1
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Pan R, Li P, Meyerholz DK, Perlman S. Mutations in nonstructural proteins essential for pathogenicity in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice. J Virol 2024; 98:e0058424. [PMID: 38888344 PMCID: PMC11265370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00584-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in substantial morbidity and mortality. The basis of severe disease in humans is difficult to determine without the use of experimental animal models. Mice are resistant to infection with ancestral strains of SARS-CoV-2, although many variants that arose later in the pandemic were able to directly infect mice. In almost all cases, viruses that naturally infected mice or were engineered to enable mouse infection required mouse passage to become virulent. In most cases, changes in structural and nonstructural changes occurred during mouse adaptation. However, the mechanism of increased virulence in mice is not understood. Here, using a recently described strain of mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 (rSARS2-MA30N501Y), we engineered a series of recombinant viruses that expressed a subset of the mutations present in rSARS2-MA30N501Y. Mutations were detected in the spike protein and in three nonstructural proteins (nsp4, nsp8, and nsp9). We found that infection of mice with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 expressing only the S protein mutations caused very mild infection. Addition of the mutations in nsp4 and nsp8 was required for complete virulence. Of note, all these recombinant viruses replicated equivalently in cultured cells. The innate immune response was delayed after infection with virulent compared to attenuated viruses. Further, using a lineage tracking system, we found that attenuated virus was highly inhibited in the ability to infect the parenchyma, but not the airway after infection. Together, these results indicate that mutations in both the S protein and nonstructural proteins are required for maximal virulence during mouse adaptation.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requires the study of experimental animals after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). For this purpose, several mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strains have been developed. Here, using a strain of mouse-adapted virus that causes a range of diseases ranging from mild to severe, we show that mutations in both a structural protein [spike (S) protein] and nonstructural proteins are required for maximal virulence. Thus, changes in the S protein, the most widely studied viral protein, while required for mouse adaptation, are not sufficient to result in a virulent virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruangang Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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2
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Nelson CE, Foreman TW, Fukutani ER, Kauffman KD, Sakai S, Fleegle JD, Gomez F, Gould ST, Le Nouën C, Liu X, Burdette TL, Garza NL, Lafont BAP, Brooks K, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Hickman HD, Buchholz UJ, Johnson RF, Brenchley JM, Oberman JP, Quieroz ATL, Andrade BB, Via LE, Barber DL. IL-10 suppresses T cell expansion while promoting tissue-resident memory cell formation during SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012339. [PMID: 38950078 PMCID: PMC11244803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of inflammatory responses and pulmonary disease during SARS-CoV-2 infection is incompletely understood. Here we examine the roles of the prototypic pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines IFNγ and IL-10 using the rhesus macaque model of mild COVID-19. We find that IFNγ drives the development of 18fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-avid lesions in the lungs as measured by PET/CT imaging but is not required for suppression of viral replication. In contrast, IL-10 limits the duration of acute pulmonary lesions, serum markers of inflammation and the magnitude of virus-specific T cell expansion but does not impair viral clearance. We also show that IL-10 induces the subsequent differentiation of virus-specific effector T cells into CD69+CD103+ tissue resident memory cells (Trm) in the airways and maintains Trm cells in nasal mucosal surfaces, highlighting an unexpected role for IL-10 in promoting airway memory T cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection of macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Nelson
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Taylor W. Foreman
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eduardo R. Fukutani
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Keith D. Kauffman
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joel D. Fleegle
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Felipe Gomez
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - NIAID/DIR Tuberculosis Imaging Program
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sydnee T. Gould
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cyril Le Nouën
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xueqiao Liu
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tracey L. Burdette
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Garza
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bernard A. P. Lafont
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelsie Brooks
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cecilia S. Lindestam Arlehamn
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ursula J. Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Reed F. Johnson
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James P. Oberman
- Holy Cross Germantown Hospital, Affiliate of National Breathe Free Sinus and ENT Center, Frederick Breathe Free Sinus and ENT Center, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Artur T. L. Quieroz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Bruno B. Andrade
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Via
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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3
