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Huang S, Villafranca SU, Mehta I, Yosfan O, Hong E, Wang A, Wu N, Wang Q, Rao S. A nanoscale inorganic coating strategy for stabilizing hydrogel neural probes in vivo. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:7629-7640. [PMID: 37401386 PMCID: PMC10530439 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00710c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels with adaptable optical and mechanical characteristics show considerable promise for light delivery in vivo with neuroengineering applications. However, the unlinked amorphous polymer chains within hydrogels can cause volumetric swelling after water absorption under physiological conditions over time. Chemically cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels showcase fatigue-resistant attributes and promising biocompatibility for the manufacture of soft neural probes. However, possible swelling of the PVA hydrogel matrix could impact the structural stability of hydrogel-based bioelectronics and their long-term in vivo functionality. In this study, we utilized an atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique to generate an inorganic, silicon dioxide (SiO2) coating layer on chemically cross-linked PVA hydrogel fibers. To evaluate the stability of SiO2-coated PVA hydrogel fibers mimicking the in vivo environment, we conducted accelerated stability tests. SiO2-coated PVA hydrogel fibers showed improved stability over a one-week incubation period under a harsh environment, preventing swelling and preserving their mechanical and optical properties compared to uncoated fibers. These SiO2-coated PVA hydrogel fibers demonstrated nanoscale polymeric crystalline domains (6.5 ± 0.1 nm), an elastic modulus of 73.7 ± 31.7 MPa, a maximum elongation of 113.6 ± 24.2%, and minimal light transmission loss (1.9 ± 0.2 dB cm-1). Lastly, we applied these SiO2-coated PVA hydrogel fibers in vivo to optically activate the motor cortex of transgenic Thy1::ChR2 mice during locomotor behavioral tests. This mouse cohort was genetically modified to express the light-sensitive ion channel, channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), and implanted with hydrogel fibers to deliver light to the motor cortex area (M2). Light stimulation via hydrogel fibers resulted in optogenetically modulated mouse locomotor behaviors, including increased contralateral rotation, mobility speeds, and travel distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhe Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | | | - Iyanah Mehta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Omri Yosfan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Eunji Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Anyang Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Qianbin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Siyuan Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Ersöz A, Kim I, Han M. Charge Injection Enhancement Comparisons of Iridium Oxide Microelectrodes In Vitro and In Vivo Using a Portable Neurostimulator. INTERNATIONAL IEEE/EMBS CONFERENCE ON NEURAL ENGINEERING : [PROCEEDINGS]. INTERNATIONAL IEEE EMBS CONFERENCE ON NEURAL ENGINEERING 2023; 2023:10.1109/ner52421.2023.10123832. [PMID: 38590827 PMCID: PMC11000213 DOI: 10.1109/ner52421.2023.10123832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Microelectrodes are desired to deliver more charges to neural tissues while under electrochemical safety limits. Applying anodic bias potential during neurostimulation is a known technique for charge enhancement. Here, we investigated the levels of charge enhancement with anodic bias potential in vitro and in vivo using a custom-designed portable neurostimulator. We immersed our custom microelectrode probe in saline and measured voltage transients in response to constant current stimulation with and without a 500 mV anodic bias potential. We then inserted the same microelectrode probe into the primary motor cortex of the rat brain and measured voltage transients with the same electronics. Results showed that the charge injection capacity of the activated iridium oxide microelectrode site (with 2000 μm2 geometric surface areas (GSAs)) increased by the use of the anodic bias potentials in both in vitro and in vivo: from 10 nC/phase to 32 nC/phase for 200 μs pulse widths, and from 2 nC/phase to 8 nC/phase, respectively. Thus, the order of charge injection capacities of the four cases tested in this study is as follows (from the lowest to the highest): in vivo without anodic bias, in vivo with anodic bias, in vitro without anodic bias, and in vitro with anodic bias. This work also validated in vivo use of our new portable neurostimulator which received stimulation waveforms wirelessly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpaslan Ersöz
- A. Ersӧz is with the Mechanical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Insoo Kim
- I. Kim is with the Department of Medicine and Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Martin Han
- M. Han is with the Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
