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Zhang W, Yin Y, Jiang Y, Yang Y, Wang W, Wang X, Ge Y, Liu B, Yao L. Relationship between vaginal and oral microbiome in patients of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer. J Transl Med 2024; 22:396. [PMID: 38685022 PMCID: PMC11059664 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the microbial variations and biomarkers in the vaginal and oral environments of patients with human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer (CC) and to develop novel prediction models. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 164 samples collected from both the vaginal tract and oral subgingival plaque of 82 women. The participants were divided into four distinct groups based on their vaginal and oral samples: the control group (Z/KZ, n = 22), abortion group (AB/KAB, n = 17), HPV-infected group (HP/KHP, n = 21), and cervical cancer group (CC/KCC, n = 22). Microbiota analysis was conducted using full-length 16S rDNA gene sequencing with the PacBio platform. RESULTS The vaginal bacterial community in the Z and AB groups exhibited a relatively simple structure predominantly dominated by Lactobacillus. However, CC group shows high abundances of anaerobic bacteria and alpha diversity. Biomarkers such as Bacteroides, Mycoplasma, Bacillus, Dialister, Porphyromonas, Anaerococcus, and Prevotella were identified as indicators of CC. Correlations were established between elevated blood C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and local/systemic inflammation, pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion, which contribute to unevenness in the vaginal microenvironment. The altered microbial diversity in the CC group was confirmed by amino acid metabolism. Oral microbial diversity exhibited an inverse pattern to that of the vaginal microbiome, indicating a unique relationship. The microbial diversity of the KCC group was significantly lower than that of the KZ group, indicating a link between oral health and cancer development. Several microbes, including Fusobacterium, Campylobacter, Capnocytophaga, Veillonella, Streptococcus, Lachnoanaerobaculum, Propionibacterium, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, and Neisseria, were identified as CC biomarkers. Moreover, periodontal pathogens were associated with blood CRP levels and oral hygiene conditions. Elevated oral microbial amino acid metabolism in the CC group was closely linked to the presence of pathogens. Positive correlations indicated a synergistic relationship between vaginal and oral bacteria. CONCLUSION HPV infection and CC impact both the vaginal and oral microenvironments, affecting systemic metabolism and the synergy between bacteria. This suggests that the use of oral flora markers is a potential screening tool for the diagnosis of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Healthy Examination & Management Center of Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Yin
- Healthy Examination & Management Center of Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yisha Jiang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Yang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Ge
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Gynecology, Lanzhou University First Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
- School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Lihe Yao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University First Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
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Alzamami A, Alturki NA, Khan K, Basharat Z, Mashraqi MM. Screening inhibitors against the Ef-Tu of Fusobacterium nucleatum: a docking, ADMET and PBPK assessment study. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10815-x. [PMID: 38457020 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The oral pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum has recently been associated with an elevated risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), endometrial metastasis, chemoresistance, inflammation, metastasis, and DNA damage, along with several other diseases. This study aimed to explore the disruption of protein machinery of F. nucleatum via inhibition of elongation factor thermo unstable (Ef-Tu) protein, through natural products. No study on Ef-Tu inhibition by natural products or in Fusobacterium spp. exists till todate. Ef-Tu is an abundant specialized drug target in bacteria that varies from human Ef-Tu. Elfamycins target Ef-Tu and hence, Enacyloxin IIa was used to generate pharmacophore for virtual screening of three natural product libraries, Natural Product Activity and Species Source (NPASS) (n = 30000 molecules), Tibetan medicinal plant database (n = 54 molecules) and African medicinal plant database (n > 6000 molecules). Peptaibol Septocylindrin B (NPC141050), Hirtusneanoside, and ZINC95486259 were prioritized from these libraries as potential therapeutic candidates. ADMET profiling was done for safety assessment, physiological-based pharmacokinetic modeling in human and mouse for getting insight into drug interaction with body tissues and molecular dynamics was used to assess stability of the best hit NPC141050 (Septocylindrin B). Based on the promising results, we propose further in vitro, in vivo and pharmacokinetic testing on the lead Septocylindrin B, for possible translation into therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alzamami
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, 11961, Al-Quwayiyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A Alturki
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, 11433, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kanwal Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Zarrin Basharat
- Alpha Genomics (Private) Limited, Islamabad, 45710, Pakistan.
| | - Mutaib M Mashraqi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 61441, Najran, Saudi Arabia.
