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Pearson NM, Novembre J. No evidence that ACE2 or TMPRSS2 drive population disparity in COVID risks. BMC Med 2024; 22:337. [PMID: 39183295 PMCID: PMC11346279 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Early in the SARS-CoV2 pandemic, in this journal, Hou et al. (BMC Med 18:216, 2020) interpreted public genotype data, run through functional prediction tools, as suggesting that members of particular human populations carry potentially COVID-risk-increasing variants in genes ACE2 and TMPRSS2 far more often than do members of other populations. Beyond resting on predictions rather than clinical outcomes, and focusing on variants too rare to typify population members even jointly, their claim mistook a well known artifact (that large samples reveal more of a population's variants than do small samples) as if showing real and congruent population differences for the two genes, rather than lopsided population sampling in their shared source data. We explain that artifact, and contrast it with empirical findings, now ample, that other loci shape personal COVID risks far more significantly than do ACE2 and TMPRSS2-and that variation in ACE2 and TMPRSS2 per se unlikely exacerbates any net population disparity in the effects of such more risk-informative loci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Novembre
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Jung SW, Jeon JJ, Kim YH, Choe SJ, Lee S. Long-term risk of autoimmune diseases after mRNA-based SARS-CoV2 vaccination in a Korean, nationwide, population-based cohort study. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6181. [PMID: 39039113 PMCID: PMC11263712 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The long-term association between mRNA-based coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and the development of autoimmune connective tissue diseases (AI-CTDs) remains unclear. In this nationwide, population-based cohort study involving 9,258,803 individuals, we aim to determine whether the incidence of AI-CTDs is associated with mRNA vaccination. The study spans over 1 year of observation and further analyses the risk of AI-CTDs by stratifying demographics and vaccination profiles and treating booster vaccination as time-varying covariate. We report that the risk of developing most AI-CTDs did not increase following mRNA vaccination, except for systemic lupus erythematosus with a 1.16-fold risk in vaccinated individuals relative to controls. Comparable results were reported in the stratified analyses for age, sex, mRNA vaccine type, and prior history of non-mRNA vaccination. However, a booster vaccination was associated with an increased risk of some AI-CTDs including alopecia areata, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Overall, we conclude that mRNA-based vaccinations are not associated with an increased risk of most AI-CTDs, although further research is needed regarding its potential association with certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Won Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Joon Jeon
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - You Hyun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jay Choe
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Solam Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Ogata T, Tanaka H, Kon A, Sakaibori N, Tanaka E. Vaccine Effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 among Household Contacts during Omicron BA.2-Dominant Period, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1430-1433. [PMID: 38916601 PMCID: PMC11210665 DOI: 10.3201/eid3007.230968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We calculated attack rates for household contacts of COVID-19 patients during the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2-dominant period in Japan. Attack rates among household contacts without recent (<3 months) vaccination was lower for contacts of index patients with complete vaccination than for contacts of index patients without complete vaccination, demonstrating indirect vaccine effectiveness.
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Moura CRF, Garcia BCC, de Oliveira Ottone V, Brito PL, Silva TJ, Cantuária VL, de Oliveira DB, Rocha-Vieira E. SARS-CoV-2 genome incidence on the inanimate surface of the material used in the flow of biological samples from the collection point to the testing unit. Ir J Med Sci 2024; 193:1369-1375. [PMID: 37882949 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-023-03554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the undeniable effect of vaccination against COVID-19 in reducing disease severity, there is still a need to monitor and limit SARS-CoV-2 circulation and transmission. Thus, this study evaluated the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome on the surfaces of highly touched objects manipulated in the biological sample collection point and at the reception unit of the diagnostic laboratory. Surfaces were sampled once a week, for 6 weeks, between September 18th and October 23rd, 2020. RT-qPCR was used for SARS-CoV-2 detection. The coolers for biological sample transportation and the envelope containing the patient form were the objects with the highest occurrence of viral genome detection, although it was detected in each object in only two of the 6 evaluations. And the SARS-CoV-2 genome was detected just once on the vehicle steering wheel, computer keyboard, bathroom door handle and disinfection bench. The virus genome was not detected in any object on three of the six evaluations. And eight was the largest number of surfaces contaminated by the virus genome on one occasion. The reduced incidence of object contamination by the SARS-CoV-2 genome can be explained by the exposure of the objects to environmental conditions and the adoption of virus-spread containment measures. It can also reflect the low incidence of SARS-CoV-2 during the study's development period. Despite the low frequency of SARS-CoV-2 genome detection, our findings show that the virus was present in the environment at some point. This highlights the importance of adopting personal preventive measures to reduce respiratory virus spread, especially during epidemics and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Rocha Fagundes Moura
