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Feng Y, Xu Y, Qu C, Wang Q, Ye K, Liu Y, Wang Y. Structurally Tunable Donor-Bridge-Fluorophore Architecture Enables Highly Efficient and Concentration-Independent Narrowband Electroluminescence. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403061. [PMID: 38782371 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Luminescent materials with narrowband emission have extraordinary significance for developing ultrahigh-definition display. B-N-containing multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials are strong contenders. However, their device performances pervasively encounter detrimental aggregation-caused quenching effect that is highly vulnerable to doping concentration, complicating device fabrication. Therefore, constructing highly efficient and concentration-independent MR-TADF emitters is of pragmatic importance for improving device controllability and reproducibility, simplifying manufacturing procedures, and conserving production costs. Here, by systematic arrangement of donor triphenylamine and fluorophore BNCz on distinct bridges, a spatial confinement strategy has been developed with a donor-bridge-fluorophore architecture. Structurally fine modulation and progressive evolution to construct molecular entities with congested steric hindrance effect that can suppress intermolecular interactions without substantially affecting the luminescence tone of fluorophore BNCz, resulting in highly efficient and concentration-independent narrowband emitters; through isomer engineering, two isomers BN-PCz-TPA and TPA-PCz-BN with different crystal stacking patterns are synthesized by altering the connection mode between triphenylamine and BNCz. As a result, BN-PCz-TPA-based device showcases maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 36.3% with narrow full-width at half-maximum of 27 nm at 10 wt% doping concentration. Even at 20 wt% doping concentration, the maximum EQE remains at 32.5% and the emission spectrum is almost unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yincai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Qingyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- Jihua Laboratory, 28 Huandao South Road, Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528200, P. R. China
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An RZ, Sun Y, Chen HY, Liu Y, Privitera A, Myers WK, Ronson TK, Gillett AJ, Greenham NC, Cui LS. Excited-State Engineering Enables Efficient Deep-Blue Light-Emitting Diodes Exhibiting BT.2020 Color Gamut. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313602. [PMID: 38598847 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Organic luminescent materials that exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) can convert non-emissive triplet excitons into emissive singlet states through a reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) process. Therefore, they have tremendous potential for applications in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, with the development of ultra-high definition 4K/8K display technologies, designing efficient deep-blue TADF materials to achieve the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) coordinates fulfilling BT.2020 remains a significant challenge. Here, an effective approach is proposed to design deep-blue TADF molecules based on hybrid long- and short-range charge-transfer by incorporation of multiple donor moieties into organoboron multiple resonance acceptors. The resulting TADF molecule exhibits deep-blue emission at 414 nm with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 29 nm, together with a thousand-fold increase in RISC rate. OLEDs based on the champion material achieve a record maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 22.8% with CIE coordinates of (0.163, 0.046), approaching the coordinates of the BT.2020 blue standard. Moreover, TADF-assisted fluorescence devices employing the designed material as a sensitizer exhibit an exceptional EQE of 33.1%. This work thus provides a blueprint for future development of efficient deep-blue TADF emitters, representing an important milestone towards meeting the blue color gamut standard of BT.2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Zhi An
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yuqi Sun
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Hao-Yang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, No. 12 Xiaoying East Road, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Alberto Privitera
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, University of Florence, Via Santa Marta 3, Firenze, 50139, Italy
| | - William K Myers
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Tanya K Ronson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Alexander J Gillett
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Neil C Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Lin-Song Cui
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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3
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Wang Y, Zhang J, Xu Q, Tu W, Wang L, Xie Y, Sun JZ, Huang F, Zhang H, Tang BZ. Narrowband clusteroluminescence with 100% quantum yield enabled by through-space conjugation of asymmetric conformation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6426. [PMID: 39080355 PMCID: PMC11289101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Different from traditional organic luminescent materials based on covalent delocalization, clusteroluminescence from nonconjugated luminogens relies on noncovalent through-space conjugation of electrons. However, such spatial electron delocalization is usually weak, resulting in low luminescent efficiency and board emission peak due to multiple vibrational energy levels. Herein, several nonconjugated luminogens are constructed by employing biphenyl as the building unit to reveal the structure-property relationship and solve current challenges. The intramolecular through-space conjugation can be gradually strengthened by introducing building units and stabilized by rigid molecular skeleton and multiple intermolecular interactions. Surprisingly, narrowband clusteroluminescence with full width at half-maximum of 40 nm and 100% efficiency is successfully achieved via an asymmetric conformation, exhibiting comparable performance to the traditional conjugated luminogens. This work realizes highly efficient and narrowband clusteroluminescence from nonconjugated luminogens and highlights the essential role of structural conformation in manipulating the photophysical properties of unconventional luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Jianyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Qingyang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
- Centre of Healthcare Materials, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Weihao Tu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
- Centre of Healthcare Materials, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Jing Zhi Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Centre of Healthcare Materials, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Feihe Huang
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haoke Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang-Israel Joint Laboratory of Self-Assembling Functional Materials, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China.
- Centre of Healthcare Materials, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-SZ), Guangzhou, 518172, China.
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Li L, Li J, Guo L, Xu Y, Bi Y, Pu Y, Zheng P, Chen XK, Wang Y, Li C. A multi-resonance emitter with five-membered thiophene as the π-core enables efficient, narrowband and reduced efficiency roll-off OLEDs. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11435-11443. [PMID: 39055010 PMCID: PMC11268511 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02899f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient, narrowband multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitters have recently sparked significant interest in high-resolution organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. However, almost all the progress in MR-TADF materials has been accomplished using a six-membered ring as the π-core to date. Herein, we present the first example of a five-membered ring π-core-based MR-TADF emitter named Th-BN developed by introducing thiophene instead of hexagonal benzene as the π-core. The introduction of thiophene significantly enhances intramolecular charge transfer intensity and the spin-orbit coupling matrix elements but does not change the intrinsic MR properties. As a result, Th-BN exhibits a narrowband green emission at 512 nm, with a high luminous efficiency of 97%, a narrow full-width at half maximum of 41 nm/0.20 eV, and a rapid reverse intersystem crossing rate of 18.7 × 104 s-1, which is 10 times higher than that of its benzenoid counterpart DtBuCzB. The corresponding green OLEDs based on Th-BN achieve excellent electroluminescence performance with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 34.6% and a reduced efficiency roll-off with an EQE of 26.8% at a high luminance of 1000 cd m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Lixiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Yincai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Yifan Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Yexuan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Pingping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Xian-Kai Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
- Jihua Laboratory 28 Huandao South Road Foshan 528200 Guangdong Province P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University Chongqing 401120 P. R. China
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5
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Xing L, Wang J, Chen WC, Liu B, Chen G, Wang X, Tan JH, Chen SS, Chen JX, Ji S, Zhao Z, Tang MC, Huo Y. Highly efficient pure-blue organic light-emitting diodes based on rationally designed heterocyclic phenophosphazinine-containing emitters. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6175. [PMID: 39039042 PMCID: PMC11263564 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorophores have been actively studied for high-resolution photonic applications due to their exceptional color purity. However, these compounds encounter challenges associated with the inefficient spin-flip process, compromising device performance. Herein, we report two pure-blue emitters based on an organoboron multi-resonance core, incorporating a conformationally flexible donor, 10-phenyl-5H-phenophosphazinine 10-oxide (or sulfide). This design concept selectively modifies the orbital type of high-lying excited states to a charge transfer configuration while simultaneously providing the necessary conformational freedom to enhance the density of excited states without sacrificing color purity. We show that the different embedded phosphorus motifs (phosphine oxide/sulfide) of the donor can finely tune the electronic structure and conformational freedom, resulting in an accelerated spin-flip process through intense spin-vibronic coupling, achieving over a 20-fold increase in the reverse intersystem crossing rate compared to the parent multi-resonance emitter. Utilizing these emitters, we achieve high-performance pure-blue organic light-emitting diodes, showcasing a top-tier external quantum efficiency of 37.6% with reduced efficiency roll-offs. This proposed strategy not only challenges the conventional notion that flexible electron-donors are undesirable for constructing narrowband emitters but also offer a pathway for designing efficient narrow-spectrum blue organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjiang Xing
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Cheng Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, 515200, Jieyang, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Guowei Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Hua Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Season Si Chen
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Xiong Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, 515200, Jieyang, P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, 515200, Jieyang, P. R. China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Man-Chung Tang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China.
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, 515200, Jieyang, P. R. China.
