleaving Death Domains of Innate Immune Adaptors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304891. [PMID: 37870218 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune adaptor proteins are critical components of the innate immune system that propagate pro-inflammatory responses from their upstream receptors, and lead to pathogen clearance from the host. Bacterial pathogens have developed strategies to survive inside host cells without triggering the innate immune surveillance in ways that are still not fully understood. Here, it is reported that Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces its quorum sensing mechanism after macrophage engulfment. Further investigation of its secretome identified a quorum sensing regulated product, LasB, is responsible for innate immune suppression depending on the MyD88-mediated signaling. Moreover, it is showed that this specific type of pathogen-mediated innate immune suppression is due to the enzymatic digestion of the death domains of the innate immune adaptors, mainly MyD88, and attributed to LasB's large substrate binding groove. Lastly, it is demonstrated that the secretion of LasB from P. aeruginosa directly contributed to MyD88 degradation within macrophages. Hence, it is discovered an example of bacterial quorum sensing-regulated cellular innate immune suppression by direct cleavage of immune adaptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangke Duan
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, 518112, P. R. China
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Center for Disease, Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Zhi Boo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Song Lin Chua
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Kelvin Han Chung Chong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Ziqi Long
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Renliang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Yachun Zhou
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, 518112, P. R. China
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Baptiste Janela
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sanjay Haresh Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease, Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, 518112, P. R. China
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
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Boggon C, Mairpady Shambat S, Zinkernagel AS, Secchi E, Isa L. Single-cell patterning and characterisation of antibiotic persistent bacteria using bio-sCAPA. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:5018-5028. [PMID: 37909096 PMCID: PMC10661667 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00611e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
In microbiology, accessing single-cell information within large populations is pivotal. Here we introduce bio-sCAPA, a technique for patterning bacterial cells in defined geometric arrangements and monitoring their growth in various nutrient environments. We demonstrate bio-sCAPA with a study of subpopulations of antibiotic-tolerant bacteria, known as persister cells, which can survive exposure to high doses of antibiotics despite lacking any genetic resistance to the drug. Persister cells are associated with chronic and relapsing infections, yet are difficult to study due in part to a lack of scalable, single-cell characterisation methods. As >105 cells can be patterned on each template, and multiple templates can be patterned in parallel, bio-sCAPA allows for very rare population phenotypes to be monitored with single-cell precision across various environmental conditions. Using bio-sCAPA, we analysed the phenotypic characteristics of single Staphylococcus aureus cells tolerant to flucloxacillin and rifampicin killing. We find that antibiotic-tolerant S. aureus cells do not display significant heterogeneity in growth rate and are instead characterised by prolonged lag-time phenotypes alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Boggon
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Srikanth Mairpady Shambat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelies S Zinkernagel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Secchi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Lucio Isa
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
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Bai S, Song J, Pu H, Yu Y, Song W, Chen Z, Wang M, Campbell-Valois FX, Wong WL, Cai Q, Wan M, Zhang C, Bai Y, Feng X. Chemical Biology Approach to Reveal the Importance of Precise Subcellular Targeting for Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus Eradication. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23372-23384. [PMID: 37838963 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, that may hide in intracellular vacuoles represent the most significant manifestation of bacterial persistence. They are critically associated with chronic infections and antibiotic resistance, as conventional antibiotics are ineffective against such intracellular persisters due to permeability issues and mechanistic reasons. Direct subcellular targeting of S. aureus vacuoles suggests an explicit opportunity for the eradication of these persisters, but a comprehensive understanding of the chemical biology nature and significance of precise S. aureus vacuole targeting remains limited. Here, we report an oligoguanidine-based peptidomimetic that effectively targets and eradicates intracellular S. aureus persisters in the phagolysosome lumen, and this oligomer was utilized to reveal the mechanistic insights linking precise targeting to intracellular antimicrobial efficacy. The oligomer has high cellular uptake via a receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway and colocalizes with S. aureus persisters in phagolysosomes as a result of endosome-lysosome interconversion and lysosome-phagosome fusion. Moreover, the observation of a bacterium's altered susceptibility to the oligomer following a modification in its intracellular localization offers direct evidence of the critical importance of precise intracellular targeting. In addition, eradication of intracellular S. aureus persisters was achieved by the oligomer's membrane/DNA dual-targeting mechanism of action; therefore, its effectiveness is not hampered by the hibernation state of the persisters. Such precise subcellular targeting of S. aureus vacuoles also increases the agent's biocompatibility by minimizing its interaction with other organelles, endowing excellent in vivo bacterial targeting and therapeutic efficacy in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Junfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Huangsheng Pu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel NanoOptoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
