1
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Wutke S, Blank SM, Boevé JL, Faircloth BC, Koch F, Linnen CR, Malm T, Niu G, Prous M, Schiff NM, Schmidt S, Taeger A, Vilhelmsen L, Wahlberg N, Wei M, Nyman T. Phylogenomics and biogeography of sawflies and woodwasps (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 199:108144. [PMID: 38972494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Phylogenomic approaches have recently helped elucidate various insect relationships, but large-scale comprehensive analyses on relationships within sawflies and woodwasps are still lacking. Here, we infer the relationships and long-term biogeographic history of these hymenopteran groups using a large dataset of 354 UCE loci collected from 385 species that represent all major lineages. Early Hymenoptera started diversifying during the Early Triassic ∼249 Ma and spread all over the ancient supercontinent Pangaea. We recovered Xyeloidea as a monophyletic sister group to other Hymenoptera and Pamphilioidea as sister to Unicalcarida. Within the diverse family Tenthredinidae, our taxonomically and geographically expanded taxon sampling highlights the non-monophyly of several traditionally defined subfamilies. In addition, the recent removal of Athalia and related genera from the Tenthredinidae into the separate family Athaliidae is supported. The deep historical biogeography of the group is characterised by independent dispersals and re-colonisations between the northern (Laurasia) and southern (Gondwana) palaeocontinents. The breakup of these landmasses led to ancient vicariance in several Gondwanan lineages, while interchange across the Northern Hemisphere has continued until the Recent. The little-studied African sawfly fauna is likewise a diverse mixture of groups with varying routes of colonization. Our results reveal interesting parallels in the evolution and biogeography of early hymenopterans and other ancient insect groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Wutke
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Stephan M Blank
- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Boevé
- OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brant C Faircloth
- Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Frank Koch
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Malm
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gengyun Niu
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Marko Prous
- Museum of Natural History, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nathan M Schiff
- Formerly with the USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Taeger
- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Lars Vilhelmsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Meicai Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tommi Nyman
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Svanvik, Norway
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2
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Yadav P, Borges RM. Oviposition decisions under environment-induced physiological stress in parasitoids. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 65:101240. [PMID: 39084490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Parasitoids constantly evaluate their environment to optimise oviposition host utilisation based on their life history parameters and host characteristics, including density. Any factors impairing chemosensory perception, learning and memory of oviposition decisions negatively impact fitness. In the Anthropocene, stressors, for example, elevated temperatures, Wolbachia infection (likely modulated by temperature), pesticides, light pollution and water deficits in plants that provide resources for parasitoid hosts, impact parasitoid oviposition. Such physiological stressors often induce superparasitism since parasitoids are unable to remember prior oviposition on hosts or cause impaired offspring sex ratio. While the effect of these stressors on parasitoid oviposition has been examined individually, their combined effects remain unexplored. Since parasitoids are exposed to these stressors simultaneously, future work must examine their cumulative impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renee M Borges
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bengaluru 560012, India.
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3
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Ye X, Yang Y, Zhao X, Fang Q, Ye G. The state of parasitoid wasp genomics. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:914-929. [PMID: 39227194 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps represent a group of parasitic insects with high species diversity that have played a pivotal role in biological control and evolutionary studies. Over the past 20 years, developments in genomics have greatly enhanced our understanding of the biology of these species. Technological leaps in sequencing have facilitated the improvement of genome quality and quantity, leading to the availability of hundreds of parasitoid wasp genomes. Here, we summarize recent progress in parasitoid wasp genomics, focusing on the evolution of genome size (GS) and the genomic basis of several key traits. We also discuss the contributions of genomics in studying venom evolution and endogenization of viruses. Finally, we advocate for increased sequencing and functional research to better understand parasitoid biology and enhance biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Ye
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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4
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Dal Pos D, Sharanowski BJ. A host driven parasitoid syndrome: Convergent evolution of multiple traits associated with woodboring hosts in Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0311365. [PMID: 39348351 PMCID: PMC11441683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolution of convergent phenotypes is of major interest in biology because of their omnipresence and ability to inform the study of evolutionary novelty and constraint. Convergent phenotypes can be combinations of traits that evolve concertedly, called syndromes, and these can be shaped by a common environmental pressure. Parasitoid wasps which use a wide variety of arthropod hosts have also repeatedly and convergently switched host use across their evolutionary history. They thus represent a natural laboratory for the evolution of trait syndromes that are associated with parasitism of specific hosts and host substrates. In this study, we tested the evolution of co-evolving characters in the highly diverse family Ichneumonidae associated with ovipositing in a specific and well-defined substrate: wood. Using a newly constructed phylogeny and an existing morphological dataset, we identified six traits correlated with the wood-boring lifestyle that demonstrate convergent evolution. At least one trait, the presence of teeth on the ovipositor, typically preceded the evolution of other traits and possibly the switch to parasitism of wood-boring hosts. For each trait, we provide a historical review of their associations with wood-boring parasitoids, reevaluate the function of some characters, and suggest future coding improvements. Overall, we demonstrate the convergent evolution of multiple traits associated with parasitism of woodboring hosts and propose a syndrome in a hyper diverse lineage of parasitoid wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Dal Pos
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Sharanowski
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
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5
