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Becker S, Englund D, Stiller B. An optoacoustic field-programmable perceptron for recurrent neural networks. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3020. [PMID: 38627394 PMCID: PMC11021513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) can process contextual information such as time series signals and language. But their tracking of internal states is a limiting factor, motivating research on analog implementations in photonics. While photonic unidirectional feedforward neural networks (NNs) have demonstrated big leaps, bi-directional optical RNNs present a challenge: the need for a short-term memory that (i) programmable and coherently computes optical inputs, (ii) minimizes added noise, and (iii) allows scalability. Here, we experimentally demonstrate an optoacoustic recurrent operator (OREO) which meets (i, ii, iii). OREO contextualizes the information of an optical pulse sequence via acoustic waves. The acoustic waves link different optical pulses, capturing their information and using it to manipulate subsequent operations. OREO's all-optical control on a pulse-by-pulse basis offers simple reconfigurability and is used to implement a recurrent drop-out and pattern recognition of 27 optical pulse patterns. Finally, we introduce OREO as bi-directional perceptron for new classes of optical NNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Becker
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Englund
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Birgit Stiller
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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2
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Piao X, Yu S, Park N. Programmable Photonic Time Circuits for Highly Scalable Universal Unitaries. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:103801. [PMID: 38518334 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.103801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Programmable photonic circuits (PPCs) have garnered substantial interest for their potential in facilitating deep learning accelerations and universal quantum computations. Although photonic computation using PPCs offers ultrafast operation, energy-efficient matrix calculations, and room-temperature quantum states, its poor scalability hinders integration. This challenge arises from the temporally one-shot operation of propagating light in conventional PPCs, resulting in a light-speed increase in device footprints. Here we propose the concept of programmable photonic time circuits, utilizing time-cycle-based computations analogous to gate cycling in the von Neumann architecture and quantum computation. Our building block is a reconfigurable SU(2) time gate, consisting of two resonators with tunable resonances, and coupled via time-coded dual-channel gauge fields. We demonstrate universal U(N) operations with high fidelity using an assembly of the SU(2) time gates, substantially improving scalability from O(N^{2}) to O(N) in terms of both the footprint and the number of gates. This result paves the way for PPC implementation in very large-scale integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianji Piao
- Wave Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
| | - Sunkyu Yu
- Intelligent Wave Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Namkyoo Park
- Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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3
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Harris SE. Interferometer for Dispersive Measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:043802. [PMID: 38335343 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.043802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
We suggest the use of broadband frequency modulation to construct a novel type of optical interferometer. This interferometer is insensitive to optical phase and allows measurement of the group velocity and group velocity dispersion without the need for short pulse apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Harris
- Departments of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Suh J, Kim G, Park H, Fan S, Park N, Yu S. Photonic Topological Spin Pump in Synthetic Frequency Dimensions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:033803. [PMID: 38307059 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.033803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Reducing geometrical complexity while preserving desired wave properties is critical for proof-of-concept studies in wave physics, as evidenced by recent efforts to realize photonic synthetic dimensions, isospectrality, and hyperbolic lattices. Laughlin's topological pump, which elucidates quantum Hall states in cylindrical geometry with a radial magnetic field and a time-varying axial magnetic flux, is a prime example of these efforts. Here we propose a two-dimensional dynamical photonic system for the topological pumping of pseudospin modes by exploiting synthetic frequency dimensions. The system provides the independent control of pseudomagnetic fields and electromotive forces achieved by the interplay between mode-dependent and mode-independent gauge fields. To address the axial open boundaries and azimuthal periodicity of the system, we define the adjusted local Chern marker with rotating azimuthal coordinates, proving the nontrivial topology of the system. We demonstrate the adiabatic pumping for crosstalk-free frequency conversion with wave front molding. Our approach allows for reproducing Laughlin's thought experiment at room temperature with a scalable setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Suh
- Intelligent Wave Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Gyunghun Kim
- Intelligent Wave Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyungchul Park
- Intelligent Wave Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Namkyoo Park
- Photonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sunkyu Yu
- Intelligent Wave Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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5
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Fan L, Wang K, Wang H, Dutt A, Fan S. Experimental realization of convolution processing in photonic synthetic frequency dimensions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi4956. [PMID: 37566663 PMCID: PMC10421045 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi4956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Convolution is an essential operation in signal and image processing and consumes most of the computing power in convolutional neural networks. Photonic convolution has the promise of addressing computational bottlenecks and outperforming electronic implementations. Performing photonic convolution in the synthetic frequency dimension, which harnesses the dynamics of light in the spectral degrees of freedom for photons, can lead to highly compact devices. Here, we experimentally realize convolution operations in the synthetic frequency dimension. Using a modulated ring resonator, we synthesize arbitrary convolution kernels using a predetermined modulation waveform with high accuracy. We demonstrate the convolution computation between input frequency combs and synthesized kernels. We also introduce the idea of an additive offset to broaden the kinds of kernels that can be implemented experimentally when the modulation strength is limited. Our work demonstrate the