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Xue F, Li Q, Ji W, Lv M, Xu H, Zeng J, Li T, Ren Y, Zhou L, Chen X, Deng J, Lin K, Xing X. Highly efficient semi-hydrogenation in strained ultrathin PdCu shell and the atomic deciphering for the unlocking of activity-selectivity. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11837-11846. [PMID: 39092101 PMCID: PMC11290329 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03291h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Excellent ethylene selectivity in acetylene semi-hydrogenation is often obtained at the expense of activity. To break the activity-selectivity trade-off, precise control and in-depth understanding of the three-dimensional atomic structure of surfacial active sites are crucial. Here, we designed a novel Au@PdCu core-shell nanocatalyst featuring diluted and stretched Pd sites on the ultrathin shell (1.6 nm), which showed excellent reactivity and selectivity, with 100% acetylene conversion and 92.4% ethylene selectivity at 122 °C, and the corresponding activity was 3.3 times higher than that of the PdCu alloy. The atomic three-dimensional decoding for the activity-selectivity balance was revealed by combining pair distribution function (PDF) and reverse Monte Carlo simulation (RMC). The results demonstrate that a large number of active sites with a low coordination number of Pd-Pd pairs and an average 3.25% tensile strain are distributed on the surface of the nanocatalyst, which perform a pivotal function in the simultaneous improvement of hydrogenation activity and ethylene selectivity. Our work not only develops a novel strategy for unlocking the linear scaling relation in heterogeneous catalysis but also provides a paradigm for atomic 3D understanding of lattice strain in core-shell nanocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xue
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Qiang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Weihua Ji
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Mingxin Lv
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Hankun Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Jianrong Zeng
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences 201204 Shanghai P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 201800 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Li
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Yang Ren
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Lihui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xin Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Jinxia Deng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Kun Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Xianran Xing
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute of Solid State Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
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2
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Xing Y, Fan Y, Wang J, Wang M, Xuan Q, Ma Z, Guo W, Mai L. In Situ Induced Interface Engineering in Hierarchical Fe 3O 4 Enhances Performance for Alkaline Solid-State Energy Storage. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18444-18456. [PMID: 38953611 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Rechargeable aqueous batteries adopting Fe-based materials are attracting widespread attention by virtue of high-safety and low-cost. However, the present Fe-based anodes suffer from low electronic/ionic conductivity and unsatisfactory comprehensive performance, which greatly restrict their practicability. Concerning the principle of physical chemistry, fabricating electrodes that could simultaneously achieve ideal thermodynamics and fast kinetics is a promising issue. Herein, hierarchical Fe3O4@Fe foam electrode with enhanced interface/grain boundary engineering is fabricated through an in situ self-regulated strategy. The electrode achieves ultrahigh areal capacity of 31.45 mA h cm-2 (50 mA cm-2), good scale application potential (742.54 mA h for 25 cm2 electrode), satisfied antifluctuation capability, and excellent cycling stability. In/ex situ characterizations further validate the desired thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the electrode endowed with accurate interface regulation, which accounts for salient electrochemical reversibility in a two-stage phase transition and slight energy loss. This work offers a suitable strategy in designing high-performance Fe-based electrodes with comprehensive inherent characteristics for high-safety large-scale energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xing
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqian Fan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianyu Xuan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Ma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Mai
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Jeong C, Lee J, Jo H, Oh J, Baik H, Go KJ, Son J, Choi SY, Prosandeev S, Bellaiche L, Yang Y. Revealing the three-dimensional arrangement of polar topology in nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3887. [PMID: 38719801 PMCID: PMC11078976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the early 2000s, low dimensional ferroelectric systems were predicted to have topologically nontrivial polar structures, such as vortices or skyrmions, depending on mechanical or electrical boundary conditions. A few variants of these structures have been experimentally observed in thin film model systems, where they are engineered by balancing electrostatic charge and elastic distortion energies. However, the measurement and classification of topological textures for general ferroelectric nanostructures have remained elusive, as it requires mapping the local polarization at the atomic scale in three dimensions. Here we unveil topological polar structures in ferroelectric BaTiO3 nanoparticles via atomic electron tomography, which enables us to reconstruct the full three-dimensional arrangement of cation atoms at an individual atom level. Our three-dimensional polarization maps reveal clear topological orderings, along with evidence of size-dependent topological transitions from a single vortex structure to multiple vortices, consistent with theoretical predictions. The discovery of the predicted topological polar ordering in nanoscale ferroelectrics, independent of epitaxial strain, widens the research perspective and offers potential for practical applications utilizing contact-free switchable toroidal moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaehwa Jeong