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Ergün E, Toraman E, Barış Ö, Budak H, Demir T. Quantitative investigation of the bacterial content of periodontal abscess samples by real-time PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 213:106826. [PMID: 37742798 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periodontal abscesses, which are part of the acute periodontal disease group characterized by the destruction of periodontal tissue with deep periodontal pockets, bleeding on probing, suppuration, and localized pus accumulation, cause rapid destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial content of periodontal abscesses by specific and culture-independent qPCR. METHODS This study was conducted on 30 volunteers diagnosed with periodontal abscesses and presenting with complaints of localized pain, swelling, and tenderness in the gingiva. Genomic DNA was isolated from the samples taken. Escherichia coli bacteria were used for the standard curve created to calculate the prevalence of target bacteria in the total bacterial load. 16S rRNA Universal primers were used to assess the total bacterial load and prevalence. Bacterial counts were analyzed with Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (ρ) matrix. RESULTS From the analysis of Real-Time PCR, Porphyromonas gingivalis (30, 100%), Prevotella intermedia (30, 100%), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (30, 100%) were detected in all samples. Campylobacter rectus (29, 96.6%), Porphyromonas endodontalis (29, 96.6%), Tannerella forsythia (28, 93.3%), Filifactor alocis (28, 93.3%), and Actinomyces naeslundii (28, 93.3%) were also frequently detected. CONCLUSIONS Periodontal abscesses were found to be polymicrobial, and not only periodontal pathogens appeared to be associated with the development of periodontal abscesses. The presence, prevalence, and number of Porphyromonas endodontalis and Propionibacterium acnes in the contents of periodontal abscesses were determined for the first time in our study. Further studies are needed to better understand the roles of bacteria in periodontal disease, including abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercan Ergün
- Atatürk University, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emine Toraman
- Atatürk University, Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Özlem Barış
- Atatürk University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Harun Budak
- Atatürk University, Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Turgut Demir
- Atatürk University, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Meghil MM, Cutler CW. Influence of Vitamin D on Periodontal Inflammation: A Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:1180. [PMID: 37764988 PMCID: PMC10537363 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D is the hormonally active 1,25(OH)2D3 (Vit D) vitamin, which plays an important role in bone biology and host immunity. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a nuclear ligand-dependent transcription factor expressed by many cells. Ligation of VDR by VitD regulates a wide plethora of genes and physiologic functions through the formation of the complex Vit D-VDR signaling cascade. The influence of Vit D-VDR signaling in host immune response to microbial infection has been of interest to many researchers. This is particularly important in oral health and diseases, as oral mucosa is exposed to a complex microbiota, with certain species capable of causing disruption to immune homeostasis. In this review, we focus on the immune modulatory roles of Vit D in the bone degenerative oral disease, periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Meghil
- Department of Periodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Christopher W. Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Lamont RJ, Hajishengallis G, Koo H. Social networking at the microbiome-host interface. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0012423. [PMID: 37594277 PMCID: PMC10501221 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00124-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial species colonizing host ecosystems in health or disease rarely do so alone. Organisms conglomerate into dynamic heterotypic communities or biofilms in which interspecies and interkingdom interactions drive functional specialization of constituent species and shape community properties, including nososymbiocity or pathogenic potential. Cell-to-cell binding, exchange of signaling molecules, and nutritional codependencies can all contribute to the emergent properties of these communities. Spatial constraints defined by community architecture also determine overall community function. Multilayered interactions thus occur between individual pairs of organisms, and the relative impact can be determined by contextual cues. Host responses to heterotypic communities and impact on host surfaces are also driven by the collective action of the community. Additionally, the range of interspecies interactions can be extended by bacteria utilizing host cells or host diet to indirectly or directly influence the properties of other organisms and the community microenvironment. In contexts where communities transition to a dysbiotic state, their quasi-organismal nature imparts adaptability to nutritional availability and facilitates resistance to immune effectors and, moreover, exploits inflammatory and acidic microenvironments for their persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hyun Koo
- Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Elsayed R, Elashiry M, Tran C, Yang T, Carroll A, Liu Y, Hamrick M, Cutler CW. Engineered Human Dendritic Cell Exosomes as Effective Delivery System for Immune Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11306. [PMID: 37511064 PMCID: PMC10379002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (exos) contain molecular cargo of therapeutic and diagnostic value for cancers and other inflammatory diseases, but their therapeutic potential for periodontitis (PD) remains unclear. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the directors of immune response and have been extensively used in immune therapy. We previously reported in a mouse model of PD that custom murine DC-derived exo subtypes could reprogram the immune response toward a bone-sparing or bone-loss phenotype, depending on immune profile. Further advancement of this technology requires the testing of human DC-based exos with human target cells. Our main objective in this study is to test the hypothesis that human monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MoDC)-derived exos constitute a well-tolerated and effective immune therapeutic approach to modulate human target DC and T cell immune responses in vitro. MoDC subtypes were generated with TGFb/IL-10 (regulatory (reg) MoDCs, CD86lowHLA-DRlowPDL1high), E. coli LPS (stimulatory (stim) MoDCs, CD86highHLA-DRhighPDL1low) and buffer (immature (i) MoDCs, CD86lowHLA-DRmedPDL1low). Exosomes were isolated from different MoDC subtypes and characterized. Once released from the secreting cell into the surrounding environment, exosomes protect their prepackaged molecular cargo and deliver it to bystander cells. This modulates the functions of these cells, depending on the cargo content. RegMoDCexos were internalized by recipient MoDCs and induced upregulation of PDL1 and downregulation of costimulatory molecules CD86, HLADR, and CD80, while stimMoDCexos had the opposite influence. RegMoDCexos induced CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs, which expressed CTLA4 and PD1 but not IL-17A. In contrast, T cells treated with stimMoDCexos induced IL-17A+ Th17 T cells, which were negative for immunoregulatory CTLA4 and PD1. T cells and DCs treated with iMoDCexos were immune 'neutral', equivalent to controls. In conclusion, human DC exos present an effective delivery system to modulate human DC and T cell immune responses in vitro. Thus, MoDC exos may present a viable immunotherapeutic agent for modulating immune response in the gingival tissue to inhibit bone loss in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranya Elsayed
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mahmoud Elashiry
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Cathy Tran
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Tigerwin Yang
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Angelica Carroll
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mark Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Christopher W Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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7