use of synthetic frequency dimension to efficiently encode data and implement computation tasks, leading to a compact and scalable photonic computation architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Heming Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Avik Dutt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Zhao H, Li B, Li H, Li M. Enabling scalable optical computing in synthetic frequency dimension using integrated cavity acousto-optics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5426. [PMID: 36109528 PMCID: PMC9477821 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical computing with integrated photonics brings a pivotal paradigm shift to data-intensive computing technologies. However, the scaling of on-chip photonic architectures using spatially distributed schemes faces the challenge imposed by the fundamental limit of integration density. Synthetic dimensions of light offer the opportunity to extend the length of operand vectors within a single photonic component. Here, we show that large-scale, complex-valued matrix-vector multiplications on synthetic frequency lattices can be performed using an ultra-efficient, silicon-based nanophotonic cavity acousto-optic modulator. By harnessing the resonantly enhanced strong electro-optomechanical coupling, we achieve, in a single such modulator, the full-range phase-coherent frequency conversions across the entire synthetic lattice, which constitute a fully connected linear computing layer. Our demonstrations open up the route toward the experimental realizations of frequency-domain integrated optical computing systems simultaneously featuring very large-scale data processing and small device footprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Bingzhao Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Abstract
Synthetic dimensions have garnered widespread interest for implementing high dimensional classical and quantum dynamics on low-dimensional geometries. Synthetic frequency dimensions, in particular, have been used to experimentally realize a plethora of bulk physics effects. However, in synthetic frequency dimension there has not been a demonstration of a boundary which is of paramount importance in topological physics due to the bulk-edge correspondence. Here we construct boundaries in the frequency dimension of dynamically modulated ring resonators by strongly coupling an auxiliary ring. We explore various effects associated with such boundaries, including confinement of the spectrum of light, discretization of the band structure, and the interaction of boundaries with one-way chiral modes in a quantum Hall ladder, which exhibits topologically robust spectral transport. Our demonstration of sharp boundaries fundamentally expands the capability of exploring topological physics, and has applications in classical and quantum information processing in synthetic frequency dimensions.
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Abstract
We present wave-based signal differentiation with unprecedented fidelity and flexibility by purposefully perturbing overmoded random scattering systems such that zeros of their scattering matrices lie exactly at the desired locations on the real frequency axis. Our technique overcomes limitations of hitherto existing approaches based on few-mode systems, both regarding their extreme vulnerability to fabrication inaccuracies or environmental perturbations and their inability to maintain high fidelity under in-situ adaptability. We demonstrate our technique experimentally by placing a programmable metasurface with hundreds of degrees of freedom inside a 3D disordered metallic box. Regarding the integrability of wave processors, such repurposing of existing enclosures is an enticing alternative to fabricating miniaturized devices. Our over-the-air differentiator can process in parallel multiple signals on distinct carriers and maintains high fidelity when reprogrammed to different carriers. We also perform programmable higher-order differentiation. Conceivable applications include segmentation or compression of communication or radar signals and machine vision.
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Balčytis A, Ozawa T, Ota Y, Iwamoto S, Maeda J, Baba T. Synthetic dimension band structures on a Si CMOS photonic platform. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk0468. [PMID: 35089790 PMCID: PMC8797776 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic dimensions, which simulate spatial coordinates using nonspatial degrees of freedom, are drawing interest in topological science and other fields for modeling higher-dimensional phenomena on simple structures. We present the first realization of a synthetic frequency dimension on a silicon ring resonator integrated photonic device fabricated using a CMOS process. We confirm that its coupled modes correspond to a one-dimensional tight-binding model through acquisition of up to 280-GHz bandwidth optical frequency comb-like spectra and by measuring synthetic band structures. Furthermore, we realized two types of gauge potentials along the frequency dimension and probed their effects through the associated band structures. An electric field analog was produced via modulation detuning, whereas effective magnetic fields were induced using synchronized nearest- and second nearest-neighbor couplings. Creation of coupled mode lattices and two effective forces on a monolithic Si CMOS device represents a key step toward wider adoption of topological principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armandas Balčytis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Corresponding author:
| | - Tomoki Ozawa
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Ota
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
- Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwamoto
- Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Jun Maeda
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Baba
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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Topological complex-energy braiding of non-Hermitian bands. Nature 2021; 598:59-64. [PMID: 34616054 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Effects connected with the mathematical theory of knots1 emerge in many areas of science, from physics2,3 to biology4. Recent theoretical work discovered that the braid group characterizes the topology of non-Hermitian periodic systems5, where the complex band energies can braid in momentum space. However, such braids of complex-energy bands have not been realized or controlled experimentally. Here, we introduce a tight-binding lattice model that can achieve arbitrary elements in the braid group of two strands 𝔹2. We experimentally demonstrate such topological complex-energy braiding of non-Hermitian bands in a synthetic dimension6,7. Our experiments utilize frequency modes in two coupled ring resonators, one of which undergoes simultaneous phase and amplitude modulation. We observe a wide variety of two-band braiding structures that constitute representative instances of links and knots, including the unlink, the unknot, the Hopf link and the trefoil. We also show that the handedness of braids can be changed. Our results provide a direct demonstration of the braid-group characterization of non-Hermitian topology and open a pathway for designing and realizing topologically robust phases in open classical and quantum systems.
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