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de Rojas J, Atkinson D, Adeyeye AO. Tailoring magnon modes by extending square, kagome, and trigonal spin ice lattices vertically via interlayer coupling of trilayer nanomagnets. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:415805. [PMID: 38942012 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad5d3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
In this work high-frequency magnetization dynamics and statics of artificial spin-ice lattices with different geometric nanostructure array configurations are studied where the individual nanostructures are composed of ferromagnetic/non-magnetic/ferromagnetic trilayers with different non-magnetic thicknesses. These thickness variations enable additional control over the magnetic interactions within the spin-ice lattice that directly impacts the resulting magnetization dynamics and the associated magnonic modes. Specifically the geometric arrangements studied are square, kagome and trigonal spin ice configurations, where the individual lithographically patterned nanomagnets (NMs) are trilayers, made up of two magnetic layers ofNi81Fe19of 30 nm and 70 nm thickness respectively, separated by a non-magnetic copper layer of either 2 nm or 40 nm. We show that coupling via the magnetostatic interactions between the ferromagnetic layers of the NMs within square, kagome and trigonal spin-ice lattices offers fine-control over magnetization states and magnetic resonant modes. In particular, the kagome and trigonal lattices allow tuning of an additional mode and the spacing between multiple resonance modes, increasing functionality beyond square lattices. These results demonstrate the ability to move beyond quasi-2D single magnetic layer nanomagnetics via control of the vertical interlayer interactions in spin ice arrays. This additional control enables multi-mode magnonic programmability of the resonance spectra, which has potential for magnetic metamaterials for microwave or information processing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius de Rojas
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States of America
| | - Del Atkinson
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Adekunle O Adeyeye
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Dion T, Stenning KD, Vanstone A, Holder HH, Sultana R, Alatteili G, Martinez V, Kaffash MT, Kimura T, Oulton RF, Branford WR, Kurebayashi H, Iacocca E, Jungfleisch MB, Gartside JC. Ultrastrong magnon-magnon coupling and chiral spin-texture control in a dipolar 3D multilayered artificial spin-vortex ice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4077. [PMID: 38744816 PMCID: PMC11094080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Strongly-interacting nanomagnetic arrays are ideal systems for exploring reconfigurable magnonics. They provide huge microstate spaces and integrated solutions for storage and neuromorphic computing alongside GHz functionality. These systems may be broadly assessed by their range of reliably accessible states and the strength of magnon coupling phenomena and nonlinearities. Increasingly, nanomagnetic systems are expanding into three-dimensional architectures. This has enhanced the range of available magnetic microstates and functional behaviours, but engineering control over 3D states and dynamics remains challenging. Here, we introduce a 3D magnonic metamaterial composed from multilayered artificial spin ice nanoarrays. Comprising two magnetic layers separated by a non-magnetic spacer, each nanoisland may assume four macrospin or vortex states per magnetic layer. This creates a system with a rich 16N microstate space and intense static and dynamic dipolar magnetic coupling. The system exhibits a broad range of emergent phenomena driven by the strong inter-layer dipolar interaction, including ultrastrong magnon-magnon coupling with normalised coupling rates ofΔ f ν = 0.57 , GHz mode shifts in zero applied field and chirality-control of magnetic vortex microstates with corresponding magnonic spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy Dion
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kilian D Stenning
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alex Vanstone
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Holly H Holder
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rawnak Sultana
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ghanem Alatteili
- Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Nanostructures, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Victoria Martinez
- Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Nanostructures, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | | | - Takashi Kimura
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Will R Branford
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hidekazu Kurebayashi
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ezio Iacocca
- Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Nanostructures, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | | | - Jack C Gartside
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Tano ZE, Cumpanas AD, Gorgen ARH, Rojhani A, Altamirano-Villarroel J, Landman J. Surgical Artificial Intelligence: Endourology. Urol Clin North Am 2024; 51:77-89. [PMID: 37945104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Endourology is ripe with information that includes patient factors, laboratory tests, outcomes, and visual data, which is becoming increasingly complex to assess. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to explore and define these relationships; however, humans might not be involved in the input, analysis, or even determining the methods of analysis. Herein, the authors present the current state of AI in endourology and highlight the need for urologists to share their proposed AI solutions for reproducibility outside of their institutions and prepare themselves to properly critique this new technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary E Tano
