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Xie Y, Guo Y, Xie F, Dong Y, Zhang X, Li X, Zhang X. A flexible strategy to fabricate trumpet-shaped porous PDMS membranes for organ-on-chip application. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:054101. [PMID: 39247799 PMCID: PMC11379495 DOI: 10.1063/5.0227148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane is a crucial element in organs-on-chips fabrication, supplying a unique substrate that can be used for the generation of tissue-tissue interfaces, separate co-culture, biomimetic stretch application, etc. However, the existing methods of through-hole PDMS membrane production are largely limited by labor-consuming processes and/or expensive equipment. Here, we propose an accessible and low-cost strategy to fabricate through-hole PDMS membranes with good controllability, which is performed via combining wet-etching and spin-coating processes. The porous membrane is obtained by spin-coating OS-20 diluted PDMS on an etched glass template with a columnar array structure. The pore size and thickness of the PDMS membrane can be adjusted flexibly via optimizing the template structure and spinning speed. In particular, compared to the traditional vertical through-hole structure of porous membranes, the membranes prepared by this method feature a trumpet-shaped structure, which allows for the generation of some unique bionic structures on organs-on-chips. When the trumpet-shape faces upward, the endothelium spreads at the bottom of the porous membrane, and intestinal cells form a villous structure, achieving the same effect as traditional methods. Conversely, when the trumpet-shape faces downward, intestinal cells spontaneously form a crypt-like structure, which is challenging to achieve with other methods. The proposed approach is simple, flexible with good reproducibility, and low-cost, which provides a new way to facilitate the building of multifunctional organ-on-chip systems and accelerate their translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
| | - Fuwei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | | | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, No. 2 Fengyang Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of SSAC, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
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2
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Derayatifar M, Habibi M, Bhat R, Packirisamy M. Holographic direct sound printing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6691. [PMID: 39107289 PMCID: PMC11303524 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50923-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Direct sound printing (DSP), an alternative additive manufacturing process driven by sonochemical polymerization, has traditionally been confined to a single acoustic focal region, resulting in a voxel-by-voxel printing approach. To overcome this limitation, we introduce holographic direct sound printing (HDSP), where acoustic holograms, storing cross-sectional images of the desired parts, pattern acoustic waves to induce regional cavitation bubbles and on-demand regional polymerization. HDSP outperforms DSP in terms of printing speed by one order of magnitude and yields layerless printed structures. In our HDSP implementation, the hologram remains stationary while the printing platform moves along a three-dimensional path using a robotic arm. We present sono-chemiluminescence and high-speed imaging experiments to thoroughly investigate HDSP and demonstrate its versatility in applications such as remote ex-vivo in-body printing and complex robot trajectory planning. We showcase multi-object and multi-material printing and provide a comprehensive process characterization, including the effects of hologram design and manufacturing on the HDSP process, polymerization progression tracking, porosity tuning, and robotic trajectory computation. Our HDSP method establishes the integration of acoustic holography in DSP and related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Derayatifar
- Optical Bio Microsystems Laboratory, Micro-Nano-Bio Integration Center, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohsen Habibi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rama Bhat
- Optical Bio Microsystems Laboratory, Micro-Nano-Bio Integration Center, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Muthukumaran Packirisamy
- Optical Bio Microsystems Laboratory, Micro-Nano-Bio Integration Center, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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3
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Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Pan Q, Yan X, Li X, Yang Z. Enhancing Ultrasound Power Transfer: Efficiency, Acoustics, and Future Directions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2407395. [PMID: 39044603 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202407395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Implantable medical devices (IMDs), like pacemakers regulating heart rhythm or deep brain stimulators treating neurological disorders, revolutionize healthcare. However, limited battery life necessitates frequent surgeries for replacements. Ultrasound power transfer (UPT) emerges as a promising solution for sustainable IMD operation. Current research prioritizes implantable materials, with less emphasis on sound field analysis and maximizing energy transfer during wireless power delivery. This review addresses this gap. A comprehensive analysis of UPT technology, examining cutting-edge system designs, particularly in power supply and efficiency is provided. The review critically examines existing efficiency models, summarizing the key parameters influencing energy transmission in UPT systems. For the first time, an energy flow diagram of a general UPT system is proposed to offer insights into the overall functioning. Additionally, the review explores the development stages of UPT technology, showcasing representative designs and applications. The remaining challenges, future directions, and exciting opportunities associated with UPT are discussed. By highlighting the importance of sustainable IMDs with advanced functions like biosensing and closed-loop drug delivery, as well as UPT's potential, this review aims to inspire further research and advancements in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zhuomin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yanhu Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Qiqi Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xiaodong Yan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xuemu Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zhengbao Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China
