1
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Zeng K, Yu X, Plenio MB, Wang ZY. Wide-Band Unambiguous Quantum Sensing via Geodesic Evolution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:250801. [PMID: 38996246 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.250801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
We present a quantum sensing technique that utilizes a sequence of π pulses to cyclically drive the qubit dynamics along a geodesic path of adiabatic evolution. This approach effectively suppresses the effects of both decoherence noise and control errors while simultaneously removing unwanted resonance terms, such as higher harmonics and spurious responses commonly encountered in dynamical decoupling control. As a result, our technique offers robust, wide-band, unambiguous, and high-resolution quantum sensing capabilities for signal detection and individual addressing of quantum systems, including spins. To demonstrate its versatility, we showcase successful applications of our method in both low-frequency and high-frequency sensing scenarios. The significance of this quantum sensing technique extends to the detection of complex signals and the control of intricate quantum environments. By enhancing detection accuracy and enabling precise manipulation of quantum systems, our method holds considerable promise for a variety of practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, and Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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2
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Oviedo-Casado S, Prior J, Cerrillo J. Low frequency signal detection via correlated Ramsey measurements. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2024; 363:107691. [PMID: 38776598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2024.107691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The low frequency region of the spectrum is a challenging regime for quantum probes. We support the idea that, in this regime, performing Ramsey measurements carefully controlling the time at which each measurement is initiated is an excellent signal detection strategy. We use the Fisher information to demonstrate a high quality performance in the low frequency regime, compared to more elaborated measurement sequences, and to optimize the correlated Ramsey sequence according to any given experimental parameters, showing that correlated Ramsey rivals with state-of-the-art protocols, and can even outperform commonly employed sequences such as dynamical decoupling in the detection of low frequency signals. Contrary to typical quantum detection protocols for oscillating signals, which require adjusting the time separation between pulses to match the half period of the target signal, and consequently see their scope limited to signals whose period is shorter than the characteristic decoherence time of the probe, or to those protocols whose target is primarily static signals, the time-tagged correlated Ramsey sequence simultaneously tracks the amplitude and the phase information of the target signal, regardless of its frequency, which crucially permits correlating measurements in post-processing, leading to efficient spectral reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Oviedo-Casado
- Área de Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, 30202, Spain; Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Javier Prior
- Departamento de Física - CIOyN, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, 30071, Spain.
| | - Javier Cerrillo
- Área de Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, 30202, Spain.
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3
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Bounds CC, Duff JP, Tritt A, Taylor HAM, Coe GX, White SJ, Turner LD. Quantum Spectral Analysis by Continuous Measurement of Landau-Zener Transitions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:093401. [PMID: 38489644 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.093401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate the simultaneous estimation of signal frequency and amplitude by a single quantum sensor in a single experimental shot. Sweeping the qubit splitting linearly across a span of frequencies induces a nonadiabatic Landau-Zener transition as the qubit crosses resonance. The signal frequency determines the time of the transition, and the amplitude its extent. Continuous weak measurement of this unitary evolution informs a parameter estimator retrieving precision measurements of frequency and amplitude. Implemented on radio-frequency-dressed ultracold atoms read out by a Faraday spin-light interface, we sense a magnetic signal with estimated sensitivities to amplitude of 11 pT/sqrt[Hz], frequency 0.026 Hz/Hz^{3/2}, and phase 0.084 rad/sqrt[Hz], in a single 300 ms sweep from 7 to 13 kHz. The protocol realizes a swept-sine quantum spectrum analyzer, potentially sensing hundreds or thousands of channels with a single quantum sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Bounds
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Josh P Duff
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Alex Tritt
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hamish A M Taylor
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - George X Coe
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sam J White
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - L D Turner
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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4
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Zhang H, Li Z, Yang C, Ma Z, Guo H, Wen H, Li X, Tang J, Liu J. High precision microwave measurement based on nitrogen-vacancy color center and application in velocity detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:4931-4943. [PMID: 38439232 DOI: 10.1364/oe.511056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Wide-range high-precision velocity detection with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center has been realized. By treating the NV color center as a mixer, the high-precision microwave measurement is realized. Through optimization of acquisition time, the microwave frequency resolution is improved to the mHz level. Combined with the frequency-velocity conversion model, velocity detection is realized in the range of 0-100 cm/s, and the velocity resolution is up to 0.012 cm/s. The maximum deviation in repeated measurements does not exceed 1/1000. Finally, combined with the multiplexed microwave reference technique, the range of velocity can be extended to 7.4 × 105 m/s. All of the results provide reference for high-precision velocity detection and play a significant role in various domains of quantum precision measurement. This study provides a crucial technical foundation for the development of high-dynamic-range velocity detectors and novel quantum precision velocity measurement technologies.