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Serrano-Lopez R, Morandini AC. Fibroblasts at the curtain call: from ensemble to principal dancers in immunometabolism and inflammaging. J Appl Oral Sci 2023; 31:e20230050. [PMID: 37377310 PMCID: PMC10392869 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a necessary step in response to injuries, being vital in restoring homeostasis and facilitating tissue healing. Among the cells that play a crucial role in inflammatory responses, stromal cells, including fibroblasts, have an undeniable significance in fine-tuning the magnitude of mediators that directly affect hyper-inflammatory responses and tissue destruction. Fibroblasts, the dominant cells in the gingival connective tissue, are a very heterogeneous population of cells, and more recently they have been receiving well deserved attention as central players and often the 'principal dancers' of many pathological processes ranging from inflammation and fibrosis to altered immunity and cancer. The goal of the current investigation is to dive into the exact role of the stromal fibroblast and the responsible mechanistic factors involved in both regulation and dysregulation of the inflammatory responses. This article reviews the most recent literature on how fibroblasts, in their different activation states or subtypes, play a crucial role in contributing to inflammatory outcomes. We will focus on recent findings on inflammatory diseases. We will also provide connections regarding the stromal-immune relationship, which supports the idea of fibroblast coming out from the 'ensemble' of cell types to the protagonist role in immunometabolism and inflammaging. Additionally, we discuss the current advances in variation of fibroblast nomenclature and division into clusters with their own suggested function and particularities in gene expression. Here, we provide a perspective for the periodontal implications, discussing the fibroblast role in the infection-driven and inflammatory mediated diseases such as periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Serrano-Lopez
- Augusta University, Dental College of Georgia, Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Augusta, GA, USA
- Augusta University, Honors Program, College of Science and Mathematics, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ana Carolina Morandini
- Augusta University, Dental College of Georgia, Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Augusta, GA, USA
- Augusta University, Dental College of Georgia, Department of Periodontics, Augusta, GA, USA
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Zhou Q, Liu J, Yan J, Guo Z, Zhang F. Magnetic microspheres mimicking certain functions of macrophages: Towards precise antibacterial potency for bone defect healing. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100651. [PMID: 37206878 PMCID: PMC10189291 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of novel biomaterials have recently been developed to promote bone regeneration. However, the current biomaterials cannot accurately and effectively resist bacterial invasion. In this study, we constructed microspheres that mimic certain functions of macrophages as additives to bone repair materials, which can be manipulated as demanded to resist bacteria effectively and protect bone defect healing. Firstly, we prepared gelatin microspheres (GMSs) by an emulsion-crosslinking method, which were subsequently coated with polydopamine (PDA). Then, amino antibacterial nanoparticles obtained by a nanoprecipitation-self-assembly method and commercial amino magnetic nanoparticles were modified onto these PDA-coated GMSs to construct the functionalized microspheres (FMSs). The results showed that the FMSs possessed a rough topography and could be manipulated by a 100-400 mT static magnetic field to migrate directionally in unsolidified hydrogels. Moreover, in vitro experiments with near-infrared (NIR) showed that the FMSs had a sensitive and recyclable photothermal performance and could capture and kill Porphyromonas gingivalis by releasing reactive oxygen species. Finally, the FMSs were mixed with osteogenic hydrogel precursor, injected into the Sprague-Dawley rat periodontal bone defect of maxillary first molar (M1), and subsequently driven by magnetism to the cervical surface of M1 and the outer surface of the gel system for targeted sterilization under NIR, thus protecting the bone defect healing. In conclusion, the FMSs had excellent manipulation and antimicrobial performances. This provided us with a promising strategy to construct light-magnetism-responsive antibacterial materials to build a beneficial environment for bone defect healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jia Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhaobin Guo
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Feimin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University; Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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He H, Hao Y, Fan Y, Li B, Cheng L. The interaction between innate immunity and oral microbiota in oral diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:405-415. [PMID: 36803467 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2182291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Innate immunity serves as the frontline to combat invading pathogens. Oral microbiota is the total collection of microorganisms colonized within the oral cavity. By recognizing the resident microorganisms through pattern recognition receptors, innate immunity is capable of interacting with oral microbiota and maintaining homeostasis. Dysregulation of interaction may lead to the pathogenesis of several oral diseases. Decoding the crosstalk between oral microbiota and innate immunity may be contributory to developing novel therapies for preventing and treating oral diseases. AREAS COVERED This article reviewed pattern recognition receptors in the recognition of oral microbiota, the reciprocal interaction between innate immunity and oral microbiota, and discussed how the dysregulation of this relationship leads to the pathogenesis and development of oral diseases. EXPERT OPINION Many studies have been conducted to illustrate the relationship between oral microbiota and innate immunity and its role in the occurrence of different oral diseases. The impact and mechanisms of innate immune cells on oral microbiota and the mechanisms of dysbiotic microbiota in altering innate immunity are still needed to be investigated. Altering the oral microbiota might be a possible solution for treating and preventing oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bolei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Elsayed R, Elashiry M, Liu Y, Morandini AC, El-Awady A, Elashiry MM, Hamrick M, Cutler CW. Microbially-Induced Exosomes from Dendritic Cells Promote Paracrine Immune Senescence: Novel Mechanism of Bone Degenerative Disease in Mice. Aging Dis 2023; 14:136-151. [PMID: 36818565 PMCID: PMC9937696 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the aging population grows, chronic age-related bone degenerative diseases become more prevalent and severe. One such disease, periodontitis (PD), rises to 70.1% prevalence in Americans 65 years and older. PD has been linked to increased risk of other age-related diseases with more serious mortality and morbidity profiles such as Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease, but the cellular and biological mechanisms remain unclear. Recent in vitro studies from our group indicate that murine dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells are vulnerable to immune senescence. This occurs through a distinct process involving invasion of DCs by dysbiotic pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) activating the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Exosomes of the Pg-induced SASP transmit senescence to normal bystander DC and T cells, ablating antigen presentation. The biological significance of these findings in vivo and the mechanisms involved were examined in the present study using young (4-5mo) or old (22-24mo) mice subjected to ligature-induced PD, with or without dysbiotic oral pathogen and injection of Pg-induced DC exosomes. Senescence profiling of gingiva and draining lymph nodes (LN) corroborates role of advanced age and PD in elevation of senescence biomarkers beta galactosidase (SA-β-Gal), p16 INK4A p21Waf1/Clip1, IL6, TNFα, and IL1β, with attendant increase in alveolar bone loss, reversed by senolytic agent rapamycin. Immunophenotyping of gingiva and LN revealed that myeloid CD11c+ DCs and T cells are particularly vulnerable to senescence in vivo under these conditions. Moreover, Pg-induced DC exosomes were the most potent inducers of alveolar bone loss and immune senescence, and capable of overcoming senescence resistance of LN T cells in young mice. We conclude that immune senescence, compounded by advanced age, and accelerated by oral dysbiosis and its induced SASP exosomes, plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of experimental periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranya Elsayed
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA.
