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Coelho CH, Marquez S, Tentokam BCN, Berhe AD, Miura K, Long CA, Sagara I, Healy S, Kleinstein SH, Duffy PE. Antibody gene features associated with binding and functional activity in vaccine-derived human mAbs targeting malaria parasites. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.01.551554. [PMID: 37781572 PMCID: PMC10541113 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.01.551554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants have been essential to malaria vaccine development, but their impact on the vaccine-induced antibody repertoire is poorly understood. Here, we used cDNA sequences from antigen-specific single memory B cells to express 132 recombinant human anti-Pfs230 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Alhydrogel®-induced mAbs demonstrated higher binding to Pfs230D1, although functional activity was similar between adjuvants. All Alhydrogel® mAbs using IGHV1-69 gene bound to recombinant Pfs230D1, but none blocked parasite transmission to mosquitoes; similarly, no AS01 mAb using IGHV1-69 blocked transmission. Functional mAbs from both Alhydrogel® and AS01 vaccines used IGHV3-21 and IGHV3-30 genes. Antibodies with the longest CDR3 sequences were associated with binding but not functional activity. This study assesses adjuvant effects on antibody clonotype diversity during malaria vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila H. Coelho
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY
| | - Susanna Marquez
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bergeline C. Nguemwo Tentokam
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anne D. Berhe
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector and Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector and Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Issaka Sagara
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sara Healy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Patrick E. Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Natural Plasmodium falciparum Infection Stimulates Human Antibodies to MSP1 Epitopes Identified in Mice Infection Models upon Non-Natural Modified Peptidomimetic Vaccination. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062527. [PMID: 36985500 PMCID: PMC10057838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Malaria, a vector-borne infectious disease, is caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus, responsible for increased extreme morbidity and mortality rates. Despite advances in approved vaccines, full protection has not yet been achieved upon vaccination, thus the development of more potent and safe immuno-stimulating agents for malaria prevention is a goal to be urgently accomplished. We have focused our research on a strategy to identify Plasmodium spp. epitopes by naturally acquired human antibodies and rodent malaria infection models immunized with site-directed non-natural antigens. (2) Methods: Some predictive algorithms and bioinformatics tools resembling different biological environments, such as phagosome-lysosome proteolytic degradation, affinity, and the high frequency of malaria-resistant and -sensitive HLA-II alleles were regarded for the proper selection of epitopes and potential testing. Each epitope’s binding profile to both host cells and HLA-II molecules was considered for such initial screening. (3) Results: Once selected, we define each epitope-peptide to be synthesized in terms of size and hydrophobicity, and introduced peptide-bond surrogates and non-natural amino acids in a site-directed fashion, and then they were produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Molecules were then tested by their antigenic and immunogenic properties compared to human sera from Colombian malaria-endemic areas. The antigenicity and protective capacity of each epitope-peptide in a rodent infection model were examined. The ability of vaccinated mice after being challenged with P. berghei ANKA and P. yoelii 17XL to control malaria led to the determination of an immune stimulation involving Th1 and Th1/Th2 mechanisms. In silico molecular dynamics and modeling provided some interactions insights, leading to possible explanations for protection due to immunization. (4) Conclusions: We have found evidence for proposing MSP1-modified epitopes to be considered as neutralizing antibody stimulators that are useful as probes for the detection of Plasmodium parasites, as well as for sub-unit components of a site-directed designed malaria vaccine candidate.