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Debbi L, Machour M, Dahis D, Shoyhet H, Shuhmaher M, Potter R, Tabory Y, Goldfracht I, Dennis I, Blechman T, Fuchs T, Azhari H, Levenberg S. Ultrasound Mediated Polymerization for Cell Delivery, Drug Delivery, and 3D Printing. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301197. [PMID: 38376006 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Safe and accurate in situ delivery of biocompatible materials is a fundamental requirement for many biomedical applications. These include sustained and local drug release, implantation of acellular biocompatible scaffolds, and transplantation of cells and engineered tissues for functional restoration of damaged tissues and organs. The common practice today includes highly invasive operations with major risks of surgical complications including adjacent tissue damage, infections, and long healing periods. In this work, a novel non-invasive delivery method is presented for scaffold, cells, and drug delivery deep into the body to target inner tissues. This technology is based on acousto-sensitive materials which are polymerized by ultrasound induction through an external transducer in a rapid and local fashion without additional photoinitiators or precursors. The applicability of this technology is demonstrated for viable and functional cell delivery, for drug delivery with sustained release profiles, and for 3D printing. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the delivered scaffold can be tuned to the desired target tissue as well as controlling the drug release profile. This promising technology may shift the paradigm for local and non-invasive material delivery approach in many clinical applications as well as a new printing method - "acousto-printing" for 3D printing and in situ bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Debbi
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Majd Machour
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Daniel Dahis
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hagit Shoyhet
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Margarita Shuhmaher
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Ruth Potter
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Yael Tabory
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Idit Goldfracht
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Itiel Dennis
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Tom Blechman
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Theodor Fuchs
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Haim Azhari
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Shulamit Levenberg
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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5
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Kuang X, Rong Q, Belal S, Vu T, López AML, Wang N, Arıcan MO, Garciamendez-Mijares CE, Chen M, Yao J, Zhang YS. Self-enhancing sono-inks enable deep-penetration acoustic volumetric printing. Science 2023; 382:1148-1155. [PMID: 38060634 PMCID: PMC11034850 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
Volumetric printing, an emerging additive manufacturing technique, builds objects with enhanced printing speed and surface quality by forgoing the stepwise ink-renewal step. Existing volumetric printing techniques almost exclusively rely on light energy to trigger photopolymerization in transparent inks, limiting material choices and build sizes. We report a self-enhancing sonicated ink (or sono-ink) design and corresponding focused-ultrasound writing technique for deep-penetration acoustic volumetric printing (DAVP). We used experiments and acoustic modeling to study the frequency and scanning rate-dependent acoustic printing behaviors. DAVP achieves the key features of low acoustic streaming, rapid sonothermal polymerization, and large printing depth, enabling the printing of volumetric hydrogels and nanocomposites with various shapes regardless of their optical properties. DAVP also allows printing at centimeter depths through biological tissues, paving the way toward minimally invasive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Kuang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Qiangzhou Rong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Saud Belal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Tri Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Alice M. López López
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nanchao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Mehmet Onur Arıcan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carlos Ezio Garciamendez-Mijares
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maomao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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6
