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Bauer A, Ali O, Bied C, Bœuf S, Bovio S, Delattre A, Ingram G, Golz JF, Landrein B. Spatiotemporally distinct responses to mechanical forces shape the developing seed of Arabidopsis. EMBO J 2024; 43:2733-2758. [PMID: 38831122 PMCID: PMC11217287 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00138-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Organ morphogenesis depends on mechanical interactions between cells and tissues. These interactions generate forces that can be sensed by cells and affect key cellular processes. However, how mechanical forces, together with biochemical signals, contribute to the shaping of complex organs is still largely unclear. We address this question using the seed of Arabidopsis as a model system. We show that seeds first experience a phase of rapid anisotropic growth that is dependent on the response of cortical microtubule (CMT) to forces, which guide cellulose deposition according to shape-driven stresses in the outermost layer of the seed coat. However, at later stages of development, we show that seed growth is isotropic and depends on the properties of an inner layer of the seed coat that stiffens its walls in response to tension but has isotropic material properties. Finally, we show that the transition from anisotropic to isotropic growth is due to the dampening of cortical microtubule responses to shape-driven stresses. Altogether, our work supports a model in which spatiotemporally distinct mechanical responses control the shape of developing seeds in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Bauer
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Olivier Ali
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Camille Bied
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Sophie Bœuf
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Simone Bovio
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UAR3444, Inserm US8, ENS de Lyon, SFR Biosciences, Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Adrien Delattre
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Gwyneth Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - John F Golz
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Benoit Landrein
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
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2
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Hoffmann N, Mohammad E, McFarlane HE. Disrupting cell wall integrity impacts endomembrane trafficking to promote secretion over endocytic trafficking. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3731-3747. [PMID: 38676707 PMCID: PMC11194303 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The plant cell wall provides a strong yet flexible barrier to protect cells from the external environment. Modifications of the cell wall, either during development or under stress conditions, can induce cell wall integrity responses and ultimately lead to alterations in gene expression, hormone production, and cell wall composition. These changes in cell wall composition presumably require remodelling of the secretory pathway to facilitate synthesis and secretion of cell wall components and cell wall synthesis/remodelling enzymes from the Golgi apparatus. Here, we used a combination of live-cell confocal imaging and transmission electron microscopy to examine the short-term and constitutive impact of isoxaben, which reduces cellulose biosynthesis, and Driselase, a cocktail of cell-wall-degrading fungal enzymes, on cellular processes during cell wall integrity responses in Arabidopsis. We show that both treatments altered organelle morphology and triggered rebalancing of the secretory pathway to promote secretion while reducing endocytic trafficking. The actin cytoskeleton was less dynamic following cell wall modification, and organelle movement was reduced. These results demonstrate active remodelling of the endomembrane system and actin cytoskeleton following changes to the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Hoffmann
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3B2Canada
| | - Eskandar Mohammad
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3B2Canada
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3
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Renou J, Li D, Lu J, Zhang B, Gineau E, Ye Y, Shi J, Voxeur A, Akary E, Marmagne A, Gonneau M, Uyttewaal M, Höfte H, Zhao Y, Vernhettes S. A cellulose synthesis inhibitor affects cellulose synthase complex secretion and cortical microtubule dynamics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024:kiae232. [PMID: 38833284 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
P4B (2-phenyl-1-[4-(6-(piperidin-1-yl) pyridazin-3-yl) piperazin-1-yl] butan-1-one) is a novel cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI) discovered in a screen for molecules to identify inhibitors of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedling growth. Growth and cellulose synthesis inhibition by P4B were greatly reduced in a novel mutant for the cellulose synthase catalytic subunit gene CESA3 (cesa3pbr1). Cross-tolerance to P4B was also observed for isoxaben-resistant (ixr) cesa3 mutants ixr1-1 and ixr1-2. P4B has an original mode of action as compared with most other CBIs. Indeed, short-term treatments with P4B did not affect the velocity of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) but led to a decrease in CSC density in the plasma membrane without affecting their accumulation in microtubule-associated compartments. This was observed in the wild type but not in a cesa3pbr1 background. This reduced density correlated with a reduced delivery rate of CSCs to the plasma membrane but also with changes in cortical microtubule dynamics and orientation. At longer timescales, however, the responses to P4B treatments resembled those to other CBIs, including the inhibition of CSC motility, reduced growth anisotropy, interference with the assembly of an extensible wall, pectin demethylesterification, and ectopic lignin and callose accumulation. Together, the data suggest that P4B either directly targets CESA3 or affects another cellular function related to CSC plasma membrane delivery and/or microtubule dynamics that is bypassed specifically by mutations in CESA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Renou
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Deqiang Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Emilie Gineau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Yajin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianmin Shi
