1
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Xiang X, Chen L, Dong S, Li Z, Liu Y, Wu Y, Li S, Ye L. Targeted metabolomics reveals the contribution of degradation and oxidation of lipids and proteins mediated by pH to the formation of characteristic volatiles in preserved egg yolk during pickling. Food Res Int 2024; 195:114945. [PMID: 39277223 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Targeted metabolomics and flavouromics combined with relative odor activity value were performed to explore the effect of degradation and oxidation of matrix mediated by pH on the formation of characteristic volatiles in preserved egg yolk (PEY) during pickling. It was found that the oxidation of proteins and lipids in PEY induced by pH sequentially occurred in early and later periods, and degradation both mainly occurred in early stage. Moreover, 1-octen-3-one, heptanal, trimethylamine, etc., compounds and 5-HETrE, proline, etc., components were confirmed as up-regulated characteristic volatiles and differential metabolites in PEY during pickling. The formation of octanal-M/D and benzeneacetaldehyde-M was attributed to β-oxidation of hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid and L-isoleucine catalyzed by strong alkali at early period based on correlation network between them, respectively. Meanwhile, the generation of 1-octen-3-one-M/D mainly depended on L-serine and could be promoted by phosphatidylcholines oxidation. At later stage, the formation of heptanal-M/D was primarily attributed to phosphatidylethanolamines oxidation induced by alkali, and the enrichment of heptanal-M/D and nonanal were both enhanced by oxidized lipids. Lastly, trimethylamine was derived from L-lysine under alkaline conditions and promoted by protein oxidation during the whole process. This manuscript provided insight into the differential contribution of oxidation and degradation from matrix regulated by exogenous factors on the formation pathway for characteristic volatiles in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Xiang
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China.
| | - Le Chen
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China
| | - Shiqin Dong
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China
| | - Zixiao Li
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China
| | - Yongle Liu
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China
| | - Yingqun Wu
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Shugang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province/School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Lin Ye
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China.
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2
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Pointner T, Rauh K, Auñon-Lopez A, Kostadinović Veličkovska S, Mitrev S, Arsov E, Pignitter M. Comprehensive analysis of oxidative stability and nutritional values of germinated linseed and sunflower seed oil. Food Chem 2024; 454:139790. [PMID: 38805931 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Germination of seeds is known to affect the nutritional composition of cold-pressed oils. This study focused on the effects of germination on the antioxidants and oxidative stability of linseed and sunflower seed oil. As hypothesized, germination led to increased antioxidant activities and tocopherol, chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Analysis revealed a 37.2 ± 3.5-fold and 11.6 ± 1.5-fold increase in polyphenol content in linseed and sunflower seed oil from germinated seeds, respectively. Using LC-HRMS/MS, profiles with up to 69 polyphenolic substances were identified in germinated seed oils for the first time. Germination promoted lipid hydrolysis, as evidenced by NMR, with overall significant decreases in triacylglycerol content leading to increased diacylglycerol and free fatty acid values. Rancimat measurements predicted a 4.10 ± 0.52-fold longer shelf-life for germinated linseed oil. This study successfully demonstrated the potential of germination to develop PUFA-rich oils with enhanced antioxidant capacity and oxidative stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pointner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Katharina Rauh
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Arturo Auñon-Lopez
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Saša Mitrev
- Faculty of Agriculture, University Goce Delčev, Štip, Republic of North Macedonia.
| | - Emilija Arsov
- Faculty of Agriculture, University Goce Delčev, Štip, Republic of North Macedonia.