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Currie C, Myklebust TÅ, Bjerknes C, Framroze B. Assessing the Potential of an Enzymatically Liberated Salmon Oil to Support Immune Health Recovery from Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection via Change in the Expression of Cytokine, Chemokine and Interferon-Related Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6917. [PMID: 39000027 PMCID: PMC11241394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokines, chemokines, and interferons are released in response to viral infection with the ultimate aim of viral clearance. However, in SARS-CoV-2 infection, there is an imbalanced immune response, with raised cytokine levels but only a limited interferon response with inefficient viral clearance. Furthermore, the inflammatory response can be exaggerated, which risks both acute and chronic sequelae. Several observational studies have suggested a reduced risk of progression to severe COVID-19 in subjects with a higher omega-3 index. However, randomized studies of omega-3 supplementation have failed to replicate this benefit. Omega-3 fats provide important anti-inflammatory effects; however, fatty fish contains many other fatty acids that provide health benefits distinct from omega-3. Therefore, the immune health benefit of whole salmon oil (SO) was assessed in adults with mild to moderate COVID-19. Eleven subjects were randomized to best supportive care (BSC) with or without a full spectrum, enzymatically liberated SO, dosed at 4g daily, for twenty-eight days. Nasal swabs were taken to measure the change in gene expression of markers of immune response and showed that the SO provided both broad inflammation-resolving effects and improved interferon response. The results also suggest improved lung barrier function and enhanced immune memory, although the clinical relevance needs to be assessed in longer-duration studies. In conclusion, the salmon oil was well tolerated and provided broad inflammation-resolving effects, indicating a potential to enhance immune health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crawford Currie
- Hofseth BioCare, Keiser Wilhelms Gate 24, 6003 Alesund, Norway
| | - Tor Åge Myklebust
- Department of Research and Innovation, More og Romsdal Hospital Trust, 6026 Ålesund, Norway
- Department of Registration, Cancer Registry of Norway, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Bomi Framroze
- Hofseth BioCare, Keiser Wilhelms Gate 24, 6003 Alesund, Norway
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4
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Williams BD, Ferede D, Abdelaal HFM, Berube BJ, Podell BK, Larsen SE, Baldwin SL, Coler RN. Protective interplay: Mycobacterium tuberculosis diminishes SARS-CoV-2 severity through innate immune priming. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1424374. [PMID: 38966641 PMCID: PMC11222399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1424374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic those with underlying chronic lung conditions, including tuberculosis (TB), were hypothesized to be at higher risk of severe COVID-19 disease. However, there is inconclusive clinical and preclinical data to confirm the specific risk SARS-CoV-2 poses for the millions of individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). We and others have found that compared to singly infected mice, mice co-infected with M.tb and SARS-CoV-2 leads to reduced SARS-CoV-2 severity compared to mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 alone. Consequently, there is a large interest in identifying the molecular mechanisms responsible for the reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection severity observed in M.tb and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive characterization of a co-infection model and performed mechanistic in vitro modeling to dynamically assess how the innate immune response induced by M.tb restricts viral replication. Our study has successfully identified several cytokines that induce the upregulation of anti-viral genes in lung epithelial cells, thereby providing protection prior to challenge with SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, our study offers a comprehensive understanding of the key pathways induced by an existing bacterial infection that effectively restricts SARS-CoV-2 activity and identifies candidate therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany D. Williams
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Debora Ferede
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hazem F. M. Abdelaal
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Bryan J. Berube
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s, Seattle, WA, United States
- HDT Bio Corp, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brendan K. Podell
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Sasha E. Larsen
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan L. Baldwin
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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5
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Milentijević M, Katanić N, Joksimović B, Pavlović A, Filimonović J, Anđelković M, Bojović K, Elek Z, Ristić S, Vasiljević M, Stevanović J, Radomirović D, Elez-Burnjaković N, Lalović N, Kulić M, Kulić J, Milić M. The Impact of Cytokines on Coagulation Profile in COVID-19 Patients: Controlled for Socio-Demographic, Clinical, and Laboratory Parameters. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1281. [PMID: 38927488 PMCID: PMC11201770 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Severe coagulation abnormalities are common in patients with COVID-19 infection. We aimed to investigate the relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokines and coagulation parameters concerning socio-demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. Methods: Our study included patients hospitalized during the second wave of COVID-19 in the Republic of Serbia. We collected socio-demographic, clinical, and blood-sample data for all patients. Cytokine levels were measured using flow cytometry. Results: We analyzed data from 113 COVID-19 patients with an average age of 58.15 years, of whom 79 (69.9%) were male. Longer duration of COVID-19 symptoms before hospitalization (B = 69.672; p = 0.002) and use of meropenem (B = 1237.220; p = 0.014) were predictive of higher D-dimer values. Among cytokines, higher IL-5 values significantly predicted higher INR values (B = 0.152; p = 0.040) and longer prothrombin times (B = 0.412; p = 0.043), and higher IL-6 (B = 0.137; p = 0.003) predicted longer prothrombin times. Lower IL-17F concentrations at admission (B = 0.024; p = 0.050) were predictive of higher INR values, and lower IFN-γ values (B = -0.306; p = 0.017) were predictive of higher aPTT values. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a significant correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokines and coagulation-related parameters. Factors such as the patient's level of education, gender, oxygen-therapy use, symptom duration before hospitalization, meropenem use, and serum concentrations of IL-5, IL-6, IL-17F, and IFN-γ were associated with worse coagulation-related parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Milentijević
- Department of Infective Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina Temporarily Settled in Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia; (M.M.); (N.K.)
