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Vahidi M, Rizkalla AS, Mequanint K. Extracellular Matrix-Surrogate Advanced Functional Composite Biomaterials for Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401218. [PMID: 39036851 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Native tissues, comprising multiple cell types and extracellular matrix components, are inherently composites. Mimicking the intricate structure, functionality, and dynamic properties of native composite tissues represents a significant frontier in biomaterials science and tissue engineering research. Biomimetic composite biomaterials combine the benefits of different components, such as polymers, ceramics, metals, and biomolecules, to create tissue-template materials that closely simulate the structure and functionality of native tissues. While the design of composite biomaterials and their in vitro testing are frequently reviewed, there is a considerable gap in whole animal studies that provides insight into the progress toward clinical translation. Herein, we provide an insightful critical review of advanced composite biomaterials applicable in several tissues. The incorporation of bioactive cues and signaling molecules into composite biomaterials to mimic the native microenvironment is discussed. Strategies for the spatiotemporal release of growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins are elucidated, highlighting their role in guiding cellular behavior, promoting tissue regeneration, and modulating immune responses. Advanced composite biomaterials design challenges, such as achieving optimal mechanical properties, improving long-term stability, and integrating multifunctionality into composite biomaterials and future directions, are discussed. We believe that this manuscript provides the reader with a timely perspective on composite biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Vahidi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A5B9, Canada
| | - Amin S Rizkalla
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A5B9, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A5B9, Canada
| | - Kibret Mequanint
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A5B9, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A5B9, Canada
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2
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Rezaei B, Yahyapour B, Darafsheh A. Terahertz tunable three-dimensional photonic jets. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16522. [PMID: 39019897 PMCID: PMC11254925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly localized electromagnetic field distributions near the "shadow-side" surface of certain transparent mesoscale bodies illuminated by light waves are called photonic jets. We demonstrated formation of three-dimensional (3D) tunable photonic jets in terahertz regime (terajets, TJs) by dielectric micro-objects -including spheres, cylinders, and cubes-coated with a bulk Dirac semimetal (BDS) layer, under uniform beam illumination. The optical characteristics of the produced TJs can be modulated dynamically through tuning the BDS layer's index of refraction via changing its Fermi energy. It is demonstrated that the Fermi energy of BDS layer has a significant impact on tuning the optical characteristics of the produced photonic jets for both TE and TM polarizations. A notable polarization dependency of the characteristics of the TJs was also observed. The impact of obliquity of the incident beam was studied as well and it was demonstrated that electromagnetic field distributions corresponding to asymmetric photonic jets can be formed in which the intensity at the focal region is preserved in a wide angular range which could find potential application in scanning devices. It was found that the maximum intensity of the TJ occurs at a non-trivial morphology-dependent source-angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Rezaei
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Babak Yahyapour
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arash Darafsheh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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3
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Lee YJ, Jung YJ, Lim YB. Adaptable Self-Assembly of a PEG Dendrimer-Coiled Coil Conjugate. Chempluschem 2024:e202400114. [PMID: 38797707 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembly of designed molecules has enabled the construction of a variety of functional nanostructures. Specifically, adaptable self-assembly has demonstrated several advantageous features for smart materials. Here, we demonstrate that an α-helical coiled coil conjugated with a dendrimer can adapt to spatial restriction due to the strong steric repulsion between dendrimer chains. The adaptable transformation of a tetrameric coiled coil to a trimeric coiled coil can be confirmed using analytical ultracentrifugation upon conjugation of the dendrimer to the coiled coil-forming building block. Interestingly, circular dichroism spectroscopy analysis of the dendrimer conjugate revealed an unconventional trend: the multimerization of the coiled coil is inversely dependent on concentration. This result implies that the spatial crowding between the bulky dendritic chains is significantly stronger than that between linear chains, thereby affecting the overall assembly process. We further illustrated the application potential by decorating the surface of gold nanorods (AuNRs) with the adaptable coiled coil. The dendrimer-coiled coil peptide conjugate can be utilized to fabricate organic-inorganic nanohybrids with enhanced colloidal and thermal stabilities. This study demonstrates that the coiled coil can engage in the adaptable mode of self-assembly with the potential to form dynamic peptide-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - You-Jin Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Yong-Beom Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
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4