- Analytical & Testing Center, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
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Cheng H, Lan J, Yang Y, Bin Z. Spirobifluorene-fused strategy enables pure-green multiple resonance emitters with low efficiency roll-off. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 38993164 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00634h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present a molecular design strategy centered on the spiroannulation of the MR-core skeleton to fabricate green MR-emitters and reduce device efficiency roll-off. Fusing 9,9'-spirobifluorene into the central framework of MR-emitters facilitates the distribution of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) across the spiro units, leading to a red-shifted emission and giving rise to a pure-green MR-emitter (DPhCz-SFBN) with the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of [0.16, 0.74] in toluene solution, closely matching the BT.2020 standard for green. Additionally, the resultant highly twisted hetero[6]helicene conformation and a nearly perpendicular conformation of spirocycle structure effectively minimize close π-π stacking interactions among the MR-emitting cores, thereby reducing exciton quenching. Consequently, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on DPhCz-SFBN exhibit a high maximum quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 32.8% with low efficiency roll-off, maintaining an EQE of 23.2% at a practical luminance level of 5000 cd m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Jingbo Lan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yudong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Zhengyang Bin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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7
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Chen YK, Lei J, Wu TL. Elevating the upconversion performance of a multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter via an embedded azepine approach. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10146-10154. [PMID: 38966359 PMCID: PMC11220617 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02351j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitters hold promise for efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and wide gamut displays. An azepine donor is introduced into the boron-nitrogen system for the first time. The highly twisted conformation of a seven-ring embedded new molecule, TAzBN, increases the intermolecular distances, suppressing self-aggregation emission quenching. Meanwhile, the azepine donor is crucial to achieve a narrow singlet-triplet gap (0.03 eV) as well as boost the reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rate to 8.50 × 105 s-1. It is noteworthy that TAzBN demonstrates an impressive photoluminescence quantum yield of 94%. In addition, its nonsensitized OLED displayed a remarkable external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) with values peaking at 27.3%, and an EQE of 21.4% at 500 cd m-2. This finding shows that when TAzBN is used at a high concentration of 10 wt%, its device maintains efficiency even at higher brightness levels, highlighting TAzBN's resistance to aggregation quenching. Furthermore, TAzBN enantiomers showed circularly polarized photoluminescence characteristics with dissymmetry factors |g PL| of up to 1.07 × 10-3 in doped films. The curved heptagonal geometry opens an avenue to design the MR-TADF emitters with fast spin-flip and chiroptical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Rd. Hsinchu 300044 Taiwan
| | - Jian Lei
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Rd. Hsinchu 300044 Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd. Taipei 106319 Taiwan
| | - Tien-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Rd. Hsinchu 300044 Taiwan
- College of Semiconductor Research No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Rd. Hsinchu 300044 Taiwan
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8
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Xie FM, Wang HY, Li HZ, Zhang K, Shen Y, Zou J, Li YQ, Tang JX. Intramolecular exciplex featuring a bis-sp 3 C-locked acceptor-donor-acceptor sandwich. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 38842068 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00400k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Intramolecular exciplex systems featuring thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) have garnered significant attention in the realm of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Nonetheless, the occurrence of organic sandwich intramolecular exciplexes remains rare due to structural limitations and synthetic challenges. Herein, we present a novel rigid acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) sandwich complex, dSFQP, characterized by two sp3 C-locking moieties. This compound exhibits TADF characteristics facilitated by a multiple through-space charge-transfer process. X-ray crystallographic analysis confirms the distinctive sandwich configuration. The parallel spatial arrangement and minimized A-D-A configuration enhance electronic interactions, resulting in a high photoluminescence quantum yield, rapid reverse intersystem crossing rate, and sluggish nonradiative decay rate. OLEDs employing dSFQP as the dopant achieve a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 28.5% with a low efficiency roll-off of merely 2.8% at 1000 cd m-2. Even at a high brightness of 10 000 cd m-2, the EQE remains notably high at 17.5%. Our current results provide an effective way to further innovate the design of new organic charge-transfer complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ming Xie
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, P. R. China.
| | - Han-Yang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Ze Li
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Zou
- Guangzhou New Vision Opto-Electronic Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510730, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Qing Li
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Jian-Xin Tang
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
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9
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Cai X, Pan Y, Li C, Li L, Pu Y, Wu Y, Wang Y. Nitrogen-Embedding Strategy for Short-Range Charge Transfer Excited States and Efficient Narrowband Deep-Blue Organic Light Emitting Diodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202408522. [PMID: 38828837 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The development of deep-blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) featuring high efficiency and narrowband emission is of great importance for ultrahigh-definition displays with wide color gamut. Herein, based on the nitrogen-embedding strategy for modifying the short range charge transfer excited state energies of multi-resonance (MR) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, we introduce one or two nitrogen atoms into the central benzene ring of a versatile boron-embedded 1,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene skeleton. This approach resulted in the stabilization of the highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels and the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, and thus systematic hypsochromic shifts and narrowing spectra. In toluene solution, two heterocyclic-based MR-TADF molecules, Py-BN and Pm-BN, exhibit deep-blue emissions with high photoluminescence quantum yields of 93 % and 94 %, and narrow full width at half maximum of 14 and 13 nm, respectively. A deep-blue hyperfluorescent OLED based on Py-BN exhibited a maximum external quantum efficiency of 27.7 % and desired color purity with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.150, 0.052). These results demonstrate the significant potential for the development of deep blue narrowband MR-TADF emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yue Pan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, P. R. China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, 401120, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Linjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yexuan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Youwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, P. R. China
- Jihua Hengye Electronic Materials CO. LTD., 528200, Foshan, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
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10
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Tang X, Tsagaantsooj T, Rajakaruna TPB, Wang K, Chen XK, Zhang XH, Hatakeyama T, Adachi C. Stable pure-green organic light-emitting diodes toward Rec.2020 standard. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4394. [PMID: 38782957 PMCID: PMC11116534 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Manipulating dynamic behaviours of charge carriers and excitons in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is essential to simultaneously achieve high colour purity and superior operational lifetime. In this work, a comprehensive transient electroluminescence investigation reveals that incorporating a thermally activated delayed fluorescence assistant molecule with a deep lowest unoccupied molecular orbital into a bipolar host matrix effectively traps the injected electrons. Meanwhile, the behaviours of hole injection and transport are still dominantly governed by host molecules. Thus, the recombination zone notably shifts toward the interface between the emissive layer (EML) and the electron-transporting layer (ETL). To mitigate the interfacial carrier accumulation and exciton quenching, this bipolar host matrix could serve as a non-barrier functional spacer between EML/ETL, enabling the distribution of recombination zone away from this interface. Consequently, the optimized OLED exhibits a low driving voltage, promising device stability (95% of the initial luminance of 1000 cd m-2, LT95 > 430 h), and a high Commission Internationale de L'Éclairage y coordinate of 0.69. This indicates that managing the excitons through rational energy level alignment holds the potential for simultaneously satisfying Rec.2020 standard and achieving commercial-level stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Tang
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Tuul Tsagaantsooj
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tharindu P B Rajakaruna
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Kai Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Takuji Hatakeyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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11
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Gawale Y, Palanisamy P, Lee HS, Chandra A, Kim HU, Ansari R, Chae MY, Kwon JH. Structural Optimization of BODIPY Derivatives: Achieving Stable and Long-Lived Green Emission in Hyperfluorescent OLEDs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:22274-22281. [PMID: 38650524 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivatives are widely studied as terminal emitters in organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) due to their narrow emission and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). However, the strategy for precisely tuning their emission toward a high color purity is still challenging. Herein, we developed a new design strategy to regulate the emission of BODIPY derivatives by modifying the electronic and steric dominance using functionalities, such as nitrile, pentafluorophenyl, diethyl, and monobenzyl. These rational modifications yielded a series of four novel green BODIPY emitters, namely, tPN-BODIPY, tPPP-BODIPY, tPBn-BODIPY, and tPEN-BODIPY, each benefited with a tuned emissions range of 517 to 542 nm with a narrow fwhm of 25 nm and high photoluminescence quantum yield up to 96%. Among these synthesized BODIPYs, an unsymmetrical tPBn-BODIPY was chosen as a final dopant (FD) to explore its application in OLED devices. The fabricated TADF sensitized fluorescence-OLED (TSF-OLED) exhibits a narrow band pure green emission at 531 nm with corresponding CIE coordinates of (x, y) = (0.27, 0.68) and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 20%. Furthermore, the TSF-OLED displayed an exceptionally prolonged device operational lifetime (LT90) of 210 h at an initial luminescence of 3000 cd m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Gawale
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Lab (OODL), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Paramasivam Palanisamy
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Lab (OODL), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seung Lee
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Lab (OODL), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajeet Chandra
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Lab (OODL), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Ung Kim
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Lab (OODL), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Rasheeda Ansari
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Lab (OODL), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Chae
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Lab (OODL), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hyuk Kwon
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Lab (OODL), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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12
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Jin JM, Liu D, Chen WC, Shi C, Chen G, Wang X, Xing L, Ying W, Ji S, Huo Y, Su SJ. Synergetic Modulation of Steric Hindrance and Excited State for Anti-Quenching and Fast Spin-Flip Multi-Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401120. [PMID: 38326521 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials hold great promise for advanced high-resolution organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. However, persistent challenges, such as severe aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) and slow spin-flip, hinder their optimal performance. We propose a synergetic steric-hindrance and excited-state modulation strategy for MR-TADF emitters, which is demonstrated by two blue MR-TADF emitters, IDAD-BNCz and TIDAD-BNCz, bearing sterically demanding 8,8-diphenyl-8H-indolo[3,2,1-de]acridine (IDAD) and 3,6-di-tert-butyl-8,8-diphenyl-8H-indolo[3,2,1-de]acridine (TIDAD), respectively. These rigid and bulky IDAD/TIDAD moieties, with appropriate electron-donating capabilities, not only effectively mitigate ACQ, ensuring efficient luminescence across a broad range of dopant concentrations, but also induce high-lying charge-transfer excited states that facilitate triplet-to-singlet spin-flip without causing undesired emission redshift or spectral broadening. Consequently, implementation of a high doping level of IDAD-BNCz resulted in highly efficient narrowband electroluminescence, featuring a remarkable full-width at half-maximum of 34 nm and record-setting external quantum efficiencies of 34.3 % and 31.8 % at maximum and 100 cd m-2, respectively. The combined steric and electronic effects arising from the steric-hindered donor introduction offer a compelling molecular design strategy to overcome critical challenges in MR-TADF emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Denghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Cheng Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, 515200, Jieyang, P. R. China