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Aline Voxeur
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Elodie Akary
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Anne Marmagne
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Magalie Uyttewaal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Yang Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Samantha Vernhettes
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
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4
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Delmer D, Dixon RA, Keegstra K, Mohnen D. The plant cell wall-dynamic, strong, and adaptable-is a natural shapeshifter. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1257-1311. [PMID: 38301734 PMCID: PMC11062476 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mythology is replete with good and evil shapeshifters, who, by definition, display great adaptability and assume many different forms-with several even turning themselves into trees. Cell walls certainly fit this definition as they can undergo subtle or dramatic changes in structure, assume many shapes, and perform many functions. In this review, we cover the evolution of knowledge of the structures, biosynthesis, and functions of the 5 major cell wall polymer types that range from deceptively simple to fiendishly complex. Along the way, we recognize some of the colorful historical figures who shaped cell wall research over the past 100 years. The shapeshifter analogy emerges more clearly as we examine the evolving proposals for how cell walls are constructed to allow growth while remaining strong, the complex signaling involved in maintaining cell wall integrity and defense against disease, and the ways cell walls adapt as they progress from birth, through growth to maturation, and in the end, often function long after cell death. We predict the next century of progress will include deciphering cell type-specific wall polymers; regulation at all levels of polymer production, crosslinks, and architecture; and how walls respond to developmental and environmental signals to drive plant success in diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Delmer
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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5
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Cosgrove DJ. Structure and growth of plant cell walls. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:340-358. [PMID: 38102449 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells build nanofibrillar walls that are central to plant growth, morphogenesis and mechanics. Starting from simple sugars, three groups of polysaccharides, namely, cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins, with very different physical properties are assembled by the cell to make a strong yet extensible wall. This Review describes the physics of wall growth and its regulation by cellular processes such as cellulose production by cellulose synthase, modulation of wall pH by plasma membrane H+-ATPase, wall loosening by expansin and signalling by plant hormones such as auxin and brassinosteroid. In addition, this Review discusses the nuanced roles, properties and interactions of cellulose, matrix polysaccharides and cell wall proteins and describes how wall stress and wall loosening cooperatively result in cell wall growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Bidhendi AJ, Lampron O, Gosselin FP, Geitmann A. Cell geometry regulates tissue fracture. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8275. [PMID: 38092784 PMCID: PMC10719271 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In vascular plants, the epidermal surfaces of leaves and flower petals often display cells with wavy geometries forming intricate jigsaw puzzle patterns. The prevalence and diversity of these complex epidermal patterns, originating from simple polyhedral progenitor cells, suggest adaptive significance. However, despite multiple efforts to explain the evolutionary drivers behind these geometrical features, compelling validation remains elusive. Employing a multidisciplinary approach that integrates microscopic and macroscopic fracture experiments with computational fracture mechanics, we demonstrate that wavy epidermal cells toughen the plants' protective skin. Through a multi-scale framework, we demonstrate that this energy-efficient patterning mechanism is universally applicable for toughening biological and synthetic materials. Our findings reveal a tunable structural-mechanical strategy employed in the microscale design of plants to protect them from deleterious surface fissures while facilitating and strategically directing beneficial ones. These findings hold implications for targeted plant breeding aimed at enhancing resilience in fluctuating environmental conditions. From an engineering perspective, our work highlights the sophisticated design principles the plant kingdom offers to inspire metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir J Bidhendi
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
- EERS Global Technologies, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Olivier Lampron
- Laboratoire de Mécanique Multi-échelles, Département de génie mécanique, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Frédérick P Gosselin
- Laboratoire de Mécanique Multi-échelles, Département de génie mécanique, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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7
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Müller S. Update: on selected ROP cell polarity mechanisms in plant cell morphogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:26-41. [PMID: 37070572 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The unequal (asymmetric) distribution of cell structures and proteins within a cell is designated as cell polarity. Cell polarity is a crucial prerequisite for morphogenetic processes such as oriented cell division and directed cell expansion. Rho-related GTPase from plants (ROPs) are required for cellular morphogenesis through the reorganization of the cytoskeleton and vesicle transport in various tissues. Here, I review recent advances in ROP-dependent tip growth, vesicle transport, and tip architecture. I report on the regulatory mechanisms of ROP upstream regulators found in different cell types. It appears that these regulators assemble in nanodomains with specific lipid compositions and recruit ROPs for activation in a stimulus-dependent manner. Current models link mechanosensing/mechanotransduction to ROP polarity signaling involved in feedback mechanisms via the cytoskeleton. Finally, I discuss ROP signaling components that are upregulated by tissue-specific transcription factors and exhibit specific localization patterns during cell division, clearly suggesting ROP signaling in division plane alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Müller