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Shin S, Baker AJ, Enk J, McKenna DD, Foquet B, Vandergast AG, Weissman DB, Song H. Orthoptera-specific target enrichment (OR-TE) probes resolve relationships over broad phylogenetic scales. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21377. [PMID: 39271747 PMCID: PMC11399444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Phylogenomic data are revolutionizing the field of insect phylogenetics. One of the most tenable and cost-effective methods of generating phylogenomic data is target enrichment, which has resulted in novel phylogenetic hypotheses and revealed new insights into insect evolution. Orthoptera is the most diverse insect order within polyneoptera and includes many evolutionarily and ecologically interesting species. Still, the order as a whole has lagged behind other major insect orders in terms of transitioning to phylogenomics. In this study, we developed an Orthoptera-specific target enrichment (OR-TE) probe set from 80 transcriptomes across Orthoptera. The probe set targets 1828 loci from genes exhibiting a wide range of evolutionary rates. The utility of this new probe set was validated by generating phylogenomic data from 36 orthopteran species that had not previously been subjected to phylogenomic studies. The OR-TE probe set captured an average of 1037 loci across the tested taxa, resolving relationships across broad phylogenetic scales. Our detailed documentation of the probe design and bioinformatics process is intended to facilitate the widespread adoption of this tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunggwan Shin
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Austin J Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
- Entomology Department, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Enk
- Daicel Arbor Biosciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Duane D McKenna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bert Foquet
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Amy G Vandergast
- San Diego Field Station, Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David B Weissman
- Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hojun Song
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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6
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Kishinevsky M, Ives AR. Longevity of hymenopteran parasitoids in natural versus agricultural habitats and implications for biological control. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e3009. [PMID: 38978401 DOI: 10.1002/eap.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Agricultural habitats are frequently disturbed, and disturbances could have major effects on species in upper trophic levels such as hymenopteran parasitoids that are important for biological control. A strategy for conservation biological control is to provide a diversified agricultural landscape which increases the availability of resources such as sugar required by parasitoid biological control agents. Here, we ask whether parasitoids occurring in agriculture benefit from sugar resources more or less than parasitoids occurring in natural habitats surrounding agricultural fields. We collected parasitoids from agricultural alfalfa fields, field margins, and natural prairies, and in the lab we randomly divided them into two treatments: half were given a constant supply of a sugar source to test their residual lifespan, and half were given neither sugar nor water to test their hardiness. Collected individuals were monitored daily and their day of death recorded. Parasitoids receiving a sugar source lived substantially longer than those without. Parasitoids collected in prairies lived longer than those from alfalfa fields in both the residual lifespan and hardiness treatments, with parasitoids from field margins being intermediate between them. Furthermore, the benefits of a sugar source to increase longevity was lower for parasitoids collected in agriculture than in natural habitats. This suggests that, even though parasitoid biological control agents benefit from sugar resources, their short lifespans make the benefit of sugar resources small compared to parasitoids that occur in natural habitats and have longer lifespans, and are adapted to consistent sugar sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony R Ives
- Department of Integrative Biology, UW-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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7
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Carli T, Locatelli I, Košnik M, Kukec A. The Prevalence of Self-Reported Systemic Allergic Reaction to Hymenoptera Venom in Beekeepers Worldwide: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Zdr Varst 2024; 63:152-159. [PMID: 38881633 PMCID: PMC11178027 DOI: 10.2478/sjph-2024-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Beekeepers represent a high-allergic risk population group due to their unavoidable seasonal or persistent exposure to the elicitors of Hymenoptera venom allergy, bees in particular. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-reported systemic allergic reaction to Hymenoptera venom among beekeepers worldwide. Methods We rigorously reviewed and conducted meta-analysis on observational studies retrieved from seven electronic databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, Academic Search Complete, ScienceDirect, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Zoological Record), spanning data from inception to August 1, 2023. The Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool was employed to assess the risk of bias. A meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize evidence. Results Out of 468 studies, eight original articles met the inclusion criteria. The estimated overall lifetime and one-year prevalence of self-reported systemic allergic reaction to bee venom were 23.7% (95% CI: 7.7-53.4) and 7.3% (95% CI: 5.8-9.2), respectively. The estimated lifetime prevalence of self-reported systemic allergic reaction to bee venom for grades III-IV (severe systemic allergic reaction) was 6.0% (95% CI: 3.0-11.7). In general, substantial heterogeneity and a high risk of bias were observed across the majority of studies. The impact of geographical location and climate differences on the estimated lifetime prevalence is suggestive for severe systemic allergic reaction. Conclusions Future observational cross-sectional studies should employ rigorous study designs, using validated questionnaires, and thoroughly report the observed health outcomes, verified by physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Carli
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Locatelli
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana
| | - Mitja Košnik
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik 36, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Internal Medicine, Zaloška cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Kukec
- National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Chair of Public Health, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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8
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Krishnan S, Karpe SD, Kumar H, Nongbri LB, Venkateswaran V, Sowdhamini R, Grosse-Wilde E, Hansson BS, Borges RM. Sensing volatiles throughout the body: geographic- and tissue-specific olfactory receptor expression in the fig wasp. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 39183553 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
