1
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Li X, Chen S, Yang P, Lin Y, Chen C, Hu X, Zi F. Effective and selective recovery of Au(III) from WPCBs using quaternary phosphonium adsorbent synthesized by adjusting steric hindrance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134881. [PMID: 38878433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
With the gradual depletion of natural gold ore, waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) have become one of the most attractive alternatives to gold ore. Here, a series of quaternary phosphonium adsorbents with a large size were successfully synthesized by adjusting the number of functional groups and carbon chain length of functional monomers, which can be used for selective recovery of gold(III) from WPCBs leaching solution. The quaternary phosphonium adsorbent (PS-TEP) prepared by the nucleophilic substitution reaction between triethyl phosphine with the smallest volume and chloromethylated polystyrene (PS-Cl) exhibited the best gold loading capacity (617.90 mg g-1). The adsorption mechanism of gold(III) on PS-TEP surface mainly involves anion exchange between AuCl4- and Cl- in the adsorbent. The charge level of the H atom closest to -CH2-P+ group directly determines the strength of the interaction between the adsorbent and the gold ion. Multiwfn and VMD programs visually confirm the weak interaction between PS-TEP+ and AuCl4-. After 5 adsorption-stripping cycles, the adsorption rate of gold(III) in solution remained at about 99 %. In addition, PS-TEP exhibited good gold(III) selectivity in both simulated and actual WPCBs gold leaching solutions. These results indicate that the large-particle PS-TEP with high capacity is suitable for selective gold recovery from WPCBs leaching solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Li
- Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Yunnan Province University Key Laboratory for Chemical Separation Enrichment & Application, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Shuliang Chen
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Province University Key Laboratory for Chemical Separation Enrichment & Application, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Province University Key Laboratory for Chemical Separation Enrichment & Application, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Yunnan Province University Key Laboratory for Chemical Separation Enrichment & Application, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Yunnan Province University Key Laboratory for Chemical Separation Enrichment & Application, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Xianzhi Hu
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Province University Key Laboratory for Chemical Separation Enrichment & Application, Kunming 650000, China.
| | - Futing Zi
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Province University Key Laboratory for Chemical Separation Enrichment & Application, Kunming 650000, China.
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2
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Vance SM, Mojsak M, Kinsman LMM, Rae R, Kirk C, Love JB, Morrison CA. Selective Gold Precipitation by a Tertiary Diamide Driven by Thermodynamic Control. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9332-9345. [PMID: 38722710 PMCID: PMC11110006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The simple diamide ligand L was previously shown to selectively precipitate gold from acidic solutions typical of e-waste leach streams, with precipitation of gallium, iron, tin, and platinum possible under more forcing conditions. Herein, we report direct competition experiments to afford the order of selectivity. Thermal analysis indicates that the gold-, gallium-, and iron-containing precipitates present as the most thermodynamically stable structures at room temperature, while the tin-containing structure does not. Computational modeling established that the precipitation process is thermodynamically driven, with ion exchange calculations matching the observed experimental selectivity ordering. Calculations also show that the stretched ligand conformation seen in the X-ray crystal structure of the gold-containing precipitate is more strained than in the structures of the other metal precipitates, indicating that intermolecular interactions likely dictate the selectivity ordering. This was confirmed through a combination of Hirshfeld, noncovalent interaction (NCI), and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analyses, which highlight favorable halogen···halogen contacts between metalates and pseudo-anagostic C-H···metal interactions in the crystal structure of the gold-containing precipitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna
S. M. Vance
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mateusz Mojsak
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Luke M. M. Kinsman
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Rae
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Kirk
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jason B. Love
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Carole A. Morrison
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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3