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5
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Wu H, Xu H, Zhao J. Unveiling out-of-loop attosecond timing jitter precision in Ti:sapphire mode-locked lasers with an optical heterodyne technique. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:742-745. [PMID: 38300104 DOI: 10.1364/ol.507113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The out-of-loop timing jitter exhibited in free-running Ti:sapphire mode-locked lasers with attosecond resolution is demonstrated using an optical heterodyne technique. To assess the feasibility of the experiment and discrimination signal properties, numerical simulations were conducted for Ti:sapphire mode-locked lasers. For accurately characterizing the genuine phase noise exhibited by Ti:sapphire mode-locked lasers, out-of-loop measurements were conducted, and a straightforward yet improved optical heterodyne setup was employed, allowing simultaneous low-bandwidth locking and out-of-loop timing jitter measurements with two Ti:sapphire mode-locked lasers. The out-of-loop phase noise floor for a single mode-locked laser reaches -203.47 d B c/H z, assuming a 10 GHz carrier frequency. Additionally, the out-of-loop integrated timing jitter is 11.9 a s from 10 kHz to the Nyquist frequency (50 M H z).
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6
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Staudenmaier N, Vijayakumar-Sreeja A, Genov G, Cohen D, Findler C, Lang J, Retzker A, Jelezko F, Oviedo-Casado S. Optimal Sensing Protocol for Statistically Polarized Nano-NMR with NV Centers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:150801. [PMID: 37897751 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.150801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion noise represents a major constraint to successful liquid state nano-NMR spectroscopy. Using the Fisher information as a faithful measure, we theoretically calculate and experimentally show that phase sensitive protocols are superior in most experimental scenarios, as they maximize information extraction from correlations in the sample. We derive the optimal experimental parameters for quantum heterodyne detection (Qdyne) and present the most accurate statistically polarized nano-NMR Qdyne detection experiments to date, leading the way to resolve chemical shifts and J couplings at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Staudenmaier
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Genko Genov
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Cohen
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Christoph Findler
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Diatope GmbH, Buchenweg 23, 88444 Ummendorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Lang
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Diatope GmbH, Buchenweg 23, 88444 Ummendorf, Germany
| | - Alex Retzker
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
- AWS Center for Quantum Computing, Pasadena 91125, California, USA
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Santiago Oviedo-Casado
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
- Área de Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena E-30202, Spain
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7
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Gao Y, Guo H, Wen H, Li Z, Ma Z, Tang J, Liu J. CSRR Structure Design for NV Spin Manipulation with Microwave Strength and Fluorescence Collection Synchronous Enhancement. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103718. [PMID: 37241345 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we designed, simulated, and tested a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) for the purpose of applying a strong and uniform microwave field for the manipulation of nitrogen vacancy (NV) ensembles. This structure was fabricated by etching two concentric rings on a flat metal film that was deposited on a printed circuit board. A metal transmission on the back plane was used as the feed line. The fluorescence collection efficiency was improved by about 2.5 times with the CSRR structure compared to that without CSRR. Furthermore, the maximum Rabi frequency could reach 11.3 MHz, and the Rabi frequency variation was smaller than 2.8% in an area of 250 × 75 μm. This could pave the way to achieving high-efficiency control of the quantum state for spin-based sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Huanfei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Zhonghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Zongmin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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8
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Chen XD, Wang EH, Shan LK, Zhang SC, Feng C, Zheng Y, Dong Y, Guo GC, Sun FW. Quantum enhanced radio detection and ranging with solid spins. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1288. [PMID: 36894541 PMCID: PMC9998632 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate radio frequency (RF) ranging and localizing of objects has benefited the researches including autonomous driving, the Internet of Things, and manufacturing. Quantum receivers have been proposed to detect the radio signal with ability that can outperform conventional measurement. As one of the most promising candidates, solid spin shows superior robustness, high spatial resolution and miniaturization. However, challenges arise from the moderate response to a high frequency RF signal. Here, by exploiting the coherent interaction between quantum sensor and RF field, we demonstrate quantum enhanced radio detection and ranging. The RF magnetic sensitivity is improved by three orders to 21 [Formula: see text], based on nanoscale quantum sensing and RF focusing. Further enhancing the response of spins to the target's position through multi-photon excitation, a ranging accuracy of 16 μm is realized with a GHz RF signal. The results pave the way for exploring quantum enhanced radar and communications with solid spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Dong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, P. R. China
| | - En-Hui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Long-Kun Shan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Chun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ce Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yang Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China.,Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Wen Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China. .,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China. .,Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, P. R. China.