| | - Marc Pignitter
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Chen Y, Yu Y, An X, Zhang H, Gong W, Liang Y, Wang J. Changes in Lipid Metabolites and Enzyme Activities of Wheat Flour during Maturation. Foods 2024; 13:2537. [PMID: 39200465 PMCID: PMC11353444 DOI: 10.3390/foods13162537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The maturation of wheat flour is a transformative process that elevates its processing and culinary attributes to their peak performance levels. Despite extensive research on starch and gluten protein modifications, the impact of lipid changes has been largely unexplored. This study addresses this gap by examining the maturation of freshly milled wheat flour at 15 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C over 60 days, focusing on enzymatic activities-lipase, lipoxidase, and catalase-and lipid metabolites, including free fatty acids, conjugated trienes, p-anisidine value, and total oxidation value. The results of this study showed that free fatty acids continued to increase at all temperatures, with the most significant increase of 50% at 15 °C. The p-anisidine value followed a pattern of initial increase followed by a decline, while conjugated trienes were markedly higher at 40 °C, suggesting temperature's significant influence on lipid peroxidation. Notably, total oxidation values became erratic post 30 days, indicating a shift in oxidative dynamics. This study underscores the correlation between lipid metabolites and enzymatic activities, revealing the enzymes' pivotal role in lipid oxidation. The interplay of temperature and time offers valuable insights for optimizing wheat flour maturation, ensuring superior quality for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinshui Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (X.A.); (H.Z.); (W.G.); (Y.L.)
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4
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Hu Q, Zhang J, He L, Wei L, Xing R, Yu N, Huang W, Chen Y. Revealing oxidative degradation of lipids and screening potential markers of four vegetable oils during thermal processing by pseudotargeted oxidative lipidomics. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113725. [PMID: 38129041 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative degradation of lipids in vegetable oils during thermal processing may present a risk to human health. However, not much is known about the evolution of lipids and their non-volatile derivatives in vegetable oils under different thermal processing conditions. In the present study, a pseudotargeted oxidative lipidomics approach was developed and the evolution of lipids and their non-volatile derivatives in palm oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and flaxseed oil under different thermal processing conditions was investigated. The results showed that thermal processing resulted in the oxidative degradation of TGs in vegetable oils, which generated oxTGs, DGs, and FFAs, as well as TGs with smaller molecular weights. The lower the fatty acid saturation, the more severe the oxidative degradation of vegetable oils and thermal processing at high temperatures should be avoided if possible. From the accumulation of oxTGs concentrations, the hazards during thermal processing at high temperatures were, in descending order, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, flaxseed oil, and palm oil. The non-volatile potential markers were screened in palm oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and flaxseed oil for 1, 7, 5, and 2 markers related to thermal processing time, respectively. The study provided suggestions for the consumption of vegetable oils from multiple perspectives and identified markers for monitored oxidative degradation of vegetable oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- Key Laboratory for Food Authenticity identification of the State Administration for Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiukai Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Food Authenticity identification of the State Administration for Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei He
- Key Laboratory for Food Authenticity identification of the State Administration for Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyang Wei
- Key Laboratory for Food Authenticity identification of the State Administration for Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranran Xing
- Key Laboratory for Food Authenticity identification of the State Administration for Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yu
- Key Laboratory for Food Authenticity identification of the State Administration for Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Wensheng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Food Authenticity identification of the State Administration for Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory for Food Authenticity identification of the State Administration for Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Van Wayenbergh E, Blockx J, Langenaeken NA, Foubert I, Courtin CM. Conversion of Retinyl Palmitate to Retinol by Wheat Bran Endogenous Lipase Reduces Vitamin A Stability. Foods 2023; 13:80. [PMID: 38201108 PMCID: PMC10778787 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Wheat bran can be used as a cost-effective food ingredient to stabilise vitamin A. However, wheat bran endogenous enzymes have been shown to reduce vitamin A stability. In this study, we elucidated the mechanism for this negative effect in an accelerated storage experiment with model systems consisting of native or toasted wheat bran, soy oil and retinyl palmitate (RP). Both native and toasted wheat bran substantially stabilised RP. While RP was entirely degraded after ten days of storage in the absence of wheat bran, the RP retention after ten days was 22 ± 2% and 75 ± 5% in the presence of native and toasted bran, respectively. The significantly stronger stabilising effect of toasted bran was attributed to the absence of bran endogenous enzymes. In contrast to toasted bran systems, noticeable free fatty acid production was observed for native bran systems. However, this did not result in a pronounced lipid oxidation. Next to lipid hydrolysis, wheat bran lipase was shown to hydrolyse retinyl esters to the less stable retinol and fatty acids. This reaction could explain the major part, about 66 ± 5%, of the difference in RP stabilisation between native and toasted wheat bran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Van Wayenbergh
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (E.V.W.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Jonas Blockx
- Research Unit of Food and Lipids & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven KULAK, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; (J.B.); (I.F.)
| | - Niels A. Langenaeken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (E.V.W.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Imogen Foubert
- Research Unit of Food and Lipids & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven KULAK, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; (J.B.); (I.F.)
| | - Christophe M. Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (E.V.W.); (N.A.L.)
