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Hu M, Feng X, Liu Q, Liu S, Huang F, Xu H. The ion channels of endomembranes. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1335-1385. [PMID: 38451235 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The endomembrane system consists of organellar membranes in the biosynthetic pathway [endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles] as well as those in the degradative pathway (early endosomes, macropinosomes, phagosomes, autophagosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes). These endomembrane organelles/vesicles work together to synthesize, modify, package, transport, and degrade proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, regulating the balance between cellular anabolism and catabolism. Large ion concentration gradients exist across endomembranes: Ca2+ gradients for most endomembrane organelles and H+ gradients for the acidic compartments. Ion (Na+, K+, H+, Ca2+, and Cl-) channels on the organellar membranes control ion flux in response to cellular cues, allowing rapid informational exchange between the cytosol and organelle lumen. Recent advances in organelle proteomics, organellar electrophysiology, and luminal and juxtaorganellar ion imaging have led to molecular identification and functional characterization of about two dozen endomembrane ion channels. For example, whereas IP3R1-3 channels mediate Ca2+ release from the ER in response to neurotransmitter and hormone stimulation, TRPML1-3 and TMEM175 channels mediate lysosomal Ca2+ and H+ release, respectively, in response to nutritional and trafficking cues. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of these endomembrane channels, with a focus on their subcellular localizations, ion permeation properties, gating mechanisms, cell biological functions, and disease relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqin Hu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Feng
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangqian Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Qi Y, Zhang YM, Gao YN, Chen WG, Zhou T, Chang L, Zang Y, Li J. AMPK role in epilepsy: a promising therapeutic target? J Neurol 2024; 271:748-771. [PMID: 38010498 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12062-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex and multifaceted neurological disorder characterized by spontaneous and recurring seizures. It poses significant therapeutic challenges due to its diverse etiology and often-refractory nature. This comprehensive review highlights the pivotal role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key metabolic regulator involved in cellular energy homeostasis, which may be a promising therapeutic target for epilepsy. Current therapeutic strategies such as antiseizure medication (ASMs) can alleviate seizures (up to 70%). However, 30% of epileptic patients may develop refractory epilepsy. Due to the complicated nature of refractory epilepsy, other treatment options such as ketogenic dieting, adjunctive therapy, and in limited cases, surgical interventions are employed. These therapy options are only suitable for a select group of patients and have limitations of their own. Current treatment options for epilepsy need to be improved. Emerging evidence underscores a potential association between impaired AMPK functionality in the brain and the onset of epilepsy, prompting an in-depth examination of AMPK's influence on neural excitability and ion channel regulation, both critical factors implicated in epileptic seizures. AMPK activation through agents such as metformin has shown promising antiepileptic effects in various preclinical and clinical settings. These effects are primarily mediated through the inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway, activation of the AMPK-PI3K-c-Jun pathway, and stimulation of the PGC-1α pathway. Despite the potential of AMPK-targeted therapies, several aspects warrant further exploration, including the detailed mechanisms of AMPK's role in different brain regions, the impact of AMPK under various conditional circumstances such as neural injury and zinc toxicity, the long-term safety and efficacy of chronic metformin use in epilepsy treatment, and the potential benefits of combination therapy involving AMPK activators. Moreover, the efficacy of AMPK activators in refractory epilepsy remains an open question. This review sets the stage for further research with the aim of enhancing our understanding of the role of AMPK in epilepsy, potentially leading to the development of more effective, AMPK-targeted therapeutic strategies for this challenging and debilitating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbei Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ya-Nan Gao
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Gang Chen
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liuliu Chang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Zang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jia Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China.
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Nagy N, Pal M, Kun J, Galik B, Urban P, Medvecz M, Fabos B, Neller A, Abdolreza A, Danis J, Szabo V, Yang Z, Fenske S, Biel M, Gyenesei A, Adam E, Szell M. Missing Heritability in Albinism: Deep Characterization of a Hungarian Albinism Cohort Raises the Possibility of the Digenic Genetic Background of the Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1271. [PMID: 38279271 PMCID: PMC10817051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Albinism is characterized by a variable degree of hypopigmentation affecting the skin and the hair, and causing ophthalmologic abnormalities. Its oculocutaneous, ocular and syndromic forms follow an autosomal or X-linked recessive mode of inheritance, and 22 disease-causing genes are implicated in their development. Our aim was to clarify the genetic background of a Hungarian albinism cohort. Using a 22-gene albinism panel, the genetic background of 11 of the 17 Hungarian patients was elucidated. In patients with unidentified genetic backgrounds (n = 6), whole exome sequencing was performed. Our investigations revealed a novel, previously unreported rare variant (N687S) of the two-pore channel two gene (TPCN2). The N687S variant of the encoded TPC2 protein is carried by a 15-year-old Hungarian male albinism patient and his clinically unaffected mother. Our segregational analysis and in vitro functional experiments suggest that the detected novel rare TPCN2 variant alone is not a disease-causing variant in albinism. Deep genetic analyses of the family revealed that the patient also carries a phenotype-modifying R305W variant of the OCA2 protein, and he is the only family member harboring this genotype. Our results raise the possibility that this digenic combination might contribute to the observed differences between the patient and the mother, and found the genetic background of the disease in his case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Nagy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.P.); (A.N.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.S.)