| | - Chengxiang Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Guowei Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Longjiang Xing
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Ying
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, 515200, Jieyang, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, 515200, Jieyang, P. R. China
- Analytical & Testing Center, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Jian Su
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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13
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Qu C, Xu Y, Wang Y, Nie Y, Ye K, Zhang H, Zhang Z. Bridging of Cove Regions: A Strategy for Realizing Persistently Chiral Double Heterohelicenes with Attractive Luminescent Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400661. [PMID: 38333930 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The racemization of chiral organic compounds is a common chemical phenomenon. However, it often poses configurational-stability issues to the application of this class of compounds. Achieving chiral organic compounds without the risk of racemization is fascinating, but it is challenging due to a lack of strategies. Here, we reveal the cove-regions bridging strategy for achieving persistently chiral multi-helicenes (incapable of racemization), based on the synthesized proof-of-concept double hetero[4]helicenes featuring macrocycle structures with a small 3D cavity. Additionally, we demonstrate that the strategy is also effective in tuning the electronic structures of multi-helicenes, resulting in a conversion from luminescence silence into thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) for the present system. Furthermore, red circularly polarized TADF based on small double [4]helicene systems is achieved for the first time using this strategy. The disclosed cove-regions bridging strategy provides an opportunity to modulate the electronic structures and luminescent properties of multi-helicenes without concern for racemization, thus significantly enhancing the structural and property diversity of multi-helicenes for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yincai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Yufang Nie
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zuolun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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14
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Luo X, Jin Q, Du M, Wang D, Duan L, Zhang Y. An Ideal Molecular Construction Strategy for Ultra-Narrow-Band Deep-Blue Emitters: Balancing Bathochromic-Shift Emission, Spectral Narrowing, and Aggregation Suppression. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307675. [PMID: 38161235 PMCID: PMC10953554 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Narrowband emissive multiple resonance (MR) emitters promise high efficiency and stability in deep-blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, the construction of ideal ultra-narrow-band deep-blue MR emitters still faces formidable challenges, especially in balancing bathochromic-shift emission, spectral narrowing, and aggregation suppression. Here, DICz is chosen, which possesses the smallest full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) in MR structures, as the core and solved the above issue by tuning its peripheral substitution sites. The 1-substituted molecule Cz-DICz is able to show a bright deep-blue emission with a peak at 457 nm, an extremely small FWHM of 14 nm, and a CIE coordinate of (0.14, 0.08) in solution. The corresponding OLEDs exhibit high maximum external quantum efficiencies of 22.1%-25.6% and identical small FWHMs of 18 nm over the practical mass-production concentration range (1-4 wt.%). To the best of the knowledge, 14 and 18 nm are currently the smallest FWHM values for deep-blue MR emitters with similar emission maxima under photoluminescence and electroluminescence conditions, respectively. These discoveries will help drive the development of high-performance narrowband deep-blue emitters and bring about a revolution in OLED industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Luo
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Qian Jin
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Mingxu Du
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics TechnologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Lian Duan
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics TechnologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics TechnologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
- Applied Mechanics LabSchool of Aerospace EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
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15
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Du M, Mai M, Zhang D, Duan L, Zhang Y. Stereo effects for efficient synthesis of orange-red multiple resonance emitters centered on a pyridine ring. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3148-3154. [PMID: 38425532 PMCID: PMC10901515 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06470k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite theoretical difficulties, we herein demonstrate an effective strategy for the inaugural synthesis of an orange-red multiple resonance (MR) emitter centered on a pyridine ring via stereo effects. Compared to conventional benzene-centered materials, the pyridine moiety in the novel MR material acts as a co-acceptor. This results in a significant spectral redshift and a narrower spectrum, as well as an improved photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) due to the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. As envisioned, the proof-of-concept emitter Py-Cz-BN exhibits bright orange-red emission peaking at 586 nm with a small full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.14 eV (40 nm), exceeding both the wavelength and FWHM achieved with benzene-centered BBCz-Y. Benefiting from high PLQYs (>92%) and suppressed chromophore interactions, the optimized organic light-emitting diodes achieved high maximum external quantum efficiencies of 25.3-29.6%, identical small FWHMs of 0.18 eV (54 nm), and long lifetimes over a wide range of dopant concentrations (1-15 wt%). The performance described above demonstrates the effectiveness of this molecular design and synthesis strategy in constructing high performance long-wavelength MR emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Du
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Minqiang Mai
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Lian Duan
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
- Applied Mechanics Lab, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
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16
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Hua T, Li N, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Wang L, Chen Z, Miao J, Cao X, Wang X, Yang C. Narrowband Near-Infrared Multiple-Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters towards High-Performance and Stable Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318433. [PMID: 38148704 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiple-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials are highly coveted for their high efficiency and narrowband emission in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Nevertheless, the development of near-infrared (NIR) MR-TADF emitters remains a formidable challenge. In this study, we design two new NIR MR-TADF emitters, PXZ-R-BN and BCz-R-BN, by embedding 10H-phenoxazine (PXZ) and 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (BCz) fragments to increase the electron-donating ability or extending π-conjugation on the framework of para-boron fusing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Both compounds emit in the NIR region, with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 49 nm (0.13 eV) for PXZ-R-BN and 43 nm (0.11 eV) for BCz-R-BN in toluene. To sensitize the two NIR MR-TADF emitters in OLEDs, a new platinum complex, Pt-1, is designed as a sensitizer. The PXZ-R-BN-based sensitized OLEDs achieve a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax ) of nearly 30 % with an emission band at 693 nm, and exceptional long operational stability with an LT97 (time to 97 % of the initial luminance) value of 39084 h at an initial radiance of 1000 mW sr-1 m-2 . The BCz-R-BN-based OLEDs reach EQEmax values of 24.2 % with an emission band at 713 nm, which sets a record value for NIR OLEDs with emission bands beyond 700 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hua
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Nengquan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyan Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Youming Zhang
- Information Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Lian Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhanxiang Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jingsheng Miao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xinzhong Wang
- Information Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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17
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Wu ZG, Xin Y, Lu C, Huang W, Xu H, Liang X, Cao X, Li C, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Duan L. Precise Regulation of Multiple Resonance Distribution Regions of a B,N-Embedded Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon to Customize Its BT2020 Green Emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318742. [PMID: 38153344 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently, boron (B)/nitrogen (N)-embedded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), characterized by multiple resonances (MR), have attracted significant attention owing to their remarkable features of efficient narrowband emissions with small full width at half maxima (FWHMs). However, developing ultra-narrowband pure-green emitters that comply with the Broadcast Service Television 2020 (BT2020) standard remains challenging. Precise regulation of the MR distribution regions allows simultaneously achieving the emission maximum, FWHM value, and spectral shape that satisfy the BT2020 standard. The proof-of-concept molecule TPABO-DICz exhibited ultrapure green emission with a dominant peak at 515 nm, an extremely small FWHM of 17 nm, and Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.17, 0.76). The corresponding bottom-emitting organic light-emitting diode (OLED) exhibited a remarkably high CIEy value (0.74) and maximum external quantum efficiency (25.8 %). Notably, the top-emitting OLED achieved nearly BT2020 green color (CIE: 0.14, 0.79) and exhibited a state-of-the-art maximum current efficiency of 226.4 cd A-1 , thus fully confirming the effectiveness of the above strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Guang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Xin
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chaowu Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Weichun Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Xu
- Jiangsu Sunera Technology Co., Ltd, 214112, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Jiangsu Sunera Technology Co., Ltd, 214112, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Cao
- Jiangsu Sunera Technology Co., Ltd, 214112, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Chong Li
- Jiangsu Sunera Technology Co., Ltd, 214112, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lian Duan
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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18
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Zhao J, Liu H, Fan J, Mu Q. A molecular descriptor of a shallow potential energy surface for the ground state to achieve narrowband thermally activated delayed fluorescence emission. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5156-5168. [PMID: 38260957 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05875a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Narrowband thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules have extensive applications in optoelectronics, biomedicine, and energy. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) holds significant importance in assessing the luminescence efficiency and color purity of TADF molecules. The goal is to achieve efficient and stable TADF emissions by regulating and optimizing the FWHM. However, a bridge from the basic physical parameters (such as geometric structure and reorganization energy) to the macroscopic properties (delayed fluorescence, efficiency, and color purity) is needed and it is highly necessary and urgent to explore the internal mechanisms that influence FWHM. Herein, first-principles calculations coupled with the thermal vibration correlation function (TVCF) theory were performed to study the energy consumption processes of the excited states for the three TADF molecules (2,3-POA, 2,3-DPA, and 2,3-CZ) with different donors; inner physical parameters affecting the FWHM were detected. By analyzing the basic geometric and electronic structures as well as the transition properties and reorganization energies, three main findings in modulating FWHM were obtained, namely a large local excitation (LE) proportion in the first singlet excited state is advantageous in reducing FWHM, a donor group with weak electron-donating ability is beneficial for achieving narrowband emission, and small reorganization energies for the ground state are favorable for reducing FWHM. Thus, wise molecular design strategies to achieve efficient narrowband TADF emission are theoretically proven and proposed. We hope that these results will promote an in-depth understanding of FWHM and accelerate the development of high color purity TADF emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Zhao
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China.