An essential adaptive strategy in insects is the evolution of olfactory receptors (ORs) to recognize important volatile environmental chemical cues. Our model species, Ceratosolen fusciceps, a specialist wasp pollinator of Ficus racemosa, likely possesses an OR repertoire that allows it to distinguish fig-specific volatiles in highly variable environments. Using a newly assembled genome-guided transcriptome, we annotated 63 ORs in the species and reconstructed the phylogeny of Ceratosolen ORs in conjunction with other hymenopteran species. Expression analysis showed that though ORs were mainly expressed in the female antennae, 20% were also expressed in nonantennal tissues such as the head, thorax, abdomen, legs, wings, and ovipositor. Specific upregulated expression was observed in OR30C in the head and OR60C in the wings. We identified OR expression from all major body parts of female C. fusciceps, suggesting novel roles of ORs throughout the body. Further examination of the OR expression of C. fusciceps in widely separated geographical locations, that is, South (urban) and Northeast (rural) India, revealed distinct OR expression levels in different locations. This discrepancy likely parallels the observed variation in fig volatiles between these regions and provides new insights into the evolution of insect ORs and their expression across geographical locations and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Krishnan
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Snehal Dilip Karpe
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Hithesh Kumar
- Genotypic Technology Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Lucy B Nongbri
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vignesh Venkateswaran
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ramanathan Sowdhamini
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ewald Grosse-Wilde
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Renee M Borges
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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9
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Liu K, Li E, Cui X, Wang Y, Xu C, Suo Z, Dong W, Zhang Z. Key innovations and niche variation promoted rapid diversification of the widespread Juniperus (Cupressaceae). Commun Biol 2024; 7:1002. [PMID: 39152250 PMCID: PMC11329744 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06687-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The processes of forming lineages undergoing widespread radiations remain a knowledge gap that is fundamental to our understanding of the geographic distributions of species. Although early studies emphasized the importance of dispersal ability and historical migration events, key innovations that promote rapid diversification and/or adaptation to new habitats may also strongly influence distribution ranges. Juniperus is the second largest genus of conifers and is widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we used phylogenetic, phenotypic, and climatic data to investigate the contributions of these processes to the wide distribution and rapid diversification of Juniperus. Combining a time-scaled phylogeny and macroevolutionary theory, we show that the key innovations of berry-like seed cones and dioecy promoted the rapid diversification of Juniperus and that increased dispersal ability promoted allopatric speciation. Ecological niches had significant divergence among different clades of Juniperus. Biogeographic results supported multiple long-distance dispersal events and niche variation that contributed to the modern range of Juniperus, while both phenotypic adaptation and ecological opportunity probably drove its distribution range. Our findings suggest that the current widespread distribution is likely the result of significant divergence driven by niche variation in which ecological opportunities from key innovation and phenotypic divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangjia Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Enze Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyong Cui
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yushuang Wang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhili Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenpan Dong
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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10
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Santos BF, Colombo WD, Murray EA, Brady SG, Azevedo CO. Insights from the first phylogenomic analysis of flat wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) reveal two new subfamilies. Cladistics 2024. [PMID: 39056213 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in alpha level taxonomy in the past few decades, the higher-level phylogeny of flat wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) remains poorly explored. Herein we provide the first phylogenomic assessment of the family based on data from ultraconserved elements for 96 species in 61 genera of the family, with material from 29 countries and all biogeographic regions. Dataset cutoffs including ultraconserved element loci recovered for 50 and 70% of terminals resulted in matrices with 1513 and 451 loci, which were analysed in both parsimony and maximum likelihood frameworks. We also provide the first analyses of divergence dating for the family based on the calibration of 12 nodes. All analyses recovered the Bethylidae as a monophyletic group and estimated the origin of the family at around 143 Ma. The results suggest that all extant subfamilies had already diversified by the Late Cretaceous. All topologies suggest that Glenosema and Chilepyris form a clade separate from other Scleroderminae; owing to the morphological distinctiveness of each genus, we propose that they are accommodated in two new subfamilies, Glenoseminae subf. nov. and Chilepyrinae subf. nov. The monotypic sclerodermine genus Galodoxa was consistently recovered within Epyrinae and is transferred to the latter subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo F Santos
- Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Museum für Naturkunde, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Wesley D Colombo
- Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, Goiabeiras, Vitória, 29075-010, ES, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth A Murray
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Seán G Brady
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Celso O Azevedo
- Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, Goiabeiras, Vitória, 29075-010, ES, Brazil
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11
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Pang L, Fang G, Liu Z, Dong Z, Chen J, Feng T, Zhang Q, Sheng Y, Lu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li G, Chen X, Zhan S, Huang J. Coordinated molecular and ecological adaptations underlie a highly successful parasitoid. eLife 2024; 13:RP94748. [PMID: 38904661 PMCID: PMC11192535 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The success of an organism depends on the molecular and ecological adaptations that promote its beneficial fitness. Parasitoids are valuable biocontrol agents for successfully managing agricultural pests, and they have evolved diversified strategies to adapt to both the physiological condition of hosts and the competition of other parasitoids. Here, we deconstructed the parasitic strategies in a highly successful parasitoid, Trichopria drosophilae, which parasitizes a broad range of Drosophila hosts, including the globally invasive species D. suzukii. We found that T. drosophilae had developed specialized venom proteins that arrest host development to obtain more nutrients via secreting tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), as well as a unique type of cell-teratocytes-that digest host tissues for feeding by releasing trypsin proteins. In addition to the molecular adaptations that optimize nutritional uptake, this pupal parasitoid has evolved ecologically adaptive strategies including the conditional tolerance of intraspecific competition to enhance parasitic success in older hosts and the obligate avoidance of interspecific competition with larval parasitoids. Our study not only demystifies how parasitoids weaponize themselves to colonize formidable hosts but also provided empirical evidence of the intricate coordination between the molecular and ecological adaptations that drive evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Pang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Gangqi Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhi Dong