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Li S, Zhang J, He J, Liu W, Wang Y, Huang Z, Pang H, Chen Y. Functional PDMS Elastomers: Bulk Composites, Surface Engineering, and Precision Fabrication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304506. [PMID: 37814364 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-the simplest and most common silicone compound-exemplifies the central characteristics of its class and has attracted tremendous research attention. The development of PDMS-based materials is a vivid reflection of the modern industry. In recent years, PDMS has stood out as the material of choice for various emerging technologies. The rapid improvement in bulk modification strategies and multifunctional surfaces has enabled a whole new generation of PDMS-based materials and devices, facilitating, and even transforming enormous applications, including flexible electronics, superwetting surfaces, soft actuators, wearable and implantable sensors, biomedicals, and autonomous robotics. This paper reviews the latest advances in the field of PDMS-based functional materials, with a focus on the added functionality and their use as programmable materials for smart devices. Recent breakthroughs regarding instant crosslinking and additive manufacturing are featured, and exciting opportunities for future research are highlighted. This review provides a quick entrance to this rapidly evolving field and will help guide the rational design of next-generation soft materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jian He
- Yizhi Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, No. 99 Danba Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Center for Composites, COMAC Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zhongjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis/Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang, 330022, China
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7
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Dönitz A, Köllner A, Richter T, Löschke O, Auhl D, Völlmecke C. Additive Manufacturing of Biodegradable Hemp-Reinforced Polybutylene Succinate (PBS) and Its Mechanical Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102271. [PMID: 37242845 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The additive manufacturing of natural fibre-reinforced polymers is a pivotal method in developing sustainable engineering solutions. Using the fused filament fabrication method, the current study investigates the additive manufacturing of hemp-reinforced polybutylene succinate (PBS) alongside its mechanical characterization. Two types of hemp reinforcement are considered: short fibres (max. length smaller than 2 mm) and long fibres (max. length smaller than 10 mm), which are compared against non-reinforced (pure) PBS. A detailed analysis is performed regarding the determination of suitable 3D printing parameters (overlap, temperature, nozzle diameter). In a comprehensive experimental study, additionally to general analyses regarding the influence of hemp reinforcement on the mechanical behaviour, the effect of printing parameters is determined and discussed. Introducing an overlap in the additive manufacturing of the specimens results in improved mechanical performance. The study highlights that the Young's modulus of PBS can be improved by 63% by introducing hemp fibres in conjunction with overlap. In contrast, hemp fibre reinforcement reduces the tensile strength of PBS, while this effect is less pronounced considering overlap in the additive manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Dönitz
- Stability and Failure of Functionally Optimized Structures, Institute of Mechanics, Technische Universität Berlin, Einsteinufer 5, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anton Köllner
- Stability and Failure of Functionally Optimized Structures, Institute of Mechanics, Technische Universität Berlin, Einsteinufer 5, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Richter
- Stability and Failure of Functionally Optimized Structures, Institute of Mechanics, Technische Universität Berlin, Einsteinufer 5, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Löschke
- Polymer Materials and Technologies, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Auhl
- Polymer Materials and Technologies, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Völlmecke
- Stability and Failure of Functionally Optimized Structures, Institute of Mechanics, Technische Universität Berlin, Einsteinufer 5, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Lee CU, Chin KCH, Boydston AJ. Additive Manufacturing by Heating at a Patterned Photothermal Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:16072-16078. [PMID: 36939689 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Direct additive manufacturing (AM) of commercial silicones is an unmet need with high demand. We report a new technology, heating at a patterned photothermal interface (HAPPI), which achieves AM of commercial thermoset resins without any chemical modifications. HAPPI integrates desirable aspects of stereolithography with the thermally driven chemical modalities of commercial silicone formulations. In this way, HAPPI combines the geometric advantages of vat photopolymerization with the materials properties of, for example, injection molded silicones. We describe the realization of the new technology, HAPPI printing using a commercial Sylgard 184 polydimethylsiloxane resin, comparative analyses of material properties, and demonstration of HAPPI in targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Uk Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kyle C H Chin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrew J Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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9
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Aguirre-Aguirre D, Gonzalez-Utrera D, Villalobos-Mendoza B, Díaz-Uribe R. Fabrication of biconvex spherical and aspherical lenses using 3D printing. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:C14-C20. [PMID: 37133051 DOI: 10.1364/ao.477347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present the methods of fabrication and characterization of biconvex spherical and aspherical lenses with 25 and 50 mm diameters that have been created via additive technology using a Formlabs Form 3 stereolithography 3D printer. After the prototypes are postprocessed, fabrication errors ≤2.47% for the radius of curvature, the optical power, and the focal length are obtained. We show eye fundus images captured with an indirect ophthalmoscope using the printed biconvex aspherical prototypes, proving the functionality of both the fabricated lenses and the proposed method, which is fast and low-cost.