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9
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Tesi L, Stemmler F, Winkler M, Liu SSY, Das S, Sun X, Zharnikov M, Ludwigs S, van Slageren J. Modular Approach to Creating Functionalized Surface Arrays of Molecular Qubits. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208998. [PMID: 36609776 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The quest for developing quantum technologies is driven by the promise of exponentially faster computations, ultrahigh performance sensing, and achieving thorough understanding of many-particle quantum systems. Molecular spins are excellent qubit candidates because they feature long coherence times, are widely tunable through chemical synthesis, and can be interfaced with other quantum platforms such as superconducting qubits. A present challenge for molecular spin qubits is their integration in quantum devices, which requires arranging them in thin films or monolayers on surfaces. However, clear proof of the survival of quantum properties of molecular qubits on surfaces has not been reported so far. Furthermore, little is known about the change in spin dynamics of molecular qubits going from the bulk to monolayers. Here, a versatile bottom-up method is reported to arrange molecular qubits as functional groups of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on surfaces, combining molecular self-organization and click chemistry. Coherence times of up to 13 µs demonstrate that qubit properties are maintained or even enhanced in the monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Tesi
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Friedrich Stemmler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mario Winkler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sherri S Y Liu
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Saunak Das
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xiuming Sun
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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10
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Broadband microwave detection using electron spins in a hybrid diamond-magnet sensor chip. Nat Commun 2023; 14:490. [PMID: 36717574 PMCID: PMC9887009 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum sensing has developed into a main branch of quantum science and technology. It aims at measuring physical quantities with high resolution, sensitivity, and dynamic range. Electron spins in diamond are powerful magnetic field sensors, but their sensitivity in the microwave regime is limited to a narrow band around their resonance frequency. Here, we realize broadband microwave detection using spins in diamond interfaced with a thin-film magnet. A pump field locally converts target microwave signals to the sensor-spin frequency via the non-linear spin-wave dynamics of the magnet. Two complementary conversion protocols enable sensing and high-fidelity spin control over a gigahertz bandwidth, allowing characterization of the spin-wave band at multiple gigahertz above the sensor-spin frequency. The pump-tunable, hybrid diamond-magnet sensor chip opens the way for spin-based gigahertz material characterizations at small magnetic bias fields.