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiani Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ting Feng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Qichao Zhang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yifeng Sheng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yueqi Lu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yixiang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guiyun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Xuexin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Shuai Zhan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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12
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Yang H, Lu J, Wang K, Wu C, Yang B, Zhu J. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Venom Genes of the Ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). INSECTS 2024; 15:426. [PMID: 38921141 PMCID: PMC11203415 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) exhibits a broad parasitic capability towards various lepidopteran pests, with venom serving as a crucial virulent factor ensuring successful parasitization and subsequent host mortality. Analyzing the constituents of its venom is essential for elucidating the mechanisms underlying efficient host killing by this parasitoid and for exploring potentially functional venom proteins. Through a transcriptomic analysis, a total of 34 venom proteins were identified within the venom of H. hebetor, encompassing known components such as serine protease, metalloproteinase, esterase, and serine protease inhibitors commonly present in parasitoid venoms. Unique components like paralytic protein and ion transport peptide-like were identified, possibly specific to certain parasitoids, along with novel proteins with uncharacterized functions. Spatial gene expression profiling of the identified venom proteins using transcriptomic data, corroborated by quantitative PCR validation for 13 randomly selected proteins, revealed abundant expression levels in the venom apparatus, affirming them as genuine venom components. Notably, the paralytic protein exhibited prominent expression, with the highest FPKM (fragments per kilobase of transcript per million fragments mapped) value of 24,704.87 in the venom apparatus, indicative of its significant role in successful parasitism by H. hebetor. The identification of these venom proteins establishes a foundation for the further exploration of bioactive agents for pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (H.Y.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (C.W.); (B.Y.)
| | - Jingyi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (H.Y.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (C.W.); (B.Y.)
| | - Kui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (H.Y.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (C.W.); (B.Y.)
| | - Chaoyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (H.Y.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (C.W.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (H.Y.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (C.W.); (B.Y.)
| | - Jiaying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (H.Y.); (J.L.); (K.W.); (C.W.); (B.Y.)
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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13
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Liu D, Cui J, Liu Y, Niu M, Wang F, Zhao Q, Cai B, Zhang H, Wei J. Ultraconserved elements from transcriptome and genome data provide insight into the phylogenomics of Sternorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera). Cladistics 2024. [PMID: 38808591 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Sternorrhyncha, one of the four major suborders of Hemiptera, is a phytophagous taxon inclusive of nearly 18 000 described species. The phylogenetic relationships within the taxon and the earliest-branching lineage of its infraorders remain incompletely understood. This study attempted to illuminate the phylogenetic relationships within Sternorrhyncha through the use of maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony analyses, employing ultraconserved element (UCE) data from 39 genomic and 62 transcriptomic datasets and thereby representing most families within the taxon. The probe set Hemiptera 2.7Kv1 was used to recover a total of 2731 UCE loci: from 547 to 1699 (with an average of 1084) across all genomic datasets and from 108 to 849 (with an average of 329) across all transcriptomic datasets. All three types of phylogenetic analyses employed in this study produced robust statistical support for Sternorrhyncha being a monophyletic group. The different methods of phylogenetic analysis produced inconsistent descriptions of topological structure at the infraorder level: while maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses produced strong statistical evidence (100%) indicating the clade Psylloidea + Aleyrodoidea to be a sister of the clade Aphidoidea (Aphidomorpha) + Coccoidea (Coccomorpha), the maximum parsimony analysis failed to recover a similar result. Our results also provide detail on the phylogenetic relationships within each infraorder. This study presents the first use of UCE data to investigate the phylogeny of Sternorrhyncha. It also shows the viability of amalgamating genomic and transcriptomic data in studies of phylogenetic relationships, potentially highlighting a resource-efficient approach for future inquiries into diverse taxa through the integration of varied data sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
- Department of Biology, Xinzhou Normal University, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, China
| | - Jinyu Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Minmin Niu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Bo Cai
- Post-Entry Quarantine Station for Tropical Plant, Haikou Customs District, No. 9 West Haixiu Road, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Hufang Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
- Department of Biology, Xinzhou Normal University, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, China
| | - Jiufeng Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
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14
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Burke GR, Sharanowski BJ. Parasitoid wasps. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R483-R488. [PMID: 38772331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Parasitoids - insects that parasitize other insects - have fascinating biologies that have made them darlings of the science fiction genre, owing to their wide array of innovative and often gruesome strategies for living off other organisms. These insects do not sting, but rather lay eggs on or inside their hosts, typically another insect or spider. Unlike parasites, which feed off a host without killing it, parasitoids kill their hosts - and they typically do it slowly. Parasitoids carefully keep their hosts alive for extended periods while they feed on host hemolymph and/or tissues until they are close to completing their own development. The techniques parasitoids use to feed on and manipulate their hosts are wide ranging, demonstrating multiple evolutionary pathways to achieve successful development from egg to adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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15