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Ušák D, Haluška S, Pleskot R. Callose synthesis at the center point of plant development-An evolutionary insight. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:54-69. [PMID: 37165709 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polar callose deposition into the extracellular matrix is tightly controlled in time and space. Its presence in the cell wall modifies the properties of the surrounding area, which is fundamental for the correct execution of numerous processes such as cell division, male gametophyte development, intercellular transport, or responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Previous studies have been invaluable in characterizing specific callose synthases (CalSs) during individual cellular processes. However, the complex view of the relationships between a particular CalS and a specific process is still lacking. Here we review the recent proceedings on the role of callose and individual CalSs in cell wall remodelling from an evolutionary perspective and with a particular focus on cytokinesis. We provide a robust phylogenetic analysis of CalS across the plant kingdom, which implies a 3-subfamily distribution of CalS. We also discuss the possible linkage between the evolution of CalSs and their function in specific cell types and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ušák
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Haluška
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Demes E, Verger S. High-throughput characterization of cortical microtubule arrays response to anisotropic tensile stress. BMC Biol 2023; 21:154. [PMID: 37430369 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants can perceive and respond to mechanical signals. For instance, cortical microtubule (CMT) arrays usually reorganize following the predicted maximal tensile stress orientation at the cell and tissue level. While research in the last few years has started to uncover some of the mechanisms mediating these responses, much remains to be discovered, including in most cases the actual nature of the mechanosensors. Such discovery is hampered by the absence of adequate quantification tools that allow the accurate and sensitive detection of phenotypes, along with high throughput and automated handling of large datasets that can be generated with recent imaging devices. RESULTS Here we describe an image processing workflow specifically designed to quantify CMT arrays response to tensile stress in time-lapse datasets following an ablation in the epidermis - a simple and robust method to change mechanical stress pattern. Our Fiji-based workflow puts together several plugins and algorithms under the form of user-friendly macros that automate the analysis process and remove user bias in the quantification. One of the key aspects is also the implementation of a simple geometry-based proxy to estimate stress patterns around the ablation site and compare it with the actual CMT arrays orientation. Testing our workflow on well-established reporter lines and mutants revealed subtle differences in the response over time, as well as the possibility to uncouple the anisotropic and orientational response. CONCLUSION This new workflow opens the way to dissect with unprecedented detail the mechanisms controlling microtubule arrays re-organization, and potentially uncover the still largely elusive plant mechanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Demes
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphane Verger
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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10
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Mollier C, Skrzydeł J, Borowska-Wykręt D, Majda M, Bayle V, Battu V, Totozafy JC, Dulski M, Fruleux A, Wrzalik R, Mouille G, Smith RS, Monéger F, Kwiatkowska D, Boudaoud A. Spatial consistency of cell growth direction during organ morphogenesis requires CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112689. [PMID: 37352099 PMCID: PMC10391631 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrices contain fibril-like polymers often organized in parallel arrays. Although their role in morphogenesis has been long recognized, it remains unclear how the subcellular control of fibril synthesis translates into organ shape. We address this question using the Arabidopsis sepal as a model organ. In plants, cell growth is restrained by the cell wall (extracellular matrix). Cellulose microfibrils are the main load-bearing wall component, thought to channel growth perpendicularly to their main orientation. Given the key function of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1 (CSI1) in guidance of cellulose synthesis, we investigate the role of CSI1 in sepal morphogenesis. We observe that sepals from csi1 mutants are shorter, although their newest cellulose microfibrils are more aligned compared to wild-type. Surprisingly, cell growth anisotropy is similar in csi1 and wild-type plants. We resolve this apparent paradox by showing that CSI1 is required for spatial consistency of growth direction across the sepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Mollier
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Joanna Skrzydeł
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Borowska-Wykręt
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Majda
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent Bayle
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Virginie Battu
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Chrisologue Totozafy
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Mateusz Dulski
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Antoine Fruleux
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France; LPTMS, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Roman Wrzalik
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Richard S Smith
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Françoise Monéger
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France; LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France.