- Clinical Hospital Center Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia; (M.A.); (Z.E.); (D.R.)
| | - Nataša Katanić
- Department of Infective Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina Temporarily Settled in Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia; (M.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Bojan Joksimović
- Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (K.B.); (S.R.); (M.V.); (N.E.-B.); (N.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Aleksandar Pavlović
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina Temporarily Settled in Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia;
| | - Jelena Filimonović
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina Temporarily Settled in Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia; (J.F.); (J.S.)
| | - Milena Anđelković
- Clinical Hospital Center Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia; (M.A.); (Z.E.); (D.R.)
| | - Ksenija Bojović
- Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (K.B.); (S.R.); (M.V.); (N.E.-B.); (N.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Zlatan Elek
- Clinical Hospital Center Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia; (M.A.); (Z.E.); (D.R.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina Temporarily Settled in Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia;
| | - Siniša Ristić
- Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (K.B.); (S.R.); (M.V.); (N.E.-B.); (N.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Miloš Vasiljević
- Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (K.B.); (S.R.); (M.V.); (N.E.-B.); (N.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jasmina Stevanović
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina Temporarily Settled in Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia; (J.F.); (J.S.)
| | - Danica Radomirović
- Clinical Hospital Center Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia; (M.A.); (Z.E.); (D.R.)
| | - Nikolina Elez-Burnjaković
- Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (K.B.); (S.R.); (M.V.); (N.E.-B.); (N.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Nenad Lalović
- Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (K.B.); (S.R.); (M.V.); (N.E.-B.); (N.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Milan Kulić
- Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (K.B.); (S.R.); (M.V.); (N.E.-B.); (N.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jovan Kulić
- Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foča, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (K.B.); (S.R.); (M.V.); (N.E.-B.); (N.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Marija Milić
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina Temporarily Settled in Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia; (J.F.); (J.S.)
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6
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Casanova JL, MacMicking JD, Nathan CF. Interferon- γ and infectious diseases: Lessons and prospects. Science 2024; 384:eadl2016. [PMID: 38635718 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to claim many lives. Prevention of morbidity and mortality from these diseases would benefit not just from new medicines and vaccines but also from a better understanding of what constitutes protective immunity. Among the major immune signals that mobilize host defense against infection is interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a protein secreted by lymphocytes. Forty years ago, IFN-γ was identified as a macrophage-activating factor, and, in recent years, there has been a resurgent interest in IFN-γ biology and its role in human defense. Here we assess the current understanding of IFN-γ, revisit its designation as an "interferon," and weigh its prospects as a therapeutic against globally pervasive microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - John D MacMicking
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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7
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Baker PJ, Bohrer AC, Castro E, Amaral EP, Snow-Smith M, Torres-Juárez F, Gould ST, Queiroz ATL, Fukutani ER, Jordan CM, Khillan JS, Cho K, Barber DL, Andrade BB, Johnson RF, Hilligan KL, Mayer-Barber KD. The inflammatory microenvironment of the lung at the time of infection governs innate control of SARS-CoV-2 replication. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.27.586885. [PMID: 38585846 PMCID: PMC10996686 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.27.586885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to vastly divergent clinical outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to fatal disease. Co-morbidities, sex, age, host genetics and vaccine status are known to affect disease severity. Yet, how the inflammatory milieu of the lung at the time of SARS-CoV-2 exposure impacts the control of viral replication remains poorly understood. We demonstrate here that immune events in the mouse lung closely preceding SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly impact viral control and we identify key innate immune pathways required to limit viral replication. A diverse set of pulmonary inflammatory stimuli, including resolved antecedent respiratory infections with S. aureus or influenza, ongoing pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection, ovalbumin/alum-induced asthma or airway administration of defined TLR ligands and recombinant cytokines, all establish an antiviral state in the lung that restricts SARS-CoV-2 replication upon infection. In addition to antiviral type I interferons, the broadly inducible inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1 precondition the lung for enhanced viral control. Collectively, our work shows that SARS-CoV-2 may benefit from an immunologically quiescent lung microenvironment and suggests that heterogeneity in pulmonary inflammation that precedes or accompanies SARS-CoV-2 exposure may be a significant factor contributing to the population-wide variability in COVID-19 disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Baker
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Current Address: Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Andrea C. Bohrer
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ehydel Castro
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Eduardo P. Amaral
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Maryonne Snow-Smith