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Wang X, Zhao W, Cui S, Su B, Huang Y, Chen H. Characterization of the Mitogenome of the Genus Dendrocerus Ratzeburg (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) with the Specific Designed Primers. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1454. [PMID: 38791671 PMCID: PMC11117285 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In Hymenoptera, the monophyly of Evaniomorpha has been the focus of debate among different scholars. In this study, we sequenced two mitochondrial genomes of Dendrocerus (Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae) to analyze the mitochondrial genomic features of Dendrocerus and provide new molecular data for phylogenetic studies of Evaniomorpha. The mitogenome sizes of D. bellus and D. anisodontus were 15,445 bp and 15,373 bp, respectively, with the trnG of D. bellus missing. The nucleotide composition was significantly biased toward adenine and thymine, with A + T contents of 81.2% (D. bellus) and 82.4% (D. anisodontus). Using Ceraphron sp. (Ceraphronidae) as reference, the Ka/Ks values of NAD4L and NAD6 in D. anisodontus were both greater than one, indicating that non-synonymous mutations are favored by Darwinian selection, which is rare in other hymenopteran species. Compared with Ceraphon sp. gene order, nine operations were identified in D. anisodontus, including four reversals, four TDRLs (tandem duplication random losses) and one transposition, or four reversals and five TDRLs. Phylogenetic analysis of 40 mitochondrial genomes showed that Evaniomorpha was not a monophyletic group, which was also supported by the PBD values. Ceraphronoidea is a monophyletic group and is a sister to Aulacidae + Gasteruptiidae. Based on the conserved region of the newly sequenced mitochondrial genomes, a pair of specific primers MegaF/MegaR was designed for sequencing the COX1 genes in Megaspilidae and a 60% rate of success was achieved in the genus Dendrocerus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (X.W.); (W.Z.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China;
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (X.W.); (W.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Shanshan Cui
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China; (X.W.); (W.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Baoshan Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China;
| | - Yixin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China;
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China;
| | - Huayan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
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16
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Vela J, Mora P, Montiel EE, Rico-Porras JM, Sanllorente O, Amoasii D, Lorite P, Palomeque T. Exploring horizontal transfer of mariner transposable elements among ants and aphids. Gene 2024; 899:148144. [PMID: 38195050 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Aphids and ants are mutualistic species with a close space-time relationship, which may facilitate the occurrence of horizontal transfer events between these insect groups. Myrmar-like mariner elements were previously isolated from two ant (Myrmica ruginodis and Tapinoma ibericum) and two aphid species (Aphis fabae and Aphis hederae). The aim of this work is to determine the presence of Myrmar-like mariner elements in new ant and aphid species, as well as to analyze the likelihood of horizontal transfer events between these taxa. To accomplish this, the Myrmar-like element has been isolated from five aphid species and six ant species. Among these new analyzed species, full-length Myrmar-like mariner elements with very high sequence similarity have been isolated from the aphids Aphis nerii, Aphis spiraecola, Brachycaudus cardui, and Rhopalosiphum maidis as well as from the ants Lasius grandis and Lasius niger, even though aphids and ants belong to two insect orders (Hemiptera and Hymenoptera) that have evolved independently for at least 300 million-years. Both Lasius species establish frequent mutualistic relationships with multiple aphid species, including A. nerii, A. spiraecola, and B. cardui. The study of the putative protein encoded by them and the phylogenetic analysis suggests that they could be active transposons shared by aphids and ants through horizontal transfer events. Additionally, mariner elements with internal deletion were found in several aphids and one ant species, showing a high degree of sequence similarity among them. The characteristics of these elements with internal deletion suggest a complex origin involving various evolutionary processes, possibly including also horizontal transfer events. Myrmar-like elements have also been isolated from the other ant species, although without similarity with the aphid mariner sequences. Myrmar-like elements are also present in phylogenetically distant insect species, as well as in one crustacean species. The phylogenetic study carried out with all Myrmar-like elements suggests the probable occurrence of horizontal transfer events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Vela
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Área de Genética, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Pablo Mora
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Área de Genética, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Eugenia E Montiel
- Departamento de Biología (Genética), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José M Rico-Porras
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Área de Genética, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Olivia Sanllorente
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Daniela Amoasii
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Área de Genética, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Pedro Lorite
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Área de Genética, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Teresa Palomeque
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Área de Genética, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
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17
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Cruaud A, Rasplus JY, Zhang J, Burks R, Delvare G, Fusu L, Gumovsky A, Huber JT, Janšta P, Mitroiu MD, Noyes JS, van Noort S, Baker A, Böhmová J, Baur H, Blaimer BB, Brady SG, Bubeníková K, Chartois M, Copeland RS, Dale-Skey Papilloud N, Dal Molin A, Dominguez C, Gebiola M, Guerrieri E, Kresslein RL, Krogmann L, Lemmon E, Murray EA, Nidelet S, Nieves-Aldrey JL, Perry RK, Peters RS, Polaszek A, Sauné L, Torréns J, Triapitsyn S, Tselikh EV, Yoder M, Lemmon AR, Woolley JB, Heraty JM. The Chalcidoidea bush of life: evolutionary history of a massive radiation of minute wasps. Cladistics 2024; 40:34-63. [PMID: 37919831 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chalcidoidea are mostly parasitoid wasps that include as many as 500 000 estimated species. Capturing phylogenetic signal from such a massive radiation can be daunting. Chalcidoidea is an excellent example of a hyperdiverse group that has remained recalcitrant to phylogenetic resolution. We combined 1007 exons obtained with Anchored Hybrid Enrichment with 1048 ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) for 433 taxa including all extant families, >95% of all subfamilies, and 356 genera chosen to represent the vast diversity of the superfamily. Going back and forth between the molecular results and our collective knowledge of morphology and biology, we detected bias in the analyses that was driven by the saturation of nucleotide data. Our final results are based on a concatenated analysis of the least saturated exons and UCE datasets (2054 loci, 284 106 sites). Our analyses support an expected sister relationship with Mymarommatoidea. Seven previously recognized families were not monophyletic, so support for a new classification is discussed. Natural history in some cases would appear to be more informative than morphology, as illustrated by the elucidation of a clade of plant gall associates and a clade of taxa with planidial first-instar larvae. The phylogeny suggests a transition from smaller soft-bodied wasps to larger and more heavily sclerotized wasps, with egg parasitism as potentially ancestral for the entire superfamily. Deep divergences in Chalcidoidea coincide with an increase in insect families in the fossil record, and an early shift to phytophagy corresponds with the beginning of the "Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution". Our dating analyses suggest a middle Jurassic origin of 174 Ma (167.3-180.5 Ma) and a crown age of 162.2 Ma (153.9-169.8 Ma) for Chalcidoidea. During the Cretaceous, Chalcidoidea may have undergone a rapid radiation in southern Gondwana with subsequent dispersals to the Northern Hemisphere. This scenario is discussed with regard to knowledge about the host taxa of chalcid wasps, their fossil record and Earth's palaeogeographic history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Cruaud
