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Wang Y, Wang G, Sun J, Song C, Lin S, Sun S, Hu Z, Wang X, Sun X. The impact of extreme precipitation on water use efficiency along vertical vegetation belts in Hengduan Mountain during 2001 and 2020. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 943:173638. [PMID: 38825202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
In the context of climate change, extreme precipitation events are continuously increasing and impact the water‑carbon coupling of ecosystems. The vertical vegetation zonation, as a characteristic of mountain ecosystems, reflects the differences in vegetation response to climate change at different elevations. In this study, we used the water use efficiency (WUE) as an indicator to evaluate the water‑carbon relationship. By using MODIS data, we analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of gross primary productivity (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and WUE from 2001 to 2020, as well as the responses of WUE to extreme wetness factor Number of precipitation days (R0.1), extreme dryness factor Consecutive dry days (CDD), and meteorological factors under the vertical vegetation zonation. Our results showed that annual GPP and ET displayed a significant increasing trend between 2001 and 2020, whereas WUE showed a weak decreasing trend. Spatially, GPP and WUE decreased with increasing elevation. Analyzing the WUE of mountainous ecosystems as a unified whole may not precisely capture the reactions of vegetation to severe rainfall occurrences. In fact, across different vegetation belts in mountainous areas, there exists a negative correlation between WUE and R0.1, and a positive correlation with CDD. In terms of meteorological factors, the temporal variation of GPP was primarily associated with vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and temperature (Ta), while those of ET was mainly related to soil water content (SWC). WUE was affected by a combination of meteorological factors and had a certain degree of variation between different altitude intervals. These findings contribute to a better understanding and prediction of the relationship between extreme rainfall climate and water‑carbon coupling in mountainous areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Genxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Juying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chunlin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shouqin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhaoyong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xintong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiangyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Cai M, Zhang Y, Zhao G, Zhao B, Cong N, Zhu J, Zheng Z, Wu W, Duan X. Excessive climate warming exacerbates nitrogen limitation on microbial metabolism in an alpine meadow of the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from soil ecoenzymatic stoichiometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172731. [PMID: 38663605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Soil ecoenzymatic stoichiometry reflects the dynamic equilibrium between microorganism's nutrient requirements and resource availability. However, uncertainties persist regarding the key determinants of nutrient restriction in relation to microbial metabolism under varying degrees of warming. Our long-term and multi-level warming field experiment (control treatment, +0.42 °C, +1.50 °C, +2.55 °C) in a typical alpine meadow unveiled a decline in carbon (C)- and nitrogen (N)-acquired enzymes with escalating warming magnitudes, while phosphorus (P)-acquired enzymes displayed an opposite trend. Employing enzymatic stoichiometry modeling, we assessed the nutrient limitations of microbial metabolic activity and found that C and N co-limited microbial metabolic activities in the alpine meadow. Remarkably, high-level warming (+2.55 °C) exacerbated microbe N limitation, but alleviate C limitations. The structural equation modeling further indicated that alterations in soil extracellular enzyme characteristics (SES) were more effectively elucidated by microbial characteristics (microbial biomass C, N, P, and their ratios) rather than by soil nutrients (total nutrient contents and their ratios). However, the microbial control over SES diminished with higher levels of warming magnitude. Overall, our results provided novel evidence that the factors driving microbe metabolic limitation may vary with the degree of warming in Tibet alpine grasslands. Changes in nutrient demand for microorganism's metabolism in response to warming should be considered to improve nutrient management in adapting to different future warming scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Cai
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangjian Zhang
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Guang Zhao
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Cong
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juntao Zhu
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhoutao Zheng
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Duan
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Chen X, Wang J, Liu W, Zhang Y. Limited life-history plasticity in marginal population of an invasive foundation species: Unraveling the genetic underpinnings and ecological implications. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11549. [PMID: 38855313 PMCID: PMC11161825 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant's life history can evolve in response to variation in climate spatio-temporally, but numerous multiple-species studies overlook species-specific (especially a foundation species) ecological effects and genetic underpinnings. For a species to successfully invade a region, likely to become a foundation species, life-history variation of invasive plants exerts considerable ecological and evolutionary impacts on invaded ecosystems. We examined how an invasive foundation plant, Spartina alterniflora, varied in its life history along latitudinal gradient using a common gardens experiment. Two common gardens were located at range boundary in tropical zone and main distribution area of S. alterniflora in temperate zone in China. Within each population/garden, we measured the onset time of three successive phenological stages constituting the reproductive phase and a fitness trait. In the low-latitude garden with higher temperature, we found that reproductive phase was advanced and its length prolonged compared to the high-latitude garden. This could possibly due to lower plasticity of maturity time. Additionally, plasticity in the length of the reproductive phase positively related with fitness in the low-latitude garden. Marginal population from tropic had the lowest plasticity and fitness, and the poor capacity to cope with changing environment may result in reduction of this population. These results reflected genetic divergence in life history of S. alterniflora in China. Our study provided a novel view to test the center-periphery hypothesis by integration across a plant's life history and highlighted the significance in considering evolution. Such insights can help us to understand long-term ecological consequences of life-history variation, with implications for plant fitness, species interaction, and ecosystem functions under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincong Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland EcosystemsCollege of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland EcosystemsCollege of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland EcosystemsCollege of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland EcosystemsCollege of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen UniversityXiamenFujianChina
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4