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10
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Tang M, Zhong Z, Ke C. Advanced supramolecular design for direct ink writing of soft materials. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1614-1649. [PMID: 36779285 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The exciting advancements in 3D-printing of soft materials are changing the landscape of materials development and fabrication. Among various 3D-printers that are designed for soft materials fabrication, the direct ink writing (DIW) system is particularly attractive for chemists and materials scientists due to the mild fabrication conditions, compatibility with a wide range of organic and inorganic materials, and the ease of multi-materials 3D-printing. Inks for DIW need to possess suitable viscoelastic properties to allow for smooth extrusion and be self-supportive after printing, but molecularly facilitating 3D printability to functional materials remains nontrivial. While supramolecular binding motifs have been increasingly used for 3D-printing, these inks are largely optimized empirically for DIW. Hence, this review aims to establish a clear connection between the molecular understanding of the supramolecularly bound motifs and their viscoelastic properties at bulk. Herein, extrudable (but not self-supportive) and 3D-printable (self-supportive) polymeric materials that utilize noncovalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding, host-guest inclusion, metal-ligand coordination, micro-crystallization, and van der Waals interaction, have been discussed in detail. In particular, the rheological distinctions between extrudable and 3D-printable inks have been discussed from a supramolecular design perspective. Examples shown in this review also highlight the exciting macroscale functions amplified from the molecular design. Challenges associated with the hierarchical control and characterization of supramolecularly designed DIW inks are also outlined. The perspective of utilizing supramolecular binding motifs in soft materials DIW printing has been discussed. This review serves to connect researchers across disciplines to develop innovative solutions that connect top-down 3D-printing and bottom-up supramolecular design to accelerate the development of 3D-print soft materials for a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, 03755 NH, USA.
| | - Zhuoran Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, 03755 NH, USA.
| | - Chenfeng Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, 03755 NH, USA.
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11
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3D printing of thermosets with diverse rheological and functional applicabilities. Nat Commun 2023; 14:245. [PMID: 36646723 PMCID: PMC9842742 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermosets such as silicone are ubiquitous. However, existing manufacturing of thermosets involves either a prolonged manufacturing cycle (e.g., reaction injection molding), low geometric complexity (e.g., casting), or limited processable materials (e.g., frontal polymerization). Here, we report an in situ dual heating (ISDH) strategy for the rapid 3D printing of thermosets with complex structures and diverse rheological properties by incorporating direct ink writing (DIW) technique and a heating-accelerated in situ gelation mechanism. Enabled by an integrated Joule heater at the printhead, extruded thermosetting inks can quickly cure in situ, allowing for DIW of various thermosets with viscosities spanning five orders of magnitude, printed height over 100 mm, and high resolution of 50 μm. We further demonstrate DIW of a set of heterogenous thermosets using multiple functional materials and present a hybrid printing of a multilayer soft electronic circuit. Our ISDH strategy paves the way for fast manufacturing of thermosets for various emerging fields.
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12
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Gao Q, Lee JS, Kim BS, Gao G. Three-dimensional printing of smart constructs using stimuli-responsive biomaterials: A future direction of precision medicine. Int J Bioprint 2022; 9:638. [PMID: 36636137 PMCID: PMC9830998 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v9i1.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, which is a valuable technique for the fabrication of tissue-engineered constructs and biomedical devices with complex architectures, has brought about considerable progress in regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and diagnosis of diseases. However, because of the static and inanimate properties of conventional 3D-printed structures, it is difficult to use them in therapies for active and precise medicine, such as improved tissue regeneration, targeted or controlled drug delivery, and advanced pathophysiological monitoring. The integration of stimuli-responsive biomaterials into 3D printing provides a potential strategy for designing and building smart constructs that exhibit programmed functions and controllable changes in properties in response to exogenous and autogenous stimuli. These features make 3D-printed smart constructs the next generation of tissue-engineered products. In this review, we introduce the prevalent 3D printing techniques (with an emphasis on the differences between 3D printing and bioprinting, and biomaterials and bioink), the working principle of each technique, and the advantages of using 3D printing for the fabrication of smart constructs. Stimuli-responsive biomaterials that are widely used for 3D printing of smart constructs are categorized, followed by a summary of their applications in tissue regeneration, drug delivery, and biosensors. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of 3D-printed smart constructs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Gao
- School of Medical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, South Korea
| | - Byoung Soo Kim
- Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, South Korea
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, South Korea
| | - Ge Gao
- School of Medical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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