- Nanhu Laser Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Wenwen Song
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Zhiyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | | | - Wing-Leung Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qingyun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Muyang Wan
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yugang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Xinxin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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Chen E, Shaffer MG, Bilodeau RE, West RE, Oberly PJ, Nolin TD, Culyba MJ. Clinical rel mutations in Staphylococcus aureus prime pathogen expansion under nutrient stress. mSphere 2023; 8:e0024923. [PMID: 37750686 PMCID: PMC10597345 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00249-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection by Staphylococcus aureus has been linked to the bacterial stringent response (SR), a conserved stress response pathway regulated by the Rel protein. Rel synthesizes (p)ppGpp "alarmones" in response to amino acid starvation, which enables adaptation to stress by modulating bacterial growth and virulence. We previously identified five novel protein-altering mutations in rel that arose in patients with persistent methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia. The mutations mapped to both the enzymatic and regulatory protein domains of Rel. Here, we set out to characterize the phenotype of these mutations to understand how they may have been selected in vivo. After introducing each mutation into S. aureus strain JE2, we analyzed growth, fitness, and antibiotic profiles. Despite being located in different protein domains, we found that all of the mutations converged on the same phenotype. Each shortened the time of lag phase growth and imparted a fitness advantage in nutritionally depleted conditions. Through quantification of intracellular (p)ppGpp, we link this phenotype to increased SR activation, specifically during the stationary phase of growth. In contrast to two previously identified clinical rel mutations, we find that our rel mutations do not cause antibiotic tolerance. Instead, our findings suggest that in vivo selection was due to an augmented SR that primes cells for growth in nutrient-poor conditions, which may be a strategy for evading host-imposed nutritional immunity. Importance Host and pathogen compete for available nutrition during infection. For bacteria, the stringent response (SR) regulator Rel responds to amino acid deprivation by signaling the cell to modulate its growth rate, metabolism, and virulence. In this report, we characterize five rel mutations that arose during cases of persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. We find that all of the mutations augmented SR signaling specifically under nutrient-poor conditions, enabling the cell to more readily grow and survive. Our findings reveal a strategy used by bacterial pathogens to evade the nutritional immunity imposed by host tissues during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marla G. Shaffer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert E. Bilodeau
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raymond E. West
- Small Molecule Biomarker Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick J. Oberly
- Small Molecule Biomarker Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas D. Nolin
- Small Molecule Biomarker Core, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew J. Culyba
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Beam JE, Wagner NJ, Lu KY, Parsons JB, Fowler VG, Rowe SE, Conlon BP. Inflammasome-mediated glucose limitation induces antibiotic tolerance in Staphylococcus aureus. iScience 2023; 26:107942. [PMID: 37790275 PMCID: PMC10543182 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading human pathogen that frequently causes relapsing infections. The failure of antibiotics to eradicate infection contributes to infection relapse. Host-pathogen interactions have a substantial impact on antibiotic susceptibility and the formation of antibiotic tolerant cells. In this study, we interrogate how a major S. aureus virulence factor, α-toxin, interacts with macrophages to alter the microenvironment of the pathogen, thereby influencing its susceptibility to antibiotics. We find α-toxin-mediated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome induces antibiotic tolerance. Induction of tolerance is driven by increased glycolysis in the host cells, resulting in glucose limitation and ATP depletion in S. aureus. Additionally, inhibition of NLRP3 activation improves antibiotic efficacy in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that this strategy has potential as a host-directed therapeutic to improve outcomes. Our findings identify interactions between S. aureus and the host that result in metabolic crosstalk that can determine the outcome of antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E. Beam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nikki J. Wagner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kuan-Yi Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joshua B. Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vance G. Fowler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah E. Rowe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brian P. Conlon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Lo HY, Long DR, Holmes EA, Penewit K, Hodgson T, Lewis JD, Waalkes A, Salipante SJ. Transposon sequencing identifies genes impacting Staphylococcus aureus invasion in a human macrophage model. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0022823. [PMID: 37676013 PMCID: PMC10580828 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00228-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative intracellular pathogen in many host cell types, facilitating its persistence in chronic infections. The genes contributing to intracellular pathogenesis have not yet been fully enumerated. Here, we cataloged genes influencing S. aureus invasion and survival within human THP-1 derived macrophages using two laboratory strains (ATCC2913 and JE2). We developed an in vitro transposition method to produce highly saturated transposon mutant libraries in S. aureus and performed transposon insertion sequencing (Tn-Seq) to identify candidate genes with significantly altered abundance following macrophage invasion. While some significant genes were strain-specific, 108 were identified as common across both S. aureus strains, with most (n = 106) being required for optimal macrophage infection. We used CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) to functionally validate phenotypic contributions for a subset of genes. Of the 20 genes passing validation, seven had previously identified roles in S. aureus virulence, and 13 were newly implicated. Validated genes frequently evidenced strain-specific effects, yielding opposing phenotypes when knocked down in the alternative strain. Genomic analysis of de novo mutations occurring in groups (n = 237) of clonally related S. aureus isolates from the airways of chronically infected individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) revealed significantly greater in vivo purifying selection in conditionally essential candidate genes than those not associated with macrophage invasion. This study implicates a core set of genes necessary to support macrophage invasion by S. aureus, highlights strain-specific differences in phenotypic effects of effector genes, and provides evidence for selection of candidate genes identified by Tn-Seq analyses during chronic airway infection in CF patients in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Lo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dustin R. Long