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Shin SS, Jung Y, Jeon S, Park SJ, Yoon SJ, Jung KW, Choi JW, Lee JH. Efficient recovery and recycling/upcycling of precious metals using hydrazide-functionalized star-shaped polymers. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3889. [PMID: 38719796 PMCID: PMC11079046 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing demand for adsorption technologies for recovering and recycling precious metals (PMs) in various industries. Unfortunately, amine-functionalized polymers widely used as metal adsorbents are ineffective at recovering PMs owing to their unsatisfactory PM adsorption performance. Herein, a star-shaped, hydrazide-functionalized polymer (S-PAcH) is proposed as a readily recoverable standalone adsorbent with high PM adsorption performance. The compact chain structure of S-PAcH containing numerous hydrazide groups with strong reducibility promotes PM adsorption by enhancing PM reduction while forming large, collectable precipitates. Compared with previously reported PM adsorbents, commercial amine polymers, and reducing agents, S-PAcH exhibited significantly higher adsorption capacity, selectivity, and kinetics toward three PMs (gold, palladium, and platinum) with model, simulated, and real-world feed solutions. The superior PM recovery performance of S-PAcH was attributed to its strong reduction capability combined with its chemisorption mechanism. Moreover, PM-adsorbed S-PAcH could be refined into high-purity PMs via calcination, directly utilized (upcycled) as catalysts for dye reduction, or regenerated for reuse, demonstrating its high practical feasibility. Our proposed PM adsorbents would have a tremendous impact on various industrial sectors from the perspectives of environmental protection and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Su Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyun Jung
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkwon Jeon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Joon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Yoon
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Jung
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Choi
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Nag A, Morrison CA, Love JB. Rapid Dissolution of Gold in Alcohols by In-Situ Generation of Halogens. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202301695. [PMID: 38412014 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The dissolution of elemental gold is a fundamental step in its recycling by hydrometallurgy but has a significant environmental impact due to the use of strong acids or highly toxic reagents. Herein, it is shown that mixtures of acetyl halides and hydrogen peroxide in alcohols promote the rapid room-temperature dissolution of gold by halogenation to form Au(III) metalates. After leaching, distillation of the alcohol and re-dissolution in dilute HCl, the gold was refined through its precipitation by a simple diamide ligand; this method was also applied to separate gold from a mixture of metals. The leaching process is rapid, avoids the use of highly toxic materials and corrosive acids, and can be integrated into selective separation processes, so has the potential to be used in the purification of gold from ores, spent catalysts, and electronic and nano-waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Nag
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Carole A Morrison
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Jason B Love
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
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5
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O’Connell-Danes J, Ngwenya BT, Morrison CA, Nichol GS, Delmau LH, Love JB. Shape-Selective Supramolecular Capsules for Actinide Precipitation and Separation. JACS AU 2024; 4:798-806. [PMID: 38425904 PMCID: PMC10900489 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Improving actinide separations is key to reducing barriers to medical and industrial actinide isotope production and to addressing the challenges associated with the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. Here, we report the first example of a supramolecular anion recognition process that can achieve this goal. We have designed a preorganized triamidoarene receptor that induces quantitative precipitation of the early actinides Th(IV), Np(IV), and Pu(IV) from industrially relevant conditions through the formation of self-assembled hydrogen-bonded capsules. Selectivity over the later An(III) elements is shown through modulation of the nitric acid concentration, and no precipitation of actinyl or transition-metal ions occurs. The Np, Pu, and Am precipitates were characterized structurally by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and reveal shape specificity of the internal hydrogen-bonding array for the encapsulated hexanitratometalates. This work complements ion-exchange resins for 5f-element separations and illustrates the significant potential of supramolecular separation methods that target anionic actinide species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryne T. Ngwenya
- School
of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, U.K.