| | - Mahmoud Elashiry
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA.
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, GA, USA.
| | - Ana C. Morandini
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA.
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA, USA.
| | - Ahmed El-Awady
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA.
| | - Mohamed M. Elashiry
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo Egypt.
| | - Mark Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, GA, USA.
| | - Christopher W. Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA.
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11
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Li B, Yang B, Liu X, Zhao J, Ross RP, Stanton C, Zhang H, Chen W. Microbiota-assisted therapy for systemic inflammatory arthritis: advances and mechanistic insights. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:470. [PMID: 35932328 PMCID: PMC11072763 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on the influence of gut microbiota on systemic inflammatory arthritis has exploded in the past decade. Gut microbiota changes may be a crucial regulatory component in systemic inflammatory arthritis. As a result of advancements in the field, microbiota-assisted therapy has evolved, but this discipline is still in its infancy. Consequently, we review the limitations of current systemic inflammatory arthritis treatment, analyze the connection between the microbiota and arthritis, and summarize the research progress of microbiota regulating systemic inflammatory arthritis and the further development aspects of microbiota-assisted therapy. Finally, the partial mechanisms of microbiota-assisted therapy of systemic inflammatory arthritis are being discussed. In general, this review summarizes the current progress, challenges, and prospects of microbiota-assisted therapy for systemic inflammatory arthritis and points out the direction for the development of microbiota-assisted therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics and Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics and Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics and Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - R Paul Ross
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics and Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Catherine Stanton
- International Joint Research Center for Probiotics and Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
- Beijing Innovation Center of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China.
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12
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Cutler CW, Diamond G. Editorial: Cellular Mechanisms of Aging and Longevity in Oral Health and Disease. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:971191. [PMID: 35903612 PMCID: PMC9315434 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.971191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, The Dental College of Georgia-Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Christopher W. Cutler
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Gill Diamond
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13
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Xu W, Zhang Z, Yao L, Xue B, Xi H, Wang X, Sun S. Exploration of Shared Gene Signatures and Molecular Mechanisms Between Periodontitis and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Genet 2022; 13:939751. [PMID: 35836570 PMCID: PMC9273910 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.939751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Periodontitis is associated with periodontal tissue damage and teeth loss. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has an intimate relationship with periodontitis. Nevertheless, interacted mechanisms between them have not been clear. This study was intended for the exploration of shared gene signatures and latent therapeutic targets in periodontitis and NAFLD. Methods: Microarray datasets of periodontitis and NAFLD were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was utilized for the acquisition of modules bound up with NAFLD and periodontitis. We used ClueGO to carry out biological analysis on shared genes to search their latent effects in NAFLD and periodontitis. Another cohort composed of differential gene analysis verified the results. The common microRNAs (miRNAs) in NAFLD and periodontitis were acquired in the light of the Human microRNA Disease Database (HMDD). According to miRTarbase, miRDB, and Targetscan databases, latent target genes of miRNAs were forecasted. Finally, the miRNAs–mRNAs network was designed. Results: Significant modules with periodontitis and NAFLD were obtained via WGCNA. GO enrichment analysis with GlueGo indicated that damaged migration of dendritic cells (DCs) might be a common pathophysiologic feature of NAFLD and periodontitis. In addition, we revealed common genes in NAFLD and periodontitis, including IGK, IGLJ3, IGHM, MME, SELL, ENPP2, VCAN, LCP1, IGHD, FCGR2C, ALOX5AP, IGJ, MMP9, FABP4, IL32, HBB, FMO1, ALPK2, PLA2G7, MNDA, HLA-DRA, and SLC16A7. The results of differential analysis in another cohort were highly accordant with the findings of WGCNA. We established a comorbidity model to explain the underlying mechanism of NAFLD secondary to periodontitis. Finally, the analysis of miRNA pointed out that hsa-mir-125b-5p, hsa-mir-17-5p, and hsa-mir-21-5p might provide potential therapeutic targets. Conclusion: Our study initially established a comorbidity model to explain the underlying mechanism of NAFLD secondary to periodontitis, found that damaged migration of DCs might be a common pathophysiological feature of NAFLD and periodontitis, and provided potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiu Xu
- Department of Dentistry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- Ward 7, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lihong Yao
- Department of Dentistry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bing Xue
- Department of Dentistry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hualei Xi
- Department of Dentistry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- Department of Dentistry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Xiumei Wang, ; Shibo Sun,
| | - Shibo Sun
- Ward 7, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Xiumei Wang, ; Shibo Sun,
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14