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizbeth A. Holmes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelsi Penewit
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Taylor Hodgson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janessa D. Lewis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam Waalkes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen J. Salipante
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Wen Z, Wang C, Bai B, Cao X, Fan K, Hu C, Li P, Deng Q, Yu Z. In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Activities of Ginkgolic Acid C15:1 against Streptococcus agalactiae Clinical Isolates. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1867-1877. [PMID: 37696007 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is the major cause of invasive neonatal infections and is a recognized pathogen associated with various diseases in nonpregnant adults. The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant S. agalactiae necessitate the development of a novel antibacterial agent. Here, the potential antibacterial activities and mechanisms of ginkgolic acid C15:1 (GA (15:1)) from Ginkgo biloba against clinical S. agalactiae are characterized. The MIC50 and MIC90 values for GA (15:1) against 72 clinical S. agalactiae isolates were 6.25 and 12.5 μM, respectively. GA (15:1) showed a strong bactericidal effect against both planktonic bacteria and bacteria embedded in biofilms as well as significant effectiveness in suppressing the growth of S. agalactiae biofilms. Moreover, GA (15:1) possesses intracellular antibacterial activity and could significantly decrease the bacterial burden in the intraperitoneal infection model of S. agalactiae. Mechanistic studies showed that GA (15:1) triggers membrane damage of S. agalactiae through a unique dual-targeting mechanism of action (MoA). First, GA (15:1) targets phospholipids in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Second, by using mass-spectrometry-based drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) and molecular docking, lipoprotein signaling peptidase II (lspA) was identified as a target protein of GA (15:1), whose role is crucial for maintaining bacterial membrane depolarization and permeabilization. Our findings suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for developing GA (15:1) to combat S. agalactiae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Wen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infections, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, No. 89 Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Microbiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154003, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infections, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, No. 89 Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Xinyi Cao
- Department of Microbiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154003, China
| | - Kewei Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infections, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, No. 89 Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Chunyou Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infections, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, No. 89 Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Peiyu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infections, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, No. 89 Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Qiwen Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infections, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, No. 89 Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Zhijian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infections, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, No. 89 Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
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Tian L, Tan Z, Yang Y, Liu S, Yang Q, Tu Y, Chen J, Guan H, Fan L, Yu B, Chen X, Hu Y. In situ sprayed hydrogels containing resiquimod-loaded liposomes reduce chronic osteomyelitis recurrence by intracellular bacteria clearance. Acta Biomater 2023; 169:209-227. [PMID: 37516419 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
At present, surgical debridement and systematic administration of antibiotics represent the mainstay of treatment for chronic osteomyelitis. However, it is now understood that Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) can survive within excessively polarized M2 macrophages and evade antibiotics, accounting for the high recurrence of chronic osteomyelitis. Effective treatments for intracellular infection have rarely been reported. Herein, we designed an in situ sprayed liposomes hydrogels spray with macrophage-targeted effects and the ability to reverse polarization and eradicate intracellular bacteria to reduce the recurrence of osteomyelitis. Resiquimod (R848)-loaded and phosphatidylserine (PS)-coating nanoliposomes were introduced into fibrinogen and thrombin to form the PSL-R848@Fibrin spray. Characterization and phagocytosis experiments were performed to confirm the successful preparation of the PSL-R848@Fibrin spray. Meanwhile, in vitro cell experiments validated its ability to eliminate intracellular S. aureus by reprogramming macrophages from the M2 to the M1 phenotype. Additionally, we established a chronic osteomyelitis rat model to simulate the treatment and recurrence process. Histological analysis demonstrated a significant increase in M1 macrophages and the elimination of intracellular bacteria. Imaging revealed a significant decrease in osteomyelitis recurrence. Overall, the liposome hydrogels could target macrophages to promote antibacterial properties against intracellular infection and reduce the recurrence of chronic osteomyelitis, providing the foothold for improving the outcomes of this patient population. