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Lee SW, Kim S, Lee H, Chang Y, Lee SJ. Neural correlates of thought-action fusion and their associations with rumination in patients with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 180:169-176. [PMID: 39426337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024]
Abstract
Thought-action fusion (TAF) is the metacognitive belief that the power of thoughts can have real-life consequences, often inducing unpleasant inner experiences and recruiting coping strategies such as rumination. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the neural correlates of TAF and their associations with rumination in depression. A total of 37 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 37 healthy controls (HCs) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging with a TAF induction task and psychological assessments. In the TAF induction task, participants were asked to read the name of a close person (CP) or neutral person (NP) in association with negative (Neg) TAF and neutral (Neu) control statements. In this study, our TAF induction task activated brain regions, including the salient and default-mode networks, in the MDD and HC groups. However, along with higher likelihood TAF and rumination, behavioral data showed less negative feelings and longer reaction times under the NegCP condition in the MDD group compared with the HC group. Furthermore, in the MDD group, significantly higher activation in the bilateral caudate nuclei, left inferior frontal gyrus/anterior insula, putamen, and inferior parietal lobule under the NegCP condition was positively correlated with TAF and reflection. These findings suggest that during the TAF task, patients with MDD may activate different brain areas associated with the maintenance of high stimulus saliency and habit formation, which are important neural correlates linking TAF and rumination in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, South Korea; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, South Korea
| | - Seungho Kim
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, South Korea
| | - Hansol Lee
- Department of Medical & Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, South Korea
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, South Korea; Department of Radiology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, South Korea.
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, South Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University Hospital, South Korea.
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Cheng PZ, Lee HC, Lane TJ, Hsu TY, Duncan NW. Structural alterations in a rumination-related network in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2024; 345:111911. [PMID: 39481246 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/02/2024]
Abstract
Rumination is a common symptom in major depressive disorder (MDD). Previous work has connected individual differences in rumination to structural properties in various brain regions. Some of these, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), have also been highlighted as being altered in MDD, suggesting a connection between structural changes and ruminative symptoms. Although informative, such localised relations have limitations in the context of a network view of the brain. To further investigate rumination-related structural changes in depression, and to situate these within potential functional networks, we acquired T1-weighted structural MRI data from patients with MDD (n = 32) and controls (n = 69). Rumination was measured with the Rumination Response Scale. Surface-based, whole-brain analysis of cortical grey-matter identified group differences in the dlPFC that were, however, not related to rumination. Instead, rumination was correlated with grey-matter properties in the right precuneus. Using normative functional connectivity analysis on an independent sample (n = 100), we show these two regions to be interconnected. Further developing a network-based perspective, it was shown that the rumination-related precuneus region is connected with networks associated with processes such as executive function, autobiographical memory, and visual perception. Notably, these processes have been connected to rumination. These results suggest that rumination in depression may be linked to focal structural changes. The effects of these focal changes on rumination may then be connected to their influence on distributed functional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Z Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chien Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Timothy J Lane
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain and Consciousness Research Centre, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Niall W Duncan
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Rivera Núñez MV, McMakin DL, Mattfeld AT. Nucleus reuniens: Modulating emotional overgeneralization in peri-adolescents with anxiety. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2024:10.3758/s13415-024-01226-4. [PMID: 39390288 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-024-01226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety affects 4.4-million children in the USA with an onset between childhood and adolescence, a period marked by neural changes that impact emotions and memory. Negative overgeneralization - or responding similarly to innocuous events that share features with past aversive experiences - is common in anxiety but remains mechanistically underspecified. The nucleus reuniens (RE) has been considered a crucial candidate in the modulation of memory specificity. Our study investigated its activation and functional connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HPC) as neurobiological mechanisms of negative overgeneralization in anxious youth. METHODS As part of a secondary data analysis, we examined data from 34 participants between 9 and 14 years of age (mean age ± SD, 11.4 ± 