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Yves Rasplus
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Roger Burks
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Gérard Delvare
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucian Fusu
- Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania
| | - Alex Gumovsky
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - John T Huber
- Natural Resources Canada, c/o Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Petr Janšta
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - John S Noyes
- Insects Division, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Simon van Noort
- Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Austin Baker
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Julie Böhmová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hannes Baur
- Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bonnie B Blaimer
- Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seán G Brady
- Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kristýna Bubeníková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marguerite Chartois
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert S Copeland
- Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Ana Dal Molin
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Chrysalyn Dominguez
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Marco Gebiola
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Emilio Guerrieri
- Insects Division, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- CNR-Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), National Research Council of Italy, Portici, Italy
| | - Robert L Kresslein
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Lars Krogmann
- Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Emily Lemmon
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Murray
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Sabine Nidelet
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ryan K Perry
- Department of Plant Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Ralph S Peters
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Laure Sauné
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Javier Torréns
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR-CONICET), Anillaco, Argentina
| | - Serguei Triapitsyn
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | | | - Matthew Yoder
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Alan R Lemmon
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Dirac Science Library, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - James B Woolley
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - John M Heraty
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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18
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Peris D, Condamine FL. The angiosperm radiation played a dual role in the diversification of insects and insect pollinators. Nat Commun 2024; 15:552. [PMID: 38253644 PMCID: PMC10803743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44784-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Interactions with angiosperms have been hypothesised to play a crucial role in driving diversification among insects, with a particular emphasis on pollinator insects. However, support for coevolutionary diversification in insect-plant interactions is weak. Macroevolutionary studies of insect and plant diversities support the hypothesis that angiosperms diversified after a peak in insect diversity in the Early Cretaceous. Here, we used the family-level fossil record of insects as a whole, and insect pollinator families in particular, to estimate diversification rates and the role of angiosperms on insect macroevolutionary history using a Bayesian process-based approach. We found that angiosperms played a dual role that changed through time, mitigating insect extinction in the Cretaceous and promoting insect origination in the Cenozoic, which is also recovered for insect pollinator families only. Although insects pollinated gymnosperms before the angiosperm radiation, a radiation of new pollinator lineages began as angiosperm lineages increased, particularly significant after 50 Ma. We also found that global temperature, increases in insect diversity, and spore plants were strongly correlated with origination and extinction rates, suggesting that multiple drivers influenced insect diversification and arguing for the investigation of different explanatory variables in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peris
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (CSIC-CMCNB), 08038, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Fabien L Condamine
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
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19
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Li YR, Wang ZW, Corlett RT, Yu WB. Comparative analyses of mitogenomes in the social bees with insights into evolution of long inverted repeats in the Meliponini. Zool Res 2024; 45:160-175. [PMID: 38199971 PMCID: PMC10839653 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The insect mitogenome is typically a compact circular molecule with highly conserved gene contents. Nonetheless, mitogenome structural variations have been reported in specific taxa, and gene rearrangements, usually the tRNAs, occur in different lineages. Because synapomorphies of mitogenome organizations can provide information for phylogenetic inferences, comparative analyses of mitogenomes have been given increasing attention. However, most studies use a very few species to represent the whole genus, tribe, family, or even order, overlooking potential variations at lower taxonomic levels, which might lead to some incorrect inferences. To provide new insights into mitogenome organizations and their implications for phylogenetic inference, this study conducted comparative analyses for mitogenomes of three social bee tribes (Meliponini, Bombini, and Apini) based on the phylogenetic framework with denser taxonomic sampling at the species and population levels. Comparative analyses revealed that mitogenomes of Apini and Bombini are the typical type, while those of Meliponini show diverse variations in mitogenome sizes and organizations. Large inverted repeats (IRs) cause significant gene rearrangements of protein coding genes (PCGs) and rRNAs in Indo-Malay/Australian stingless bee species. Molecular evolution analyses showed that the lineage with IRs have lower d N/ d S ratios for PCGs than lineages without IRs, indicating potential effects of IRs on the evolution of mitochondrial genes. The finding of IRs and different patterns of gene rearrangements suggested that Meliponini is a hotspot in mitogenome evolution. Unlike conserved PCGs and rRNAs whose rearrangements were found only in the mentioned lineages within Meliponini, tRNA rearrangements are common across all three tribes of social bees, and are significant even at the species level, indicating that comprehensive sampling is needed to fully understand the patterns of tRNA rearrangements, and their implications for phylogenetic inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ran Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for the Conservation of Tropical Rainforests and Asian Elephants & Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Richard T Corlett