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, 3800 West Chapman Avenue, Suite 7200, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Andrei D Cumpanas
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, 3800 West Chapman Avenue, Suite 7200, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Antonio R H Gorgen
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, 3800 West Chapman Avenue, Suite 7200, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Allen Rojhani
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, 3800 West Chapman Avenue, Suite 7200, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Jaime Altamirano-Villarroel
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, 3800 West Chapman Avenue, Suite 7200, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Jaime Landman
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, 3800 West Chapman Avenue, Suite 7200, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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Xu M, Chen X, Guo Y, Wang Y, Qiu D, Du X, Cui Y, Wang X, Xiong J. Reconfigurable Neuromorphic Computing: Materials, Devices, and Integration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301063. [PMID: 37285592 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuromorphic computing has been attracting ever-increasing attention due to superior energy efficiency, with great promise to promote the next wave of artificial general intelligence in the post-Moore era. Current approaches are, however, broadly designed for stationary and unitary assignments, thus encountering reluctant interconnections, power consumption, and data-intensive computing in that domain. Reconfigurable neuromorphic computing, an on-demand paradigm inspired by the inherent programmability of brain, can maximally reallocate finite resources to perform the proliferation of reproducibly brain-inspired functions, highlighting a disruptive framework for bridging the gap between different primitives. Although relevant research has flourished in diverse materials and devices with novel mechanisms and architectures, a precise overview remains blank and urgently desirable. Herein, the recent strides along this pursuit are systematically reviewed from material, device, and integration perspectives. At the material and device level, one comprehensively conclude the dominant mechanisms for reconfigurability, categorized into ion migration, carrier migration, phase transition, spintronics, and photonics. Integration-level developments for reconfigurable neuromorphic computing are also exhibited. Finally, a perspective on the future challenges for reconfigurable neuromorphic computing is discussed, definitely expanding its horizon for scientific communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xinrui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yehao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Dong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xinchuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xianfu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
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Yue WC, Yuan Z, Lyu YY, Dong S, Zhou J, Xiao ZL, He L, Tu X, Dong Y, Wang H, Xu W, Kang L, Wu P, Nisoli C, Kwok WK, Wang YL. Crystallizing Kagome Artificial Spin Ice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:057202. [PMID: 35960577 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.057202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Artificial spin ices are engineered arrays of dipolarly coupled nanobar magnets. They enable direct investigations of fascinating collective phenomena from their diverse microstates. However, experimental access to ground states in the geometrically frustrated systems has proven difficult, limiting studies and applications of novel properties and functionalities from the low energy states. Here, we introduce a convenient approach to control the competing diploar interactions between the neighboring nanomagnets, allowing us to tailor the vertex degeneracy of the ground states. We achieve this by tuning the length of selected nanobar magnets in the spin ice lattice. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by realizing multiple low energy microstates in a kagome artificial spin ice, particularly the hardly accessible long range ordered ground state-the spin crystal state. Our strategy can be directly applied to other artificial spin systems to achieve exotic phases and explore new emergent collective behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cheng Yue
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zixiong Yuan
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yang-Yang Lyu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sining Dong
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhi-Li Xiao
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA
| | - Liang He
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xuecou Tu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Research Center for Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Huabing Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Weiwei Xu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Peiheng Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Cristiano Nisoli
- Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Wai-Kwong Kwok
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Yong-Lei Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