2.0 years; 16 females) with varying degrees of anxiety severity. During the Study session participants rated images as negative, neutral, and positive. After 12 h, participants returned for a Test session, where they performed a memory recognition test with repeated (targets) and similar (lures) images. Labeling negative relative to neutral lures as "old" (false alarms) was our operational definition of negative overgeneralization. RESULTS Negative relative to neutral false alarmed stimuli displayed elevated RE activation (at Study and Test) and increased functional connectivity with the Cornu Ammonis (CA) 1 (at Test). Elevated anxiety severity was associated with reductions in the RE-mPFC functional coupling for neutral relative to negative stimuli. Exploratory analyses revealed similar patterns in activation and functional connectivity with positive stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the importance of the RE in negative overgeneralization and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana L McMakin
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Aaron T Mattfeld
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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Kucyi A, Anderson N, Bounyarith T, Braun D, Shareef-Trudeau L, Treves I, Braga RM, Hsieh PJ, Hung SM. Individual variability in neural representations of mind-wandering. Netw Neurosci 2024; 8:808-836. [PMID: 39355438 PMCID: PMC11349032 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mind-wandering is a frequent, daily mental activity, experienced in unique ways in each person. Yet neuroimaging evidence relating mind-wandering to brain activity, for example in the default mode network (DMN), has relied on population- rather than individual-based inferences owing to limited within-person sampling. Here, three densely sampled individuals each reported hundreds of mind-wandering episodes while undergoing multi-session functional magnetic resonance imaging. We found reliable associations between mind-wandering and DMN activation when estimating brain networks within individuals using precision functional mapping. However, the timing of spontaneous DMN activity relative to subjective reports, and the networks beyond DMN that were activated and deactivated during mind-wandering, were distinct across individuals. Connectome-based predictive modeling further revealed idiosyncratic, whole-brain functional connectivity patterns that consistently predicted mind-wandering within individuals but did not fully generalize across individuals. Predictive models of mind-wandering and attention that were derived from larger-scale neuroimaging datasets largely failed when applied to densely sampled individuals, further highlighting the need for personalized models. Our work offers novel evidence for both conserved and variable neural representations of self-reported mind-wandering in different individuals. The previously unrecognized interindividual variations reported here underscore the broader scientific value and potential clinical utility of idiographic approaches to brain-experience associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Kucyi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathan Anderson
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tiara Bounyarith
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Braun
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lotus Shareef-Trudeau
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Isaac Treves
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rodrigo M. Braga
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Po-Jang Hsieh
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Min Hung
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Gillespie KM, Dymond AH, Li X, Schweitzer D, Branjerdporn G, Khan S, Hii Q, Keller S, Bartlett SE. A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of Cognitive Training in the Treatment of Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorder. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4348. [PMID: 39124616 PMCID: PMC11312778 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13154348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The one unifying and distinguishing feature of all neuropsychiatric illnesses is the co-occurrence of cognitive dysfunction. Cognitive training (CT) was developed to enhance neural connectivity and cognition and improve day-to-day functioning. However, the benefits of CT are still debated. This current systematic review aimed to examine the efficacy of CT and to identify diagnostic and CT characteristics associated with superior outcomes across a range of psychiatric disorders. Method: Studies investigating CT in psychiatric illnesses were extracted from Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and PsycARTICLES up to 17 August 2023. Inclusion criteria were randomised control trials (RCT) and English language. The primary search strategy included terms relating to cognitive training, cognitive remediation, cognitive enhancement, or cognitive rehabilitation and randomised control trials, clinical trials, or experiments. Risk of bias was assessed using RevMan Web version 8.1.1. Narrative synthesis was used to analyse findings. Due to the heterogeneity of participant demographics, diagnoses, and interventions, meta-analyses were considered inappropriate. Results: Fifteen studies, including a total of 1075 participants, were identified. Approximately 67% of studies reported significant improvements in at least one trained domain of cognitive function after CT, and 47% observed improvements in psychiatric symptoms or function. Cognitive transfer effects were not observed. Sample sizes for studies were generally small, and most CT durations were 6 weeks or less. Conclusions: Findings suggest that CT can improve cognitive function in trained domains, though little evidence of cognitive transfer effects was observed. Due to the lack of standardisation in CT format and delivery, and inadequate measures of psychiatric symptoms or daily function, there is insufficient evidence to conclude whether or not this technique may benefit cognitive impairment in psychiatric disorders, or lead to subsequent improvement in disease symptomatology. Further studies of longer duration and using consistent methodologies must be conducted to identify the benefits of CT in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri M. Gillespie