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11
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Fan P, Zhang J, Cui Z, Xu L, Bian G, Li M, Yuan H. Millihertz magnetic resonance spectroscopy combining the heterodyne readout based on solid-spin sensors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:3187-3198. [PMID: 36785316 DOI: 10.1364/oe.478862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivities of quantum sensing in metrology and spectroscopy are drastically influenced by the resolution of the frequency spectrum. However, the resolution is hindered by the decoherence effect between the sensor and the environment. Along these lines, the continue-wave optically detected magnetic resonance (CWODMR) method combined with the heterodyne readout was proposed to break the limitation of the sensor's coherence time. The frequency of the magnetic field was swept to match the unknown signal, and the signal can be transformed to a real-time frequency-domain curve via the heterodyne readout, with a frequency resolution of 4.7 millihertz. Using the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center ensemble in a diamond as the solid-spin sensors, it was demonstrated that the frequency resolution and precision could be improved proportionally to the low-pass filter parameters of Tc -1 and Tc -1.5, respectively. Furthermore, the introduced method performed the sensing of arbitrary audio signals with a sensitivity of 7.32 nT·Hz-1/2@10 kHz. Our generic approach can be extended to several fields, such as molecular structure determination and biomagnetic field detection, where high-fidelity detection properties across multiple frequency bands are required within small sensing volumes (∼ mm3).
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12
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Zhang C, Zhang J, Widmann M, Benke M, Kübler M, Dasari D, Klotz T, Gizzi L, Röhrle O, Brenner P, Wrachtrup J. Optimizing NV magnetometry for Magnetoneurography and Magnetomyography applications. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1034391. [PMID: 36726853 PMCID: PMC9885266 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1034391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetometers based on color centers in diamond are setting new frontiers for sensing capabilities due to their combined extraordinary performances in sensitivity, bandwidth, dynamic range, and spatial resolution, with stable operability in a wide range of conditions ranging from room to low temperatures. This has allowed for its wide range of applications, from biology and chemical studies to industrial applications. Among the many, sensing of bio-magnetic fields from muscular and neurophysiology has been one of the most attractive applications for NV magnetometry due to its compact and proximal sensing capability. Although SQUID magnetometers and optically pumped magnetometers (OPM) have made huge progress in Magnetomyography (MMG) and Magnetoneurography (MNG), exploring the same with NV magnetometry is scant at best. Given the room temperature operability and gradiometric applications of the NV magnetometer, it could be highly sensitive in the pT / Hz -range even without magnetic shielding, bringing it close to industrial applications. The presented work here elaborates on the performance metrics of these magnetometers to the state-of-the-art techniques by analyzing the sensitivity, dynamic range, and bandwidth, and discusses the potential benefits of using NV magnetometers for MMG and MNG applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,Quantum Technology R&D Center, Beijing Automation Control Equipment Institute, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Chen Zhang ✉
| | - Jixing Zhang
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Widmann
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Magnus Benke
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Kübler
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Durga Dasari
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Klotz
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Leonardo Gizzi
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,Department of Biomechatronic Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Röhrle
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Brenner
- ZEISS Innovation Hub @ KIT, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany,Jörg Wrachtrup ✉
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13
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Sahin O, de Leon Sanchez E, Conti S, Akkiraju A, Reshetikhin P, Druga E, Aggarwal A, Gilbert B, Bhave S, Ajoy A. High field magnetometry with hyperpolarized nuclear spins. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5486. [PMID: 36123342 PMCID: PMC9485171 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum sensors have attracted broad interest in the quest towards sub-micronscale NMR spectroscopy. Such sensors predominantly operate at low magnetic fields. Instead, however, for high resolution spectroscopy, the high-field regime is naturally advantageous because it allows high absolute chemical shift discrimination. Here we demonstrate a high-field spin magnetometer constructed from an ensemble of hyperpolarized 13C nuclear spins in diamond. They are initialized by Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centers and protected along a transverse Bloch sphere axis for minute-long periods. When exposed to a time-varying (AC) magnetic field, they undergo secondary precessions that carry an imprint of its frequency and amplitude. For quantum sensing at 7T, we demonstrate detection bandwidth up to 7 kHz, a spectral resolution < 100mHz, and single-shot sensitivity of 410pT\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$/\sqrt{{{{{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}}}}}$$\end{document}/Hz. This work anticipates opportunities for microscale NMR chemical sensors constructed from hyperpolarized nanodiamonds and suggests applications of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) in quantum sensing. Quantum sensors based on NV centers in diamond find applications in high spatial resolution NMR spectroscopy, but their operation is typically limited to low fields. Sahin et al. demonstrate a high-field sensor based on nuclear spins in diamond, where NV centers play a supporting role in optical initialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Sophie Conti
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amala Akkiraju