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6
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Hu Q, Zhang J, Li G, Wei L, Zhong C, Chen Y. Oxidative lipidomics to elucidate the non-volatile derivatives of four typical triglycerides in vegetable oils under simulated frying conditions. Food Chem 2023; 410:135414. [PMID: 36638631 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable oils with different saturations have varied composition of triglycerides (TGs) and produce different non-volatile derivatives during oxidation. Precise characterization of the non-volatile derivatives of TGs is essential for understanding the degradation of TGs and the production pattern of non-volatile derivatives. Oxidative lipidomics was combined with collision-induced dissociation and electron-activated dissociation to elucidate the precise structures of non-volatile derivatives produced under simulated frying conditions by 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol (POP), triolein (OOO), trilinolein (LLL), and trilinolenin (LnLnLn). The results indicate that the unsaturated fatty acyl chains at the sn-2 position were more susceptible to oxidation compared with those at the sn-1/3 position. Species of non-volatile derivatives included epoxy-, hydroperoxy-, hydroxy-, and oxo-TGs, as well as degradation products. The potential reaction pathways of TGs and their non-volatile derivatives were also proposed. This study elucidated oxidative degradation mechanisms of the four typical TGs and provided a theoretical basis for changes of vegetable oils during frying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiukai Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Li
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyang Wei
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenchun Zhong
- Sciex (China) Co Ltd, Shanghai 200335, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Tatiyaborworntham N, Oz F, Richards MP, Wu H. Paradoxical effects of lipolysis on the lipid oxidation in meat and meat products. Food Chem X 2022; 14:100317. [PMID: 35571332 PMCID: PMC9092974 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipolysis in meat and meat products is a phenomenon involving hydrolysis of lipids, notably via enzymatic catalysis that takes place even postmortem. During refrigerated and frozen storage of meat, in particular fish, endogenous lipolytic enzymes actively degrade triacylglycerols and phospholipids resulting in accumulation of free fatty acids and other hydrolytic products. A classical conjecture suggests that lipolysis enhances lipid oxidation which is involved in quality deterioration of fresh meat and, to some degrees, flavor development of certain meat products. Recent studies (<5 years) have shown that under some circumstances, lipolysis of certain lipolytic enzymes can inhibit lipid oxidation in muscle models, which provides more insight in lipid oxidation mechanisms in muscle matrices as well as implies potential strategies for improving meat quality. This review will discuss such paradoxical effects and potential mechanisms of lipolysis on lipid oxidation in meat and meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantawat Tatiyaborworntham
- Food Biotechnology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Fatih Oz
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mark P. Richards
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery, 1933 Observatory Dr. Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Haizhou Wu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering-Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Glycoproteomic and Lipidomic Characterization of Industrially Produced Whey Protein Phospholipid Concentrate with Emphasis on Antimicrobial Xanthine Oxidase, Oxylipins and Small Milk Fat Globules. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the composition of whey protein phospholipid concentrate (WPPC), an underutilized dairy stream, and reveals that it is a source of many bioactive compounds that can benefit the immune system and gut health. Our glycoproteomics approach uncovered that proteins derived from the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) represent 23% of the total protein relative abundance and identified 85 N-glycans. Released sialic acid, an additional marker of glycosylation, ranged from 1.2 to 2% of the total weight. Xanthine oxidase, a glycosylated marker of MFG bioactivity, was found in high abundance and displayed higher antimicrobial activity than bovine milk, despite its similar fat and solids content. An average MFG diameter of 2.64 ± 0.01 µm was found in liquid WPPC, compared to 4.78 ± 0.13 µm in bovine milk, which likely explains the unusually high presence of glycosylated membrane-bound proteins and phospholipids, whose total fatty acids accounted for 20% of the WPPC total fatty acid pool. Free and bound oxylipins (mainly derived from linoleic acid) were also identified, together with other less abundant anti-inflammatory lipid mediators derived from eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Our study demonstrates that WPPC represents a promising starting material for bioactive compound extraction and a functional vehicle for the delivery of small MFGs.