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El-Awady AR, Elashiry M, Morandini AC, Meghil MM, Cutler CW. Dendritic cells a critical link to alveolar bone loss and systemic disease risk in periodontitis: Immunotherapeutic implications. Periodontol 2000 2022; 89:41-50. [PMID: 35244951 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research in humans and animal models has begun to unravel the complex mechanisms that drive the immunopathogenesis of periodontitis. Neutrophils mount an early and rapid response to the subgingival oral microbiome, producing destructive enzymes to kill microbes. Chemokines and cytokines are released that attract macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells to the site. Dendritic cells, the focus of this review, are professional antigen-presenting cells on the front line of immune surveillance. Dendritic cells consist of multiple subsets that reside in the epithelium, connective tissues, and major organs. Our work in humans and mice established that myeloid dendritic cells are mobilized in periodontitis. This occurs in lymphoid and nonlymphoid oral tissues, in the bloodstream, and in response to Porphyromonas gingivalis. Moreover, the dendritic cells mature in situ in gingival lamina propria, forming immune conjugates with cluster of differentiation (CD) 4+ T cells, called oral lymphoid foci. At such foci, the decisions are made as to whether to promote bone destructive T helper 17 or bone-sparing regulatory T cell responses. Interestingly, dendritic cells lack potent enzymes and reactive oxygen species needed to kill and degrade endocytosed microbes. The keystone pathogen P. gingivalis exploits this vulnerability by invading dendritic cells in the tissues and peripheral blood using its distinct fimbrial adhesins. This promotes pathogen dissemination and inflammatory disease at distant sites, such as atherosclerotic plaques. Interestingly, our recent studies indicate that such P. gingivalis-infected dendritic cells release nanosized extracellular vesicles called exosomes, in higher numbers than uninfected dendritic cells do. Secreted exosomes and inflammasome-related cytokines are a key feature of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Exosomes communicate in paracrine with neighboring stromal cells and immune cells to promote and amplify cellular senescence. We have shown that dendritic cell-derived exosomes can be custom tailored to target and reprogram specific immune cells responsible for inflammatory bone loss in mice. The long-term goal of these immunotherapeutic approaches, ongoing in our laboratory and others, is to promote human health and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R El-Awady
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mahmoud Elashiry
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ana C Morandini
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mohamed M Meghil
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher W Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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15
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Mirzaei R, Sabokroo N, Ahmadyousefi Y, Motamedi H, Karampoor S. Immunometabolism in biofilm infection: lessons from cancer. Mol Med 2022; 28:10. [PMID: 35093033 PMCID: PMC8800364 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm is a community of bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix, which can colonize different human cells and tissues and subvert the host immune reactions by preventing immune detection and polarizing the immune reactions towards an anti-inflammatory state, promoting the persistence of biofilm-embedded bacteria in the host. MAIN BODY OF THE MANUSCRIPT It is now well established that the function of immune cells is ultimately mediated by cellular metabolism. The immune cells are stimulated to regulate their immune functions upon sensing danger signals. Recent studies have determined that immune cells often display distinct metabolic alterations that impair their immune responses when triggered. Such metabolic reprogramming and its physiological implications are well established in cancer situations. In bacterial infections, immuno-metabolic evaluations have primarily focused on macrophages and neutrophils in the planktonic growth mode. CONCLUSION Based on differences in inflammatory reactions of macrophages and neutrophils in planktonic- versus biofilm-associated bacterial infections, studies must also consider the metabolic functions of immune cells against biofilm infections. The profound characterization of the metabolic and immune cell reactions could offer exciting novel targets for antibiofilm therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Niloofar Sabokroo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hamid Motamedi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Elashiry M, Elsayed R, Cutler CW. Exogenous and Endogenous Dendritic Cell-Derived Exosomes: Lessons Learned for Immunotherapy and Disease Pathogenesis. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010115. [PMID: 35011677 PMCID: PMC8750541 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune therapeutic exosomes, derived exogenously from dendritic cells (DCs), the 'directors' of the immune response, are receiving favorable safety and tolerance profiles in phase I and II clinical trials for a growing number of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. DC-derived exosomes (EXO), the focus of this review, can be custom tailored with immunoregulatory or immunostimulatory molecules for specific immune cell targeting. Moreover, the relative stability, small size and rapid uptake of EXO by recipient immune cells offer intriguing options for therapeutic purposes. This necessitates an in-depth understanding of mechanisms of EXO biogenesis, uptake and routing by recipient immune cells, as well as their in vivo biodistribution. Against this backdrop is recognition of endogenous exosomes, secreted by all cells, the molecular content of which is reflective of the metabolic state of these cells. In this regard, exosome biogenesis and secretion is regulated by cell stressors of chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis, including dysbiotic microbes, reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. Such cell stressors can promote premature senescence in young cells through the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Pathological exosomes of the SASP amplify inflammatory signaling in stressed cells in an autocrine fashion or promote inflammatory signaling to normal neighboring cells in paracrine, without the requirement of cell-to-cell contact. In summary, we review relevant lessons learned from the use of exogenous DC exosomes for immune therapy, as well as the pathogenic potential of endogenous DC exosomes.