| | - Huanling Liu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Jianzhong Fan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Qingfang Mu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, Institute of Materials and Clean Energy, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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19
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Mamada M, Hayakawa M, Ochi J, Hatakeyama T. Organoboron-based multiple-resonance emitters: synthesis, structure-property correlations, and prospects. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1624-1692. [PMID: 38168795 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00837a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Boron-based multiple-resonance (MR) emitters exhibit the advantages of narrowband emission, high absolute photoluminescence quantum yield, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), and sufficient stability during the operation of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Thus, such MR emitters have been widely applied as blue emitters in triplet-triplet-annihilation-driven fluorescent devices used in smartphones and televisions. Moreover, they hold great promise as TADF or terminal emitters in TADF-assisted fluorescence or phosphor-sensitised fluorescent OLEDs. Herein we comprehensively review organoboron-based MR emitters based on their synthetic strategies, clarify structure-photophysical property correlations, and provide design guidelines and future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Mamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Hayakawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Junki Ochi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Takuji Hatakeyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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20
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Chen J, Liu Z, Chen L, Zou P, Tang BZ, Zhao Z. Exploring Robust Delayed Fluorescence Materials via Structural Rigidification for Realizing Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with High Efficiencies and Small Roll-Offs. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306800. [PMID: 37823676 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have been widely studied for the fabrication of high-performance organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), but the serious efficiency roll-offs still remain unsolved in most cases. Herein, it is wish to report a series of robust green TADF compounds containing rigid xanthenone acceptor and acridine-based spiro donors. The enhancement in molecular rigidity not only endows the compounds with improved thermal stability but also results in reduced geometric vibrations and thus lowered reorganization energies. These compounds exhibit distinct merits of high thermal stabilities, excellent photoluminescence quantum efficiencies (96%-97%), large horizontal dipole orientation ratios (87.4%-92.1%) and fast TADF rates (1.4-1.5 × 106 s-1 ). The OLEDs using them as emitters furnish superb electroluminescence performances with outstanding external quantum efficiencies (ηext s) of up to 37.4% and very small efficiency roll-offs. Moreover, highly efficient hyperfluorescence OLEDs are obtained by using them as sensitizers for the green mutilresonance TADF emitter BN2, delivering excellent ηext s of up to 34.2% and improved color purity. These results disclose the high potential of these TADF compounds as emitters and sensitizers for OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhangshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Letian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Peng Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, Guangdong
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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21
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Wang Q, Huang T, Qu Y, Song X, Xu Y, Wang Y. Frontier Molecular Orbital Engineering of Aromatic Donor Fusion: Modularly Constructing Highly Efficient Narrowband Yellow Electroluminescence. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4948-4957. [PMID: 38235687 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The development of high-performance multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials with narrowband yellow emission is highly critical for various applications in industries, such as the automotive, aerospace, and microelectronic industries. However, the modular construction approaches to expeditiously access narrowband yellow-emitting materials is relatively rare. Here, a unique molecular design concept based on frontier molecular orbital engineering (FMOE) of aromatic donor fusion is proposed to strategically address this issue. Donor fusion is a modular approach with a "leveraging effect"; through direct polycyclization of donor attached to the MR parent core, it is facile to achieve red-shifted emission by a large margin. As a result, two representative model molecules, namely BN-Cz and BN-Cb, have been constructed successfully. The BN-Cz- and BN-Cb-based sensitized organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) exhibit bright yellow emission with peaks of 560 and 556 nm, full-width at half-maxima (fwhm's) of 49 and 45 nm, Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage coordinates of (0.44, 0.55) and (0.43, 0.56), and maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 32.9% and 29.7%, respectively. The excellent optoelectronic performances render BN-Cz and BN-Cb one of the most outstanding yellow-emitting MR-TADF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yupei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxian Song
- Jihua Laboratory, 28 Huandao South Road, Foshan 528200, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
- Jihua Hengye Electronic Materials CO. LTD., Foshan 528200, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Yincai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
- Jihua Hengye Electronic Materials CO. LTD., Foshan 528200, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
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22
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Cheng YC, Tang X, Wang K, Xiong X, Fan XC, Luo S, Walia R, Xie Y, Zhang T, Zhang D, Yu J, Chen XK, Adachi C, Zhang XH. Efficient, narrow-band, and stable electroluminescence from organoboron-nitrogen-carbonyl emitter. Nat Commun 2024; 15:731. [PMID: 38272899 PMCID: PMC10810797 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44981-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) exploiting simple binary emissive layers (EMLs) blending only emitters and hosts have natural advantages in low-cost commercialization. However, previously reported OLEDs based on binary EMLs hardly simultaneously achieved desired comprehensive performances, e.g., high efficiency, low efficiency roll-off, narrow emission bands, and high operation stability. Here, we report a molecular-design strategy. Such a strategy leads to a fast reverse intersystem crossing rate in our designed emitter h-BNCO-1 of 1.79×105 s-1. An OLED exploiting a binary EML with h-BNCO-1 achieves ultrapure emission, a maximum external quantum efficiency of over 40% and a mild roll-off of 14% at 1000 cd·m-2. Moreover, h-BNCO-1 also exhibits promising operational stability in an alternative OLED exploiting a compact binary EML (the lifetime reaching 95% of the initial luminance at 1000 cd m-2 is ~ 137 h). Here, our work has thus provided a molecular-design strategy for OLEDs with promising comprehensive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Xun Tang
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Xin Xiong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Xiao-Chun Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Shulin Luo
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Rajat Walia
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Yue Xie
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Jia Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xian-Kai Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China.
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, PR China.
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23
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Liang L, Qu C, Fan X, Ye K, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Duan L, Wang Y. Carbonyl- and Nitrogen-Embedded Multi-Resonance Emitter with Ultra-Pure Green Emission and High Electroluminescence Efficiencies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316710. [PMID: 38061992 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitters with narrow emission spectra have garnered significant attention in future organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. However, current C=O/N-embedded MR-TADF systems still lack satisfactory performance in terms of electroluminescence bandwidths and external quantum efficiencies (EQEs). In this study, a C=O/N-embedded green MR-TADF emitter, featuring two acridone units incorporated in a sterically protected 11-ring fused core skeleton, is successfully synthesized through finely controlling the reaction selectivity. The superior combination of multiple intramolecular fusion and steric wrapping strategies in the design of the emitter not only imparts an extremely narrow emission spectrum and a high fluorescence quantum yield to the emitter but also mitigates aggregation-induced spectral broadening and fluorescence quenching. Therefore, the emitter exhibits leading green OLED performance among C=O/N-based MR-TADF systems, achieving an EQE of up to 37.2 %, a full width at half maximum of merely 0.11 eV (24 nm), and a Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage coordinate of (0.20, 0.73). This study marks a significant advance in the realization of ideal C=O/N-based MR-TADF emitters and holds profound implications for the design and synthesis of other MR-TADF systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zuolun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Lian Duan
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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24
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Li G, Xu K, Zheng J, Fang X, Lou W, Zhan F, Deng C, Yang YF, Zhang Q, She Y. High-Performance Ultraviolet Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Enabled by Double Boron-Oxygen-Embedded Benzo[ m]tetraphene Emitters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1667-1680. [PMID: 38175122 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet organic light-emitting diodes (UV OLEDs) have attracted increasing attention because of their promising applications in healthcare, industry, and agriculture; however, their development has been hindered by the shortage of robust UV emitters. Herein, we embedded double boron-oxygen units into nonlinear polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BO-PAHs) to regulate their molecular configurations and excited-state properties, enabling novel bent BO-biphenyl (BO-bPh) and helical BO-naphthyl (BO-Nap) emitters with hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) characteristics. They could be facilely synthesized in gram-scale amounts via a highly efficient two-step route. BO-bPh and BO-Nap showed strong UV and violet-blue photoluminescence in toluene with full width at half-maximum values of 25 and 37 nm, along with quantum efficiencies of 98 and 99%, respectively. A BO-bPh-based OLED showed high color purity UV electroluminescence peaking at 394 nm with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.166, 0.021). Moreover, the device demonstrated a record-high maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 11.3%, achieved by successful hot exciton utilization. This work demonstrates the promising potential of double BO-PAHs as robust emitters for future UV OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijie Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Kewei Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jianbing Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Fang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Lou
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhan
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Chao Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Qisheng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yuanbin She
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
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25
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Jing YY, Yang Y, Li N, Ye Z, Wang X, Cao X, Yang C. Indolo[3,2-b]indole-based multi-resonance emitters for efficient narrowband pure-green organic light-emitting diodes. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4624. [PMID: 37950413 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) utilizing multi-resonance (MR) emitters show great potential in ultrahigh-definition display benefitting from superior merits of MR emitters such as high color purity and photoluminescence quantum yields. However, the scarcity of narrowband pure-green MR emitters with novel backbones and facile synthesis has limited their further development. Herein, two novel pure-green MR emitters (IDIDBN and tBuIDIDBN) are demonstrated via replacing the carbazole subunits in the bluish-green BCzBN skeleton with new polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) units, 5-phenyl-5,10-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]indole (IDID) and 5-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-5,10-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]indole (tBuIDID), to simultaneously enlarge the π-conjugation and enhance the electron-donating strength. Consequently, a successful red shift from aquamarine to pure-green is realized for IDIDBN and tBuIDIDBN with photoluminescence maxima peaking at 529 and 532 nm, along with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.25, 0.71) and (0.28, 0.70). Furthermore, both emitters revealed narrowband emission with small full width at half-maximum (FWHM) below 28 nm. Notably, the narrowband pure-green emission was effectively preserved in corresponding devices, which afford elevated maximum external quantum efficiencies of 16.3% and 18.3% for IDIDBN and tBuIDIDBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Jing