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for the Conservation of Tropical Rainforests and Asian Elephants & Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China. E-mail:
| | - Wen-Bin Yu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for the Conservation of Tropical Rainforests and Asian Elephants & Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China. E-mail:
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20
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Couto A, Marty S, Dawson EH, d'Ettorre P, Sandoz JC, Montgomery SH. Evolution of the neuronal substrate for kin recognition in social Hymenoptera. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:2226-2242. [PMID: 37528574 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
In evolutionary terms, life is about reproduction. Yet, in some species, individuals forgo their own reproduction to support the reproductive efforts of others. Social insect colonies for example, can contain up to a million workers that actively cooperate in tasks such as foraging, brood care and nest defence, but do not produce offspring. In such societies the division of labour is pronounced, and reproduction is restricted to just one or a few individuals, most notably the queen(s). This extreme eusocial organisation exists in only a few mammals, crustaceans and insects, but strikingly, it evolved independently up to nine times in the order Hymenoptera (including ants, bees and wasps). Transitions from a solitary lifestyle to an organised society can occur through natural selection when helpers obtain a fitness benefit from cooperating with kin, owing to the indirect transmission of genes through siblings. However, this process, called kin selection, is vulnerable to parasitism and opportunistic behaviours from unrelated individuals. An ability to distinguish kin from non-kin, and to respond accordingly, could therefore critically facilitate the evolution of eusociality and the maintenance of non-reproductive workers. The question of how the hymenopteran brain has adapted to support this function is therefore a fundamental issue in evolutionary neuroethology. Early neuroanatomical investigations proposed that social Hymenoptera have expanded integrative brain areas due to selection for increased cognitive capabilities in the context of processing social information. Later studies challenged this assumption and instead pointed to an intimate link between higher social organisation and the existence of developed sensory structures involved in recognition and communication. In particular, chemical signalling of social identity, known to be mediated through cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), may have evolved hand in hand with a specialised chemosensory system in Hymenoptera. Here, we compile the current knowledge on this recognition system, from emitted identity signals, to the molecular and neuronal basis of chemical detection, with particular emphasis on its evolutionary history. Finally, we ask whether the evolution of social behaviour in Hymenoptera could have driven the expansion of their complex olfactory system, or whether the early origin and conservation of an olfactory subsystem dedicated to social recognition could explain the abundance of eusocial species in this insect order. Answering this question will require further comparative studies to provide a comprehensive view on lineage-specific adaptations in the olfactory pathway of Hymenoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Couto
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
- Evolution, Genomes, Behaviour and Ecology (UMR 9191), IDEEV, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, 12 route 128, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Simon Marty
- Evolution, Genomes, Behaviour and Ecology (UMR 9191), IDEEV, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, 12 route 128, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Erika H Dawson
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology, UR 4443 (LEEC), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 avenue J.-B. Clément, Villetaneuse, 93430, France
| | - Patrizia d'Ettorre
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology, UR 4443 (LEEC), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 avenue J.-B. Clément, Villetaneuse, 93430, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 103 Boulevard Saint-Michel, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Sandoz
- Evolution, Genomes, Behaviour and Ecology (UMR 9191), IDEEV, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, 12 route 128, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Stephen H Montgomery
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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21
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Wood TJ, Müller A, Praz C, Michez D. Elevated rates of dietary generalization in eusocial lineages of the secondarily herbivorous bees. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:67. [PMID: 37986035 PMCID: PMC10662511 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the Hymenoptera, bees are notable for their relationship with flowering plants, being almost entirely dependent on plant pollen and nectar. Though functionally herbivorous, as a result of their role as pollinators, bees have received comparatively little attention as models for insect herbivory. Bees often display dietary specialization, but quantitative comparison against other herbivorous insects has not previously been conducted. RESULTS In the most comprehensive analysis to date for 860 bee species, dietary specialization amounted to 50.1% of studied species collecting pollen from between 1 and 2 botanical families with a relatively long tail of dietary generalists, with 11.1% of species collecting from more than 10 botanical families. This distribution deviated from the truncated Pareto distribution of dietary breadth seen in other herbivorous insect lineages. However, this deviation was predominantly due to eusocial bee lineages, which show a range of dietary breadths that conformed to a normal distribution, while solitary bees show a typical truncated distribution not strongly different from other herbivorous insects. We hypothesize that the relatively low level of dietary specialization in bees as a whole reflects the relaxation of the constraints typically observed in herbivorous insects with a comparatively reduced importance of plant chemistry and comparatively increased importance of phenology and foraging efficiency. The long flight periods of eusocial bees that are necessary to allow overlapping generations both allows and necessitates the use of multiple flowering resources, whereas solitary bees with short flight periods have more limited access to varied resources within a constrained activity period. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, solitary bees show slightly lower specialization compared to other herbivorous insects, possibly due to their balanced relationship with plants, rather than direct antagonism such as seen in the direct consumption of plant tissues. An additional factor may be the mediocre diversity of bees at low latitudes combined with low levels of dietary specialization, whereas these areas typically display a high rate of specialization by herbivorous insects in general. Though the most important factors structuring dietary specialization in bees appear to differ from many other herbivorous insects, solitary bees show a surprisingly similar overall pattern of dietary specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Wood
- University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Place du parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium.