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11
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van Spoordonk R, Schneider R, Sampathkumar A. Mechano-chemical regulation of complex cell shape formation: Epidermal pavement cells-A case study. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 4:e5. [PMID: 37251797 PMCID: PMC10225270 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2023.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are encased by walls, which provide structural support and control their morphology. How plant cells regulate the deposition of the wall to generate complex shapes is a topic of ongoing research. Scientists have identified several model systems, the epidermal pavement cells of cotyledons and leaves being an ideal platform to study the formation of complex cell shapes. These cells indeed grow alternating protrusions and indentations resulting in jigsaw puzzle cell shapes. How and why these cells adopt such shapes has shown to be a challenging problem to solve, notably because it involves the integration of molecular and mechanical regulation together with cytoskeletal dynamics and cell wall modifications. In this review, we highlight some recent progress focusing on how these processes may be integrated at the cellular level along with recent quantitative morphometric approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - René Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology Department, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
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12
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Xin H, Li Q, Wu X, Yin B, Li J, Zhu J. The Arabidopsis thaliana integrin-like gene AT14A improves drought tolerance in Solanum lycopersicum. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023:10.1007/s10265-023-01459-3. [PMID: 37133572 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Using effective genes to improve crop stress tolerance through genetic engineering is an important way to stabilize crop yield and quality across complex climatic environments. Integrin-like AT14A, as a continuum of the cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton, functions in the regulation of cell wall synthesis, signal transduction, and the response to stress. In this study, AT14A was overexpressed in Solanum lycopersicum L. In transgenic plants, both chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate increased. Physiological experiments suggested that the proline content and antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) activities of the transgenic line were significantly higher than those of wild-type plants under stress, which contributed to the enhanced water retention capacity and free radical scavenging ability of the transgenic line. Transcriptome analysis revealed that AT14A enhanced drought tolerance by regulating waxy cuticle synthesis genes, such as 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 20 (KCS20), non-specific lipid-transfer protein 2 (LTP2), antioxidant enzyme system genes peroxidase 42-like (PER42), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR2). AT14A regulates expression of Protein phosphatase 2 C 51 (PP2C 51) and ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5) to participate in ABA pathways to enhance drought tolerance. In conclusion, AT14A effectively improved photosynthesis and enhanced drought tolerance in S. lycopersicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Xin
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qianqin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - XiaoYan Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bo Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Jianbo Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
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13
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Hsiao AS, Huang JY. Microtubule Regulation in Plants: From Morphological Development to Stress Adaptation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040627. [PMID: 37189374 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are essential elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and are critical for various cell functions. During cell division, plant MTs form highly ordered structures, and cortical MTs guide the cell wall cellulose patterns and thus control cell size and shape. Both are important for morphological development and for adjusting plant growth and plasticity under environmental challenges for stress adaptation. Various MT regulators control the dynamics and organization of MTs in diverse cellular processes and response to developmental and environmental cues. This article summarizes the recent progress in plant MT studies from morphological development to stress responses, discusses the latest techniques applied, and encourages more research into plant MT regulation.