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Wilke I, Monahan J, Toroghi S, Rabiei P, Hine G. Thin-film lithium niobate electro-optic terahertz wave detector. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4822. [PMID: 38413657 PMCID: PMC10899242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The design, fabrication, and validation of a thin-film lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) electro-optic (EO) time-domain terahertz (THz) wave detector is reported. LNOI offers unprecedented properties for the EO detection of freely propagating THz wave radiation pulses and transient electric fields because of the large EO coefficient of the material, engineering of the velocity matching of the THz wave and optical wave, and much reduced detector size. The proof-of-concept device is realized using thin-film lithium niobate optical waveguides forming a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with interferometer arms electrically poled in opposite directions. THz waves are coupled effectively to the fully dielectric device from free space without using antennas or plasmonics. The detection of THz waves with frequencies up to 800 GHz is successfully demonstrated. The detector allows for the detection of THz frequency electric fields up to 4.6 MV/m. The observed frequency response of the device agrees well with theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Wilke
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Jackson Monahan
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | | | | | - George Hine
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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5
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Mattes M, Volkov M, Baum P. Femtosecond electron beam probe of ultrafast electronics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1743. [PMID: 38409203 PMCID: PMC10897311 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The need for ever-faster information processing requires exceptionally small devices that operate at frequencies approaching the terahertz and petahertz regimes. For the diagnostics of such devices, researchers need a spatiotemporal tool that surpasses the device under test in speed and spatial resolution. Consequently, such a tool cannot be provided by electronics itself. Here we show how ultrafast electron beam probe with terahertz-compressed electron pulses can directly sense local electro-magnetic fields in electronic devices with femtosecond, micrometre and millivolt resolution under normal operation conditions. We analyse the dynamical response of a coplanar waveguide circuit and reveal the impulse response, signal reflections, attenuation and waveguide dispersion directly in the time domain. The demonstrated measurement bandwidth reaches 10 THz and the sensitivity to electric potentials is tens of millivolts or -20 dBm. Femtosecond time resolution and the capability to directly integrate our technique into existing electron-beam inspection devices in semiconductor industry makes our femtosecond electron beam probe a promising tool for research and development of next-generation electronics at unprecedented speed and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Mattes
- Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mikhail Volkov
- Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Peter Baum
- Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
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6
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Lomonte E, Stappers M, Krämer L, Pernice WHP, Lenzini F. Scalable and efficient grating couplers on low-index photonic platforms enabled by cryogenic deep silicon etching. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4256. [PMID: 38383577 PMCID: PMC10881461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient fiber-to-chip couplers for multi-port access to photonic integrated circuits are paramount for a broad class of applications, ranging, e.g., from telecommunication to photonic computing and quantum technologies. Grating-based approaches are often desirable for providing out-of-plane access to the photonic circuits. However, on photonic platforms characterized by a refractive index ≃ 2 at telecom wavelength, such as silicon nitride or thin-film lithium niobate, the limited scattering strength has thus far hindered the achievement of coupling efficiencies comparable to the ones attainable in silicon photonics. Here we present a flexible strategy for the realization of highly efficient grating couplers on such low-index photonic platforms. To simultaneously reach a high scattering efficiency and a near-unitary modal overlap with optical fibers, we make use of self-imaging gratings designed with a negative diffraction angle. To ensure high directionality of the diffracted light, we take advantage of a metal back-reflector patterned underneath the grating structure by cryogenic deep reactive ion etching of the silicon handle. Using silicon nitride as a testbed material, we experimentally demonstrate coupling efficiency up to - 0.55 dB in the telecom C-band with high chip-scale device yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Lomonte
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
- CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Maik Stappers
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
- CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Linus Krämer
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
- CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram H P Pernice
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Francesco Lenzini
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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7
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Yoshioka V, Jin J, Zhen B. Coherent FIR/THz wave generation and steering via surface-emitting thin film lithium niobate waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:639-651. [PMID: 38175088 DOI: 10.1364/oe.506395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Generating narrowband, continuous wave FIR/THz light via difference frequency generation (DFG) remains challenging due to material absorption and dispersion from optical phonons. The relatively new platform of thin film lithium niobate enables high-confinement nonlinear waveguides, reducing device size and potentially improving efficiency. We simulated surface-emitting DFG from 10 to 100 THz in a thin film lithium niobate waveguide with fixed poling period, demonstrating reasonable efficiency and bandwidth. Furthermore, adjusting wavelength and relative phase in an array of these waveguides enables beam steering along two directions. Continuous wave FIR/THz light can be efficiently generated and steered using these integrated devices.