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Masserey T, Penny MA, Lee TE. Patient variability in the blood-stage dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum captured by clustering historical data. Malar J 2022; 21:300. [PMID: 36289505 PMCID: PMC9608883 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mathematical models provide an understanding of the dynamics of a Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage infection (within-host models), and can predict the impact of control strategies that affect the blood-stage of malaria. However, the dynamics of P. falciparum blood-stage infections are highly variable between individuals. Within-host models use different techniques to capture this inter-individual variation. This struggle may be unnecessary because patients can be clustered according to similar key within-host dynamics. This study aimed to identify clusters of patients with similar parasitaemia profiles so that future mathematical models can include an improved understanding of within-host variation. Methods Patients’ parasitaemia data were analyzed to identify (i) clusters of patients (from 35 patients) that have a similar overall parasitaemia profile and (ii) clusters of patients (from 100 patients) that have a similar first wave of parasitaemia. For each cluster analysis, patients were clustered based on key features which previous models used to summarize parasitaemia dynamics. The clustering analyses were performed using a finite mixture model. The centroid values of the clusters were used to parameterize two established within-host models to generate parasitaemia profiles. These profiles (that used the novel centroid parameterization) were compared with profiles that used individual-specific parameterization (as in the original models), as well as profiles that ignored individual variation (using overall means for parameterization). Results To capture the variation of within-host dynamics, when studying the overall parasitaemia profile, two clusters efficiently grouped patients based on their infection length and the height of the first parasitaemia peak. When studying the first wave of parasitaemia, five clusters efficiently grouped patients based on the height of the peak and the speed of the clearance following the peak of parasitaemia. The clusters were based on features that summarize the strength of patient innate and adaptive immune responses. Parameterizing previous within host-models based on cluster centroid values accurately predict individual patient parasitaemia profiles. Conclusion This study confirms that patients have personalized immune responses, which explains the variation of parasitaemia dynamics. Clustering can guide the optimal inclusion of within-host variation in future studies, and inform the design and parameterization of population-based models. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04317-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiery Masserey
- grid.416786.a0000 0004 0587 0574Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Basel-Land Switzerland ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melissa A. Penny
- grid.416786.a0000 0004 0587 0574Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Basel-Land Switzerland ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamsin E. Lee
- grid.416786.a0000 0004 0587 0574Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Basel-Land Switzerland ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Du Y, Luo Y, Hu Z, Lu J, Liu X, Xing C, Wu J, Duan T, Chu J, Wang HY, Su X, Yu X, Wang R. Activation of cGAS-STING by Lethal Malaria N67C Dictates Immunity and Mortality through Induction of CD11b + Ly6C hi Proinflammatory Monocytes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103701. [PMID: 35635376 PMCID: PMC9353503 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) play critical roles in the innate immunity against infectious diseases and are required to link pathogen DNA sensing to immune responses. However, the mechanisms by which cGAS-STING-induced cytokines suppress the adaptive immune response against malaria infections remain poorly understood. Here, cGAS-STING signaling is identified to play a detrimental role in regulating anti-malaria immunity. cGAS or STING deficiency in mice markedly prolongs mouse survival during lethal malaria Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis N67C infections by reducing late interleukin (IL)-6 production. Mechanistically, cGAS/STING recruits myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and specifically induces the p38-dependent signaling pathway for late IL-6 production, which, in turn, expands CD11b+ Ly6Chi proinflammatory monocytes to inhibit immunity. Moreover, the blockage or ablation of the cGAS-STING-MyD88-p38-IL-6 signaling axis or the depletion of CD11b+ Ly6Chi proinflammatory monocytes provides mice a significant survival benefit during N67C and other lethal malaria-strain infections. Taken together, these findings identify a previously unrecognized detrimental role of cGAS-STING-MyD88-p38 axis in infectious diseases through triggering the late IL-6 production and proinflammatory monocyte expansion and provide insight into how targeting the DNA sensing pathway, dysregulated cytokines, and proinflammatory monocytes enhances immunity against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Medicineand Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Yien Luo
- Department of Medicineand Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
- Department of NeurologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan410008China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of ImmunologyGuangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and ApplicationSchool of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510515China
| | - Jiansen Lu
- Department of ImmunologyGuangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and ApplicationSchool of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510515China
- Department of Joint SurgeryThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510515China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Medicineand Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Department of Medicineand Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics SectionLaboratory of Malaria and Vector ResearchNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Tianhao Duan
- Department of Medicineand Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Junjun Chu
- Department of Medicineand Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Helen Y. Wang
- Department of Medicineand Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
- Department of PediatricsChildren's HospitalKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90027USA
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Xin‐zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics SectionLaboratory of Malaria and Vector ResearchNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD20892USA
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of ImmunologyGuangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and ApplicationSchool of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510515China
- Department of Joint SurgeryThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510515China
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Rong‐Fu Wang
- Department of Medicineand Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90033USA
- Department of PediatricsChildren's HospitalKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90027USA
- Center for Inflammation and EpigeneticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
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5
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Mulamba C, Williams C, Kreppel K, Ouedraogo JB, Olotu AI. Evaluation of the Pfs25-IMX313/Matrix-M malaria transmission-blocking candidate vaccine in endemic settings. Malar J 2022; 21:159. [PMID: 35655174 PMCID: PMC9161629 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria control relies heavily on the use of anti-malarial drugs and insecticides against malaria parasites and mosquito vectors. Drug and insecticide resistance threatens the effectiveness of conventional malarial interventions; alternative control approaches are, therefore, needed. The development of malaria transmission-blocking vaccines that target the sexual stages in humans or mosquito vectors is among new approaches being pursued. Here, the immunological mechanisms underlying malaria transmission blocking, status of Pfs25-based vaccines are viewed, as well as approaches and capacity for first in-human evaluation of a transmission-blocking candidate vaccine Pfs25-IMX313/Matrix-M administered to semi-immune healthy individuals in endemic settings. It is concluded that institutions in low and middle income settings should be supported to conduct first-in human vaccine trials in order to stimulate innovative research and reduce the overdependence on developed countries for research and local interventions against many diseases of public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Mulamba
- Interventions & Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.,Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Tengeru, P. O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Chris Williams
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Katharina Kreppel
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Tengeru, P. O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | - Ally I Olotu
- Interventions & Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.