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Gartside JC, Stenning KD, Vanstone A, Holder HH, Arroo DM, Dion T, Caravelli F, Kurebayashi H, Branford WR. Reconfigurable training and reservoir computing in an artificial spin-vortex ice via spin-wave fingerprinting. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:460-469. [PMID: 35513584 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Strongly interacting artificial spin systems are moving beyond mimicking naturally occurring materials to emerge as versatile functional platforms, from reconfigurable magnonics to neuromorphic computing. Typically, artificial spin systems comprise nanomagnets with a single magnetization texture: collinear macrospins or chiral vortices. By tuning nanoarray dimensions we have achieved macrospin-vortex bistability and demonstrated a four-state metamaterial spin system, the 'artificial spin-vortex ice' (ASVI). ASVI can host Ising-like macrospins with strong ice-like vertex interactions and weakly coupled vortices with low stray dipolar field. Vortices and macrospins exhibit starkly differing spin-wave spectra with analogue mode amplitude control and mode frequency shifts of Δf = 3.8 GHz. The enhanced bitextural microstate space gives rise to emergent physical memory phenomena, with ratchet-like vortex injection and history-dependent non-linear fading memory when driven through global magnetic field cycles. We employed spin-wave microstate fingerprinting for rapid, scalable readout of vortex and macrospin populations, and leveraged this for spin-wave reservoir computation. ASVI performs non-linear mapping transformations of diverse input and target signals in addition to chaotic time-series forecasting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex Vanstone
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Holly H Holder
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daan M Arroo
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Troy Dion
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
- Solid State Physics Lab., Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Francesco Caravelli
- Theoretical Division (T4), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Will R Branford
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Intrinsic topological magnons in arrays of magnetic dipoles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1420. [PMID: 35082356 PMCID: PMC8792029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We study a simple magnetic system composed of periodically modulated magnetic dipoles with an easy axis. Upon adjusting the geometric modulation amplitude alone, chains and two-dimensional stacked chains exhibit a rich magnon spectrum where frequency gaps and magnon speeds are easily manipulable. The blend of anisotropy due to dipolar interactions between magnets and geometrical modulation induces a magnetic phase with fractional Zak number in infinite chains and end states in open one-dimensional systems. In two dimensions it gives rise to topological modes at the edges of stripes. Tuning the amplitude in two-dimensional lattices causes a band touching, which triggers the exchange of the Chern numbers of the volume bands and switches the sign of the thermal conductivity.
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Chaurasiya AK, Mondal AK, Gartside JC, Stenning KD, Vanstone A, Barman S, Branford WR, Barman A. Comparison of Spin-Wave Modes in Connected and Disconnected Artificial Spin Ice Nanostructures Using Brillouin Light Scattering Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11734-11742. [PMID: 34132521 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Artificial spin ice systems have seen burgeoning interest due to their intriguing physics and potential applications in reprogrammable memory, logic, and magnonics. Integration of artificial spin ice with functional magnonics is a relatively recent research direction, with a host of promising results. As the field progresses, direct in-depth comparisons of distinct artificial spin systems are crucial to advancing the field. While studies have investigated the effects of different lattice geometries, little comparison exists between systems comprising continuously connected nanostructures, where spin-waves propagate via dipole-exchange interaction, and systems with nanobars disconnected at vertices, where spin-wave propagation occurs via stray dipolar field. Gaining understanding of how these very different coupling methods affect both spin-wave dynamics and magnetic reversal is key for the field to progress and provides crucial system-design information including for future systems containing combinations of connected and disconnected elements. Here, we study the magnonic response of two kagome spin ices via Brillouin light scattering, a continuously connected system and a disconnected system with vertex gaps. We observe distinct high-frequency dynamics and magnetization reversal regimes between the systems, with key distinctions in spin-wave localization and mode quantization, microstate trajectory during reversal and internal field profiles. These observations are pertinent for the fundamental understanding of artificial spin systems and broader design and engineering of reconfigurable functional magnonic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar Chaurasiya
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block - JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 106, India
| | - Amrit Kumar Mondal
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block - JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 106, India
| | - Jack C Gartside
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kilian D Stenning
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Vanstone
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Saswati Barman
- Institute of Engineering and Management, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 091, India
| | - Will R Branford
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Anjan Barman
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block - JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700 106, India
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