- Information Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiyu Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nengquan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zeyuan Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinzhong Wang
- Information Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaosong Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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26
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Xu Y, Wang Q, Cai X, Li C, Jiang S, Wang Y. Frontier Molecular Orbital Engineering: Constructing Highly Efficient Narrowband Organic Electroluminescent Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312451. [PMID: 37724466 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
It is of great strategic significance to develop highly efficient narrowband organic electroluminescent materials that can be utilized to manufacture ultra-high-definition (UHD) displays and meet or approach the requirements of Broadcast Television 2020 (B.T.2020) color gamut standards. This motif poses challenges for molecular design and synthesis, especially for developing generality, diversity, scalability, and robustness of molecular structures. The emergence of multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitters has ingeniously solved the problems and demonstrated bright application prospects in the field of UHD displays, sparking a research boom. This Minireview summarizes the research endeavors of narrowband organic electroluminescent materials, with emphasis on the tremendous contribution of frontier molecular orbital engineering (FMOE) strategy. It combines the outstanding advantages of MR framework and donor-acceptor (D-A) structure, and can achieve red-shift and narrowband emission simultaneously, which is of great significance in the development of long-wavelength narrowband emitters with emission maxima especially exceeding 500 nm. We hope that this Minireview would provide some inspiration for what could transpire in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yincai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Qingyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xinliang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Shimei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- Jihua Hengye Electronic Materials CO. LTD., Foshan, 528200, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
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27
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Luo S, Wang J, Li N, Song XF, Wan X, Li K, Yang C. Regulation of Multiple Resonance Delayed Fluorescence via Through-Space Charge Transfer Excited State towards High-Efficiency and Stable Narrowband Electroluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310943. [PMID: 37851366 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
B- and N-embedded multiple resonance (MR) type thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters usually suffer from slow reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) process and aggregation-caused emission quenching. Here, we report the design of a sandwich structure by placing the B-N MR core between two electron-donating moieties, inducing through-space charge transfer (TSCT) states. The proper adjusting of the energy levels brings about a 10-fold higher RISC rate in comparison with the parent B-N molecule. In the meantime, a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 91 % and a good color purity were maintained. Organic light-emitting diodes based on the new MR emitter achieved a maximum external quantum efficiency of 31.7 % and small roll-offs at high brightness. High device efficiencies were also obtained for a wide range of doping concentrations of up to 20 wt % thanks to the steric shielding of the B-N core. A good operational stability with LT95 of 85.2 h has also been revealed. The dual steric and electronic effects resulting from the introduction of a TSCT state offer an effective molecular design to address the critical challenges of MR-TADF emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Nengquan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Fang Song
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Xintong Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
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Fan T, Zhu S, Cao X, Liang X, Du M, Zhang Y, Liu R, Zhang D, Duan L. Tailored Design of π-Extended Multi-Resonance Organoboron using Indolo[3,2-b]Indole as a Multi-Nitrogen Bridge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313254. [PMID: 37806966 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Extending the π-skeletons of multi-resonance (MR) organoboron emitters can feasibly modulate their optoelectronic properties. Here, we first adopt the indolo[3,2-b]indole (32bID) segment as a multi-nitrogen bridge and develop a high-efficiency π-extended narrowband green emitter. This moiety establishes not only a high-yield one-shot multiple Bora-Friedel-Crafts reaction towards a π-extended MR skeleton, but a compact N-ethylene-N motif for a red-shifted narrowband emission. An emission peak at 524 nm, a small full width at half maximum of 25 nm and a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 96 % are concurrently obtained in dilute toluene. The extended molecular plane also results in a large horizontal emitting dipole orientation ratio of 87 %. A maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 36.6 % and a maximum power efficiency of 135.2 lm/W are thereafter recorded for the corresponding device, also allowing a low efficiency roll-off with EQEs of 34.5 % and 28.1 % at luminance of 1,000 cd/m2 and 10,000 cd/m2 , respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Fan
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Senqiang Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, China
| | - Xudong Cao
- Jiangsu Sunera Technology Co., Ltd, 214112, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Jiangsu Sunera Technology Co., Ltd, 214112, Wuxi, China
| | - Mingxu Du
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lian Duan
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
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29
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Yang X, Waterhouse GIN, Lu S, Yu J. Recent advances in the design of afterglow materials: mechanisms, structural regulation strategies and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8005-8058. [PMID: 37880991 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00993e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Afterglow materials are attracting widespread attention owing to their distinctive and long-lived optical emission properties which create exciting opportunities in various fields. Recent research has led to the discovery of many new afterglow materials featuring high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) and lifetimes of up to several hours under ambient conditions. Afterglow materials are typically categorized according to their luminescence mechanism, such as long-persistent luminescence (LPL), room temperature phosphorescence (RTP), or thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Through rational design and novel synthetic strategies to modulate spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and populate triplet exciton states (T1), luminophores with long lifetimes and bright afterglow characteristics can be realized. Initial research towards afterglow materials focused mainly on pure inorganic materials, many of which possessed inherent disadvantages such as metal toxicity or low energy emissions. In recent years, organic-inorganic hybrid afterglow materials (OIHAMs) have been developed with high PLQY and long lifetimes. These hybrid materials exploit the tunable structure and easy processing of organic molecules, as well as enhanced SOC and intersystem crossing (ISC) processes involving heavy atom dopants, to achieve excellent afterglow performance. In this review, we begin by briefly discussing the structure and composition of inorganic and organic-inorganic hybrid afterglow materials, including strategies for regulating their lifetime, PLQY and luminescence wavelength. The specific advantages of organic-inorganic hybrid afterglow materials, including low manufacturing costs, diverse molecular/electronic structures, tunable structures and optical properties, and compatibility with a variety of substrates, are emphasized. Subsequently, we discuss in detail the fundamental mechanisms used by afterglow materials, their classification, design principles, and end applications (including sensing, anticounterfeiting, and photoelectric devices, among others). Finally, existing challenges and promising future directions are discussed, laying a platform for the design of afterglow materials for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | | | - Siyu Lu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Hu Y, Huang M, Liu H, Miao J, Yang C. Narrowband Fluorescent Emitters Based on BN-Doped Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Efficient and Stable Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312666. [PMID: 37775920 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using conventional fluorescent emitters are currently attracting considerable interests due to outstanding stability and abundant raw materials. To construct high-performance narrowband fluorophores to satisfy requirements of ultra-high-definition displays, a strategy fusing multi-resonance BN-doped moieties to naphthalene is proposed to construct two novel narrowband fluorophores. Green Na-sBN and red Na-dBN, manifest narrow full-width at half-maxima of 31 nm, near-unity photoluminescence quantum yields and molecular horizontal dipole ratios above 90 %. Their OLEDs exhibit the state-of-the-art performances including high external quantum efficiencies (EQE), ultra-low efficiency roll-off and long operational lifetimes. The Na-sBN-based device achieves EQE as high as 28.8 % and remains 19.8 % even at luminance of 100,000 cd m-2 , and Na-dBN-based device acquires a record-high EQE of 25.2 % among all red OLEDs using pure fluorescent emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Manli Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - He Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jingsheng Miao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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31
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Meng G, Zhou J, Huang T, Dai H, Li X, Jia X, Wang L, Zhang D, Duan L. B-N/B-O Contained Heterocycles as Fusion Locker in Multi-Resonance Frameworks towards Highly-efficient and Stable Ultra-Narrowband Emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309923. [PMID: 37584379 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Fusing condensed aromatics into multi-resonance (MR) frameworks has been an exquisite strategy to modulate the optoelectronic properties, which, however, always sacrifices the small full width at half maxima (FWHM). Herein, we strategically embed B-N/B-O contained heterocycles as fusion locker into classical MR prototypes, which could enlarge the π-extension and alleviate the steric repulsion for an enhanced planar skeleton to suppress the high-frequency stretching/ scissoring vibrations for ultra-narrowband emissions. Sky-blue emitters with extremely small FWHMs of 17-18 nm are thereafter obtained for the targeted emitters, decreased by (1.4-1.9)-fold compared with the prototypes. Benefiting from their high photoluminescence quantum yields of >90 % and fast radiative decay rates of >108 s-1 , one of those emitters shows a high maximum external quantum efficiency of 31.9 % in sensitized devices, which remains 25.8 % at a practical luminance of 1,000 cd m-2 with a small FWHM of merely 19 nm. Notably a long operation half-lifetime of 1,278 h is also recorded for the same device, representing one of the longest lifetimes among sky-blue devices based on MR emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyun Meng
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Huang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hengyi Dai
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Jia
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lian Duan
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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32
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Hou P, Xu Y, Miao J, Zhu M, Liu H. Naphthalene-Embedded Multi-Resonance Emitters Enabling Efficient Narrow Emissive Blue OLEDs. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301931. [PMID: 37423895 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Great achievements have been made in the development of organic light-emitting diodes in recent decades. However, achieving high color purity for blue emitters remains a challenge. In this study, we have designed and synthesized three naphthalene (NA)-embedded multi-resonance (MR) emitters, named SNA, SNB and SNB1, based on N-B-O frameworks with isomer variations for finely adjusting the photophysical properties. These emitters show tunable blue emission with emission peaks of 450-470 nm. Small full width of half maximum (FWHM) of 25-29 nm are achieved in these emitters, indicating the well maintaining of molecular rigidity and MR effect with NA extension. Such design also ensures a fast radiative decay. However, no obvious delayed fluorescence is observed in all three emitters due to the relatively large energy differences between the first singlet and triplet excited states. Both SNA and SNB enable high electroluminescent (EL) performance in doped devices with external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 7.2 and 7.9 %, respectively. When applying the sensitized strategy, devices based on SNA and SNB show huge improvement with EQE of 29.3 and 29.1 %. More importantly, SNB with twist geometry enables stable EL spectra with almost unchanged FWHM under different doping concentrations. This work demonstrates the potential of NA extension design in constructing narrowband emissive blue emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Hou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jingsheng Miao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Minrong Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - He Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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33