- School of Clinical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
| | - Alexander H. Dymond
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia; (A.H.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Xin Li
- Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia; (X.L.); (D.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Daniel Schweitzer
- Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia; (X.L.); (D.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Grace Branjerdporn
- Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia; (X.L.); (D.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Saleha Khan
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia; (A.H.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Quang Hii
- Forensic and Secure Services, The Park—Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD 4076, Australia; (Q.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Suzie Keller
- Forensic and Secure Services, The Park—Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD 4076, Australia; (Q.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Selena E. Bartlett
- School of Clinical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
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Treves IN, Kucyi A, Park M, Kral TRA, Goldberg SB, Davidson RJ, Rosenkranz M, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Gabrieli JDE. Connectome predictive modeling of trait mindfulness. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.09.602725. [PMID: 39026870 PMCID: PMC11257611 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.09.602725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Trait mindfulness refers to one's disposition or tendency to pay attention to their experiences in the present moment, in a non-judgmental and accepting way. Trait mindfulness has been robustly associated with positive mental health outcomes, but its neural underpinnings are poorly understood. Prior resting-state fMRI studies have associated trait mindfulness with within- and between-network connectivity of the default-mode (DMN), fronto-parietal (FPN), and salience networks. However, it is unclear how generalizable the findings are, how they relate to different components of trait mindfulness, and how other networks and brain areas may be involved. Methods To address these gaps, we conducted the largest resting-state fMRI study of trait mindfulness to-date, consisting of a pre-registered connectome predictive modeling analysis in 367 adults across three samples collected at different sites. Results In the model-training dataset, we did not find connections that predicted overall trait mindfulness, but we identified neural models of two mindfulness subscales, Acting with Awareness and Non-judging. Models included both positive networks (sets of pairwise connections that positively predicted mindfulness with increasing connectivity) and negative networks, which showed the inverse relationship. The Acting with Awareness and Non-judging positive network models showed distinct network representations involving FPN and DMN, respectively. The negative network models, which overlapped significantly across subscales, involved connections across the whole brain with prominent involvement of somatomotor, visual and DMN networks. Only the negative networks generalized to predict subscale scores out-of-sample, and not across both test datasets. Predictions from both models were also negatively correlated with predictions from a well-established mind-wandering connectome model. Conclusions We present preliminary neural evidence for a generalizable connectivity models of trait mindfulness based on specific affective and cognitive facets. However, the incomplete generalization of the models across all sites and scanners, limited stability of the models, as well as the substantial overlap between the models, underscores the difficulty of finding robust brain markers of mindfulness facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac N Treves
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Aaron Kucyi
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Madelynn Park
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Tammi R A Kral
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Simon B Goldberg
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Richard J Davidson
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Melissa Rosenkranz
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John D E Gabrieli
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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Brietzke SC, Barbarossa K, Meyer ML. Get out of my head: social evaluative brain states carry over into post-feedback rest and influence remembering how others view us. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae280. [PMID: 39010819 PMCID: PMC11250231 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Learning how others perceive us helps us tune our behavior to form adaptive relationships. But which perceptions stick with us? And when in the learning process are they codified in memory? We leveraged a popular television series-The Office-to answer these questions. Prior to their functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session, viewers of The Office reported which characters they identified with, as well as which characters they perceived another person (i.e. counterpart) was similar to. During their fMRI scan, participants found out which characters other people thought they and the counterpart were like, and also completed rest scans. Participants remembered more feedback inconsistent with their self-views (vs. views of the counterpart). Although neural activity while encoding self-inconsistent feedback did not meaningfully predict memory, returning to the inconsistent self feedback during subsequent rest did. During rest, participants reinstated neural patterns engaged while receiving self-inconsistent feedback in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC). DMPFC reinstatement also quadratically predicted self-inconsistent memory, with too few or too many reinstatements compromising memory performance. Processing social feedback during rest may impact how we remember and integrate the feedback, especially when it contradicts our self-views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha C Brietzke