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6
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Du Y, Hertoghs N, Duffy FJ, Carnes J, McDermott SM, Neal ML, Schwedhelm KV, McElrath MJ, De Rosa SC, Aitchison JD, Stuart KD. Systems analysis of immune responses to attenuated P. falciparum malaria sporozoite vaccination reveals excessive inflammatory signatures correlating with impaired immunity. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010282. [PMID: 35108339 PMCID: PMC8843222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS) can confer sterilizing protection against malaria, although the mechanisms behind this protection are incompletely understood. We performed a systems biology analysis of samples from the Immunization by Mosquito with Radiation Attenuated Sporozoites (IMRAS) trial, which comprised P. falciparum RAS-immunized (PfRAS), malaria-naive participants whose protection from malaria infection was subsequently assessed by controlled human malaria infection (CHMI). Blood samples collected after initial PfRAS immunization were analyzed to compare immune responses between protected and non-protected volunteers leveraging integrative analysis of whole blood RNA-seq, high parameter flow cytometry, and single cell CITEseq of PBMCs. This analysis revealed differences in early innate immune responses indicating divergent paths associated with protection. In particular, elevated levels of inflammatory responses early after the initial immunization were detrimental for the development of protective adaptive immunity. Specifically, non-classical monocytes and early type I interferon responses induced within 1 day of PfRAS vaccination correlated with impaired immunity. Non-protected individuals also showed an increase in Th2 polarized T cell responses whereas we observed a trend towards increased Th1 and T-bet+ CD8 T cell responses in protected individuals. Temporal differences in genes associated with natural killer cells suggest an important role in immune regulation by these cells. These findings give insight into the immune responses that confer protection against malaria and may guide further malaria vaccine development. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01994525. Malaria remains a serious global health problem, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. An effective malaria vaccine would be an important tool to fight this disease. Previous work has shown that irradiated sporozoites, the form of the malaria parasite injected into humans by mosquitos, are not capable of progressing to a symptomatic blood stage malaria infection, and act as a protective vaccine against future malaria exposure. However the mechanisms that produce this protection are unknown. In this work, we studied individuals vaccinated with irradiated sporozoites before being exposed to live malaria parasites. Roughly half of these individual were protected against malaria. By analyzing blood samples taken at multiple points after the first vaccination using RNA sequencing and flow cytometry we identified immune responses that differed between protected and non-protected study participants. Notably, we observed a rapid increase in inflammation and interferon-associated genes in non-protected individual. We also observed protection-associated changes in T cell and NK cell associated pathways. Our study provides novel insights into immune responses associated with effective malaria vaccination, and can point the way to improved design of whole-sporozoite malaria vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Du
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nina Hertoghs
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fergal J. Duffy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jason Carnes
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Suzanne M. McDermott
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maxwell L. Neal
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Katharine V. Schwedhelm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John D. Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Stuart
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Partey FD, Frimpong A, Ofori MF. Collection and Cryopreservation of Plasmodium falciparum Clinical Isolates in the Field. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2470:11-17. [PMID: 35881334 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2189-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
P. falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria in younger children and pregnant women. In vitro culture systems allow researchers to understand parasite biology, elucidate mechanism of host immunity and test efficacy of antimalarial agents or vaccines in preclinical studies. Most laboratory-adapted parasite strains predate the emergence of artemisinin-based drug combinations and mainly originate from Asia or Europe. To fully understand the biochemical and phenotypic characteristics of parasites, it is imperative that researchers are able to culture parasites circulating in an area to unravel any geographical differences at the population level. Ex vivo culturing of clinical isolates can be challenging when collecting samples in the field and requires technical expertise and equipment. To overcome this challenge, clinical isolates are cryopreserved in the field and transported to a laboratory for in vitro studies. In this protocol, we describe different methods of cryopreserving P. falciparum isolates in the field and thawing them for subsequent in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Augustina Frimpong