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Li J, Lao J, Zou H. Aza-dicyclopenta[ a, g]naphthalenes: controllable seesaw-like emissive behavior and narrowband AIEgens. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11203-11212. [PMID: 37860664 PMCID: PMC10583707 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03921h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular motions significantly influence the emissive behavior and properties of organic fluorescent molecules. However, achieving controllable emission remains a major challenge for fluorophores. In the case of aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens), the desired properties of aggregated emission and narrowband spectrum demand molecular motion patterns that inherently oppose each other. A nitrogen-containing dicyclopenta[a,g]naphthalene scaffold was discovered as a controllable luminogenic structure through a highly efficient one-step intermolecular cascade reaction. By carefully balancing molecular motions and introducing additional nitrogen atoms into the skeleton, pyrrole-conjugated dicyclopenta[a,g]naphthalenes with aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) could be transformed into dual-state emission luminogens (DSEgens). This transformation was achieved by incorporating an additional weak H-bond "lock." Furthermore, the DSEgens could be converted into AIEgens with an exciting narrow full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM, <50 nm) by methylation. This unprecedented discovery is attributed to the contribution of the weak H-bond "lock," which overcomes the limitations of broad band emission in AIEgens caused by restrictions of intramolecular motion. Specific organelle probes were developed by replacing the methyl group of the onium product with different positioning groups. This study emphasizes the delicate balance of molecular motions in controlling luminescence and demonstrates a successful approach to designing organic luminogens with controllable emission and narrowband AIEgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Lao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
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34
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Jin YX, Chen ZQ, Zhang K, Yang CZ, Pan ZH, Ding L, Sun YQ, Wang CK, Fung MK, Fan J. Highly Efficient Luminescence from a Red Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter with Flexible Conformation of Ancillary Groups. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301921. [PMID: 37470684 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Robust scaffolds were typically applied in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules to suppress the non-radiative decay, trigger the fast spin-flipping, and enhance the light out-coupling efficiency. Herein, we disclosed for the first time the positive effect of flexible conformation of ancillary groups on the photophysical properties of TADF emitter. The red TADF emitter Ph-TPA with flexible conformation demonstrated small excited-state structural distortion and low reorganization energy compared to the counterpart Mc-TPA with a rigid macrocycle. Consequently, Ph-TPA showed an excellent photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) of 92 % and a state-of-the-art external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 30.6 % at 630 nm. This work could deepen our understanding of structure-property relationships of organic luminophores and help us to rationalize the design of efficient TADF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Jin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zi-Qi Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - Chen-Zong Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Ze-Hui Pan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Lei Ding
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215009, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215009, China
| | - Chuan-Kui Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - Man-Keung Fung
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jian Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 35002, China
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35
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Yu YJ, Feng ZQ, Meng XY, Chen L, Liu FM, Yang SY, Zhou DY, Liao LS, Jiang ZQ. Introducing Spiro-locks into the Nitrogen/Carbonyl System towards Efficient Narrowband Deep-blue Multi-resonance TADF Emitters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310047. [PMID: 37593817 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The current availability of multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) materials with excellent color purity and high device efficiency in the deep-blue region is appealing. To address this issue in the emerged nitrogen/carbonyl MR-TADF system, we propose a spiro-lock strategy. By incorporating spiro functionalization into a concise molecular skeleton, a series of emitters (SFQ, SOQ, SSQ, and SSeQ) can enhance molecular rigidity, blue-shift the emission peak, narrow the emission band, increase the photoluminescence quantum yield by over 92 %, and suppress intermolecular interactions in the film state. The referent CZQ without spiro structure has a more planar skeleton, and its bluer emission in the solution state redshifts over 40 nm with serious spectrum broadening and a low PLQY in the film state. As a result, SSQ achieves an external quantum efficiency of 25.5 % with a peak at 456 nm and a small full width at half maximum of 31 nm in a simple unsensitized device, significantly outperforming CZQ. This work discloses the importance of spiro-junction in modulating deep-blue MR-TADF emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Jun Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Qi Feng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yue Meng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Long Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Ming Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Yi Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Ying Zhou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, 999078, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zuo-Quan Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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36
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Wang Q, Yuan L, Qu C, Huang T, Song X, Xu Y, Zheng YX, Wang Y. Constructing Highly Efficient Circularly Polarized Multiple-Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials with Intrinsically Helical Chirality. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305125. [PMID: 37461260 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Advanced circularly polarized multiple-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (CP-MR-TADF) materials synergize the advantages of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), narrowband emission, and the TADF characteristic, which can be fabricated into highly efficient circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes (CP-OLEDs) with high color purity, directly facing the urgent market strategic demand of ultrahigh-definition and 3D displays. In this work, based on an edge-topology molecular-engineering (ETME) strategy, a pair of high-performance CP-MR-TADF enantiomers, (P and M)-BN-Py, is developed, which merges the intrinsically helical chirality into the MR framework. The optimized CP-OLEDs with (P and M)-BN-Py emitters and the newly developed ambipolar transport host PhCbBCz exhibit pure green emission with sharp peaks of 532 nm, full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 37 nm, and Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.29, 0.68). Importantly, they achieve remarkable maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 30.6% and 29.2%, and clear circularly polarized electroluminescence (CPEL) signals with electroluminescence dissymmetry factors (gEL s) of -4.37 × 10-4 and +4.35 × 10-4 for (P)-BN-Py and (M)-BN-Py, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- Jihua Laboratory, 28 Huandao South Road, Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528200, P. R. China
| | - Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxian Song
- Jihua Laboratory, 28 Huandao South Road, Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528200, P. R. China
| | - Yincai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - You-Xuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- Jihua Laboratory, 28 Huandao South Road, Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528200, P. R. China
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37
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Fan X, Hao X, Huang F, Yu J, Wang K, Zhang X. RGB Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes toward Realizing the BT.2020 Standard. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303504. [PMID: 37587784 PMCID: PMC10558656 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
With the surging demand for ultra-high-resolution displays, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announce the next-generation color gamut standard, named ITU-R Recommendation BT.2020, which not only sets a seductive but challenging milestone for display technologies but also urges researchers to recognize the importance of color coordinates. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are an important display technology in current daily life, but they face challenges in approaching the BT.2020 standard. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters have bright prospects in OLEDs because they possess 100% theoretical exciton utilization. Thus, the development of TADF emitters emitting primary red (R), green (R), and blue (B) emission is of great significance. Here, a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in TADF emitters that exhibit Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) coordinates surpassing the National Television System Committee (NTSC) and approaching BT.2020 standards is presented. Rational strategies for molecular designs, as well as the resulting photophysical properties and OLED performances, are discussed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for shifting the CIE coordinates of both donor-acceptor and multiple resonance (MR) typed TADF emitters toward the BT.2020 standard. Finally, the challenges in realization of the wide-color-gamut BT.2020 standard and the prospects for this research area are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyao Hao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Feng Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Jia Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon TechnologiesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon TechnologiesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
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Zou X, Gan N, Dong M, Huo W, Lv A, Yao X, Yin C, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Chen H, Ma H, Gu L, An Z, Huang W. Narrowband Organic Afterglow via Phosphorescence Förster Resonance Energy Transfer for Multifunctional Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210489. [PMID: 37390483 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Achieving multicolor organic afterglow materials with narrowband emission and high color purity is important in various optoelectronic fields but remains a great challenge. Here, an efficient strategy is presented to obtain narrowband organic afterglow materials via Förster resonance energy transfer from long-lived phosphorescence donors to narrowband fluorescence acceptors in a polyvinyl alcohol matrix. The resulting materials exhibit narrowband emission with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) as small as 23 nm and the longest lifetime of 721.22 ms. Meanwhile, by pairing the appropriate donors and acceptors, multicolor and high color purity afterglow ranging from green to red with the maximum photoluminescence quantum yield of 67.1% are achieved. Moreover, given their long luminescence lifetime, high color purity, and flexibility, the potential applications are demonstrated in high-resolution afterglow displays and dynamic and quick information identification in low-light conditions. This work provides a facile approach for developing multicolor and narrowband afterglow materials as well as expands the features of organic afterglow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zou
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Nan Gan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Mengyang Dong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wenguang Huo
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Anqi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Chengzhu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Huan Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Huili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Long Gu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Zhongfu An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