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Zettlemoyer MA, Conner RJ, Seaver MM, Waddle E, DeMarche ML. A Long-Lived Alpine Perennial Advances Flowering under Warmer Conditions but Not Enough to Maintain Reproductive Success. Am Nat 2024; 203:E157-E174. [PMID: 38635358 DOI: 10.1086/729438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
AbstractAssessing whether phenological shifts in response to climate change confer a fitness advantage requires investigating the relationships among phenology, fitness, and environmental drivers of selection. Despite widely documented advancements in phenology with warming climate, we lack empirical estimates of how selection on phenology varies in response to continuous climate drivers or how phenological shifts in response to warming conditions affect fitness. We leverage an unusual long-term dataset with repeated, individual measurements of phenology and reproduction in a long-lived alpine plant. We analyze phenotypic plasticity in flowering phenology in relation to two climate drivers, snowmelt timing and growing degree days (GDDs). Plants flower earlier with increased GDDs and earlier snowmelt, and directional selection also favors earlier flowering under these conditions. However, reproduction still declines with warming and early snowmelt, even when flowering is early. Furthermore, the steepness of this reproductive decline increases dramatically with warming conditions, resulting in very little fruit production regardless of flowering time once GDDs exceed approximately 225 degree days or snowmelt occurs before May 15. Even though advancing phenology confers a fitness advantage relative to stasis, these shifts are insufficient to maintain reproduction under warming, highlighting limits to the potential benefits of phenological plasticity under climate change.
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Kang Y, Wu H, Guan Q, Zhang Z. Responses of soil greenhouse gas emissions to soil mesofauna invasions and its driving mechanisms in the alpine tundra: A microcosm study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168255. [PMID: 37935268 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is resulting in significant modifications of the altitudinal patterns of soil fauna in mountains, leading to their upward invasion and alteration of soil ecological processes. However, the effects of soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soil mesofauna invasion and their driving mechanisms have not been clearly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we simulated a soil mesofauna invasion from an Erman's birch forest (EB) to the alpine tundra (AT) of the Changbai Mountain in Northeast China. Four treatments were established: no soil mesofauna (S0), native species (SN), invasive species (SI), and invasive species superposed native species (SS). We conducted a 79-day microcosm experiment, utilizing gas chromatography and high-throughput sequencing, to explore the variations in soil greenhouse gas emissions and their driving factors. Results showed that the cumulative CO2 emissions under SN, SI, and SS, compared with S0, increased by 34.13 %, 73.93 %, and 107.64 % and cumulative N2O emissions increased by 59.05 %, 101.18 %, and 183.88 %, respectively. Compared to SN, the cumulative emissions of CO2 and N2O increased by 29.89 % and 26.31 % under SI and by 54.91 % and 78.59 % under SS, respectively. The impacts of invasive species and native species on greenhouse gases were not a simple additive effect. Abiotic (soil variables) and biotic (soil mesofauna and microbial diversity) factors explained 37.76 % and 44.41 % of the total variations in CO2 and N2O emissions, respectively, in which NH4+-N and C: N ratios contributed the largest variations. The contribution of soil mesofauna diversity to the variations in CO2 and N2O emissions was higher than that of microbial diversity. The bacterial network graph density was correlated with soil CO2 and N2O emissions. Our findings highlight that soil mesofauna invasions increased GHG emissions, and these variations were predominantly explained by biotic rather than abiotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4888 Shengbei Street, Changchun 130012, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haitao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4888 Shengbei Street, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Qiang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4888 Shengbei Street, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Zhongsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4888 Shengbei Street, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
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Komoto H, Nagahama A, Miyawaki-Kuwakado A, Hata Y, Kyozuka J, Kajita Y, Toyama H, Satake A. The transcriptional changes underlying the flowering phenology shift of Arabidopsis halleri in response to climate warming. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:174-186. [PMID: 37691326 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is causing shifts in key life-history events, including flowering time. To assess the impacts of increasing temperature on flowering phenology, it is crucial to understand the transcriptional changes of genes underlying the phenological shifts. Here, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of genes contributing to the flowering phenology shifts in response to increasing temperature by monitoring the seasonal expression dynamics of 293 flowering-time genes along latitudinal gradients in the perennial herb, Arabidopsis halleri. Through transplant experiments at northern, southern and subtropical study sites in Japan, we demonstrated that the flowering period was shortened as latitude decreased, ultimately resulting in the loss of flowering opportunity in subtropical climates. The key transcriptional changes underlying the shortening of the flowering period and the loss of flowering opportunity were the diminished expression of floral pathway integrator genes and genes in the gibberellin synthesis and aging pathways, all of which are suppressed by increased expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C, a central repressor of flowering. These results suggest that the upper-temperature limit of reproduction is governed by a relatively small number of genes that suppress reproduction in the absence of winter cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Komoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ai Nagahama
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Hata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yui Kajita
- Iriomote Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hironori Toyama
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- College of Arts and Sciences, J. F. Oberlin University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Satake
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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McCleery R, Guralnick R, Beatty M, Belitz M, Campbell CJ, Idec J, Jones M, Kang Y, Potash A, Fletcher RJ. Uniting Experiments and Big Data to advance ecology and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:970-979. [PMID: 37330409 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Many ecologists increasingly advocate for research frameworks centered on the use of 'big data' to address anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems. Yet, experiments are often considered essential for identifying mechanisms and informing conservation interventions. We highlight the complementarity of these research frameworks and expose largely untapped opportunities for combining them to speed advancements in ecology and conservation. With nascent but increasing application of model integration, we argue that there is an urgent need to unite experimental and big data frameworks throughout the scientific process. Such an integrated framework offers potential for capitalizing on the benefits of both frameworks to gain rapid and reliable answers to ecological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert McCleery
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA.