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14
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McFarlane HE. Open questions in plant cell wall synthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad110. [PMID: 36961357 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by strong yet flexible polysaccharide-based cell walls that support the cell while also allowing growth by cell expansion. Plant cell wall research has advanced tremendously in recent years. Sequenced genomes of many model and crop plants have facilitated cataloging and characterization of many enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis. Structural information has been generated for several important cell wall synthesizing enzymes. Important tools have been developed including antibodies raised against a variety of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins, collections of enzyme clones and synthetic glycan arrays for characterizing enzymes, herbicides that specifically affect cell wall synthesis, live-cell imaging probes to track cell wall synthesis, and an inducible secondary cell wall synthesis system. Despite these advances, and often because of the new information they provide, many open questions about plant cell wall polysaccharide synthesis persist. This article highlights some of the key questions that remain open, reviews the data supporting different hypotheses that address these questions, and discusses technological developments that may answer these questions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
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15
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Noninvasive Long-Term Imaging of the Cytoskeleton in Arabidopsis Seedlings. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2604:297-309. [PMID: 36773244 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of biological samples, especially for live-cell microscopy, remains a major experimental challenge in the lab despite technological advances. In addition, high-resolution microscopy techniques require higher sample quality and uniformity, which is difficult to ensure during manual preparation while maintaining "ideal" growth conditions. In this protocol, we provide a way out by growing Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings directly in an imaging chamber, which eliminates invasive sample preparation directly before imaging. This method hinges on the precise placement of seeds into imaging chambers, which can be grown in conventional climate chambers. We detail three methods to grow hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves, and roots for high-resolution and long-term imaging of the plant cytoskeleton. Furthermore, we show that the growth and development of seedlings inside the chambers can be externally manipulated by the addition of chemicals.
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16
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Abstract
Understanding the mechanism by which patterned gene activity leads to mechanical deformation of cells and tissues to create complex forms is a major challenge for developmental biology. Plants offer advantages for addressing this problem because their cells do not migrate or rearrange during morphogenesis, which simplifies analysis. We synthesize results from experimental analysis and computational modeling to show how mechanical interactions between cellulose fibers translate through wall, cell, and tissue levels to generate complex plant tissue shapes. Genes can modify mechanical properties and stresses at each level, though the values and pattern of stresses differ from one level to the next. The dynamic cellulose network provides elastic resistance to deformation while allowing growth through fiber sliding, which enables morphogenesis while maintaining mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Coen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16870, USA
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17
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Pedersen GB, Blaschek L, Frandsen KEH, Noack LC, Persson S. Cellulose synthesis in land plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:206-231. [PMID: 36564945 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that provides cohesion, protection, and a means of directional growth to plants. Cellulose microfibrils contribute the main biomechanical scaffold for most of these walls. The biosynthesis of cellulose, which typically is the most prominent constituent of the cell wall and therefore Earth's most abundant biopolymer, is finely attuned to developmental and environmental cues. Our understanding of the machinery that catalyzes and regulates cellulose biosynthesis has substantially improved due to recent technological advances in, for example, structural biology and microscopy. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, function, and regulation of the cellulose synthesis machinery and its regulatory interactors. We aim to highlight important knowledge gaps in the field, and outline emerging approaches that promise a means to close those gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav B Pedersen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Leonard Blaschek
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristian E H Frandsen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lise C Noack
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Staffan Persson
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Zhao F, Long Y. Mechanosensing, from forces to structures. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1060018. [PMID: 36531357 PMCID: PMC9751800 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1060018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sessile plants evolve diverse structures in response to complex environmental cues. These factors, in essence, involve mechanical stimuli, which must be sensed and coordinated properly by the plants to ensure effective growth and development. While we have accumulated substantial knowledge on plant mechanobiology, how plants translate mechanical information into three-dimensional structures is still an open question. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of plant mechanosensing at different levels, particularly using Arabidopsis as a model plant system. We also attempt to abstract the mechanosensing process and link the gaps from mechanical cues to the generation of complex plant structures. Here we review the recent advancements on mechanical response and transduction in plant morphogenesis, and we also raise several questions that interest us in different sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuchen Long
- Department of Biological Sciences, The National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, The National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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