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Zhang YB, Li YN, Zhang CF, Liu JB, Li JR, Bian HD, Zhu LQ, Ou JZ, Cui LS, Liu Y. High-efficiency all fluorescence white OLEDs with high color rendering index by manipulating excitons in co-host recombination layers. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14249-14256. [PMID: 37602367 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02568c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
All fluorescence white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters are an attractive route to realize highly efficient and high color quality white light sources. However, harvesting triplet excitons in these devices remains a formidable challenge, particularly for WOLEDs involving conventional fluorescent emitters. Herein, we report a universal design strategy based on a co-host system and a cascaded exciton transfer configuration. The co-host system furnishes a broad and charge-balanced exciton generation zone, which simultaneously endows the devices with low efficiency roll-off and good color stability. A yellow TADF layer is put forward as an intermediate sensitizer layer between the blue TADF light-emitting layer (EML) and the red fluorescence EML, which not only constructs an efficient cascaded Förster energy transfer route but also blocks the triplet exciton loss channel through Dexter energy transfer. With the proposed design strategy, three-color all fluorescence WOLEDs reach a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 22.4% with a remarkable color rendering index (CRI) of 92 and CIE coordinates of (0.37, 0.40). Detailed optical simulation confirms the high exciton utilization efficiency. Finally, by introducing an efficient blue emitter 5Cz-TRZ, a maximum EQE of 30.1% is achieved with CIE coordinates of (0.42, 0.42) and a CRI of 84 at 1000 cd m-2. These outstanding results demonstrate the great potential of all fluorescence WOLEDs in solid-state lighting and display panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, No. 12 xiaoying East Road, Beijing, 100192, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, No. 12 xiaoying East Road, Beijing, 100192, China.
| | - Chun-Fang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, No. 12 xiaoying East Road, Beijing, 100192, China.
| | - Jia-Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, No. 12 xiaoying East Road, Beijing, 100192, China.
| | - Jia-Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, No. 12 xiaoying East Road, Beijing, 100192, China.
| | - Hao-Dong Bian
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, No. 12 xiaoying East Road, Beijing, 100192, China.
| | - Lian-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, No. 12 xiaoying East Road, Beijing, 100192, China.
| | - Jian-Zhen Ou
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Lin-Song Cui
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, No. 12 xiaoying East Road, Beijing, 100192, China.
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Zou Y, He J, Li N, Hu Y, Luo S, Cao X, Yang C. Precisely regulating the double-boron-based multi-resonance framework towards pure-red emitters: high-performance OLEDs with CIE coordinates fully satisfying the BT. 2020 standard. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3712-3718. [PMID: 37403802 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00800b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, we propose a new simple and effective strategy for designing pure-red multi-resonance (MR) emitters through precisely regulating the double-boron-based MR framework. The two designed emitters exhibit ultrapure red emission together with superb photophysical properties, and further enable high-performance, high color-purity red OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiawei He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nengquan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuxuan Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sai Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaosong Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Fan XC, Huang F, Wu H, Wang H, Cheng YC, Yu J, Wang K, Zhang XH. A Quadruple-Borylated Multiple-Resonance Emitter with para/meta Heteroatomic Patterns for Narrowband Orange-Red Emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305580. [PMID: 37431732 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Hindered by spectral broadening issues with redshifted emission, long-wavelength (e.g., maxima beyond 570 nm) multiple resonance (MR) emitters with full width at half maxima (FWHMs) below 20 nm remain absent. Herein, by strategically embedding diverse boron (B)/nitrogen (N) atomic pairs into a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) skeleton, we propose a hybrid pattern for the construction of a long-wavelength narrowband MR emitter. The proof-of-concept emitter B4N6-Me realized orange-red emission with an extremely small FWHM of 19 nm (energy unit: 70 meV), representing the narrowest FWHM among all reported long-wavelength MR emitters. Theoretical calculations revealed that the cooperation of the applied para B-π-N and para B-π-B/N-π-N patterns is complementary, which gives rise to both narrowband and redshift characteristics. The corresponding organic light-emitting diode (OLED) employing B4N6-Me achieved state-of-the-art performance, e.g., a narrowband orange-red emission with an FWHM of 27 nm (energy unit: 99 meV), an excellent maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 35.8 %, and ultralow efficiency roll-off (EQE of 28.4 % at 1000 cd m-2 ). This work provides new insights into the further molecular design and synthesis of long-wavelength MR emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chun Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Feng Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Chun Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jia Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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Zeng X, Wang L, Dai H, Huang T, Du M, Wang D, Zhang D, Duan L. Orbital Symmetry Engineering in Fused Polycyclic Heteroaromatics toward Extremely Narrowband Green Emissions with an FWHM of 13 nm. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211316. [PMID: 36859744 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiresonance (MR) molecules generally face spectral broadening issues with redshifted emissions. Thus, green emitters with full widths at half maximum (FWHMs) of <20 nm are rarely reported, despite being highly desired. Herein, by properly fusing indolo(3,2,1-jk)carbazole (ICZ) and naphthalene moieties, green MR emitters are reported, which have FWHMs of merely 13 nm (0.064 eV) and 14 nm (0.069 eV) in dichloromethane, accompanied by high photoluminescence quantum yields of >95%, which represent not only the smallest FWHMs among all green MR emitters but also the first green emitters based on ICZ MR derivatives. Theoretical studies reveal that the orbital interactions between the antisymmetric sites of the segments play an important role in extending the conjugation length in the fusion architectures while simultaneously maintaining a small FWHM. The corresponding organic light-emitting diodes exhibit green emission peaks at 508-509 nm and the first green electroluminescence FWHM of <20 nm ever reported. Benefiting from the preferential horizontal dipole orientation, a high maximum external quantum efficiency of up to 30.9% is obtained, which remains at 28.9% and 23.2% under luminances of 1000 and 10 000 cd m-2 , respectively, outperforming most reported green devices based on narrowband emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hengyi Dai
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Mingxu Du
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lian Duan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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43
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Wang X, Wang L, Meng G, Zeng X, Zhang D, Duan L. Improving the stability and color purity of a BT.2020 blue multiresonance emitter by alleviating hydrogen repulsion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh1434. [PMID: 37172084 PMCID: PMC10181185 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Stable deep blue multiresonance emitters with small full width at half maximum (FWHM) are attractive for wide color-gamut organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, the steric repulsion from the spatially close hydrogens would twist the multiresonance skeletons, causing spectral broadening and molecular instability issues. Here, we strategically introduce a mesitylboron locking unit into a carbazole-embedded multiresonance model emitter, alleviating the hydrogen repulsions and also strengthening the para-positioned weak carbon-nitrogen bond in anionic states. An emission peaking at 452 nm with an FWHM of merely 14 nm and nearly BT.2020 blue chromaticity coordinates are obtained in toluene, affording a high maximum external quantum efficiency of 33.9% in a sensitizing device. Moreover, an impressive LT97 (time to decay to 97% of the initial luminance) of 178 hours at a constant current density of 12 mA/cm2 was achieved in a stable device with a small y coordinate of 0.057, nearly 20 times longer than the model emitter with even a substantially red-shifted emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guoyun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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44
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Xiaofeng L, Dongdong Z, Lian D, Yuewei Z. Sterically wrapping of multi-resonant fluorophores: an effective strategy to suppress concentration quenching and spectral broadening. Front Chem 2023; 11:1198404. [PMID: 37214480 PMCID: PMC10196060 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1198404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple resonance (MR) emitters are promising for the next-generation wide color gamut organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with narrowband emissions; however, they still face intractable challenges such as concentration-induced emission quenching, exciton annihilation, and spectral broadening. In this concept, we focus on an advanced molecular design strategy called "sterically wrapping of MR fluorophores" to address the above issues. By isolating the MR emission core using bulky substituents, intermolecular interactions can be significantly suppressed to eliminate the formation of unfavorable species. Consequently, using the newly designed emitters, optimized MR-OLEDs can achieve high external quantum efficiencies of >40% while maintaining extremely small full width at half maxima (FWHMs) of <25 nm over a wide range of concentrations (1-20 wt%). This strategy may shed light on the design of efficient MR emitters, which provides more room for tuning the dopant concentrations under the premise of high-efficiencies and small FWHMs, accelerating the practical application of MR-OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Xiaofeng
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Dongdong
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Duan Lian
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Yuewei
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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45
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Qiu W, Liu D, Li M, Cai X, Chen Z, He Y, Liang B, Peng X, Qiao Z, Chen J, Li W, Pu J, Xie W, Wang Z, Li D, Gan Y, Jiao Y, Gu Q, Su SJ. Confining donor conformation distributions for efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence with fast spin-flipping. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2564. [PMID: 37142564 PMCID: PMC10160101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast spin-flipping is the key to exploit the triplet excitons in thermally activated delayed fluorescence based organic light-emitting diodes toward high efficiency, low efficiency roll-off and long operating lifetime. In common donor-acceptor type thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecules, the distribution of dihedral angles in the film state would have significant influence on the photo-physical properties, which are usually neglected by researches. Herein, we find that the excited state lifetimes of thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters are subjected to conformation distributions in the host-guest system. Acridine-type flexible donors have a broad conformation distribution or bimodal distribution, in which some conformers feature large singlet-triplet energy gap, leading to long excited state lifetime. Utilization of rigid donors with steric hindrance can restrict the conformation distributions in the film to achieve degenerate singlet and triplet states, which is beneficial to efficient reverse intersystem crossing. Based on this principle, three prototype thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters with confined conformation distributions are developed, achieving high reverse intersystem crossing rate constants greater than 106 s-1, which enable highly efficient solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes with suppressed efficiency roll-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Denghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Mengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Xinyi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yanmei He
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | | | - Xiaomei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jiting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Junrong Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
| | - Deli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yiyang Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yihang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Qing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Jian Su
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.