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17
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Yang B, Pang X, Li Z, Chen Z, Wang Y. Immunomodulation in the Treatment of Periodontitis: Progress and Perspectives. Front Immunol 2021; 12:781378. [PMID: 34868054 PMCID: PMC8640126 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.781378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is one of the most common dental diseases. Compared with healthy periodontal tissues, the immune microenvironment plays the key role in periodontitis by allowing the invasion of pathogens. It is possible that modulating the immune microenvironment can supplement traditional treatments and may even promote periodontal regeneration by using stem cells, bacteria, etc. New anti-inflammatory therapies can enhance the generation of a viable local immune microenvironment and promote cell homing and tissue formation, thereby achieving higher levels of immune regulation and tissue repair. We screened recent studies to summarize the advances of the immunomodulatory treatments for periodontitis in the aspects of drug therapy, microbial therapy, stem cell therapy, gene therapy and other therapies. In addition, we included the changes of immune cells and cytokines in the immune microenvironment of periodontitis in the section of drug therapy so as to make it clearer how the treatments took effects accordingly. In the future, more research needs to be done to improve immunotherapy methods and understand the risks and long-term efficacy of these methods in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefei Pang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuofan Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.,Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Hasegawa Y, Nagano K. Porphyromonas gingivalis FimA and Mfa1 fimbriae: Current insights on localization, function, biogenesis, and genotype. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2021; 57:190-200. [PMID: 34691295 PMCID: PMC8512630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis expresses distinct FimA and Mfa1 fimbriae. Each of these consists of five FimA–E and five Mfa1–5 proteins encoded by the fim and mfa gene clusters, respectively. The main shaft portion comprises FimA and Mfa1, whereas FimB and Mfa2 are localized on the basal portion and function as anchors and elongation terminators. FimC–E and Mfa3–5 participate in the assembly of an accessory protein complex on the tips of each fimbria. Hence, they serve as ligands for the receptors on host cells and other oral bacterial species. The crystal structures of FimA and Mfa1 fimbrial proteins were recently elucidated and new insights into the localization, function, and biogenesis of these proteins have been reported. Several studies indicated a correlation between P. gingivalis pathogenicity and the fimA genotype but not the mfa1 genotype. We recently revealed polymorphisms of all genes in the fim and mfa gene clusters. Intriguingly, mfa5 occurred in numerous different forms and underwent duplication. Detailed structural and functional knowledge of the fimbrial proteins in the context of the entire filament could facilitate the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiji Nagano
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
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19
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Bregaint S, Boyer E, Fong SB, Meuric V, Bonnaure-Mallet M, Jolivet-Gougeon A. Porphyromonas gingivalis outside the oral cavity. Odontology 2021; 110:1-19. [PMID: 34410562 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus present in periodontal disease, is considered one of the major pathogens in periodontitis. A literature search for English original studies, case series and review articles published up to December 2019 was performed using the MEDLINE, PubMed and GoogleScholar databases, with the search terms "Porphyromonas gingivalis" AND the potentially associated condition or systemic disease Abstracts and full text articles were used to make a review of published research literature on P. gingivalis outside the oral cavity. The main points of interest of this narrative review were: (i) a potential direct action of the bacterium and not the systemic effects of the inflammatory acute-phase response induced by the periodontitis, (ii) the presence of the bacterium (viable or not) in the organ, or (iii) the presence of its virulence factors. Virulence factors (gingipains, capsule, fimbriae, hemagglutinins, lipopolysaccharide, hemolysin, iron uptake transporters, toxic outer membrane blebs/vesicles, and DNA) associated with P. gingivalis can deregulate certain functions in humans, particularly host immune systems, and cause various local and systemic pathologies. The most recent studies linking P. gingivalis to systemic diseases were discussed, remembering particularly the molecular mechanisms involved in different infections, including cerebral, cardiovascular, pulmonary, bone, digestive and peri-natal infections. Recent involvement of P. gingivalis in neurological diseases has been demonstrated. P. gingivalis modulates cellular homeostasis and increases markers of inflammation. It is also a factor in the oxidative stress involved in beta-amyloid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Bregaint
- Microbiology, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), Université de Rennes, U1241, 2, avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
| | - Emile Boyer
- Microbiology, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), Université de Rennes, U1241, 2, avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France.,Teaching Hospital Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Shao Bing Fong
- Microbiology, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), Université de Rennes, U1241, 2, avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Meuric
- Microbiology, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), Université de Rennes, U1241, 2, avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France.,Teaching Hospital Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Martine Bonnaure-Mallet
- Microbiology, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), Université de Rennes, U1241, 2, avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France.,Teaching Hospital Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Anne Jolivet-Gougeon
- Microbiology, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), Université de Rennes, U1241, 2, avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France. .,Teaching Hospital Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France.