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Human Eosinophil Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Flor Torres-Juárez
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sydnee T. Gould
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Current Address: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Artur T. L. Queiroz
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Bahia 41810-710, Brazil
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Research, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R. Fukutani
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Bahia 41810-710, Brazil
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Research, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Cassandra M. Jordan
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jaspal S. Khillan
- Mouse Genetics and Gene Modification Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Kyoungin Cho
- Mouse Genetics and Gene Modification Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Bruno B. Andrade
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Salvador, Bahia 41810-710, Brazil
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Research, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Reed F. Johnson
- SCV2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kerry L. Hilligan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Katrin D. Mayer-Barber
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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8
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Huang W, Liu W, Yu T, Zhang Z, Zhai L, Huang P, Lu Y. Effect of anti-COVID-19 drugs on patients with cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116214. [PMID: 38367490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The clinical treatment of patients with cancer who are also diagnosed with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been a challenging issue since the outbreak of COVID-19. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the effects of commonly used drugs for treating COVID-19 in patients with cancer. Hence, this review aims to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of patients with cancer to minimize the losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we also focused on the relationship between COVID-19, commonly used drugs for treating COVID-19, and cancer. We specifically investigated the effect of these drugs on tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. The potential mechanisms of action of these drugs were discussed and evaluated. We found that most of these drugs showed inhibitory effects on tumors, and only in a few cases had cancer-promoting effects. Furthermore, inappropriate usage of these drugs may lead to irreversible kidney and heart damage. Finally, we have clarified the use of different drugs, which can provide useful guidance for the clinical treatment of cancer patients diagnosed with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicai Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Wenyu Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Lingyun Zhai
- Gynecology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Panpan Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China.
| | - Yao Lu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China.
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9
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Krachmarova E, Petkov P, Lilkova E, Stoynova D, Malinova K, Hristova R, Gospodinov A, Ilieva N, Nacheva G, Litov L. Interferon- γ as a Potential Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 Accessory Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2155. [PMID: 38396843 PMCID: PMC10889309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The ORF6 protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus plays a crucial role in blocking the innate immune response of the infected cells by inhibiting interferon pathways. Additionally, it binds to and immobilises the RAE1 protein on the cytoplasmic membranes, thereby blocking mRNA transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. In all these cases, the host cell proteins are tethered by the flexible C-terminus of ORF6. A possible strategy to inhibit the biological activity of ORF6 is to bind its C-terminus with suitable ligands. Our in silico experiments suggest that hIFNγ binds the ORF6 protein with high affinity, thus impairing its interactions with RAE1 and, consequently, its activity in viral invasion. The in vitro studies reported here reveal a shift of the localisation of RAE1 in ORF6 overexpressing cells upon treatment with hIFNγ from predominantly cytoplasmic to mainly nuclear, resulting in the restoration of the export of mRNA from the nucleus. We also explored the expression of GFP in transfected-with-ORF6 cells by means of fluorescence microscopy and qRT-PCR, finding that treatment with hIFNγ unblocks the mRNA trafficking and reinstates the GFP expression level. The ability of the cytokine to block ORF6 is also reflected in minimising its negative effects on DNA replication by reducing accumulated RNA-DNA hybrids. Our results, therefore, suggest hIFNγ as a promising inhibitor of the most toxic SARS-CoV-2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Krachmarova
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.M.); (R.H.); (A.G.); (G.N.)
| | - Peicho Petkov
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria (L.L.)
| | - Elena Lilkova
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.L.); (N.I.)
| | - Dayana Stoynova
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria (L.L.)
| | - Kristina Malinova
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.M.); (R.H.); (A.G.); (G.N.)
| | - Rossitsa Hristova
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.M.); (R.H.); (A.G.); (G.N.)
| | - Anastas Gospodinov
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.M.); (R.H.); (A.G.); (G.N.)
| | - Nevena Ilieva
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.L.); (N.I.)
| | - Genoveva Nacheva
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.M.); (R.H.); (A.G.); (G.N.)
| | - Leandar Litov
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria (L.L.)
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10
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Rescigno M. BCG-mediated viral protection goes biphasic. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:13-14. [PMID: 38168959 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rescigno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.
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