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Michael Fokuo Ofori
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
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Patra S, Singh M, Wasnik K, Pareek D, Gupta PS, Mukherjee S, Paik P. Polymeric Nanoparticle Based Diagnosis and Nanomedicine for Treatment and Development of Vaccines for Cerebral Malaria: A Review on Recent Advancement. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7342-7365. [PMID: 35006689 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria occurs due to Plasmodium falciparum infection, which causes 228 million infections and 450,000 deaths worldwide every year. African people are mostly affected with nearly 91% cases, of which 86% are pregnant women and infants. India and Brazil are the other two countries severely suffering from malaria endemicity. Commonly used drugs have severe side effects, and unfortunately no suitable vaccine is available in the market today. In this line, this review is focused on polymeric nanomaterials and nanocapsules that can be used for the development of effective diagnostic strategies, nanomedicines, and vaccines in the management of cerebral malaria. Further, this review will help scientists and medical professionals by updating the status on the development stages of polymeric nanoparticle based diagnostics, nanomedicines, and vaccines and strategies to eradicate cerebral malaria. In addition to this, the predominant focus of this review is antimalarial agents based on polymer nanomedicines that are currently in the preclinical and clinical trial stages, and potential developments are suggested as well. This review further will have an important social and commercial impact worldwide for the development of polymeric nanomedicines and strategies for the treatment of cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Patra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Monika Singh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Kirti Wasnik
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Divya Pareek
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Prem Shankar Gupta
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sudip Mukherjee
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Pradip Paik
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
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9
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Bonam SR, Rénia L, Tadepalli G, Bayry J, Kumar HMS. Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Vaccines and Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1072. [PMID: 34696180 PMCID: PMC8541031 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria-a parasite vector-borne disease-is a global health problem, and Plasmodium falciparum has proven to be the deadliest among Plasmodium spp., which causes malaria in humans. Symptoms of the disease range from mild fever and shivering to hemolytic anemia and neurological dysfunctions. The spread of drug resistance and the absence of effective vaccines has made malaria disease an ever-emerging problem. Although progress has been made in understanding the host response to the parasite, various aspects of its biology in its mammalian host are still unclear. In this context, there is a pressing demand for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies, including new drugs and novel adjuvanted vaccines that elicit protective immunity. The present article provides an overview of the current knowledge of anti-malarial immunity against P. falciparum and different options of vaccine candidates in development. A special emphasis has been made on the mechanism of action of clinically used vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Laurent Rénia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Ganesh Tadepalli
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India;
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathologie et Immunointervention Thérapeutique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France;
- Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678623, India
| | - Halmuthur Mahabalarao Sampath Kumar
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India;
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Efforts Made to Eliminate Drug-Resistant Malaria and Its Challenges. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5539544. [PMID: 34497848 PMCID: PMC8421183 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5539544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since 2000, a good deal of progress has been made in malaria control. However, there is still an unacceptably high burden of the disease and numerous challenges limiting advancement towards its elimination and ultimate eradication. Among the challenges is the antimalarial drug resistance, which has been documented for almost all antimalarial drugs in current use. As a result, the malaria research community is working on the modification of existing treatments as well as the discovery and development of new drugs to counter the resistance challenges. To this effect, many products are in the pipeline and expected to be marketed soon. In addition to drug and vaccine development, mass drug administration (MDA) is under scientific scrutiny as an important strategy for effective utilization of the developed products. This review discusses the challenges related to malaria elimination, ongoing approaches to tackle the impact of drug-resistant malaria, and upcoming antimalarial drugs.