| | - Robert Guralnick
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
| | - Meghan Beatty
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
| | - Michael Belitz
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
| | - Caitlin J Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
| | - Jacob Idec
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
| | - Maggie Jones
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
| | - Yiyang Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
| | - Alex Potash
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
| | - Robert J Fletcher
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32618, USA
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8
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Sasaki T, Collins SL, Rudgers JA, Batdelger G, Baasandai E, Kinugasa T. Dryland sensitivity to climate change and variability using nonlinear dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305050120. [PMID: 37603760 PMCID: PMC10587894 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305050120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary productivity response to climatic drivers varies temporally, indicating state-dependent interactions between climate and productivity. Previous studies primarily employed equation-based approaches to clarify this relationship, ignoring the state-dependent nature of ecological dynamics. Here, using 40 y of climate and productivity data from 48 grassland sites across Mongolia, we applied an equation-free, nonlinear time-series analysis to reveal sensitivity patterns of productivity to climate change and variability and clarify underlying mechanisms. We showed that productivity responded positively to annual precipitation in mesic regions but negatively in arid regions, with the opposite pattern observed for annual mean temperature. Furthermore, productivity responded negatively to decreasing annual aridity that integrated precipitation and temperature across Mongolia. Productivity responded negatively to interannual variability in precipitation and aridity in mesic regions but positively in arid regions. Overall, interannual temperature variability enhanced productivity. These response patterns are largely unrecognized; however, two mechanisms are inferable. First, time-delayed climate effects modify annual productivity responses to annual climate conditions. Notably, our results suggest that the sensitivity of annual productivity to increasing annual precipitation and decreasing annual aridity can even be negative when the negative time-delayed effects of annual precipitation and aridity on productivity prevail across time. Second, the proportion of plant species resistant to water and temperature stresses at a site determines the sensitivity of productivity to climate variability. Thus, we highlight the importance of nonlinear, state-dependent sensitivity of productivity to climate change and variability, accurately forecasting potential biosphere feedback to the climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Sasaki
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Hodogaya, Yokohama240-8501, Japan
| | - Scott L. Collins
- Department of Biology, MSC03-2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87131
| | - Jennifer A. Rudgers
- Department of Biology, MSC03-2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87131
| | - Gantsetseg Batdelger
- Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar15160, Mongolia
| | - Erdenetsetseg Baasandai
- Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar15160, Mongolia
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Guo L, Liu X, Alatalo JM, Wang C, Xu J, Yu H, Chen J, Yu Q, Peng C, Dai J, Luedeling E. Climatic drivers and ecological implications of variation in the time interval between leaf-out and flowering. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3338-3349.e3. [PMID: 37490919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Leaf-out and flowering in any given species have evolved to occur in a predetermined sequence, with the inter-stage time interval optimized to maximize plant fitness. Although warming-induced advances of both leaf-out and flowering are well documented, it remains unclear whether shifts in these phenological phases differ in magnitudes and whether changes have occurred in the length of the inter-stage intervals. Here, we present an extensive synthesis of warming effects on flower-leaf time intervals, using long-term (1963-2014) and in situ data consisting of 11,858 leaf-out and flowering records for 183 species across China. We found that the timing of both spring phenological events was generally advanced, indicating a dominant impact of forcing conditions compared with chilling. Stable time intervals between leaf-out and flowering prevailed for most of the time series despite increasing temperatures; however, some of the investigated cases featured significant changes in the time intervals. The latter could be explained by differences in the temperature sensitivity (ST) between leaf and flower phenology. Greater ST for flowering than for leaf-out caused flowering times to advance faster than leaf emergence. This shortened the inter-stage intervals in leaf-first species and lengthened them in flower-first species. Variation in the time intervals between leaf-out and flowering events may have far-reaching ecological and evolutionary consequences, with implications for species fitness, intra/inter-species interactions, and ecosystem structure, function, and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Juha M Alatalo
- Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Chuanyao Wang
- College of Forestry (Academy of Forestry), Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Center for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; World Agroforestry Center, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Haiying Yu
- College of A&F Engineering and Planning, Tongren University, Tongren, Guizhou 554300, China
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Jutland 8830, Denmark
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Changhui Peng
- School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; Department of Biology Science, Institute of Environment Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Junhu Dai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Eike Luedeling
- INRES-Horticultural Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen 53121, Germany