- HUN-REN-SZTE Functional Clinical Genetic Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Margit Pal
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.P.); (A.N.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.S.)
- HUN-REN-SZTE Functional Clinical Genetic Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Kun
- Hungarian Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.K.); (B.G.); (P.U.); (A.G.)
| | - Bence Galik
- Hungarian Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.K.); (B.G.); (P.U.); (A.G.)
| | - Peter Urban
- Hungarian Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.K.); (B.G.); (P.U.); (A.G.)
| | - Marta Medvecz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1095 Budapest, Hungary;
- ERN-Skin Reference Centre, Semmelweis University, 1095 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Fabos
- Mor Kaposi Teaching Hospital of Somogy County, 7400 Kaposvar, Hungary;
| | - Alexandra Neller
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.P.); (A.N.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Aliasgari Abdolreza
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.P.); (A.N.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Judit Danis
- HUN-REN-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Department of Immunology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Szabo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany (M.B.)
| | - Stefanie Fenske
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany (M.B.)
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany (M.B.)
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Hungarian Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.K.); (B.G.); (P.U.); (A.G.)
| | - Eva Adam
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.P.); (A.N.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.S.)
- HUN-REN-SZTE Functional Clinical Genetic Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marta Szell
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.P.); (A.N.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.S.)
- HUN-REN-SZTE Functional Clinical Genetic Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Wang Y, Li W, Wang Q. Lysosome pH-regulated H + /K + switching channel involved in maintaining lysosomal homeostasis. FEBS J 2023; 290:4638-4640. [PMID: 37434434 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal pH setpoint and H+ homeostasis is key to the lysosome's functions. The Parkinson's disease-risk protein TMEM175, originally identified as lysosomal K+ channel, works as a H+ -activated H+ channel and discharges the lysosomal H+ store when it is hyper-acidified. Yang et al. indicate that TMEM175 is permeable for both K+ and H+ in the same pore and charges the lysosome with H+ under certain conditions. The charge and discharge functions are under regulation of the lysosomal matrix and glycocalyx layer. Their presented work indicates that TMEM175 performs as a multi-functional channel regulating lysosomal pH in response to physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaochu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
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Sharma N, Sharma A, Motiani RK. A novel gain of function mutation in TPC2 reiterates pH-pigmentation interplay: Emerging role of ionic homeostasis as a master pigmentation regulator. Cell Calcium 2023; 111:102705. [PMID: 36841139 PMCID: PMC7614517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Pigmentation is a complex physiological phenomenon that protects from UV induced damage. Perturbations in pigmentation pathways lead to pigmentary disorders such as vitiligo, albinism and Darier...s disease. Emerging literature implicates a critical role of ionic homeostasis and pH in regulating pigmentation. In a recent study, Wang et al. identified a novel gain of function mutation in a non-selective cation channel "Two Pore Channel 2" (TPC2) that is responsible for albinism in a human patient. The authors demonstrate that this mutation leads to constitutive activation of TPC2 thereby modulating cellular calcium dynamics and inducing changes in the lysosomal pH. Further, authors generated a knock in mice with homologous TPC2 mutation and corroborated a causative role for this mutation in albinism. It is an exciting study that reports a novel TPC2 mutation, which is responsible for albinism in an autosomal dominant inheritance fashion. Since TPC2 is localized on melanosomes as well, going forward it would be interesting to investigate the role of this mutation on melanosomal calcium dynamics and alterations in melanosomal pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutan Sharma
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology (LCSP), Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, 121001, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Akshay Sharma
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology (LCSP), Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, 121001, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Rajender K Motiani
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology (LCSP), Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, 121001, Delhi-NCR, India.
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Zhang YY, Li XS, Ren KD, Peng J, Luo XJ. Restoration of metal homeostasis: a potential strategy against neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101931. [PMID: 37031723 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal homeostasis is critical to normal neurophysiological activity. Metal ions are involved in the development, metabolism, redox and neurotransmitter transmission of the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, disturbance of homeostasis (such as metal deficiency or excess) can result in serious consequences, including neurooxidative stress, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and nerve cell death. The uptake, transport and metabolism of metal ions are highly regulated by ion channels. There is growing evidence that metal ion disorders and/or the dysfunction of ion channels contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, metal homeostasis-related signaling pathways are emerging as promising therapeutic targets for diverse neurological diseases. This review summarizes recent advances in the studies regarding the physiological and pathophysiological functions of metal ions and their channels, as well as their role in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, currently available metal ion modulators and in vivo quantitative metal ion imaging methods are also discussed. Current work provides certain recommendations based on literatures and in-depth reflections to improve neurodegenerative diseases. Future studies should turn to crosstalk and interactions between different metal ions and their channels. Concomitant pharmacological interventions for two or more metal signaling pathways may offer clinical advantages in treating the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xi-Sheng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013,China
| | - Kai-Di Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xiu-Ju Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013,China.
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