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna Caroline Chaves Garcia
- Multicentric Graduate Program on Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinicius de Oliveira Ottone
- Multicentric Graduate Program on Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Philipe Luan Brito
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thyago José Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Lopes Cantuária
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danilo Bretas de Oliveira
- Multicentric Graduate Program on Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Etel Rocha-Vieira
- Multicentric Graduate Program on Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Graduate Program on Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Wang W, Yellamsetty A, Edmonds RM, Barcavage SR, Bao S. COVID-19 vaccination-related tinnitus is associated with pre-vaccination metabolic disorders. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1374320. [PMID: 38841369 PMCID: PMC11150672 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1374320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cases of tinnitus have been reported following administration of COVID-19 vaccines. The aim of this study was to characterize COVID-19 vaccination-related tinnitus to assess whether there is a causal relationship, and to examine potential risk factors for COVID-19 vaccination-related tinnitus. We analyzed a survey on 398 cases of COVID-19 vaccination-related tinnitus, and 699,839 COVID-19 vaccine-related reports in the Vaccine Adverse Effect Reporting System (VAERS) database that was retrieved on 4 December 2021. We found that following COVID-19 vaccination, 1) tinnitus report frequencies for Pfizer, Moderna and Janssen vaccines in VAERS are 47, 51 and 70 cases per million full vaccination; 2) the symptom onset was often rapid; 3) more women than men reported tinnitus and the sex difference increased with age; 4) for 2-dose vaccines, the frequency of tinnitus was higher following the first dose than the second dose; 5) for 2-dose vaccines, the chance of worsening tinnitus symptoms after second dose was approximately 50%; 6) tinnitus was correlated with other neurological and psychiatric symptoms; 7) pre-existing metabolic syndromes were correlated with the severity of the reported tinnitus. These findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccination increases the risk of tinnitus, and metabolic disorders is a risk factor for COVID-19 vaccination-related tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Wang
- Department of Physiology and Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Anusha Yellamsetty
- Department of Audiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Shaowen Bao
- Department of Physiology and Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Guo Z, Zeng T, Lu Y, Sun S, Liang X, Ran J, Wu Y, Chong MKC, Wang K, Zhao S. Transmission risks of Omicron BA.5 following inactivated COVID-19 vaccines among children and adolescents in China. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:92. [PMID: 38762678 PMCID: PMC11102477 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants circulating globally since 2022, assessing the transmission characteristics, and the protection of vaccines against emerging Omicron variants among children and adolescents are needed for guiding the control and vaccination policies. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study for SARS-CoV-2 infections and close contacts aged <18 years from an outbreak seeded by Omicron BA.5 variants. The secondary attack rate (SAR) was calculated and the protective effects of two doses of inactivated vaccine (mainly Sinopharm /BBIBP-CorV) within a year versus one dose or two doses above a year after vaccination against the transmission and infection of Omicron BA.5 were estimated. RESULTS A total of 3442 all-age close contacts of 122 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections aged 0-17 years were included. The SAR was higher in the household setting and for individuals who received a one-dose inactivated vaccine or those who received a two-dose for more than one year, with estimates of 28.5% (95% credible interval [CrI]: 21.1, 37.7) and 55.3% (95% CrI: 24.4, 84.8), respectively. The second dose of inactivated vaccine conferred substantial protection against all infection and transmission of Omicron BA.5 variants within a year. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the rollout of the second dose of inactivated vaccine for children and adolescents during the Omciron BA.5 predominant epidemic phase. Given the continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, monitoring the transmission risk and corresponding vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 variants among children and adolescents is important to inform control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Guo
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting Zeng
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yaoqin Lu
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Urumqi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, China
| | - Shengzhi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinjun Ran
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yushan Wu
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marc K C Chong