| | - Carole A. Morrison
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Lætitia H. Delmau
- Radioisotope
Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jason B. Love
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
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6
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Ang JNS, Chahine AY, Raeber TJ, Batten SR, Turner DR. Amine-Based MOF for Precious Metal Remediation. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1258-1265. [PMID: 38166375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Due to the continuous growth rate of the electronic industry, hi-tech companies depend on mining and extracting precious metals to meet the public demand. The high turnover of modern devices generates an alarming amount of electronic waste (e-waste), which contains more precious metals than mined ores and therefore needs efficient recovery procedures. A highly stable homopiperazine-derived Cd-MOF, poly-[Cd(H2L)]·9H2O, with a protonated amine ligand core, exists as a twofold interpenetrated 3D framework with 1D channels into which the N+-H bond is directed. The geometry of these channels appears to be suitable to host square planar metalate complexes. Under acidic conditions, [MCl4]x- anions containing Au, Cu, Ni, and Pt, representing common components of e-waste under extraction conditions, were tested for capture and recovery. Cd-MOF exhibits remarkable selectivity and uptake performance toward Au with an adsorbent capacity of 25 mg g-1ads and shows a marked selectivity for Au over Cu in competitive experiments. The adsorption mechanism of Au appears to be predominantly physical adsorption at the surface of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Nadine S Ang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ali Y Chahine
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | | | - Stuart R Batten
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David R Turner
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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7
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Liu M, Jiang D, Fu Y, Zheng Chen G, Bi S, Ding X, He J, Han BH, Xu Q, Zeng G. Modulating Skeletons of Covalent Organic Framework for High-Efficiency Gold Recovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317015. [PMID: 37983587 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted considerable attention as adsorbents for capturing and separating gold from electronic wastes. To enhance the binding capture efficiency, constructing hydrogen-bond nanotraps along the pore walls was one of the most widely adopted approaches. However, the development of absorbing skeletons was ignored due to the weak binding ability of the gold salts (Au). Herein, we demonstrated skeleton engineering to construct highly efficiently absorbs for Au capture. The strong electronic donating feature of diarylamine units enhanced the electronic density of binding sites (imine-linkage) and thus resulted in high capacities over 1750 mg g-1 for all three COFs. Moreover, the absorbing performance was further improved via the ionization of diarylamine units. The ionic COF achieved 90 % of the maximal adsorption capacity, 1.63 times of that from the charge-neutral COF within ten minutes, and showed remarkable uptakes of 1834 mg g-1 , exceptional selectivity (97.45 %) and cycling stability. The theoretical calculation revealed the binding sites altering from imine bonds to ionic amine sites after ionization of the frameworks, which enabled to bind the AuCl4 - via coulomb force and contributed to enhanced absorbing kinetics. This work inspires us to design molecular/ionic capture based on COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (SARI), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315199, P. R. China
| | - Di Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Sino-Danish College University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Fu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - George Zheng Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Shuai Bi
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xuesong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315199, P. R. China
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacon of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Bao-Hang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Sino-Danish College University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (SARI), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gaofeng Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (SARI), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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8
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Nag A, Singh MK, Morrison CA, Love JB. Efficient Recycling of Gold and Copper from Electronic Waste by Selective Precipitation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308356. [PMID: 37594475 PMCID: PMC10952234 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The recycling of metals from electronic waste (e-waste) using efficient, selective, and sustainable processes is integral to circular economy and net-zero aspirations. Herein, we report a new method for the selective precipitation of metals such as gold and copper that offsets the use of organic solvents that are traditionally employed in solvent extraction processes. We show that gold can be selectively precipitated from a mixture of metals in hydrochloric acid solution using triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO), as the complex [(TPPO)4 (H5 O2 )][AuCl4 ]. By tuning the acid concentration, controlled precipitation of gold, zinc and iron can be achieved. We also show that copper can be selectively precipitated using 2,3-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid (2,3-PDCA), as the complex [Cu(2,3-PDCA-H)2 ]n ⋅ 2n(H2 O). The combination of these two precipitation methods resulted in the recovery of 99.5 % of the Au and 98.5 % of the Cu present in the connector pins of an end-of-life computer processing unit. The selectivity of these precipitation processes, combined with their straightforward operation and the ability to recycle and reuse the precipitants, suggests potential industrial uses in the purification of gold and copper from e-waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Nag
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEH9 3FJEdinburghUK
| | - Mukesh K. Singh
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEH9 3FJEdinburghUK
| | | | - Jason B. Love
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEH9 3FJEdinburghUK
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9