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8
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Allerbeck J, Kuttruff J, Bobzien L, Huberich L, Tsarev M, Schuler B. Efficient and Continuous Carrier-Envelope Phase Control for Terahertz Lightwave-Driven Scanning Probe Microscopy. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:3888-3895. [PMID: 38027247 PMCID: PMC10655500 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental understanding of quantum dynamics in advanced materials requires precise characterization at the limit of spatiotemporal resolution. Ultrafast scanning tunneling microscopy is a powerful tool combining the benefits of picosecond time resolution provided by single-cycle terahertz (THz) pulses and atomic spatial resolution of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). For the selective excitation of localized electronic states, the transient field profile must be tailored to the energetic structure of the system. Here, we present an advanced THz-STM setup combining multi-MHz repetition rates, strong THz near fields, and continuous carrier-envelope phase (CEP) control of the transient waveform. In particular, we employ frustrated total internal reflection as an efficient and cost-effective method for precise CEP control of single-cycle THz pulses with >60% field transmissivity, high pointing stability, and continuous phase shifting of up to 0.75 π in the far and near field. Efficient THz generation and dispersion management enable peak THz voltages at the tip-sample junction exceeding 20 V at 1 MHz and 1 V at 41 MHz. The system comprises two distinct THz generation arms, which facilitate individual pulse shaping and amplitude modulation. This unique feature enables the flexible implementation of various THz pump-probe schemes, thereby facilitating the study of electronic and excitonic excited-state propagation in nanostructures and low-dimensional materials systems. Scalability of the repetition rate up to 41 MHz, combined with a state-of-the-art low-temperature STM, paves the way toward the investigation of dynamical processes in atomic quantum systems at their native length and time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Allerbeck
- nanotech@surfaces
Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Joel Kuttruff
- Department
of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Laric Bobzien
- nanotech@surfaces
Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lysander Huberich
- nanotech@surfaces
Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Tsarev
- Department
of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bruno Schuler
- nanotech@surfaces
Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories
for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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9
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McCaul G, Peng P, Martinez MO, Lindberg DR, Talbayev D, Bondar DI. Superoscillations Deliver Superspectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:153803. [PMID: 37897781 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.153803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
In ordinary circumstances the highest frequency present in a wave is the highest frequency in its Fourier decomposition. It is however possible for there to be a spatial or temporal region where the wave locally oscillates at a still greater frequency in a phenomenon known as superoscillation. Superoscillations find application in wide range of disciplines, but at present their generation is based upon constructive approaches that are difficult to implement. Here, we address this, exploiting the fact that superoscillations are a product of destructive interference to produce a prescription for generating superoscillations from the superposition of arbitrary waveforms. As a first test of the technique, we use it to combine four quasisinusoidal THz waveforms to produce THz optical superoscillations for the first time. The ability to generate superoscillations in this manner has potential application in a wide range of fields, which we demonstrate with a method we term "superspectroscopy." This employs the generated superoscillations to obtain an observed enhancement of almost an order of magnitude in the spectroscopic sensitivity to materials whose resonance lies outside the range of the component waveform frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard McCaul
- Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
| | - Peisong Peng
- Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
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10
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Carletti L, McDonnell C, Arregui Leon U, Rocco D, Finazzi M, Toma A, Ellenbogen T, Della Valle G, Celebrano M, De Angelis C. Nonlinear THz Generation through Optical Rectification Enhanced by Phonon-Polaritons in Lithium Niobate Thin Films. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:3419-3425. [PMID: 37743936 PMCID: PMC10515699 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigate nonlinear THz generation from lithium niobate films and crystals of different thicknesses by optical rectification of near-infrared femtosecond pulses. A comparison between numerical studies and polarization-resolved measurements of the generated THz signal reveals a 2 orders of magnitude enhancement in the nonlinear response compared to optical frequencies. We show that this enhancement is due to optical phonon modes at 4.5 and 7.45 THz and is most pronounced for films thinner than 2 μm where optical-to-THz conversion is not limited by self-absorption. These results shed new light on the employment of thin film lithium niobate platforms for the development of new integrated broadband THz emitters and detectors. This may also open the door for further control (e.g., polarization, directivity, and spectral selectivity) of the process in nanophotonic structures, such as nanowires and metasurfaces, realized in the thin film platform. We illustrate this potential by numerically investigating optical-to-THz conversion driven by localized surface phonon-polariton resonances in sub-wavelength lithium niobate rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carletti
- Department
of Information Engineering, University of
Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- National
Institute of Optics—National Research Council (INO-CNR), Via Branze 45, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cormac McDonnell
- Department
of Physical Electronics, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Unai Arregui Leon
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Rocco
- Department
of Information Engineering, University of
Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- National
Institute of Optics—National Research Council (INO-CNR), Via Branze 45, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Finazzi
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Toma
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Tal Ellenbogen
- Department
of Physical Electronics, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Giuseppe Della Valle
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Celebrano
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Costantino De Angelis
- Department
of Information Engineering, University of
Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- National
Institute of Optics—National Research Council (INO-CNR), Via Branze 45, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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11
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Boes A, Chang L, Langrock C, Yu M, Zhang M, Lin Q, Lončar M, Fejer M, Bowers J, Mitchell A. Lithium niobate photonics: Unlocking the electromagnetic spectrum. Science 2023; 379:eabj4396. [PMID: 36603073 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj4396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lithium niobate (LN), first synthesized 70 years ago, has been widely used in diverse applications ranging from communications to quantum optics. These high-volume commercial applications have provided the economic means to establish a mature manufacturing and processing industry for high-quality LN crystals and wafers. Breakthrough science demonstrations to commercial products have been achieved owing to the ability of LN to generate and manipulate electromagnetic waves across a broad spectrum, from microwave to ultraviolet frequencies. Here, we provide a high-level Review of the history of LN as an optical material, its different photonic platforms, engineering concepts, spectral coverage, and essential applications before providing an outlook for the future of LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Boes
- Integrated Photonics and Applications Centre (InPAC), School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.,Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Lin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communications System and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Carsten Langrock
- Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mengjie Yu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Marko Lončar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Martin Fejer
- Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John Bowers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- Integrated Photonics and Applications Centre (InPAC), School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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