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9
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Production of Hydroxy Fatty Acids, Precursors of γ-Hexalactone, Contributes to the Characteristic Sweet Aroma of Beef. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040332. [PMID: 35448519 PMCID: PMC9028887 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aroma is an essential factor for meat quality. The meat of Japanese Black cattle exhibits fine marbling and a rich and sweet aroma with a characteristic lactone composition. The mechanism of lactone formation associated with beef aroma has not been elucidated. In this study, we examined the precursors of γ-hexalactone, an indicator of the sweet aroma of beef and identified the mechanism underlying γ-hexalactone production. A low-temperature vacuum system was used to prepare beef tallow from Japanese Black cattle and Holstein cattle. The odor components were identified using headspace–gas chromatography. The analysis revealed that γ-hexalactone, γ-dodecalactone, δ-tetradecalactone, and δ-hexadecalactone were present as sweet aroma components of beef tallow prepared from marbling and muscle. Since we previously reported that γ-hexalactone formation correlates with linoleic acid content in beef, we analyzed ten oxidized fatty acids derived from linoleic acid by liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and detected two hydroxy-octadecadienoic acids (9S-HODE and 13S-HODE) in beef tallow. Significant differences in arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase protein expression levels among subcutaneous fat, intramuscular fat, and muscle tissue were observed. Our results suggest that the combination of linoleic acid and the expression of lipid oxidase derived from beef muscle and intramuscular fat produce hydroxy fatty acids that result in a sweet aroma.
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10
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Goh KM, Low SS, Nyam KL. The changes of chemical composition of microencapsulated roselle (
Hibiscus sabdariffa
L.) seed oil by co‐extrusion during accelerated storage. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kok Ming Goh
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition Faculty of Applied Sciences UCSI University Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia
| | - Soo San Low
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition Faculty of Applied Sciences UCSI University Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia
| | - Kar Lin Nyam
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition Faculty of Applied Sciences UCSI University Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia
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11
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Liang N, Hennebelle M, Gaul S, Johnson CD, Zhang Z, Kirpich IA, McClain CJ, Feldstein AE, Ramsden CE, Taha AY. Feeding mice a diet high in oxidized linoleic acid metabolites does not alter liver oxylipin concentrations. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 172:102316. [PMID: 34403987 PMCID: PMC9157566 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of dietary linoleic acid (LA) produces oxidized LA metabolites (OXLAMs) known to regulate multiple signaling pathways in vivo. Recently, we reported that feeding OXLAMs to mice resulted in liver inflammation and apoptosis. However, it is not known whether this is due to a direct effect of OXLAMs accumulating in the liver, or to their degradation into bioactive shorter chain molecules (e.g. aldehydes) that can provoke inflammation and related cascades. To address this question, mice were fed a low or high LA diet low in OXLAMs, or a low LA diet supplemented with OXLAMs from heated corn oil (high OXLAM diet). Unesterified oxidized fatty acids (i.e. oxylipins), including OXLAMs, were measured in liver after 8 weeks of dietary intervention using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass-spectrometry. The high OXLAM diet did not alter liver oxylipin concentrations compared to the low LA diet low in OXLAMs. Significant increases in several omega-6 derived oxylipins and reductions in omega-3 derived oxylipins were observed in the high LA dietary group compared to the low LA group. Our findings suggest that dietary OXLAMs do not accumulate in liver, and likely exert pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effects via downstream secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuanyi Liang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, Unites States
| | - Marie Hennebelle
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, Unites States
| | - Susanne Gaul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, Unites States; Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Casey D Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, Unites States
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, Unites States
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and University of Louisville Alcohol Center
| | - Craig J McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and University of Louisville Alcohol Center; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA; and Robley Rex Veterans Medical Center, Louisville, KY
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, Unites States
| | - Christopher E Ramsden
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, Unites States; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ameer Y Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, Unites States.
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