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Klara Barbarossa
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Meghan L Meyer
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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8
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Chen G, Guo Z, Chen P, Yang Z, Yan H, Sun S, Ma W, Zhang Y, Qi Z, Fang W, Jiang L, Tao Q, Wang Y. Bright light therapy-induced improvements of mood, cognitive functions and cerebellar functional connectivity in subthreshold depression: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2024; 24:100483. [PMID: 39101053 PMCID: PMC11296024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of bright light therapy (BLT) in ameliorating depression has been validated. The present study is to investigate the changes of depressive symptoms, cognitive function and cerebellar functional connectivity (FC) following BLT in individuals with subthreshold depression (StD). Method Participants were randomly assigned to BLT group (N = 47) or placebo (N = 41) in this randomized controlled trial between March 2020 and June 2022. Depression severity and cognitive function were assessed, as well as resting-state functional MRI scan was conducted before and after 8-weeks treatment. Seed-based whole-brain static FC (sFC) and dynamic FC (dFC) analyses of the bilateral cerebellar subfields were conducted. Besides, a multivariate regression model examined whether baseline brain FC was associated with changes of depression severity and cognitive function during BLT treatment. Results After 8-week BLT treatment, individuals with StD showed improved depressive symptoms and attention/vigilance cognitive function. BLT also increased sFC between the right cerebellar lobule IX and left temporal pole, and decreased sFC within the cerebellum, and dFC between the right cerebellar lobule IX and left medial prefrontal cortex. Moreover, the fusion of sFC and dFC at baseline could predict the improvement of attention/vigilance in response to BLT. Conclusions The current study identified that BLT improved depressive symptoms and attention/vigilance, as well as changed cerebellum-DMN connectivity, especially in the cerebellar-frontotemporal and cerebellar internal FC. In addition, the fusion features of sFC and dFC at pre-treatment could serve as an imaging biomarker for the improvement of attention/vigilance cognitive function after BLT in StD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanmao Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Zixuan Guo
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Zibin Yang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shilin Sun
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Wenhao Ma
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Division of Medical Psychology and Behavior Science, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Division of Medical Psychology and Behavior Science, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhangzhang Qi
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Wenjie Fang
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Division of Medical Psychology and Behavior Science, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lijun Jiang
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Division of Medical Psychology and Behavior Science, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Division of Medical Psychology and Behavior Science, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
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Nie H, Yu T, Zou Y, Li Y, Chen J, Xia J, Luo Q, Peng H. Effects of childhood maltreatment and major depressive disorder on functional connectivity in hippocampal subregions. Brain Imaging Behav 2024; 18:598-611. [PMID: 38324083 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-024-00859-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) with childhood maltreatment is a prevalent clinical phenotype. Prior studies have observed abnormal hippocampal activity in MDD patients, considering the hippocampus as a single nucleus. However, there is limited research investigating the static and dynamic changes in hippocampal subregion functional connectivity (FC) in MDD patients with childhood maltreatment. Therefore, we employed static and dynamic FC analyses using hippocampal subregions, including the anterior hippocampus and posterior hippocampus, as seed regions to investigate the neurobiological alterations associated with MDD resulting from childhood maltreatment. This study involved four groups: MDD with (n = 48) and without childhood maltreatment (n = 30), as well as healthy controls with (n = 57) and without (n = 46) childhood maltreatment. Compared to MDD patients without childhood maltreatment, those with childhood maltreatment exhibit altered FC between the hippocampal subregion and multiple brain regions, including the anterior cingulate gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, putamen, calcarine gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, angular gyrus, and supplementary motor area. Additionally, dynamic FC between the right medial-2 hippocampal head and the right calcarine gyrus shows a positive correlation with childhood maltreatment across all its subtypes. Moreover, dFC between the right hippocampal tail and the left angular gyrus moderates the relationship between childhood maltreatment and the depression severity. Our findings of distinct FC patterns within hippocampal subregions provide new clues for understanding the neurobiological basis of MDD with childhood maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Nie