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Holey SA, Basak P, Bojja S, Nayak RR. The fabrication of bifunctional supramolecular glycolipid-based nanocomposite gel: insights into electrocatalytic performance with effective selectivity towards gold. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6305-6313. [PMID: 37555430 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00921a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Recovery, recycling, and reuse of metal waste have been re-intensified in the current era to build a sustainable future. In this context, gel nanocomposites were formulated by in situ reduction of gold within the low molecular weight gel matrix of synthetic glycolipid amphiphiles without using any external reducing/stabilizing agents. This strategy aroused the interest in formulating gel nanocomposites with preferential uptake of gold. The exclusive advantages owned by gold nanoparticle (GNP) embedded hydrogel offer an alternative to decorate the electrode surface without physical deposition/plating of the catalyst. Formation of GNP within the gel matrix was confirmed by the SPR peak in the UV-Visible spectrum. The particle size of 5-7 nm with zeta potential value in the range of -30.5 to -41.4 mV displayed good stability of nanoparticles in the gel matrix. Due to the encapsulation of nanoparticles within supramolecular assemblies of gel, a noteworthy increase in viscoelastic strength was observed, whereas the gelation behavior, melting temperature, and original fibrillar morphology of hydrogel remained intact. This hybrid gel exhibited good ionic conductivity (2.36 × 10-5 S cm-1) with appreciable ionic transport, remarkable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) augmentation in reduction potential from 0 V to -0.12 V vs. Ag/AgCl as reference electrode, and excellent thermal stability in a wide temperature range. This green and efficient approach can pave the way for creating GNP-embedded hierarchical architecture that can act as bifunctional electrolyte/electrocatalyst material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Ashokrao Holey
- Department of Oils, Lipid Science and Technology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Pratyay Basak
- Department of Polymers and Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Sreedhar Bojja
- Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Rati Ranjan Nayak
- Department of Oils, Lipid Science and Technology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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10
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Qiang Y, Gao S, Zhang Y, Wang S, Chen L, Mu L, Fang H, Jiang J, Lei X. Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Membranes Revealed Selective Adsorption of Gold Ions from Mixed Ionic Solutions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12239. [PMID: 37569614 PMCID: PMC10418702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The recovery of gold from water is an important research area. Recent reports have highlighted the ultrahigh capacity and selective extraction of gold from electronic waste using reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Here, we made a further attempt with the thermal rGO membranes and found that the thermal rGO membranes also had a similarly high adsorption efficiency (1.79 g gold per gram of rGO membranes at 1000 ppm). Furthermore, we paid special attention to the detailed selectivity between Au3+ and other ions by rGO membranes. The maximum adsorption capacity for Au3+ ions was about 16 times that of Cu2+ ions and 10 times that of Fe3+ ions in a mixture solution with equal proportions of Au3+/Cu2+ and Au3+/Fe3+. In a mixed-ion solution containing Au3+:Cu2+:Na+:Fe3+:Mg2+ of printed circuit board (PCB), the mass of Au3+:Cu2+:Na+:Fe3+:Mg2+ in rGO membranes is four orders of magnitude higher than the initial mass ratio. A theoretical analysis indicates that this selectivity may be attributed to the difference in the adsorption energy between the metal ions and the rGO membrane. The results are conducive to the usage of rGO membranes as adsorbents for Au capture from secondary metal resources in the industrial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qiang
- School of Physics and School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Q.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (H.F.)
| | - Siyan Gao
- School of Physics and School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Q.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (H.F.)
| | - Yueyu Zhang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China; (Y.Z.); (L.M.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Physics and School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Q.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (H.F.)
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Liuhua Mu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China; (Y.Z.); (L.M.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiping Fang
- School of Physics and School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Q.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (H.F.)
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Xiaoling Lei
- School of Physics and School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Q.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (H.F.)
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11
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Wu H, Wang Y, Tang C, Jones LO, Song B, Chen XY, Zhang L, Wu Y, Stern CL, Schatz GC, Liu W, Stoddart JF. High-efficiency gold recovery by additive-induced supramolecular polymerization of β-cyclodextrin. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1284. [PMID: 36894545 PMCID: PMC9998620 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing an eco-friendly, efficient, and highly selective gold-recovery technology is urgently needed in order to maintain sustainable environments and improve the utilization of resources. Here we report an additive-induced gold recovery paradigm based on precisely controlling the reciprocal transformation and instantaneous assembly of the second-sphere coordinated adducts formed between β-cyclodextrin and tetrabromoaurate anions. The additives initiate a rapid assembly process by co-occupying the binding cavity of β-cyclodextrin along with the tetrabromoaurate anions, leading to the formation of supramolecular polymers that precipitate from aqueous solutions as cocrystals. The efficiency of gold recovery reaches 99.8% when dibutyl carbitol is deployed as the additive. This cocrystallization is highly selective for square-planar tetrabromoaurate anions. In a laboratory-scale gold-recovery protocol, over 94% of gold in electronic waste was recovered at gold concentrations as low as 9.3 ppm. This simple protocol constitutes a promising paradigm for the sustainable recovery of gold, featuring reduced energy consumption, low cost inputs, and the avoidance of environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Leighton O Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA. .,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. .,Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China. .,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, 311215, Hangzhou, China.