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Chronic osteomyelitis remains a high recurrence although undergoing traditional treatment of debridement and antibiotics. S. aureus can survive within the excessively polarized M2 macrophages to evade the effects of antibiotics. However, few studies have sought to investigate effective intracellular bacteria eradication. Herein, we designed a macrophage-targeted R848-containing liposomes fibrin hydrogels spray (PSL-R848@Fibrin) that can reprogram polarization of macrophages and eradicate intracellular bacteria for osteomyelitis treatment. With great properties of rapid gelation, strong adhesion, high flexibility and fit-to-shape capacity, the facile-operated immunotherapeutic in-situ-spray fibrin hydrogels exhibited huge promise of reversing polarization and fighting intracellular infections. Importantly, we revealed a hitherto undocumented treatment strategy for reducing the recurrence of chronic osteomyelitis and potentially improving the prognosis of chronic osteomyelitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Tian
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Zilin Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Shencai Liu
- Division of Orthopaedics Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Qingfeng Yang
- Division of Orthopaedics Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Yuesheng Tu
- Division of Orthopaedics Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Jialan Chen
- Division of Orthopaedics Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Hongye Guan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Division of Orthopaedics Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China.
| | - Xianhui Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China.
| | - Yanjun Hu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China.
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Li Y, Li B, Guo X, Wang H, Cheng L. Applications of quaternary ammonium compounds in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases: State-of-the-art and future directions. J Dent 2023; 137:104678. [PMID: 37634613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarize the state-of-the-art developments of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. By discussing the structural diversity and the potential killing mechanism, we try to offer some insights for the future research of QACs. DATA, SOURCES & STUDY SELECTION A literature search was conducted in electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, and Scopus). Publications that involved the applications of QACs, especially those related to the prevention and treatment of oral diseases, are included. RESULTS We have reviewed the relevant research on QACs over the past two decades. The research results indicate that the current applications are mainly focused on dental material modification and direct pharmacological interventions. Concurrently, challenges such as potential risks to normal tissues and impediments in drug resistance and microbial persistence present certain application constraints. The latest studies have encompassed the exploration of smart materials and nanoparticle formulations. CONCLUSIONS The killing mechanism may possess a threshold related to charge density. However, the exact process remains enigmatic. The structural diversity and the exploration of intelligent materials and nanoparticle formulations provide directions in development of novel QACs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The intricate oral anatomy, combined with the multifaceted oral microbiome, necessitates specialized materials for the targeted prevention and treatment of oral pathologies. QACs represent a cohort of compounds distinguished by potent anti-infective and anti-tumor attributes. Innovations in intelligent materials and nanoparticle formulations amplify their potential in significantly advancing the prevention and therapeutic interventions for oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bolei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Haohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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47
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Wang B, Lin AE, Yuan J, Novak KE, Koch MD, Wingreen NS, Adamson B, Gitai Z. Single-cell massively-parallel multiplexed microbial sequencing (M3-seq) identifies rare bacterial populations and profiles phage infection. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1846-1862. [PMID: 37653008 PMCID: PMC10522482 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial populations are highly adaptive. They can respond to stress and survive in shifting environments. How the behaviours of individual bacteria vary during stress, however, is poorly understood. To identify and characterize rare bacterial subpopulations, technologies for single-cell transcriptional profiling have been developed. Existing approaches show some degree of limitation, for example, in terms of number of cells or transcripts that can be profiled. Due in part to these limitations, few conditions have been studied with these tools. Here we develop massively-parallel, multiplexed, microbial sequencing (M3-seq)-a single-cell RNA-sequencing platform for bacteria that pairs combinatorial cell indexing with post hoc rRNA depletion. We show that M3-seq can profile bacterial cells from different species under a range of conditions in single experiments. We then apply M3-seq to hundreds of thousands of cells, revealing rare populations and insights into bet-hedging associated with stress responses and characterizing phage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Wang
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Aaron E Lin
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jiayi Yuan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Katherine E Novak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Matthias D Koch
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ned S Wingreen
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Britt Adamson