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Schädel C, Seyednasrollah B, Hanson PJ, Hufkens K, Pearson KJ, Warren JM, Richardson AD. Using long-term data from a whole ecosystem warming experiment to identify best spring and autumn phenology models. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:188-200. [PMID: 37583877 PMCID: PMC10423976 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Predicting vegetation phenology in response to changing environmental factors is key in understanding feedbacks between the biosphere and the climate system. Experimental approaches extending the temperature range beyond historic climate variability provide a unique opportunity to identify model structures that are best suited to predicting phenological changes under future climate scenarios. Here, we model spring and autumn phenological transition dates obtained from digital repeat photography in a boreal Picea-Sphagnum bog in response to a gradient of whole ecosystem warming manipulations of up to +9°C, using five years of observational data. In spring, seven equally best-performing models for Larix utilized the accumulation of growing degree days as a common driver for temperature forcing. For Picea, the best two models were sequential models requiring winter chilling before spring forcing temperature is accumulated. In shrub, parallel models with chilling and forcing requirements occurring simultaneously were identified as the best models. Autumn models were substantially improved when a CO2 parameter was included. Overall, the combination of experimental manipulations and multiple years of observations combined with variation in weather provided the framework to rule out a large number of candidate models and to identify best spring and autumn models for each plant functional type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schädel
- Center for Ecosystem Science and SocietyNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffArizonaUSA
- Woodwell Climate Research CenterFalmouthMassachusettsUSA
| | - Bijan Seyednasrollah
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber SystemsNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffArizonaUSA
| | - Paul J. Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
| | | | - Kyle J. Pearson
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
| | - Jeffrey M. Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
| | - Andrew D. Richardson
- Center for Ecosystem Science and SocietyNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffArizonaUSA
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber SystemsNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffArizonaUSA
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11
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Becker-Scarpitta A, Antão LH, Schmidt NM, Blanchet FG, Kaarlejärvi E, Raundrup K, Roslin T. Diverging trends and drivers of Arctic flower production in Greenland over space and time. Polar Biol 2023; 46:837-848. [PMID: 37589013 PMCID: PMC10425507 DOI: 10.1007/s00300-023-03164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic is warming at an alarming rate. While changes in plant community composition and phenology have been extensively reported, the effects of climate change on reproduction remain poorly understood. We quantified multidecadal changes in flower density for nine tundra plant species at a low- and a high-Arctic site in Greenland. We found substantial changes in flower density over time, but the temporal trends and drivers of flower density differed both between species and sites. Total flower density increased over time at the low-Arctic site, whereas the high-Arctic site showed no directional change. Within and between sites, the direction and rate of change differed among species, with varying effects of summer temperature, the temperature of the previous autumn and the timing of snowmelt. Finally, all species showed a strong trade-off in flower densities between successive years, suggesting an effective cost of reproduction. Overall, our results reveal region- and taxon-specific variation in the sensitivity and responses of co-occurring species to shared climatic drivers, and a clear cost of reproductive investment among Arctic plants. The ultimate effects of further changes in climate may thus be decoupled between species and across space, with critical knock-on effects on plant species dynamics, food web structure and overall ecosystem functioning. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00300-023-03164-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Becker-Scarpitta
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, 97410 Saint Pierre, La Réunion France
| | - Laura H. Antão
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niels Martin Schmidt
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - F. Guillaume Blanchet
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
- Département de Mathématiques, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
- Département Des Sciences de La Santé Communautaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Elina Kaarlejärvi
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katrine Raundrup
- Department of Environment and Mineral Resources, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Yin R, Qin W, Wang X, Xie D, Wang H, Zhao H, Zhang Z, He JS, Schädler M, Kardol P, Eisenhauer N, Zhu B. Experimental warming causes mismatches in alpine plant-microbe-fauna phenology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2159. [PMID: 37061533 PMCID: PMC10105701 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37938-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term observations have shown that many plants and aboveground animals have changed their phenology patterns due to warmer temperatures over the past decades. However, empirical evidence for phenological shifts in alpine organisms, particularly belowground organisms, is scarce. Here, we investigate how the activities and phenology of plants, soil microbes, and soil fauna will respond to warming in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau, and whether their potential phenological changes will be synchronized. We experimentally simulate an increase in soil temperature by 2-4 °C according to future projections for this region. We find that warming promotes plant growth, soil microbial respiration, and soil fauna feeding by 8%, 57%, and 20%, respectively, but causes dissimilar changes in their phenology during the growing season. Specifically, warming advances soil faunal feeding activity in spring and delays it in autumn, while their peak activity does not change; whereas warming increases the peak activity of plant growth and soil microbial respiration but with only minor shifts in their phenology. Such phenological asynchrony in alpine organisms may alter ecosystem functioning and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yin
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenkuan Qin
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, and College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, and College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Qinghai Haibei National Field Research Station of Alpine Grassland Ecosystem, and Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, and College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Martin Schädler