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20
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Elsayed R, Elashiry M, Liu Y, El-Awady A, Hamrick M, Cutler CW. Porphyromonas gingivalis Provokes Exosome Secretion and Paracrine Immune Senescence in Bystander Dendritic Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:669989. [PMID: 34141629 PMCID: PMC8204290 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.669989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a disease of ageing or inflammaging, and is comorbid with other more severe age-related chronic diseases. With advanced age comes an increase in accumulation of senescent cells that release soluble and insoluble pro-inflammatory factors collectively termed the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). In the present report, we examined whether immune cells typical of those at the oral mucosa-microbe interface, are vulnerable to cellular senescence (CS) and the role of dysbiotic oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) from young (yDCs) and old (oDCs) mice were co-cultured in vitro with CS inducer doxorubicin or P.gingivalis (Pg), plus or minus senolytic agent rapamycin. CS profiling revealed elevated CS mediators SA-β-Gal, p16 INK4A, p53, and p21Waf1/Clip1 in oDCs, or yDCs in response to doxorubicin or P. gingivalis, reversible with rapamycin. Functional studies indicate impaired maturation function of oDCs, and yDC exposed to P. gingivalis; moreover, OVA-driven proliferation of CD4+ T cells from young OTII transgenic mice was impaired by oDCs or yDCs+Pg. The SASP of DCs, consisting of secreted exosomes and inflammasome-related cytokines was further analyzed. Exosomes of DCs cocultured with P. gingivalis (PgDCexo) were purified, quantitated and characterized. Though typical in terms of size, shape and phenotype, PgDCexo were 2-fold greater in number than control DCs, with several important distinctions. Namely, PgDCexo were enriched in age-related miRNAs, and miRNAs reported to disrupt immune homeostasis through negative regulation of apoptosis and autophagy functions. We further show that PgDCexo were enriched in P. gingivalis fimbrial adhesin protein mfa1 and in inflammasome related cytokines IL-1β, TNFα and IL-6. Functionally PgDCexo were readily endocytosed by recipient yDCs, amplifying functional impairment in maturation and ability to promote Ova-driven proliferation of OTII CD4+ T cells from young mice. In conclusion P. gingivalis induces premature (autocrine) senescence in DCs by direct cellular invasion and greatly amplifies senescence, in paracrine, of bystander DCs by secretion of inflammatory exosomes. The implications of this pathological pathway for periodontal disease in vivo is under investigation in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranya Elsayed
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Mahmoud Elashiry
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ahmed El-Awady
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Mark Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher W. Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States,*Correspondence: Christopher W. Cutler,
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21
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Jakubovics NS, Goodman SD, Mashburn-Warren L, Stafford GP, Cieplik F. The dental plaque biofilm matrix. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:32-56. [PMID: 33690911 PMCID: PMC9413593 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven D Goodman
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lauren Mashburn-Warren
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Graham P Stafford
- Integrated Biosciences, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Sartini S, Permana AD, Mitra S, Tareq AM, Salim E, Ahmad I, Harapan H, Emran TB, Nainu F. Current State and Promising Opportunities on Pharmaceutical Approaches in the Treatment of Polymicrobial Diseases. Pathogens 2021; 10:245. [PMID: 33672615 PMCID: PMC7924209 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the emergence of newly identified acute and chronic infectious disorders caused by diverse combinations of pathogens, termed polymicrobial diseases, has had catastrophic consequences for humans. Antimicrobial agents have been clinically proven to be effective in the pharmacological treatment of polymicrobial diseases. Unfortunately, an increasing trend in the emergence of multi-drug-resistant pathogens and limited options for delivery of antimicrobial drugs might seriously impact humans' efforts to combat polymicrobial diseases in the coming decades. New antimicrobial agents with novel mechanism(s) of action and new pharmaceutical formulations or delivery systems to target infected sites are urgently required. In this review, we discuss the prospective use of novel antimicrobial compounds isolated from natural products to treat polymicrobial infections, mainly via mechanisms related to inhibition of biofilm formation. Drug-delivery systems developed to deliver antimicrobial compounds to both intracellular and extracellular pathogens are discussed. We further discuss the effectiveness of several biofilm-targeted delivery strategies to eliminate polymicrobial biofilms. At the end, we review the applications and promising opportunities for various drug-delivery systems, when compared to conventional antimicrobial therapy, as a pharmacological means to treat polymicrobial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sartini Sartini
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia; (S.S.); (A.D.P.)
| | - Andi Dian Permana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia; (S.S.); (A.D.P.)
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; or
| | - Abu Montakim Tareq
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; or
| | - Emil Salim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, North Sumatera 20155, Indonesia;
| | - Islamudin Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman, East Kalimantan 75119, Indonesia;
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
- Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh;
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia; (S.S.); (A.D.P.)
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Coniferyl Aldehyde Inhibits the Inflammatory Effects of Leptomeningeal Cells by Suppressing the JAK2 Signaling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4616308. [PMID: 33015166 PMCID: PMC7512043 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4616308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The brain is in many ways an immunologically and pharmacologically privileged site because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). But for chronic peripheral inflammation, inflammatory signals can be transmitted from the peripheral system into the central nervous system (CNS) through multiple channels and result in neuroinflammation. Leptomeningeal cells that form the BBB can trigger one signaling pathway by releasing cytokines to transmit inflammatory signals. Besides, the Janus kinase (JAK) family may have a certain function in the activation of leptomeninges. In the present study, we try to use coniferyl aldehyde (CA), a natural anti-inflammatory phenolic compound, to inhibit this inflammatory process and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) significantly increased after incubation with P. gingivalis. Moreover, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were upregulated, and the JAK2 signaling was enhanced in leptomeningeal cells in a conditioned medium from activated macrophages, which leads to the immune response in microglia. However, this inflammatory effect of leptomeningeal cells was reversed by CA administration, accompanied by the decreased immune response in microglia. The western blot assay revealed that JAK2 phosphorylation was suppressed in leptomeningeal cells treated with CA. Conclusions This study demonstrates that activated macrophages by P. gingivalis markedly induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) from leptomeningeal cells, thereby activating the JAK2 signaling pathway and subsequently enhancing immune responses in microglia in the CNS. CA effectively inhibits the inflammatory effect of leptomeningeal cells via suppressing the JAK2 signaling pathway.