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Zemer Gitai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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Bigham A, Raucci MG, Zheng K, Boccaccini AR, Ambrosio L. Oxygen-Deficient Bioceramics: Combination of Diagnosis, Therapy, and Regeneration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302858. [PMID: 37259776 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The journey of ceramics in medicine has been synchronized with an evolution from the first generation-alumina, zirconia, etc.-to the third -3D scaffolds. There is an up-and-coming member called oxygen-deficient or colored bioceramics, which have recently found their way through biomedical applications. The oxygen vacancy steers the light absorption toward visible and near infrared regions, making the colored bioceramics multifunctional-therapeutic, diagnostic, and regenerative. Oxygen-deficient bioceramics are capable of turning light into heat and reactive oxygen species for photothermal and photodynamic therapies, respectively, and concomitantly yield infrared and photoacoustic images. Different types of oxygen-deficient bioceramics have been recently developed through various synthesis routes. Some of them like TiO2- x , MoO3- x , and WOx have been more investigated for biomedical applications, whereas the rest have yet to be scrutinized. The most prominent advantage of these bioceramics over the other biomaterials is their multifunctionality endowed with a change in the microstructure. There are some challenges ahead of this category discussed at the end of the present review. By shedding light on this recently born bioceramics subcategory, it is believed that the field will undergo a big step further as these platforms are naturally multifunctional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Bigham
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials-National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Viale J. F. Kennedy 54-Mostra d'Oltremare pad. 20, Naples, 80125, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, Naples, 80125, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Raucci
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials-National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Viale J. F. Kennedy 54-Mostra d'Oltremare pad. 20, Naples, 80125, Italy
| | - Kai Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute for Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials-National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Viale J. F. Kennedy 54-Mostra d'Oltremare pad. 20, Naples, 80125, Italy
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Liu X, Wang P, Shi Y, Cui Y, Li S, Wu Dong G, Li J, Hao M, Zhai Y, Zhou D, Liu W, Wang A, Jin Y. (P)ppGpp synthetase Rsh participates in rifampicin tolerance of persister cells in Brucella abortus in vitro. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106310. [PMID: 37604214 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Brucella abortus is facultative intracellular pathogen that causes chronic persistent infections and results in abortion and infertility in food animals. Recurrent infections can be one of the results of persister cells formation that transiently displays phenotypic tolerance to high dose of antibiotics treatment. We examined persister cells formation of B. abortus strain A19 in stationary phase and investigated a potential role for the (p)ppGpp synthetase Rsh in this process. We found that B. abortus stationary phase cells can produce higher levels of multi-drugs tolerant persister cells in vitro under high dose of antibiotics (20 × MIC) exposure than do exponential phase cells. Persister cell formation was also induced with environmental stressors pH 4.5, 0.01 M PBS (pH7.0), 2% NaCl and 25 °C, upon exposure to ampicillin, enrofloxacin and rifampicin. Persister cells were not formed following exposure to 1 mM H2O2. The numbers of persister cells were significantly increased following uptake of B. abortus stationary phase cells by RAW264.7 macrophages in contrast with cultures in TSB liquid medium. Environmental stressors to B. abortus significantly increased expression of rsh mRNA level. The rsh null mutant (Δrsh) formed significantly fewer persister cells than the complemented (CΔrsh) and wildtype (WT) strains under high dose of rifampicin in vitro. These data for the first time demonstrate that B. abortus can produce multi-drug tolerant persister cells in stationary phase. The (p)ppGpp synthetase Rsh is necessary for persister cell formation in B. abortus in the presence of rifampicin. On this basis, a new understanding of the recurrent infections of Brucella was advanced, thus provided a new basis for revelation of pathogenic mechanism of the chronic persistent infection in Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University; Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University; Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yong Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University; Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yimeng Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University; Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University; Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Gaowa Wu Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University; Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Junmei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University; Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mingyue Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University; Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yunyi Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University; Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University; Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University; Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University; Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yaping Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University; Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Pan X, Liu W, Du Q, Zhang H, Han D. Recent Advances in Bacterial Persistence Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14311. [PMID: 37762613 PMCID: PMC10531727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The recurrence of bacterial infectious diseases is closely associated with bacterial persisters. This subpopulation of bacteria can escape antibiotic treatment by entering a metabolic status of low activity through various mechanisms, for example, biofilm, toxin-antitoxin modules, the stringent response, and the SOS response. Correspondingly, multiple new treatments are being developed. However, due to their spontaneous low abundance in populations and the lack of research on in vivo interactions between persisters and the host's immune system, microfluidics, high-throughput sequencing, and microscopy techniques are combined innovatively to explore the mechanisms of persister formation and maintenance at the single-cell level. Here, we outline the main mechanisms of persister formation, and describe the cutting-edge technology for further research. Despite the significant progress regarding study techniques, some challenges remain to be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenxin Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Qingqing Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Dingding Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
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