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieder-Strasse 4, 06110, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750-07, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Biao Zhu
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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13
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Rieksta J, Li T, Davie‐Martin CL, Aeppli LCB, Høye TT, Rinnan R. Volatile responses of dwarf birch to mimicked insect herbivory and experimental warming at two elevations in Greenlandic tundra. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:23-35. [PMID: 37284597 PMCID: PMC10168049 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants release a complex blend of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in response to stressors. VOC emissions vary between contrasting environments and increase with insect herbivory and rising temperatures. However, the joint effects of herbivory and warming on plant VOC emissions are understudied, particularly in high latitudes, which are warming fast and facing increasing herbivore pressure. We assessed the individual and combined effects of chemically mimicked insect herbivory, warming, and elevation on dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa) VOC emissions in high-latitude tundra ecosystems in Narsarsuaq, South Greenland. We hypothesized that VOC emissions and compositions would respond synergistically to warming and herbivory, with the magnitude differing between elevations. Warming increased emissions of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and isoprene. Herbivory increased the homoterpene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, emissions, and the response was stronger at high elevation. Warming and herbivory had synergistic effects on GLV emissions. Dwarf birch emitted VOCs at similar rates at both elevations, but the VOC blends differed between elevations. Several herbivory-associated VOC groups did not respond to herbivory. Harsher abiotic conditions at high elevations might not limit VOC emissions from dwarf birch, and high-elevation plants might be better at herbivory defense than assumed. The complexity of VOC responses to experimental warming, elevation, and herbivory are challenging our understanding and predictions of future VOC emissions from dwarf birch-dominated ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Rieksta
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | - Tao Li
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research StationKey Laboratory for Bio‐resource and Eco‐environment of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Cleo L. Davie‐Martin
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | - Laurids Christian Brogaard Aeppli
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
| | - Toke Thomas Høye
- Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research CentreAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen KDenmark
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14
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Saarela JM, Sokoloff PC, Gillespie LJ, Bull RD. Vascular plant biodiversity of Katannilik Territorial Park, Kimmirut and vicinity on Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada: an annotated checklist of an Arctic flora. PHYTOKEYS 2023; 217:1-135. [PMID: 36760228 PMCID: PMC9836459 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.217.90573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic ecozone is undergoing a rapid transformation in response to climate change. Establishing a baseline of current Arctic biodiversity is necessary to be able to track changes in species diversity and distribution over time. Here, we report a vascular plant floristic study of Katannilik Territorial Park, Kimmirut and vicinity within Circumpolar Arctic Bioclimate Subzone D on southern Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. We compiled a dataset of 1596 collections gathered in the study area throughout the last century, including 838 we made in 2012. The vascular flora comprises 35 families, 98 genera, 211 species, two nothospecies and seven infraspecific taxa. We newly recorded 51 taxa in 22 families in the study area: Erigeroneriocephalus, Taraxacumholmenianum (Asteraceae), Drabaarctica, D.fladnizensis, D.lactea (Brassicaceae), Campanularotundifolia (Campanulaceae), Arenarialongipedunculata, Honckenyapeploidessubsp.diffusa, Sabulinarossii, Sileneuralensissubsp.uralensis, Viscariaalpina (Caryophyllaceae), Carexbrunnescenssubsp.brunnescens, C.krausei, C.microglochin, C.subspathacea, C.williamsii, Eriophorumscheuchzerisubsp.arcticum (Cyperaceae), Andromedapolifolia, Orthiliasecundasubsp.obtusata (Ericaceae), Oxytropispodocarpa (Fabaceae), Luzulagroenlandica (Juncaceae), Triglochinpalustris (Juncaginaceae), Utriculariaochroleuca (Lentibulariaceae), Huperziacontinentalis (Lycopodiaceae), Montiafontana (Montiaceae), Corallorhizatrifida, Platantheraobtusatasubsp.obtusata (Orchidaceae), Hippurislanceolata, H.vulgaris, Plantagomaritima (Plantaginaceae), Calamagrostisneglectasubsp.groenlandica, C.purpurascens, Festucaproliferavar.lasiolepis, F.rubrasubsp.rubra, F.rubrasubsp.arctica, Hordeumjubatumsubsp.jubatum, Leymusmollissubsp.mollis, L.mollissubsp.villosissimus, Puccinelliavaginata (Poaceae), Primulaegaliksensis (Primulaceae), Cryptogrammastelleri (Pteridaceae), Coptidium×spitsbergense (Ranunculaceae), Potentillacrantzii, P.hyparcticasubsp.hyparctica, Rubuschamaemorus, Sibbaldiaprocumbens (Rosaceae), Salixfuscescens (Salicaceae), Micranthesfoliolosa, M.nivalis, M.tenuis (Saxifragaceae) and Woodsiaalpina (Woodsiaceae). We recorded 196 taxa in Katannilik Territorial Park (191 species, three infraspecific taxa and two nothospecies); 145 of these taxa are first records for the park. We recorded 170 taxa in Kimmirut and vicinity (166 species, three infraspecific taxa and one nothospecies) in Kimmirut and vicinity; 15 of these taxa are first records for Kimmirut and vicinity. All study area species are native, except two grasses that grew in Kimmirut: F.rubrasubsp.rubra, which may have been seeded and Hordeumjubatumsubsp.jubatum, of unknown origin. We summarize the distribution on Baffin Island for each taxon recorded in the study area, including several unpublished southern Baffin Island records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery M. Saarela
- Centre for Arctic Knowledge and Exploration and Botany Section, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaCanadian Museum of NatureOttawaCanada
| | - Paul C. Sokoloff
- Centre for Arctic Knowledge and Exploration and Botany Section, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaCanadian Museum of NatureOttawaCanada
| | - Lynn J. Gillespie