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Kalimuthu S, Cheung BP, Yau JY, Shanmugam K, Solomon AP, Neelakantan P. A Novel Small Molecule, 1,3-di-m-tolyl-urea, Inhibits and Disrupts Multispecies Oral Biofilms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1261. [PMID: 32825310 PMCID: PMC7570320 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance of homeostasis between the microbial communities and the host system leads to dysbiosis in oral micro flora. DMTU (1,3-di-m-tolyl-urea) is a biocompatible compound that was shown to inhibit Streptococcus mutans biofilm by inhibiting its communication system (quorum sensing). Here, we hypothesized that DMTU is able to inhibit multispecies biofilms. We developed a multispecies oral biofilm model, comprising an early colonizer Streptococcus gordonii, a bridge colonizer Fusobacterium nucleatum, and late colonizers Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. We performed comprehensive investigations to demonstrate the effect of DMTU on planktonic cells and biofilms. Our findings showed that DMTU inhibits and disrupts multispecies biofilms without bactericidal effects. Mechanistic studies revealed a significant down regulation of biofilm and virulence-related genes in P. gingivalis. Taken together, our study highlights the potential of DMTU to inhibit polymicrobial biofilm communities and their virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthini Kalimuthu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong; (S.K.); (B.P.K.C.); (J.Y.Y.Y.)
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Center of Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, India;
| | - Becky P.K. Cheung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong; (S.K.); (B.P.K.C.); (J.Y.Y.Y.)
| | - Joyce Y.Y. Yau
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong; (S.K.); (B.P.K.C.); (J.Y.Y.Y.)
| | - Karthi Shanmugam
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Center of Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, India;
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Center of Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, India;
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong; (S.K.); (B.P.K.C.); (J.Y.Y.Y.)
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25
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Śmiga M, Ślęzak P, Siemińska K, Olczak T. Virulence mechanisms used in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2020. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are characterized by progressive inflammation that destroys the tooth-supporting tissues, leading to gum bleeding and tooth loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered one of the main etiological agents responsible for the initiation and progression of chronic periodontitis. This gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium is a part of a multi-species oral biofilm. P. gingivalis does not have the full pathway of protoporphyrin IX synthesis, nor does it produce siderophores. Therefore, for survival and proliferation, it requires heme as a source of iron and protoporphyrin IX. In order to obtain heme, P. gingivalis uses a number of
mechanisms that affect the ability of this bacterium to initiate a pathological condition. This
review presents the current knowledge regarding the best-known and characterized systems
involved in heme acquisition by P. gingivalis. We focused on processes occurring in the initial
states of infection, where gingipain, hemagglutinins, and hemolysins play a crucial role. The
mechanisms encoded by hmu, iht and hus operons, including proteins with hemophore-like
properties, as well as TonB-dependent outer membrane receptors are described. We present
their function and participation in the progression of the infection. In addition, we describe
mechanisms produced by P. gingivalis and other periodontopathogens in synergistic processes
promoting the growth and virulence of P. gingivalis. We also describe processes regulating iron
and heme homeostasis, including the homolog of the Fur protein, the two-component system
HaeSR, as well as the OxyR, SigH, and PgDps proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Śmiga
- Pracownia Biologii Medycznej, Wydział Biotechnologii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski
| | - Paulina Ślęzak
- Pracownia Biologii Medycznej, Wydział Biotechnologii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski
| | - Klaudia Siemińska
- Pracownia Biologii Medycznej, Wydział Biotechnologii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Pracownia Biologii Medycznej, Wydział Biotechnologii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski
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Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY and Streptococcus gordonii GAPDH-Novel Heme Acquisition Strategy in the Oral Microbiome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114150. [PMID: 32532033 PMCID: PMC7312356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity of healthy individuals is inhabited by commensals, with species of Streptococcus being the most abundant and prevalent in sites not affected by periodontal diseases. The development of chronic periodontitis is linked with the environmental shift in the oral microbiome, leading to the domination of periodontopathogens. Structure-function studies showed that Streptococcus gordonii employs a "moonlighting" protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (SgGAPDH) to bind heme, thus forming a heme reservoir for exchange with other proteins. Secreted or surface-associated SgGAPDH coordinates Fe(III)heme using His43. Hemophore-like heme-binding proteins of Porphyromonas gingivalis (HmuY), Prevotella intermedia (PinO) and Tannerella forsythia (Tfo) sequester heme complexed to SgGAPDH. Co-culturing of P. gingivalis with S. gordonii results in increased hmuY gene expression, indicating that HmuY might be required for efficient inter-bacterial interactions. In contrast to the DhmuY mutant strain, the wild type strain acquires heme and forms deeper biofilm structures on blood agar plates pre-grown with S. gordonii. Therefore, our novel paradigm of heme acquisition used by P. gingivalis appears to extend to co-infections with other oral bacteria and offers a mechanism for the ability of periodontopathogens to obtain sufficient heme in the host environment. Importantly, P. gingivalis is advantaged in terms of acquiring heme, which is vital for its growth survival and virulence.
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Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Long-Range Pathogen: Systemic Impact and Therapeutic Implications. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060869. [PMID: 32526864 PMCID: PMC7357039 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease associated with a dysbiosis of the oral flora characterized by a chronic sustained inflammation leading to destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. Over the last decade, an association between periodontitis and systemic disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and obesity has been demonstrated. The role of periodontal pathogens, notably Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), in the onset or exacerbation of systemic diseases has been proposed. P. gingivalis expresses several virulence factors that promote its survival, spreading, and sustaining systemic inflammation. Recently, the impact of periodontitis on gut dysbiosis has also been suggested as a potential mechanism underlying the systemic influence of periodontitis. New therapeutic strategies for periodontitis and other dysbiotic conditions, including the use of beneficial microbes to restore healthy microbial flora, may pave the way to improved therapeutic outcomes and more thorough patient management.
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