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12
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Qiu J, Xu C, Xu X, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Wang J. Porous Covalent Organic Framework Based Hydrogen-Bond Nanotrap for the Precise Recognition and Separation of Gold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300459. [PMID: 36849710 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing weak interactions to effectively recover and separate precious metals in solution is of great importance but the practice remains a challenge. Herein, we report a novel strategy to achieve precise recognition and separation of gold by regulating the hydrogen-bond (H-bond) nanotrap within the pore of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). It is found that both COF-HNU25 and COF-HNU26 can efficiently capture AuIII with fast kinetics, high selectivity, and uptake capacity. In particular, the COF-HNU25 with the high density of H-bond nanotraps exhibits an excellent gold uptake capacity of 1725 mg g-1 , which is significantly higher than that (219 mg g-1 ) of its isostructural COF (COF-42) without H-bond nanostrap in the pores. Importantly, the uptake capacity is strongly correlated to the number of H-bonds between phenolic OH in the COF and [AuCl4 ]- in water, and multiple H-bond interactions are the key driving force for the excellent gold recovery and reusability of the adsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikuan Qiu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Chang Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Xianhui Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Yuling Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Jianji Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
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13
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Zupanc A, Install J, Jereb M, Repo T. Sustainable and Selective Modern Methods of Noble Metal Recycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214453. [PMID: 36409274 PMCID: PMC10107291 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Noble metals exhibit broad arrange of applications in industry and several aspects of human life which are becoming more and more prevalent in modern times. Due to their limited sources and constantly and consistently expanding demand, recycling of secondary and waste materials must accompany the traditional mineral extractions. This Minireview covers the most recent solvometallurgical developments in regeneration of Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os, Ag and Au with emphasis on sustainability and selectivity. Processing-by selective oxidative dissolution, reductive precipitation, solvent extraction, co-precipitation, membrane transfer and trapping to solid media-of eligible multi-metal substrates for recycling from waste printed circuit boards to end-of-life automotive catalysts are discussed. Outlook for possible future direction for noble metal recycling is proposed with emphasis on sustainable approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anže Zupanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joseph Install
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjan Jereb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A. I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Luo J, Luo X, Xie M, Li HZ, Duan H, Zhou HG, Wei RJ, Ning GH, Li D. Selective and rapid extraction of trace amount of gold from complex liquids with silver(I)-organic frameworks. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7771. [PMID: 36522331 PMCID: PMC9755257 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of adsorbents for rapid, selective extraction of ultra-trace amounts of gold from complex liquids is desirable from both an environmental and economical point of view. However, the development of such materials remains challenging. Herein, we report the fabrication of two vinylene-linked two-dimensional silver(I)-organic frameworks prepared via Knoevenagel condensation. This material enables selective sensing of gold with a low limit of detection of 60 ppb, as well as selective uptake of ultra-trace gold from complex aqueous mixtures including distilled water with 15 competing metal ions, leaching solution of electronic waste (e-waste), wastewater, and seawater. The present adsorbent delivers a gold adsorption capacity of 954 mg g-1, excellent selectivity and reusability, and can rapidly and selectively extract ultra-trace gold from seawater down to ~20 ppb (94% removal in 10 minutes). In addition, the purity of recovered gold from e-waste reaches 23.8 Karat (99.17% pure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Xiao Luo
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Mo Xie
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Hao-Zhen Li
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Haiyan Duan
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Hou-Gan Zhou
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Rong-Jia Wei
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Guo-Hong Ning
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Dan Li
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
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15
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Nag A, Morrison CA, Love JB. Rapid Dissolution of Noble Metals in Organic Solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201285. [PMID: 35929761 PMCID: PMC9804267 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dissolution of elemental noble metals (NMs) such as gold, platinum, palladium, and copper is necessary for their recycling but carries a high environmental burden due to the use of strong acids and toxic reagents. Herein, a new approach was developed for the rapid dissolution of elemental NMs in organic solvents using mixtures of triphenylphosphine dichloride or oxalyl chloride and hydrogen peroxide, forming metal chloride salts directly. Almost quantitative dissolution of metallic Au, Pd, and Cu was observed within minutes at room temperature. For Pt, dissolution was achieved, albeit more slowly, using the chlorinating oxidant alone but was inhibited on addition of hydrogen peroxide. After leaching, transfer of PtIV and PdII chloride salts from the organic phase into a 6 m HCl aqueous phase facilitated their separation by precipitation of PtIV using a simple diamide ligand. In contrast, the retention of AuIII chloridometalate in the organic phase allowed its selective separation from Ni and Cu from a leachate solution obtained from electronic CPUs. This new approach has potential application in the hydrometallurgical leaching and purification of NMs from ores, spent catalysts, and electronic and nano-wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Nag