- Centre for Arctic Knowledge and Exploration and Botany Section, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaCanadian Museum of NatureOttawaCanada
| | - Roger D. Bull
- Centre for Arctic Knowledge and Exploration and Botany Section, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaCanadian Museum of NatureOttawaCanada
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15
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Geissler C, Davidson A, Niesenbaum RA. The influence of climate warming on flowering phenology in relation to historical annual and seasonal temperatures and plant functional traits. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15188. [PMID: 37101791 PMCID: PMC10124540 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate warming has the potential to influence plant flowering phenology which in turn can have broader ecological consequences. Herbarium collections offer a source of historical plant data that makes possible the ability to document and better understand how warming climate can influence long-term shifts in flowering phenology. We examined the influence of annual, winter, and spring temperatures on the flowering phenology of herbarium specimens for 36 species collected from 1884-2015. We then compared the response to warming between native and non-native, woody and herbaceous, dry and fleshy fruit, and spring vs summer blooming species. Across all species, plants flowered 2.26 days earlier per 1 °C increase in annual average temperatures and 2.93 days earlier per 1 °C increase in spring onset average temperatures. Winter temperatures did not significantly influence flowering phenology. The relationship of temperature and flowering phenology was not significantly different between native and non-native species. Woody species flowered earlier than herbaceous species only in response to increasing annual temperatures. There was no difference in the phenological response between species with dry fruits and those fleshy fruits for any of the temperature periods. Spring blooming species exhibited a significantly greater phenological response to warming yearly average temperatures than summer blooming species. Although herbarium specimens can reveal climate change impacts on phenology, it is also evident that the phenological responses to warming vary greatly among species due to differences in functional traits such as those considered here, as well as other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Geissler
- Department of Biology, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA, United States of America
| | - Allison Davidson
- Department of Mathematics, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA, United States of America
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16
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Bao F, Xin Z, Liu M, Li J, Gao Y, Lu Q, Wu B. Contrasting Regulators of the Onset and End of the Seed Release Phenology of a Temperate Desert Shrub Nitraria tangutorum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:88. [PMID: 36616216 PMCID: PMC9823625 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Seed release is crucial in the reproductive cycle of many desert plant species, but their responses to precipitation changes are still unclear. To clarify the response patterns, we conducted a long-term in situ water addition experiment with five treatments, including natural precipitation (control) plus an extra 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the local mean annual precipitation (145 mm), in a temperate desert in northwestern China. Both the onset and end of the seed release phenophase of the locally dominant shrub, Nitraria tangutorum, were observed from 2012 to 2018. The results showed that both the onset and end time of seed release, especially the end time, were significantly affected by water addition treatment. On average, the end time of seed release was advanced by 3.9 d, 7.3 d, 10.8 d, and 3.8 d under +25%, +50%, +75%, and +100% water addition treatments, respectively, over the seven-year study, compared with the control. The changes in the onset time were relatively small (only several hours), and the duration of seed release was shortened by 4.0 d, 7.5 d, 10.8 d, and 2.0 d under +25%, +50%, +75%, and +100% water addition treatments, respectively. The onset and end time of seed release varied greatly between the years. Preceding fruit ripening and summer temperature jointly regulated the inter-annual variation of the onset time of seed release, while the cumulative summer precipitation played a key role in driving the inter-annual variation of the end time. The annual mean temperature controlled the inter-annual variation of the seed release duration, and these interactions were all non-linear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Bao
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Key Laboratory for Desert Ecosystem and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Gansu Minqin Desert Ecosystem National Observation Research Station, Wuwei 733300, China
| | - Zhiming Xin
- Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Bayannaoer 015200, China
| | - Minghu Liu
- Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Bayannaoer 015200, China
| | - Jiazhu Li
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Bayannaoer 015200, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Key Laboratory for Desert Ecosystem and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Gansu Minqin Desert Ecosystem National Observation Research Station, Wuwei 733300, China
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17
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Growth of alpine grassland will start and stop earlier under climate warming. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7398. [PMID: 36456572 PMCID: PMC9715633 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpine plants have evolved a tight seasonal cycle of growth and senescence to cope with a short growing season. The potential growing season length (GSL) is increasing because of climate warming, possibly prolonging plant growth above- and belowground. We tested whether growth dynamics in typical alpine grassland are altered when the natural GSL (2-3 months) is experimentally advanced and thus, prolonged by 2-4 months. Additional summer months did not extend the growing period, as canopy browning started 34-41 days after the start of the season, even when GSL was more than doubled. Less than 10% of roots were produced during the added months, suggesting that root growth was as conservative as leaf growth. Few species showed a weak second greening under prolonged GSL, but not the dominant sedge. A longer growing season under future climate may therefore not extend growth in this widespread alpine community, but will foster species that follow a less strict phenology.