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Mohanty A, Rajendran V. Mammalian host microRNA response to plasmodial infection: role as therapeutic target and potential biomarker. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3341-3353. [PMID: 34423387 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of increasing drug resistance in apicomplexan intracellular Plasmodium falciparum presents a significant challenge. P. falciparum infection results in cerebral malaria (CM), causing irreversible damage to the brain leading to high mortality cases. To enhance the clinical outcome of the disease, further research is required to identify new molecular targets involved in disease manifestations. Presently, the role of non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) derived from different cells implicated in CM pathogenesis is still barely understood. Despite the absence of miRNA machinery in Plasmodium, host-parasite interactions can lead to disease severity or impart resistance to malaria. Cytoadherence and sequestration of parasitized RBCs dysregulate the miRNA profile of brain endothelial cells, leukocytes, monocytes, and platelets, disrupting blood-brain barrier integrity and activating inflammatory signaling pathways. The abundance of miRNA in blood plasma samples of CM patients directly correlates to cerebral symptoms compared to non-CM patients and healthy individuals. Moreover, the differential host-miRNA signatures distinguish P. falciparum from P. vivax infection. Here, we review the diverse functions of host-miRNA, either protective, pathogenic, or a combination of the two, which may act as prognostic markers and novel antimalarial drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinab Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Vinoth Rajendran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India.
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12
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Aguttu C, Okech BA, Mukisa A, Lubega GW. Screening and characterization of hypothetical proteins of Plasmodium falciparum as novel vaccine candidates in the fight against malaria using reverse vaccinology. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:103. [PMID: 34269931 PMCID: PMC8283385 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly and leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa. About 90% of all malaria deaths in the world today occur in Sub-Saharan Africa especially in children aged < 5 years. In 2018, it was reported that there were 228 million malaria cases that resulted in 405,000 deaths from 91 countries. Currently, a fully effective and long-lasting preventive malaria vaccine is still elusive therefore more effort is needed to identify better effective vaccine candidates. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize hypothetical proteins as vaccine candidates derived from Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 genome by reverse vaccinology. RESULTS Of the 23 selected hypothetical proteins, 5 were predicted on the extracellular localization by WoLFPSORTv.2.0 program and all the 5 had less than 2 transmembrane regions that were predicted by TMHMMv2.0 and HMMTOP programs at default settings. Two out of the five proteins lacked secretory signal peptides as predicted by SignalP program. Among the 5 extracellular proteins, 3 were predicted to be antigenic by VaxiJen (score ≥ 0.5) and had negative GRAVY values ranging from - 1.156 to - 0.440. B cell epitope prediction by ABCpred and BCpred programs revealed a total of 15 antigenic epitopes. A total of 13 cytotoxic T cells were predicted from the 3 proteins using CTLPred online server. Only 2 out of the 13 CTL were antigenic, immunogenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic using VaxiJen, IEDB, AllergenFp, and Toxinpred servers respectively in that order. Five HTL peptides from XP_001351030.1 protein are predicted inducers of all the three cytokines. STRING protein-protein network analysis of HPs revealed XP_001350955.1 closely interacts with nucleoside diphosphate kinase (PF13-0349) at 0.704, XP_001351030.1 interacts with male development protein1 (Mdv-1) at 0.645, and XP_001351047.1 with an uncharacterized protein (MAL8P1.53) at 0.400. CONCLUSION Reverse vaccinology is a promising strategy for the screening and identification of antigenic antigens with potential capacity to elicit cellular and humoral immune responses against P. falciparum infection. In this study, potential vaccine candidates of Plasmodium falciparum were identified and screened using standard bioinformatics tools. The vaccine candidates contained antigenic and immunogenic epitopes which could be considered for novel and effective vaccine targets. However, we strongly recommend in vivo and in vitro experiments to validate their immunogenicity and protective efficacy to completely decipher the vaccine targets against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Aguttu
- Department of Biochemistry and Sports Science, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Ambrose Mukisa
- Department of Biochemistry and Sports Science, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - George William Lubega
- Department of Bio-molecular Resources and Bio-lab Sciences, School of Biosecurity, Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences (SBLS), College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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13