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FJUnited Kingdom
| | - Carole A. Morrison
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FJUnited Kingdom
| | - Jason B. Love
- EaStCHEM School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FJUnited Kingdom
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16
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Selective recovery of gold from discarded cell phones by silk fibroin from Bombyx mori. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Selective separation of light rare-earth elements by supramolecular encapsulation and precipitation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4497. [PMID: 35922415 PMCID: PMC9349306 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular chemical strategies for Rare Earth (RE) element separations are emerging which amplify the small changes in properties across the series to bias selectivity in extraction or precipitation. These advances are important as the REs are crucial to modern technologies yet their extraction, separation, and recycling using conventional techniques remain challenging. We report here a pre-organised triamidoarene platform which, under acidic, biphasic conditions, uniquely and selectively precipitates light RE nitratometalates as supramolecular capsules. The capsules exhibit both intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds that dictate selectivity, promote precipitation, and facilitate the straightforward release of the RE and recycling of the receptor. This work provides a self-assembly route to metal separations that exploits size and shape complementarity and has the potential to integrate into conventional processes due to its compatibility with acidic metal feed streams. The separation of the rare-earth elements is a significant scientific challenge. Here, the authors report the selective precipitation of the light rare-earths as supramolecular capsules from acidic, industrially relevant, mixed-metal solutions.
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18
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Highly efficient and selective extraction of gold by reduced graphene oxide. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4472. [PMID: 35918342 PMCID: PMC9345893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials capable of extracting gold from complex sources, especially electronic waste (e-waste), are needed for gold resource sustainability and effective e-waste recycling. However, it remains challenging to achieve high extraction capacity and precise selectivity if only a trace amount of gold is present along with other metallic elements . Here we report an approach based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) which provides an ultrahigh capacity and selective extraction of gold ions present in ppm concentrations (>1000 mg of gold per gram of rGO at 1 ppm). The excellent gold extraction performance is accounted to the graphene areas and oxidized regions of rGO. The graphene areas spontaneously reduce gold ions to metallic gold, and the oxidized regions allow good dispersibility of the rGO material so that efficient adsorption and reduction of gold ions at the graphene areas can be realized. By controlling the protonation of the oxidized regions of rGO, gold can be extracted exclusively, without contamination by the other 14 co-existing elements typically present in e-waste. These findings are further exploited to demonstrate recycling gold from real-world e-waste with good scalability and economic viability, as exemplified by using rGO membranes in a continuous flow-through process.
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19
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Zheng X, Li A, Hua J, Zhang Y, Rong J, Mei J, Zhou M, Li Z. Effective and selective adsorption of La 3+ by a poly- N-isopropylacrylamide phosphoric modified cellulose aerogel. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03185j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis diagram of CNC-P-PNIPAM aerogel material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zheng
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering Changzhou University, 417 Mingxing Building, Science and Education City, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ang Li
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering Changzhou University, 417 Mingxing Building, Science and Education City, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jie Hua
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering Changzhou University, 417 Mingxing Building, Science and Education City, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhe Zhang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering Changzhou University, 417 Mingxing Building, Science and Education City, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jian Rong
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering Changzhou University, 417 Mingxing Building, Science and Education City, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Mei
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering Changzhou University, 417 Mingxing Building, Science and Education City, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Man Zhou
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering Changzhou University, 417 Mingxing Building, Science and Education City, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering Changzhou University, 417 Mingxing Building, Science and Education City, Wujin District, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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20
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Shaffer CC, Oliver AG, Smith BD. Co-crystals of tetrahaloauric acid and 1,3,5-(methylacetamide)benzene-based tectons: consistent trapping of high energy molecular conformation. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Co-crystal engineering is a promising method to create new classes of advanced materials. Co-crystal structure prediction is more challenging when one or more of the lattice constituents (tectons) are flexible...
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