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Laboratory, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Shi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- MoE Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Major Diseases in the Population, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Rodríguez-Hernández MÁ, Baena-Bustos M, Carneros D, Zurita-Palomo C, Muñoz-Pinillos P, Millán J, Padillo FJ, Smerdou C, von Kobbe C, Rose-John S, Bustos M. Targeting IL-6 trans-signalling by sgp130Fc attenuates severity in SARS-CoV-2 -infected mice and reduces endotheliopathy. EBioMedicine 2024; 103:105132. [PMID: 38677182 PMCID: PMC11061249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infection is considered as a relapsing inflammatory process with a dysregulation of IL-6 signalling. Classic IL-6 signalling is thought to represent a defence mechanism against pathogens. In contrast, IL-6 trans-signalling has pro-inflammatory effects. In severe COVID-19, therapeutic strategies have focused on global inhibition of IL-6, with controversial results. We hypothesized that specific blockade of IL-6 trans-signalling could inhibit inflammatory response preserving the host defence activity inherent to IL-6 classic signalling. METHODS To test the role of the specific IL-6 trans-signalling inhibition by sgp130Fc in short- and long-term consequences of COVID-19, we used the established K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse model. Histological as well as immunohistochemical analysis, and pro-inflammatory marker profiling were performed. To investigate IL-6 trans-signalling in human cells we used primary lung microvascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts in the presence/absence of sgp130Fc. FINDINGS We report that targeting IL-6 trans-signalling by sgp130Fc attenuated SARS-CoV-2-related clinical symptoms and mortality. In surviving mice, the treatment caused a significant decrease in lung damage. In vitro, IL-6 trans-signalling induced strong and persisting JAK1/STAT3 activation in endothelial cells and lung fibroblasts with proinflammatory effects, which were attenuated by sgp130Fc. Our data also suggest that in those cells with scant amounts of IL-6R, the induction of gp130 and IL-6 by IL-6:sIL-6R complex sustains IL-6 trans-signalling. INTERPRETATION IL-6 trans-signalling fosters progression of COVID-19, and suggests that specific blockade of this signalling mode could offer a promising alternative to mitigate both short- and long-term consequences without affecting the beneficial effects of IL-6 classic signalling. These results have implications for the development of new therapies of lung injury and endotheliopathy in COVID-19. FUNDING The project was supported by ISCIII, Spain (COV-20/00792 to MB, PI23/01351 to MARH) and the European Commission-Next generation EU (European Union) (Regulation EU 2020/2094), through CSIC's Global Health Platform (PTI Salud Global, SGL2103029 to MB). PID2019-110587RB-I00 (MB) supported by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/and PID2022-143034OB-I00 (MB) by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER. MAR-H acknowledges support from ISCIII, Spain and the European Commission-Next generation EU (European Union), through CSIC's Global Health PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Rodríguez-Hernández
- Area of Liver, Digestive and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital (HUVR), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), University of Seville (US), Seville, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Baena-Bustos
- Pneumology Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen Macarena University Hospital (HUVM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), University of Seville (US), Seville, Spain
| | - David Carneros
- Area of Liver, Digestive and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital (HUVR), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), University of Seville (US), Seville, Spain
| | - Carola Zurita-Palomo
- Area of Liver, Digestive and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital (HUVR), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), University of Seville (US), Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Muñoz-Pinillos
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Millán
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Padillo
- Area of Liver, Digestive and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital (HUVR), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), University of Seville (US), Seville, Spain
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- Division of DNA and RNA Medicine, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), and CCUN, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cayetano von Kobbe
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Matilde Bustos
- Area of Liver, Digestive and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital (HUVR), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), University of Seville (US), Seville, Spain.
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8
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Livieratos A, Gogos C, Akinosoglou K. Impact of Prior COVID-19 Immunization and/or Prior Infection on Immune Responses and Clinical Outcomes. Viruses 2024; 16:685. [PMID: 38793566 PMCID: PMC11125779 DOI: 10.3390/v16050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular and humoral immunity exhibit dynamic adaptation to the mutating SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is noteworthy that immune responses differ significantly, influenced by whether a patient has received vaccination or whether there is co-occurrence of naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity, known as hybrid immunity. The different immune reactions, conditional on vaccination status and the viral variant involved, bear implications for inflammatory responses, patient outcomes, pathogen transmission rates, and lingering post-COVID conditions. Considering these developments, we have performed a review of recently published literature, aiming to disentangle the intricate relationships among immunological profiles, transmission, the long-term health effects post-COVID infection poses, and the resultant clinical manifestations. This investigation is directed toward understanding the variability in the longevity and potency of cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by immunization and hybrid infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charalambos Gogos
- Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece; (C.G.); (K.A.)