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18
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Post E, Mack MC. Arctic wildfires at a warming threshold. Science 2022; 378:470-471. [DOI: 10.1126/science.ade9583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bigger wildfires in the Siberian Arctic signal release of more carbon to the atmosphere
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Post
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michelle C. Mack
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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19
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Castillioni K, Newman GS, Souza L, Iler AM. Effects of drought on grassland phenology depend on functional types. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1558-1571. [PMID: 36068954 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Shifts in flowering phenology are important indicators of climate change. However, the role of precipitation in driving phenology is far less understood compared with other environmental cues, such as temperature. We use a precipitation reduction gradient to test the direction and magnitude of effects on reproductive phenology and reproduction across 11 plant species in a temperate grassland, a moisture-limited ecosystem. Our experiment was conducted in a single, relatively wet year. We examine the effects of precipitation for species, functional types, and the community. Our results provide evidence that reduced precipitation shifts phenology, alters flower and fruit production, and that the magnitude and direction of the responses depend on functional type and species. For example, early-blooming species shift toward earlier flowering, whereas later-blooming species shift toward later flowering. Because of opposing species-level shifts, there is no overall shift in community-level phenology. This study provides experimental evidence that changes in rainfall can drive phenological shifts. Our results additionally highlight the importance of understanding how plant functional types govern responses to changing climate conditions, which is relevant for forecasting phenology and community-level changes. Specifically, the implications of divergent phenological shifts between early- and late-flowering species include resource scarcity for pollinators and seed dispersers and new temporal windows for invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Castillioni
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Gregory S Newman
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Lara Souza
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Amy M Iler
- Chicago Botanic Garden, The Negaunee Institute for Plant Science Conservation and Action, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
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20
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Wang S, Wu Z, Gong Y, Wang S, Zhang W, Zhang S, De Boeck HJ, Fu YH. Climate warming shifts the time interval between flowering and leaf unfolding depending on the warming period. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:2316-2324. [PMID: 35474153 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The timing of flowering (FL) and leaf unfolding (LU) determine plants' reproduction and vegetative growth. Global warming has substantially advanced FL and LU of temperate and boreal plants, but their responses to warming differ, which may influence the time interval between FL and LU (∆LU-FL), thereby impacting plant fitness and intraspecific physiological processes. Based on twigs collected from two flowering-first tree species, Populus tomentosa and Amygdalus triloba, we conducted a manipulative experiment to investigate the effects of winter chilling, spring warming and photoperiod on the ∆LU-FL. We found that photoperiod did not affect the ∆LU-FL of Amygdalus triloba, but shortened ∆LU-FL by 5.1 d of Populus tomentosa. Interestingly, spring warming and winter chilling oppositely affected the ∆LU-FL of both species. Specifically, low chilling accumulation extended the ∆LU-FL by 3.8 and 9.4 d for Populus tomentosa and Amygdalus triloba, but spring warming shortened the ∆LU-FL by 4.1 and 0.2 d °C-1. Our results indicate that climate warming will decrease or increase the ∆LU-FL depending on the warming periods, i.e., spring or winter. The shifted time interval between flowering and leaf unfolding may have ecological effects including affecting pollen transfer efficiency and alter the structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhaofei Wu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yufeng Gong
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100085, China
| | | | | | | | - Hans J De Boeck
- Plants and Ecosystems, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Antwerpen, 2000, Belgium
| | - Yongshuo H Fu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100085, China.
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21
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Shao J, Li G, Li Y, Zhou X. Intraspecific responses of plant productivity and crop yield to experimental warming: A global synthesis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 840:156685. [PMID: 35714738 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining plant productivity and crop yield in a warming world requires local adaptation to new environment and selection of high-yield cultivars, which both depend on the genetically-based intraspecific differences in the plant response to warming (referred to as "genetically-based intraspecific responses"). However, how the genetically-based intraspecific responses mediate warming effects on plants remains unclear, especially at the global scale. Here, a dataset was compiled from 118 common-garden experiments to examine the responses of plant growth, productivity, and crop yield to warming among different ecotypes/genotypes/cultivars. Our results showed that the genetically-based intraspecific responses on average accounted for 34.7 % of the total variance in the warming responses across all the studies but with large variability (2 %-77 %). The intraspecific responses of plant productivity and crop yield were larger than those of organ level traits and biomass allocation, suggesting that plant growth was mainly achieved by iterating the relatively invariant terminal modules (e.g., leaves). The warming-induced changes in intraspecific variability of aboveground biomass were larger in woody plants, non-leguminous herbs, perennial herbs and noncrops than those in nonwoody, leguminous, annual and crop ones, respectively, indicating the potential important role of plant longevity in mediating the change in intraspecific variability. Moreover, larger intraspecific responses reduced the consistence of relative performance between control and warming treatments for both plant productivity and crop yield. These results highlight the unneglectable role of genetically-based intraspecific differences in plant responses to warming, indicating the difficulty of maintaining high crop yield and tree productivity under global climate change, and posing a grave threat to the food security and wood supply in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjiong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Gaobo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Northeast Asia ecosystem Carbon sink research Center (NACC), Center for Ecological Research, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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22
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Strong isoprene emission response to temperature in tundra vegetation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118014119. [PMID: 36095176 PMCID: PMC9499559 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118014119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are a crucial component of biosphere-atmosphere interactions. In northern latitudes, climate change is amplified by feedback processes in which BVOCs have a recognized, yet poorly quantified role, mainly due to a lack of measurements and concomitant modeling gaps. Hence, current Earth system models mostly rely on temperature responses measured on vegetation from lower latitudes, rendering their predictions highly uncertain. Here, we show how tundra isoprene emissions respond vigorously to temperature increases, compared to model results. Our unique dataset of direct eddy covariance ecosystem-level isoprene measurements in two contrasting ecosystems exhibited Q10 (the factor by which the emission rate increases with a 10 °C rise in temperature) temperature coefficients of up to 20.8, that is, 3.5 times the Q10 of 5.9 derived from the equivalent model calculations. Crude estimates using the observed temperature responses indicate that tundra vegetation could enhance their isoprene emissions by up to 41% (87%)-that is, 46% (55%) more than estimated by models-with a 2 °C (4 °C) warming. Our results demonstrate that tundra vegetation possesses the potential to substantially boost its isoprene emissions in response to future rising temperatures, at rates that exceed the current Earth system model predictions.