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McCreery D, Han M, Pikov V, Miller C. Configuring intracortical microelectrode arrays and stimulus parameters to minimize neuron loss during prolonged intracortical electrical stimulation. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:1553-1562. [PMID: 34678487 PMCID: PMC8800486 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.10.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that neurons of the cerebral cortex can be injured by implantation of, and stimulation with, implanted microelectrodes. OBJECTIVES Objective 1 was to determine parameters of microstimulation delivered through multisite intracortical microelectrode arrays that will activate neurons of the feline cerebral cortex without causing loss of neurons. OBJECTIVE 2 was to determine if the stimulus parameters that induced loss of cortical neurons differed for all cortical neurons vs. the subset of inhibitory neurons expressing parvalbumin. METHODS The intracortical microstimulation was applied for 7 h/day for 20 days (140 h). Microelectrode site areas were 2000 and 4000 μm2, Q was 2-8 nanocoulombs (nC) at 50 Hz, and QD was 50-400 μcoulombs/cm2. RESULTS Neuron loss due to stimulation was minimal at Q = 2 Ncp, but at 8 Ncp, 20%-50% of neurons within 250 μm of the stimulated microelectrodes were lost, compared to unstimulated microelectrodes. Loss was greatest in tissue facing electrode sites. Stimulation-induced loss was similar for neurons labeled for NeuN and for inhibitory neurons expressing parvalbumin. Correlation between neuron loss and QD was not significant. Electrodes in the medullary pyramidal tract recorded neuronal activity evoked by stimulation in the cerebral cortex. The pyramidal neurons were activated by intracortical stimulation of 2 nC/phase. 140 h of microstimulation at 2 nC/phase and 50 Hz induced minimal neuron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas McCreery
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 686 South Fair Oaks Ave, Pasadena, CA, 91105, USA.
| | - Martin Han
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
| | | | - Carol Miller
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Niemiec MJ, Han M. A Simple Table-Top Technique for Multi-Signal Pseudo-Extracellular Recording. INTERNATIONAL IEEE/EMBS CONFERENCE ON NEURAL ENGINEERING : [PROCEEDINGS]. INTERNATIONAL IEEE EMBS CONFERENCE ON NEURAL ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:742-745. [PMID: 34917236 PMCID: PMC8674033 DOI: 10.1109/ner49283.2021.9441208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Validation of neural probe performance often includes implantation in live animals, to assess ability to detect and distinguish signals generated by individual neurons. While this method is informative, an effective in vitro alternative would streamline device development and improve ethical considerations by reducing the use of animals in the validation of neural recording devices. Here, we describe a simple system using ball electrodes to apply multiple neural waveforms to phosphate buffered saline, which are simultaneously recorded by a microelectrode probe. Using this technique, our neural probe was able to detect and distinguish spikes from multiple units of roughly physiological amplitudes (~100 microvolts peak to peak), indicating promise as an in vitro alternative to animal testing for initial validation of neural recording devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Niemiec
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT 06268
| | - Martin Han
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT 06268
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McNamara M, Ersöz A, Han M. A Diagnostic Circuit for Crosstalk Detection in Microelectrode Arrays. INTERNATIONAL IEEE/EMBS CONFERENCE ON NEURAL ENGINEERING : [PROCEEDINGS]. INTERNATIONAL IEEE EMBS CONFERENCE ON NEURAL ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:544-547. [PMID: 34925703 PMCID: PMC8674810 DOI: 10.1109/ner49283.2021.9441164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Current leakage between channels in microelectrode arrays is a sign of device failure and can lead to shorting of neural signals. The purpose of this project is to detect crosstalk between 32 channels of electrodes. We designed an embedded crosstalk detection system that can stimulate each electrode individually with a constant-current pulse and record voltage transients of the stimulated and adjacent electrodes to generate a matrix of crosstalk values. Charge injection in a phosphate buffered saline solution was used to check the condition of each electrode. A semi-wet condition was then used to determine the percent crosstalk between the channels. The analysis showed that there was minimal crosstalk between the electrodes, except for a known physical defect on the probe. The measurement technique enabled by the electronics circuit has the potential to be used in functional testing and screening of implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan McNamara
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
| | - Alpaslan Ersöz
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
| | - Martin Han
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
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