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Tong Yu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Yurong Zou
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Department of Publicity and Health Education, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Juran Chen
- The Zhongshan Torch Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Community Health Service, Zhongshan, 528437, China
| | - Jinrou Xia
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Qianyi Luo
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
| | - Hongjun Peng
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
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10
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Shen Z, Yang X, She T, Zhao G, Dou Z, Luo Y, Lin W, Dang W, Yu S. Deficits in brain default mode network connectivity mediate the relationship between poor sleep quality and anxiety severity. Sleep 2024; 47:zsad296. [PMID: 37988563 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Chronic insomnia disorder (CID) is a prevalent sleep disorder that frequently cooccurs with anxiety. The association between insomnia and anxiety has been established; however, the neurobiological basis of this relationship remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the neural markers of CID patients with and without anxiety and to determine whether specific neural connectivity mediates the relationship between insomnia and anxiety. METHODS This study included 180 participants, comprising CID patients with anxiety (CID-A), CID patients without anxiety (CID-NA), and good sleep controls. All participants completed self-reported measures of sleep quality and anxiety severity and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain functional integration was measured using functional connectivity density (FCD) and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). Correlation and mediation analyses were used to examine the relationships among brain connectivity, sleep quality, and anxiety severity. RESULTS The CID-NA and CID-A groups showed decreased local FCD in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and disrupted rsFC between the precuneus and other brain regions. Only the CID-A group exhibited altered long-range FCD in the precuneus and the rsFC between the anterior default mode network (DMN, e.g. mPFC) and posterior DMN (e.g. precuneus). Mediation analysis revealed DMN dysconnectivity underlying the association between poor sleep quality and anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study identified shared and distinct brain circuit disruptions in the CID-NA and CID-A groups, with deficits in DMN connectivity as a potential neural mechanism through which disrupted sleep augments anxiety. These findings may facilitate the development of personalized therapies for insomnia and associated anxiety problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifu Shen
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianwei She
- Department of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Guangli Zhao
- School of Rehabilitation and Health Preservation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zeyang Dou
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yucai Luo
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenting Lin
- School of Rehabilitation and Health Preservation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wantai Dang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyi Yu
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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11
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Kucyi A, Anderson N, Bounyarith T, Braun D, Shareef-Trudeau L, Treves I, Braga RM, Hsieh PJ, Hung SM. Individual variability in neural representations of mind-wandering. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.20.576471. [PMID: 38328109 PMCID: PMC10849545 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.20.576471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Mind-wandering is a frequent, daily mental activity, experienced in unique ways in each person. Yet neuroimaging evidence relating mind-wandering to brain activity, for example in the default mode network (DMN), has relied on population-rather than individual-based inferences due to limited within-individual sampling. Here, three densely-sampled individuals each reported hundreds of mind-wandering episodes while undergoing multi-session functional magnetic resonance imaging. We found reliable associations between mind-wandering and DMN activation when estimating brain networks within individuals using precision functional mapping. However, the timing of spontaneous DMN activity relative to subjective reports, and the networks beyond DMN that were activated and deactivated during mind-wandering, were distinct across individuals. Connectome-based predictive modeling further revealed idiosyncratic, whole-brain functional connectivity patterns that consistently predicted mind-wandering within individuals but did not fully generalize across individuals. Predictive models of mind-wandering and attention that were derived from larger-scale neuroimaging datasets largely failed when applied to densely-sampled individuals, further highlighting the need for personalized models. Our work offers novel evidence for both conserved and variable neural representations of self-reported mind-wandering in different individuals. The previously-unrecognized inter-individual variations reported here underscore the broader scientific value and potential clinical utility of idiographic approaches to brain-experience associations.