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Boyle JS, Angers-Blondin S, Assmann JJ, Myers-Smith IH. Summer temperature—but not growing season length—influences radial growth of Salix arctica in coastal Arctic tundra. Polar Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-022-03074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractArctic climate change is leading to an advance of plant phenology (the timing of life history events) with uncertain impacts on tundra ecosystems. Although the lengthening of the growing season is thought to lead to increased plant growth, we have few studies of how plant phenology change is altering tundra plant productivity. Here, we test the correspondence between 14 years of Salix arctica phenology data and radial growth on Qikiqtaruk–Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, Canada. We analysed stems from 28 individuals using dendroecology and linear mixed-effect models to test the statistical power of growing season length and climate variables to individually predict radial growth. We found that summer temperature best explained annual variation in radial growth. We found no strong evidence that leaf emergence date, earlier leaf senescence date, or total growing season length had any direct or lagged effects on radial growth. Radial growth was also not explained by interannual variation in precipitation, MODIS surface greenness (NDVI), or sea ice concentration. Our results demonstrate that at this site, for the widely distributed species S. arctica, temperature—but not growing season length—influences radial growth. These findings challenge the assumption that advancing phenology and longer growing seasons will increase the productivity of all plant species in Arctic tundra ecosystems.
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24
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Currier CM, Sala OE. Precipitation versus temperature as phenology controls in drylands. Ecology 2022; 103:e3793. [PMID: 35724971 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cycles of plant growth, termed phenology, are tightly linked to environmental controls. The length of time spent growing, bounded by the start and end of season, is an important determinant of the global carbon, water, and energy balance. Much focus has been given to global warming and consequences for shifts in growing season length in temperate regions. In conjunction with warming temperatures, altered precipitation regimes are another facet of climate change that have potentially larger consequences than temperature in dryland phenology globally. We experimentally manipulated incoming precipitation in a semiarid grassland for over a decade and recorded plant phenology at the daily scale for seven years. We found precipitation to have a strong relationship with the timing of grass greenup and senescence but temperature had only a modest effect size on grass greenup. Pre-season drought strongly resulted in delayed grass greenup dates and shorter growing season lengths. Spring and summer drought corresponded with earlier grass senescence whereas higher precipitation accumulation over these seasons corresponded with delayed grass senescence. However, extremely wet conditions diluted this effect and caused a plateaued response. Deep-rooted woody shrubs showed few effects of variable precipitation or temperature on phenology and displayed consistent annual phenological timing compared to grasses. While rising temperatures have already elicited phenological consequences and extended growing season length for mid and high-latitude ecosystems, precipitation change will be the major driver of phenological change in drylands that cover 40% of land surface with consequences for the global carbon, water, and energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osvaldo E Sala
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.,School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.,Global Drylands Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
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Preceding Phenological Events Rather than Climate Drive the Variations in Fruiting Phenology in the Desert Shrub Nitraria tangutorum. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121578. [PMID: 35736729 PMCID: PMC9227467 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fruit setting and ripening are crucial in the reproductive cycle of many desert plant species, but their response to precipitation changes is still unclear. To clarify the response patterns, a long-term in situ water addition experiment with five treatments, namely natural precipitation (control) plus an extra 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the local mean annual precipitation (145 mm), was conducted in a temperate desert in northwestern China. A whole series of fruiting events including the onset, peak, and end of fruit setting and the onset, peak, and end of fruit ripening of a locally dominant shrub, Nitraria tangutorum, were observed from 2012 to 2018. The results show that (1) water addition treatments had no significant effects on all six fruiting events in almost all years, and the occurrence time of almost all fruiting events remained relatively stable compared with leaf phenology and flowering phenology after the water addition treatments; (2) the occurrence times of all fruiting events were not correlated to the amounts of water added in the treatments; (3) there are significant inter-annual variations in each fruiting event. However, neither temperature nor precipitation play key roles, but the preceding flowering events drive their inter-annual variation.
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Leffler AJ, Becker HA, Kelsey KC, Spalinger DA, Welker JM. Short‐term effects of summer warming on caribou forage quality are mitigated by long‐term warming. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Joshua Leffler
- Department of Natural Resource Management South Dakota State University Brookings South Dakota USA
| | - Heidi A. Becker
- Department of Natural Resource Management South Dakota State University Brookings South Dakota USA
| | - Katharine C. Kelsey
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science University of Colorado‐Denver Denver Colorado USA
| | - Donald A. Spalinger
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alaska‐Anchorage Anchorage Alaska USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Welker
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alaska‐Anchorage Anchorage Alaska USA
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit and UArctic University of Oulu Oulu Finland
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