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyeok Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Energy Geosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hyesung Jo
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewhan Oh
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hionsuck Baik
- Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-June Go
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwoo Son
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Young Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Center for Van der Waals Quantum Solids, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sergey Prosandeev
- Smart Ferroic Materials Center (SFMC), Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Laurent Bellaiche
- Smart Ferroic Materials Center (SFMC), Physics Department and Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Yongsoo Yang
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Bijelić L, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Hodnik N. The role of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy in unraveling the structure-property relationships of Pt-based fuel cells electrocatalysts. Inorg Chem Front 2024; 11:323-341. [PMID: 38235274 PMCID: PMC10790562 DOI: 10.1039/d3qi01998e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Platinum-based fuel cell electrocatalysts are structured on a nano level in order to extend their active surface area and maximize the utilization of precious and scarce platinum. Their performance is dictated by the atomic arrangement of their surface layers atoms via structure-property relationships. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) are the preferred methods for characterizing these catalysts, due to their capacity to achieve local atomic-level resolutions. Size, morphology, strain and local composition are just some of the properties of Pt-based nanostructures that can be obtained by (S)TEM. Furthermore, advanced methods of (S)TEM are able to provide insights into the quasi-in situ, in situ or even operando stability of these nanostructures. In this review, we present state-of-the-art applications of (S)TEM in the investigation and interpretation of structure-activity and structure-stability relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazar Bijelić
- Laboratory for Electrocatalysis, Department of Materials Chemistry, National Insititute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica Vipavska 13 Nova Gorica SI-5000 Slovenia
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Laboratory for Electrocatalysis, Department of Materials Chemistry, National Insititute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Department of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Institute for Metals and Technology IMT Lepi pot 11 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Laboratory for Electrocatalysis, Department of Materials Chemistry, National Insititute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica Vipavska 13 Nova Gorica SI-5000 Slovenia
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5
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Pattison AJ, Pedroso CCS, Cohen BE, Ondry JC, Alivisatos AP, Theis W, Ercius P. Advanced techniques in automated high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:015710. [PMID: 37703845 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acf938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Scanning transmission electron microscopy is a common tool used to study the atomic structure of materials. It is an inherently multimodal tool allowing for the simultaneous acquisition of multiple information channels. Despite its versatility, however, experimental workflows currently rely heavily on experienced human operators and can only acquire data from small regions of a sample at a time. Here, we demonstrate a flexible pipeline-based system for high-throughput acquisition of atomic-resolution structural data using an all-piezo sample stage applied to large-scale imaging of nanoparticles and multimodal data acquisition. The system is available as part of the user program of the Molecular Foundry at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Pattison
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States of America
| | - Cassio C S Pedroso
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States of America
| | - Bruce E Cohen
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States of America
- Division of Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Justin C Ondry
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
- Material Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Theis
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ercius
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States of America
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Lee J, Lee M, Park Y, Ophus C, Yang Y. High-Fidelity 3D Imaging Achieved Through Multislice Electron Tomography Using 4D-STEM. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1388-1389. [PMID: 37613654 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juhyeok Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Moosung Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - YongKeun Park
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
- Tomocube, Inc., Daejeon, Korea