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46
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Meng G, Dai H, Wang Q, Zhou J, Fan T, Zeng X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Yang D, Ma D, Zhang D, Duan L. High-efficiency and stable short-delayed fluorescence emitters with hybrid long- and short-range charge-transfer excitations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2394. [PMID: 37100785 PMCID: PMC10133342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The pursuit of ideal short-delayed thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters is hampered by the mutual exclusion of a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST) and a large oscillator strength (f). Here, by attaching an multiresonance-acceptor onto a sterically-uncrowded donor, we report TADF emitters bearing hybrid electronic excitations with a main donor-to-acceptor long-range (LR) and an auxiliary bridge-phenyl short-range (SR) charge-transfer characters, balancing a small ΔEST and a large f. Moreover, the incorporation of dual equivalent multiresonance-acceptors is found to double the f value without affecting the ΔEST. A large radiative decay rate over an order of magnitude higher than the intersystem crossing (ISC) rate, and a decent reverse ISC rate of >106 s-1 are simultaneously obtained in one emitter, leading to a short delayed-lifetime of ~0.88 μs. The corresponding organic light-emitting diode exhibits a record-high maximum external quantum efficiency of 40.4% with alleviated efficiency roll-off and extended lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hengyi Dai
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tianjiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Dongge Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Lian Duan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
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47
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Cao C, Tan JH, Zhu ZL, Lin JD, Tan HJ, Chen H, Yuan Y, Tse MK, Chen WC, Lee CS. Intramolecular Cyclization: A Convenient Strategy to Realize Efficient BT.2020 Blue Multi-Resonance Emitter for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215226. [PMID: 36593222 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rationally tuning the emission position and narrowing the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of an emitter is of great importance for many applications. By synergistically improving rigidity, strengthening the resonant strength, inhibiting molecular bending and rocking, and destabilizing the HOMO energy level, a deep-blue emitter (CZ2CO) with a peak wavelength of 440 nm and an ultranarrow spectral FWHM of 16 nm (0.10 eV) was developed via intramolecular cyclization in a carbonyl/N resonant core (QAO). The dominant υ0-0 transition character of CZ2CO gives a Commission Internationale de I'Éclairage coordinates (CIE) of (0.144, 0.042), nicely complying with the BT.2020 standard. Moreover, a hyper-fluorescent device based on CZ2CO shows a high maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax ) of 25.6 % and maintains an EQE of 22.4 % at a practical brightness of 1000 cd m-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cao
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Hua Tan
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Lin Zhu
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jiu-Dong Lin
- WISPO Advanced Materials (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., No. Building 12, 200 Xingpu Rd, SIP, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ji Tan
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Huan Chen
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, P. R. China
| | - Man-Kit Tse
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Cheng Chen
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Sing Lee
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
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48
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Cai X, Xu Y, Pan Y, Li L, Pu Y, Zhuang X, Li C, Wang Y. Solution-Processable Pure-Red Multiple Resonance-induced Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter for Organic Light-Emitting Diode with External Quantum Efficiency over 20 . Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216473. [PMID: 36511099 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Developing solution-processable red organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with high color purity and efficiency based on multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) is a formidable challenge. Herein, by introducing auxiliary electron donor and acceptor moieties into the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) distributed positions of multiple resonance skeleton simultaneously, an effective strategy to obtain red MR-TADF emitters was represented. The proof-of-the-concept molecule BN-R exhibits a narrowband pure-red emission at 624 nm, with a high luminous efficiency of 94 % and a narrow bandwidth of 46 nm. Notably, the fabricated solution-processable pure-red OLED based on BN-R exhibits a state-of-the-art external quantum efficiency over 20 % with the Commission Internationale de I'Éclairage coordinates of (0.663, 0.337) and a long operational lifetime (LT50 ) of 1088 hours at an initial luminance of 1000 cd m-2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yincai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yue Pan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Linjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yexuan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xuming Zhuang
- Jihua Laboratory, 28 Huandao South Road, Foshan, 528200, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.,Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, 401120, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.,Jihua Laboratory, 28 Huandao South Road, Foshan, 528200, Guangdong Province, P. R. China.,Jihua Hengye Electronic Materials CO. LTD., Foshan, 528200, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
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49
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Wang J, Li N, Zhong C, Miao J, Huang Z, Yu M, Hu YX, Luo S, Zou Y, Li K, Yang C. Metal-Perturbed Multiresonance TADF Emitter Enables High-Efficiency and Ultralow Efficiency Roll-Off Nonsensitized OLEDs with Pure Green Gamut. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208378. [PMID: 36534824 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiresonance (MR)-induced thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters based on B- and N-embedded polycyclic aromatics are desirable for ultrahigh-definition organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) due to their high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and narrow bandwidth. But the reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rates of MR-TADF emitters are usually small, resulting in severe device efficiency roll-off at high brightness. To solve this issue, a sensitizer for the MR-TADF emitter has been required. Herein, a new MR-TADF emitter is developed through coordination of Au with B/N-embedded polycyclic ligand. Benefitting from the Au perturbation, the RISC rate is dramatically accelerated to 2.3 × 107 s-1 , leading to delayed fluorescence lifetime as short as 4.3 µs. Meanwhile, the PLQY of 95% and full width at half maximum of 39 nm (0.18 eV) are essentially unchanged after metal coordination. Therefore, a high PLQY, short delayed fluorescence lifetime, and high color purity are concurrently realized in a single TADF emitter. Accordingly, vacuum-deposited OLEDs exhibit high-performance electroluminescence with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 35.8% without sensitization. The EQE is maintained as high as 32.3% at 10 000 cd m-2 . Furthermore, solution-processed OLED based on the emitter also achieves excellent performance with a maximum EQE of 25.7% and a small efficiency roll-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Nengquan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jingsheng Miao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyan Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Mingxin Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xuan Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Sai Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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50
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Zhang Y, Wei J, Wang L, Huang T, Meng G, Wang X, Zeng X, Du M, Fan T, Yin C, Zhang D, Duan L. Multiple Fusion Strategy for High-Performance Yellow OLEDs with Full Width at Half Maximums Down to 23 nm and External Quantum Efficiencies up to 37.4. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209396. [PMID: 36435993 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The pursuit of ideal narrowband yellow multiple resonance (MR) emitters is hampered by the mutual constraints of effective spectral redshift and maintaining a small full width at half maximum (FWHM) value. Here, a novel multiple fusion molecular design strategy is reported to break this trade-off. Compared with the selected narrowband parent core, the specific multiple MR effects in target molecules can simultaneously extend the π-conjugation length, increase the rigidity of the structure, and reduce the vibrational frequency. Proof-of-the-concept emitters BN-DICz and DBN-ICz show bright yellowish green to yellow emissions in dilute toluene solutions with peaks at 533-542 nm and extremely small FWHMs of ≤20 nm. Notably, BN-DICz-based electroluminescent device exhibits excellent efficiencies of 37.4%, 136.6 cd A-1 , and 119.2 lm W-1 with an FWHM of merely 23 nm, representing the best performance for yellow MR organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Zhang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jinbei Wei
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/ Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/ Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Guoyun Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/ Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/ Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/ Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Mingxu Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/ Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Tianjiao Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/ Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chen Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/ Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/ Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lian Duan
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/ Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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