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12
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Yun JY, Choi SH, Park S, Jang JH. Association of executive function with suicidality based on resting-state functional connectivity in young adults with subthreshold depression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20690. [PMID: 38001278 PMCID: PMC10673918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Subthreshold depression (StD) is associated an increased risk of developing major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicidality. Suicidality could be linked to distress intolerance and use of context-dependent strategies. We identified neural correlates of executive functioning among the hubs in the resting-state functional connectome (rs-FCN) and examined associations with recent suicidality in StD and MDD. In total, 79 young adults [27 StD, 30 MDD, and 23 healthy controls (HC)] were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging. Neurocognitive measures of the mean latency to correct five moves in the One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTSMLC5), spatial working memory between errors (SWMBE), rapid visual information processing A' (RVPA'), and the stop signal reaction time in the stop signal test (SSTSSRT) were obtained. Global graph metrics were calculated to measure the network integration, segregation, and their balance in the rs-FCN. Regional graph metrics reflecting the number of neighbors (degree centrality; DC), participation in the shortcuts (betweenness centrality; BC), and accessibility to intersections (eigenvector centrality; EC) in the rs-FCN defined group-level hubs for StD, HC, and MDD, separately. Global network metrics were comparable among the groups (all P > 0.05). Among the group-level hubs, regional graph metrics of left dorsal anterior insula (dAI), right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), right rostral temporal thalamus, right precuneus, and left postcentral/middle temporal/anterior subgenual cingulate cortices were different among the groups. Further, significant associations with neurocognitive measures were found in the right dmPFC with SWMBE, and left dAI with SSTSSRT and RVPA'. Shorter OTSMLC5 was related to the lower centralities of right thalamus and suffer of recent 1-year suicidal ideation (all Ps < 0.05 in ≥ 2 centralities out of DC, BC, and EC). Collectively, salience and thalamic networks underlie spatial strategy and planning, response inhibition, and suicidality in StD and MDD. Anti-suicidal therapies targeting executive function and modulation of salience-thalamic network in StD and MDD are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Yeon Yun
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hee Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Susan Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hwan Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Health Service Center, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Human Systems Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Mısır E, Alıcı YH, Kocak OM. Functional connectivity in rumination: a systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2023; 45:928-955. [PMID: 38346167 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2024.2315312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rumination, defined as intrusive and repetitive thoughts in response to negative emotions, uncertainty, and inconsistency between goal and current situation, is a significant risk factor for depressive disorders. The rumination literature presents diverse findings on functional connectivity and shows heterogeneity in research methods. This systematic review seeks to integrate these findings and provide readers diverse perspectives. METHOD For this purpose, the literature on functional connectivity in rumination was reviewed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Regional connectivity and network connectivity results were scrutinized according to the presence of depression, research methods, and type of rumination. After screening 492 articles, a total of 36 studies were included. RESULTS The results showed that increased connectivity of the default mode network (DMN) was consistently reported. Other important findings include alterations in the connectivity between the DMN and the frontoparietal network and the salience network (SN) and impaired regulatory function of the SN. Region-level connectivity studies consistently show that increased connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex is associated with rumination, which may cause the loss of control of the frontoparietal network over self-referential processes. We have seen that the number of studies examining brooding and reflective rumination as separate dimensions are relatively limited. Although there are overlaps between the connectivity patterns of the two types of rumination in these studies, it can be thought that reflective rumination is more associated with more increased functional connectivity of the prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS Although there are many consistent functional connectivity outcomes associated with trait rumination, less is known about connectivity changes during state rumination. Relatively few studies have taken into account the subjective aspect of this thinking style. In order to better explain the relationship between rumination and depression, rumination induction studies during episode and remission periods of depression are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Mısır
- Department of Psychiatry, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Hoşgören Alıcı
- Department of Psychiatry, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Orhan Murat Kocak
- Department of Psychiatry, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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14
