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Ferreccio A, Byeon S, Cornell M, Oses-Prieto J, Deshpande A, Weiss LA, Burlingame A, Yadav S. TAOK2 Drives Opposing Cilia Length Deficits in 16p11.2 Deletion and Duplication Carriers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.10.07.617069. [PMID: 39416068 PMCID: PMC11482803 DOI: 10.1101/2024.10.07.617069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) in the 16p11.2 (BP4-BP5) genomic locus is strongly associated with autism. Carriers of 16p11.2 deletion and duplication exhibit several common behavioral and social impairments, yet, show opposing brain structural changes and body mass index. To determine cellular mechanisms that might contribute to these opposing phenotypes, we performed quantitative tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomics on human dorsal forebrain neural progenitor cells (NPCs) differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived from 16p11.2 CNV carriers. Differentially phosphorylated proteins between unaffected individuals and 16p11.2 CNV carriers were significantly enriched for centrosomal and cilia proteins. Deletion patient-derived NPCs show increased primary cilium length compared to unaffected individuals, while stunted cilium growth was observed in 16p11.2 duplication NPCs. Through cellular shRNA and overexpression screens in human iPSC derived NPCs, we determined the contribution of genes within the 16p11.2 locus to cilium length. TAOK2, a serine threonine protein kinase, and PPP4C, a protein phosphatase, were found to regulate primary cilia length in a gene dosage-dependent manner. We found TAOK2 was localized at centrosomes and the base of the primary cilium, and NPCs differentiated from TAOK2 knockout iPSCs had longer cilia. In absence of TAOK2, there was increased pericentrin at the basal body, and aberrant accumulation of IFT88 at the ciliary distal tip. Further, pharmacological inhibition of TAO kinase activity led to increased ciliary length, indicating that TAOK2 negatively controls primary cilium length through its catalytic activity. These results implicate aberrant cilia length in the pathophysiology of 16p11.2 CNV, and establish the role of TAOK2 kinase as a regulator of primary cilium length.
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Auwerx C, Kutalik Z, Reymond A. The pleiotropic spectrum of proximal 16p11.2 CNVs. Am J Hum Genet 2024:S0002-9297(24)00301-X. [PMID: 39332410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Recurrent genomic rearrangements at 16p11.2 BP4-5 represent one of the most common causes of genomic disorders. Originally associated with increased risk for autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability, as well as adiposity and head circumference, these CNVs have since been associated with a plethora of phenotypic alterations, albeit with high variability in expressivity and incomplete penetrance. Here, we comprehensively review the pleiotropy associated with 16p11.2 BP4-5 rearrangements to shine light on its full phenotypic spectrum. Illustrating this phenotypic heterogeneity, we expose many parallels between findings gathered from clinical versus population-based cohorts, which often point to the same physiological systems, and emphasize the role of the CNV beyond neuropsychiatric and anthropometric traits. Revealing the complex and variable clinical manifestations of this CNV is crucial for accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies for carrier individuals. Furthermore, we discuss areas of research that will be key to identifying factors contributing to phenotypic heterogeneity and gaining mechanistic insights into the molecular pathways underlying observed associations, while demonstrating how diversity in affected individuals, cohorts, experimental models, and analytical approaches can catalyze discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Auwerx
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Leone R, Zuglian C, Brambilla R, Morella I. Understanding copy number variations through their genes: a molecular view on 16p11.2 deletion and duplication syndromes. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1407865. [PMID: 38948459 PMCID: PMC11211608 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1407865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) include a broad spectrum of pathological conditions that affect >4% of children worldwide, share common features and present a variegated genetic origin. They include clinically defined diseases, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), motor disorders such as Tics and Tourette's syndromes, but also much more heterogeneous conditions like intellectual disability (ID) and epilepsy. Schizophrenia (SCZ) has also recently been proposed to belong to NDDs. Relatively common causes of NDDs are copy number variations (CNVs), characterised by the gain or the loss of a portion of a chromosome. In this review, we focus on deletions and duplications at the 16p11.2 chromosomal region, associated with NDDs, ID, ASD but also epilepsy and SCZ. Some of the core phenotypes presented by human carriers could be recapitulated in animal and cellular models, which also highlighted prominent neurophysiological and signalling alterations underpinning 16p11.2 CNVs-associated phenotypes. In this review, we also provide an overview of the genes within the 16p11.2 locus, including those with partially known or unknown function as well as non-coding RNAs. A particularly interesting interplay was observed between MVP and MAPK3 in modulating some of the pathological phenotypes associated with the 16p11.2 deletion. Elucidating their role in intracellular signalling and their functional links will be a key step to devise novel therapeutic strategies for 16p11.2 CNVs-related syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Leone