| | - Karolina Akinosoglou
- Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece; (C.G.); (K.A.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece
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9
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Are EB, Card KG, Colijn C. The role of vaccine status homophily in the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey with modelling. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:472. [PMID: 38355444 PMCID: PMC10868109 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine homophily describes non-heterogeneous vaccine uptake within contact networks. This study was performed to determine observable patterns of vaccine homophily, as well as the impact of vaccine homophily on disease transmission within and between vaccination groups under conditions of high and low vaccine efficacy. METHODS Residents of British Columbia, Canada, aged ≥ 16 years, were recruited via online advertisements between February and March 2022, and provided information about vaccination status, perceived vaccination status of household and non-household contacts, compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines, and history of COVID-19. A deterministic mathematical model was used to assess transmission dynamics between vaccine status groups under conditions of high and low vaccine efficacy. RESULTS Vaccine homophily was observed among those with 0, 2, or 3 doses of the vaccine. Greater homophily was observed among those who had more doses of the vaccine (p < 0.0001). Those with fewer vaccine doses had larger contact networks (p < 0.0001), were more likely to report prior COVID-19 (p < 0.0001), and reported lower compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines (p < 0.0001). Mathematical modelling showed that vaccine homophily plays a considerable role in epidemic growth under conditions of high and low vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, vaccine homophily contributes to a high force of infection among unvaccinated individuals under conditions of high vaccine efficacy, as well as to an elevated force of infection from unvaccinated to suboptimally vaccinated individuals under conditions of low vaccine efficacy. INTERPRETATION The uneven uptake of COVID-19 vaccines and the nature of the contact network in the population play important roles in shaping COVID-19 transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha B Are
- Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
- Pacific Institute On Pathogens, Pandemics and Society (PIPPS), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Kiffer G Card
- Pacific Institute On Pathogens, Pandemics and Society (PIPPS), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Institute for Social Connection, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Caroline Colijn
- Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Pacific Institute On Pathogens, Pandemics and Society (PIPPS), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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10
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Chen Z, Yuan Y, Hu Q, Zhu A, Chen F, Li S, Guan X, Lv C, Tang T, He Y, Cheng J, Zheng J, Hu X, Zhao J, Zhao J, Sun J. SARS-CoV-2 immunity in animal models. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:119-133. [PMID: 38238440 PMCID: PMC10806257 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, which was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a worldwide health crisis due to its transmissibility. SARS-CoV-2 infection results in severe respiratory illness and can lead to significant complications in affected individuals. These complications encompass symptoms such as coughing, respiratory distress, fever, infectious shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even multiple-organ failure. Animal models serve as crucial tools for investigating pathogenic mechanisms, immune responses, immune escape mechanisms, antiviral drug development, and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Currently, various animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as nonhuman primates (NHPs), ferrets, hamsters, and many different mouse models, have been developed. Each model possesses distinctive features and applications. In this review, we elucidate the immune response elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients and provide an overview of the characteristics of various animal models mainly used for SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the corresponding immune responses and applications of these models. A comparative analysis of transcriptomic alterations in the lungs from different animal models revealed that the K18-hACE2 and mouse-adapted virus mouse models exhibited the highest similarity with the deceased COVID-19 patients. Finally, we highlighted the current gaps in related research between animal model studies and clinical investigations, underscoring lingering scientific questions that demand further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Yaochang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Qingtao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Airu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Fenghua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Shu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Xin Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Chao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Tian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Yiyun He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Jinling Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510005, China.
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510005, China.
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518005, China.
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China.
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Mongin D, Bürgisser N, Courvoisier DS. Time trends and modifiable factors of COVID-19 contact tracing coverage, Geneva, Switzerland, June 2020 to February 2022. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2300228. [PMID: 38240059 PMCID: PMC10797663 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.3.2300228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BackgroundContact tracing was one of the central non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented worldwide to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but its effectiveness depends on its ability to detect contacts.AimEvaluate the proportion of secondary infections captured by the contact tracing system in Geneva.MethodsWe analysed 166,892 concomitant infections occurring at the same given address from June 2020 until February 2022 using an extensive operational database of SARS-CoV-2 tests in Geneva. We used permutation to compare the total number of secondary infections occurring at the same address with that reported through manual contact tracing.ResultsContact tracing captured on average 41% of secondary infections, varying from 23% during epidemic peaks to 60% during low epidemic activity. People living in wealthy neighbourhoods were less likely to report contacts (odds ratio (OR): 1.6). People living in apartment buildings were also less likely to report contacts than those living in a house (OR: 1.1-3.1) depending on the SARS-CoV-2 variant, the building size and the presence of shops. This under-reporting of contacts in apartment buildings decreased during periods of mandatory wearing of face masks and restrictions on private gatherings.ConclusionContact tracing alone did not detect sufficient secondary infections to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Campaigns targeting specific populations, such as those in wealthy areas or apartment buildings, could enhance coverage. Additionally, measures like wearing face masks, improving ventilation and implementing restrictions on gatherings should also be considered to reduce infections resulting from interactions that may not be perceived as high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Mongin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nils Bürgisser
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- General internal medicine division, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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