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Yongsoo Yang
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
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7
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Lee J, Jo H, Jeong C, Lee T, Ryu S, Yang Y. Single-Atom Level Determination of 3-Dimensional Surface/Interface Atomic Structures via Deep Learning-Assisted Atomic Electron Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1384. [PMID: 37613584 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juhyeok Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyesung Jo
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chaehwa Jeong
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Taegu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seunghwa Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yongsoo Yang
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
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8
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Xia Y, Liu J, Kancharla R, Li J, Hatamlee SM, Ren G, Semeykina V, Hamed A, Kane JJ. Insights into the 3D permeable pore structure within novel monodisperse mesoporous silica nanoparticles by cryogenic electron tomography. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2879-2886. [PMID: 37260494 PMCID: PMC10228490 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00145h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sintered agglomerate of synthetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) is an architected geomaterial that provides confinement-mediated flow and transport properties of fluids needed for environmental research such as geological subsurface energy storage or carbon capture. The design of those properties can be guided by numerical simulations but is hindered by the lack of method to characterize the permeable pores within MSNs due to pore size. This work uses the advances of an Individual Particle cryogenic transmission Electron Tomography (IPET) technique to obtain detailed 3D morphology of monodispersed MSNs with diameters below 50 nm. The 3D reconstructed density-maps show the diameters of those MSNs vary from 35-46 nm, containing connected intraparticle pores in diameter of 2-20 nm with a mean of 9.2 ± 3 nm, which is comparable to the mean interparticle pore diameters in sintered agglomerate. The characterization of the pore shape and dimensions provides key information for estimating the flow and transport properties of fluids within the sintered agglomerate of those MSNs and for modeling the atomic MSN structures needed for pore-fluid simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Xia
- Energy and Environment Science & Technology, Idaho National Laboratory Idaho Falls 83415 ID USA +01 208 526 7490
| | - Jianfang Liu
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley 94720 CA USA
| | - Rahul Kancharla
- Materials & Fuels Complex, Idaho National Laboratory Idaho Falls 83415 ID USA
| | - Jiaoyan Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo Buffalo 14260 NY USA
| | - Seyed M Hatamlee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo Buffalo 14260 NY USA
| | - Gang Ren
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley 94720 CA USA
| | | | - Ahmed Hamed
- Energy and Environment Science & Technology, Idaho National Laboratory Idaho Falls 83415 ID USA +01 208 526 7490
| | - Joshua J Kane
- Materials & Fuels Complex, Idaho National Laboratory Idaho Falls 83415 ID USA
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Li Z, Xie Z, Zhang Y, Mu X, Xie J, Yin HJ, Zhang YW, Ophus C, Zhou J. Probing the atomically diffuse interfaces in Pd@Pt core-shell nanoparticles in three dimensions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2934. [PMID: 37217475 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the three-dimensional atomic structure of solid-solid interfaces in core-shell nanomaterials is the key to understand their catalytical, optical and electronic properties. Here, we probe the three-dimensional atomic structures of palladium-platinum core-shell nanoparticles at the single-atom level using atomic resolution electron tomography. We quantify the rich structural variety of core-shell nanoparticles with heteroepitaxy in 3D at atomic resolution. Instead of forming an atomically-sharp boundary, the core-shell interface is found to be atomically diffuse with an average thickness of 4.2 Å, irrespective of the particle's morphology or crystallographic texture. The high concentration of Pd in the diffusive interface is highly related to the free Pd atoms dissolved from the Pd seeds, which is confirmed by atomic images of Pd and Pt single atoms and sub-nanometer clusters using cryogenic electron microscopy. These results advance our understanding of core-shell structures at the fundamental level, providing potential strategies into precise nanomaterial manipulation and chemical property regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhou Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Center for Integrated Spectroscopy, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiheng Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Center for Integrated Spectroscopy, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Center for Integrated Spectroscopy, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Xilong Mu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Center for Integrated Spectroscopy, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Jisheng Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Center for Integrated Spectroscopy, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Jing Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Wen Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jihan Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
- Center for Integrated Spectroscopy, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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