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Zhang Z, Tang H, Li X, Chen H, Chen X, Liu J, Zhou J, Wang Z, Cao X, Zhou J. The influence of neuroticism on insomnia: The chain mediating effect of mind wandering and symptom rumination. Sleep Med 2023; 112:197-202. [PMID: 39492248 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insomnia is a major public health issue worldwide. An association between neuroticism and insomnia has been widely confirmed, but its psychological mechanisms are unclear. METHODS A total of 1790 online participants completed the Big Five Personality Inventory, Athens Insomnia Scale, Chinese version of the Mind Wandering Questionnaire, and Chinese version of the Nolen-Hoeksema Ruminative Responses Scale. The relationship between neuroticism and insomnia was analyzed using correlation and mediation analyses, and the mediating effect of mind wandering and rumination symptoms was investigated. RESULTS Research findings indicated significant positive correlations (r > 0.464, p < 0.001) among neuroticism, mind wandering, symptom rumination, and insomnia. Furthermore, mediation analysis revealed that neuroticism exerted a significant direct effect on insomnia and an indirect effect through mind wandering and symptom rumination (estimate = 0.372, SE = 0.031, p < 0.001). Additionally, both mind wandering (estimate = 0.361, SE = 0.038, p < 0.001) and symptom rumination (estimate = 0.759, SE = 0.046, p < 0.001) independently mediated the relationship between neuroticism and insomnia. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional studies are difficult to establish causal relationships between study variables, and self-report questionnaire assessments have some recall bias, selection bias. CONCLUSION Mind wandering and symptom rumination induced by neuroticism were risk factors for insomnia. Interventions targeting mind wandering and symptom rumination may block this pathway, providing new insights for the development of insomnia interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Huajia Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xuting Li
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xianliang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Cao
- Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Jiansong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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15
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Bloom PA, Pagliaccio D, Zhang J, Bauer CCC, Kyler M, Greene KD, Treves I, Morfini F, Durham K, Cherner R, Bajwa Z, Wool E, Olafsson V, Lee RF, Bidmead F, Cardona J, Kirshenbaum JS, Ghosh S, Hinds O, Wighton P, Galfalvy H, Simpson HB, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Auerbach RP. Mindfulness-based real-time fMRI neurofeedback: a randomized controlled trial to optimize dosing for depressed adolescents. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:757. [PMID: 37848857 PMCID: PMC10580563 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is characterized by a heightened vulnerability for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) onset, and currently, treatments are only effective for roughly half of adolescents with MDD. Accordingly, novel interventions are urgently needed. This study aims to establish mindfulness-based real-time fMRI neurofeedback (mbNF) as a non-invasive approach to downregulate the default mode network (DMN) in order to decrease ruminatory processes and depressive symptoms. METHODS Adolescents (N = 90) with a current diagnosis of MDD ages 13-18-years-old will be randomized in a parallel group, two-arm, superiority trial to receive either 15 or 30 min of mbNF with a 1:1 allocation ratio. Real-time neurofeedback based on activation of the frontoparietal network (FPN) relative to the DMN will be displayed to participants via the movement of a ball on a computer screen while participants practice mindfulness in the scanner. We hypothesize that within-DMN (medial prefrontal cortex [mPFC] with posterior cingulate cortex [PCC]) functional connectivity will be reduced following mbNF (Aim 1: Target Engagement). Additionally, we hypothesize that participants in the 30-min mbNF condition will show greater reductions in within-DMN functional connectivity (Aim 2: Dosing Impact on Target Engagement). Aim 1 will analyze data from all participants as a single-group, and Aim 2 will leverage the randomized assignment to analyze data as a parallel-group trial. Secondary analyses will probe changes in depressive symptoms and rumination. DISCUSSION Results of this study will determine whether mbNF reduces functional connectivity within the DMN among adolescents with MDD, and critically, will identify the optimal dosing with respect to DMN modulation as well as reduction in depressive symptoms and rumination. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study has been registered with clinicaltrials.gov, most recently updated on July 6, 2023 (trial identifier: NCT05617495).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Bloom
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David Pagliaccio
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiahe Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clemens C C Bauer
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mia Kyler
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keara D Greene
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac Treves
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Katherine Durham
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zia Bajwa
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma Wool
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valur Olafsson
- Northeastern University Biomedical Imaging Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ray F Lee
- Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fred Bidmead
- Northeastern University Biomedical Imaging Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Cardona
- Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul Wighton
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Hanga Galfalvy
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Blair Simpson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Northeastern University Biomedical Imaging Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randy P Auerbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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