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paul Reshetikhin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Emanuel Druga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aakriti Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Energy Geoscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sunil Bhave
- OxideMEMS Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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14
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Wang Z, Kong F, Zhao P, Huang Z, Yu P, Wang Y, Shi F, Du J. Picotesla magnetometry of microwave fields with diamond sensors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq8158. [PMID: 35947671 PMCID: PMC9365270 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq8158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Developing robust microwave-field sensors is both fundamentally and practically important with a wide range of applications from astronomy to communication engineering. The nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond is an attractive candidate for such purpose because of its magnetometric sensitivity, stability, and compatibility with ambient conditions. However, the existing NV center-based magnetometers have limited sensitivity in the microwave band. Here, we present a continuous heterodyne detection scheme that can enhance the sensor's response to weak microwaves, even in the absence of spin controls. Experimentally, we achieve a sensitivity of 8.9 pT Hz-1/2 for microwaves of 2.9 GHz by simultaneously using an ensemble of nNV ~ 2.8 × 1013 NV centers within a sensor volume of 4 × 10-2 mm3. Besides, we also achieve 1/t scaling of frequency resolution up to measurement time t of 10,000 s. Our scheme removes control pulses and thus will greatly benefit practical applications of diamond-based microwave sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhecheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fei Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pengju Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhehua Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pei Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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15
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Abstract
Quantum sensors are known for their high sensitivity in sensing applications. However, this sensitivity often comes with severe restrictions on other parameters which are also important. Examples are that in measurements of arbitrary signals, limitation in linear dynamic range could introduce distortions in magnitude and phase of the signal. High frequency resolution is another important feature for reconstructing unknown signals. Here, we demonstrate a distortion-free quantum sensing protocol that combines a quantum phase-sensitive detection with heterodyne readout. We present theoretical and experimental investigations using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, showing the capability of reconstructing audio frequency signals with an extended linear dynamic range and high frequency resolution. Melody and speech based signals are used for demonstrating the features. The methods could broaden the horizon for quantum sensors towards applications, e.g. telecommunication in challenging environment, where low-distortion measurements are required at multiple frequency bands within a limited volume. High sensitivity in quantum sensing comes often at the expense of other figures of merit, usually resulting in distortion. Here, the authors propose a protocol with good sensitivity, readout linearity and high frequency resolution, and benchmark it through signal measurements at audio bands with NV centers.
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16
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Allert RD, Briegel KD, Bucher DB. Advances in nano- and microscale NMR spectroscopy using diamond quantum sensors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8165-8181. [PMID: 35796253 PMCID: PMC9301930 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01546c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantum technologies have seen a rapid developmental surge over the last couple of years. Though often overshadowed by quantum computation, quantum sensors show tremendous potential for widespread applications in chemistry and biology. One system stands out in particular: the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, an atomic-sized sensor allowing the detection of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals at unprecedented length scales down to a single proton. In this article, we review the fundamentals of NV center-based quantum sensing and its distinct impact on nano- and microscale NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, we highlight possible future applications of this novel technology ranging from energy research, materials science, to single-cell biology, and discuss the associated challenges of these rapidly developing NMR sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Allert
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Karl D Briegel
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, 80799 München, Germany
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17
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Cui C, Zhang L, Fan L. Photonic analog of Mollow triplet with on-chip photon-pair generation in dressed modes. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4753-4756. [PMID: 34598191 DOI: 10.1364/ol.428659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Making analogy with atomic physics is a powerful tool for photonic technology, witnessed by the recent development in topological photonics and non-Hermitian photonics based on parity-time symmetry. The Mollow triplet is a prominent atomic effect with both fundamental and technological importance. Here we demonstrate the analog of the Mollow triplet with quantum photonic systems. Photonic entanglement is generated with spontaneous nonlinear processes in dressed photonic modes, which are introduced through coherent multimode coupling. We further demonstrate the possibility of the photonic system to realize different configurations of dressed states, leading to modification of the Mollow triplet. Our work would enable the investigation of complex atomic processes and the realization of unique quantum functionalities based on photonic systems.
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