| | - A Müller
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Biocommunication and Entomology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Praz
- University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- InfoFauna - Swiss Zoological Records Center, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - D Michez
- University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Place du parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium
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22
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Eggs B, Fischer S, Csader M, Mikó I, Rack A, Betz O. Terebra steering in chalcidoid wasps. Front Zool 2023; 20:26. [PMID: 37553687 PMCID: PMC10408236 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Various chalcidoid wasps can actively steer their terebra (= ovipositor shaft) in diverse directions, despite the lack of terebral intrinsic musculature. To investigate the mechanisms of these bending and rotational movements, we combined microscopical and microtomographical techniques, together with videography, to analyse the musculoskeletal ovipositor system of the ectoparasitoid pteromalid wasp Lariophagus distinguendus (Förster, 1841) and the employment of its terebra during oviposition. The ovipositor consists of three pairs of valvulae, two pairs of valvifers and the female T9 (9th abdominal tergum). The paired 1st and the 2nd valvulae are interlocked via the olistheter system, which allows the three parts to slide longitudinally relative to each other, and form the terebra. The various ovipositor movements are actuated by a set of nine paired muscles, three of which (i.e. 1st valvifer-genital membrane muscle, ventral 2nd valvifer-venom gland reservoir muscle, T9-genital membrane muscle) are described here for the first time in chalcidoids. The anterior and posterior 2nd valvifer-2nd valvula muscles are adapted in function. (1) In the active probing position, they enable the wasps to pull the base of each of the longitudinally split and asymmetrically overlapping halves of the 2nd valvula that are fused at the apex dorsally, thus enabling lateral bending of the terebra. Concurrently, the 1st valvulae can be pro- and retracted regardless of this bending. (2) These muscles can also rotate the 2nd valvula and therefore the whole terebra at the basal articulation, allowing bending in various directions. The position of the terebra is anchored at the puncture site in hard substrates (in which drilling is extremely energy- and time-consuming). A freely steerable terebra increases the chance of contacting a potential host within a concealed cavity. The evolution of the ability actively to steer the terebra can be considered a key innovation that has putatively contributed to the acquisition of new hosts to a parasitoid's host range. Such shifts in host exploitation, each followed by rapid radiations, have probably aided the evolutionary success of Chalcidoidea (with more than 500,000 species estimated).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Eggs
- Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen Structural Microscopy Core Facility (TSM), University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Csader
- Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstraße 13, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - István Mikó
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire Collection of Insects and Other Arthropods, University of New Hampshire, Spaulding Hall, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Alexander Rack
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Structure of Materials Group - ID19, CS 40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Oliver Betz
- Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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23
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Ramirez-Esquivel F, Ravi S. Functional anatomy of the worker honeybee stinger ( Apis mellifera). iScience 2023; 26:107103. [PMID: 37485367 PMCID: PMC10359947 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The honeybee stinger is a powerful defense mechanism that combines painful venom, a subcutaneous delivery system, and the ability to autotomize. It is a complex organ and to function autonomously it must carry with it all the anatomical components required to operate. In this study, we combined high-speed filming, SEM imagery, and micro-CT for volumetric rendering of the stinger with a synthesis of existing literature. We present a comprehensive description of all components, including cuticular elements, musculature, nervous and glandular tissue using updated imagery. We draw from the Hymenoptera literature to make interspecific comparisons where relevant. The use of 3D reconstruction allows us to separate stinger components and present the first 3D renders of the bee stinger including the terminal abdominal ganglion and its projections. It also clarifies the in-situ geometry of the valves within the bulb and the spatial relationships among the accessory plates and accompanying musculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Ramirez-Esquivel
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT 2612, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Sridhar Ravi
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT 2612, Australia
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Polaszek A, Vilhemsen L. Biodiversity of hymenopteran parasitoids. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 56:101026. [PMID: 36966863 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are the most successful group of insect parasitoids, comprising more than half the known diversity of Hymenoptera and probably most of the unknown diversity. This lifestyle has enabled them to be used as pest control agents conferring substantial economic benefits to global agriculture. Major lineages of parasitoid wasps include Ichneumonoidea, Ceraphronoidea, Proctotrupomorpha, and a number of aculeate families. The parasitoid lifestyle arose only once among basal Hymenoptera, in the common ancestor of the Orussidae and Apocrita some 200+ Ma ago. The ancestral parasitoid wasp was probably an idiobiont on wood-living beetle larvae. From this comparatively simple biology, Hymenoptera radiated into an incredible diversity of hosts and parasitoid lifestyles, including hyperparasitoidism, kleptoparasitoidism, egg parasitoidism, and polyembryony, in several instances co-opting viruses to subdue their hosts. Many lineages evolved beyond the parasitoid niche, becoming secondarily herbivorous or predatory nest provisioners and eventually giving rise to most instances of insect societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Polaszek
- Insects Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Lars Vilhemsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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