- Università di Pavia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Zuglian
- Università di Pavia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Brambilla
- Università di Pavia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Pavia, Italy
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Morella
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Chung WK, Herrera FF. Health supervision for children and adolescents with 16p11.2 deletion syndrome. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2023; 9:a006316. [PMID: 38050025 PMCID: PMC10815286 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a006316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare genetic conditions are challenging for the primary care provider to manage without proper guidelines. This clinical review is designed to assist the pediatrician, family physician, or internist in the primary care setting to manage the complexities of 16p11.2 deletion syndrome. A multidisciplinary medical home with the primary care provider leading the care and armed with up-to-date guidelines will prove most helpful to the rare genetic patient population. A special focus on technology to fill gaps in deficits, review of case studies on novel medical treatments, and involvement with the educational system for advocacy with an emphasis on celebrating diversity will serve the rare genetic syndrome population well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy K Chung
- Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Hasegawa Y, Kim J, Ursini G, Jouroukhin Y, Zhu X, Miyahara Y, Xiong F, Madireddy S, Obayashi M, Lutz B, Sawa A, Brown SP, Pletnikov MV, Kamiya A. Microglial cannabinoid receptor type 1 mediates social memory deficits in mice produced by adolescent THC exposure and 16p11.2 duplication. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6559. [PMID: 37880248 PMCID: PMC10600150 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent cannabis use increases the risk for cognitive impairments and psychiatric disorders. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (Cnr1) is expressed not only in neurons and astrocytes, but also in microglia, which shape synaptic connections during adolescence. However, the role of microglia in mediating the adverse cognitive effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis, is not fully understood. Here, we report that in mice, adolescent THC exposure produces microglial apoptosis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which was exacerbated in a model of 16p11.2 duplication, a representative copy number variation (CNV) risk factor for psychiatric disorders. These effects are mediated by microglial Cnr1, leading to reduction in the excitability of mPFC pyramidal-tract neurons and deficits in social memory in adulthood. Our findings suggest the microglial Cnr1 may contribute to adverse effect of cannabis exposure in genetically vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Hasegawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juhyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gianluca Ursini
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yan Jouroukhin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences SUNY, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Miyahara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Feiyi Xiong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Samskruthi Madireddy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mizuho Obayashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Solange P Brown
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences SUNY, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Atsushi Kamiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Hasegawa Y, Kim J, Ursini G, Jouroukhin Y, Zhu X, Miyahara Y, Xiong F, Madireddy S, Obayashi M, Lutz B, Sawa A, Brown SP, Pletnikov MV, Kamiya A. Microglial cannabinoid receptor type 1 mediates social memory deficits produced by adolescent THC exposure and 16p11.2 duplication. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.24.550212. [PMID: 37546830 PMCID: PMC10402026 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.24.550212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent cannabis use increases the risk for cognitive impairments and psychiatric disorders. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (Cnr1) is expressed not only in neurons and astrocytes, but also in microglia, which shape synaptic connections during adolescence. Nonetheless, until now, the role of microglia in mediating the adverse cognitive effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis, has been unexplored. Here, we report that adolescent THC exposure produces microglial apoptosis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which was exacerbated in the mouse model of 16p11.2 duplication, a representative copy number variation (CNV) risk factor for psychiatric disorders. These effects are mediated by microglial Cnr1, leading to reduction in the excitability of mPFC pyramidal-tract neurons and deficits in social memory in adulthood. Our findings highlight the importance of microglial Cnr1 to produce the adverse effect of cannabis exposure in genetically vulnerable individuals.
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