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Kolli SK, Salman AM, Ramesar J, Chevalley-Maurel S, Kroeze H, Geurten FGA, Miyazaki S, Mukhopadhyay E, Marin-Mogollon C, Franke-Fayard B, Hill AVS, Janse CJ. Screening of viral-vectored P. falciparum pre-erythrocytic candidate vaccine antigens using chimeric rodent parasites. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254498. [PMID: 34252120 PMCID: PMC8274855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To screen for additional vaccine candidate antigens of Plasmodium pre-erythrocytic stages, fourteen P. falciparum proteins were selected based on expression in sporozoites or their role in establishment of hepatocyte infection. For preclinical evaluation of immunogenicity of these proteins in mice, chimeric P. berghei sporozoites were created that express the P. falciparum proteins in sporozoites as an additional copy gene under control of the uis4 gene promoter. All fourteen chimeric parasites produced sporozoites but sporozoites of eight lines failed to establish a liver infection, indicating a negative impact of these P. falciparum proteins on sporozoite infectivity. Immunogenicity of the other six proteins (SPELD, ETRAMP10.3, SIAP2, SPATR, HT, RPL3) was analyzed by immunization of inbred BALB/c and outbred CD-1 mice with viral-vectored (ChAd63 or ChAdOx1, MVA) vaccines, followed by challenge with chimeric sporozoites. Protective immunogenicity was determined by analyzing parasite liver load and prepatent period of blood stage infection after challenge. Of the six proteins only SPELD immunized mice showed partial protection. We discuss both the low protective immunogenicity of these proteins in the chimeric rodent malaria challenge model and the negative effect on P. berghei sporozoite infectivity of several P. falciparum proteins expressed in the chimeric sporozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Kumar Kolli
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ahmed M. Salman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jai Ramesar
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Kroeze
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Fiona G. A. Geurten
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Shinya Miyazaki
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ekta Mukhopadhyay
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Adrian V. S. Hill
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J. Janse
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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14
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Osei SA, Biney RP, Obese E, Agbenyeku MAP, Attah IY, Ameyaw EO, Boampong JN. Xylopic acid-amodiaquine and xylopic acid-artesunate combinations are effective in managing malaria in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Malar J 2021; 20:113. [PMID: 33632233 PMCID: PMC7908739 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence of Plasmodium resistance to some of the current anti-malarial agents makes it imperative to search for newer and effective drugs to combat malaria. Therefore, this study evaluated whether the co-administrations of xylopic acid-amodiaquine and xylopic acid-artesunate combinations will produce a synergistic anti-malarial effect. Methods Antiplasmodial effect of xylopic acid (XA: 3, 10, 30, 100, 150 mg kg−1), artesunate (ART: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 mg kg−1), and amodiaquine (AQ: 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg kg−1) were evaluated in Plasmodium berghei (strain ANKA)-infected mice to determine respective ED50s. Artemether/lumefantrine was used as the positive control. XA/ART and XA/AQ were subsequently administered in a fixed-dose combination of their ED50s (1:1) and the combination fractions of their ED50s (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32) to determine the experimental ED50s (Zexp). An isobologram was constructed to determine the nature of the interaction between XA/ART, and XA/AQ combinations by comparing Zexp with the theoretical ED50 (Zadd). Bodyweight and 30-day survival post-treatment were additionally recorded. Results ED50s for XA, ART, and AQ were 9.0 ± 3.2, 1.61 ± 0.6, and 3.1 ± 0.8 mg kg−1, respectively. The Zadd, Zexp, and interaction index for XA/ART co-administration was 5.3 ± 2.61, 1.98 ± 0.25, and 0.37, respectively while that of XA/AQ were 6.05 ± 2.0, 1.69 ± 0.42, and 0.28, respectively. The Zexp for both combination therapies lay significantly (p < 0.001) below the additive isoboles showing XA acts synergistically with both ART and AQ in clearing the parasites. High doses of XA/ART combination significantly (p < 0.05) increased the survival days of infected mice with a mean hazard ratio of 0.40 while all the XA/AQ combination doses showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the survival days of infected mice with a mean hazard ratio of 0.27 similar to AL. Both XA/ART and XA/AQ combined treatments significantly (p < 0.05) reduced weight loss. Conclusion Xylopic acid co-administration with either artesunate or amodiaquine produces a synergistic anti-plasmodial effect in mice infected with P. berghei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Acheampong Osei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Robert Peter Biney
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ernest Obese
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Mary Atta-Panyi Agbenyeku
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Isaac Yaw Attah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Elvis Ofori Ameyaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. .,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | - Johnson Nyarko Boampong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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15
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Sena-dos-Santos C, Braga-da-Silva C, Marques D, Azevedo dos Santos Pinheiro J, Ribeiro-dos-Santos Â, Cavalcante GC. Unraveling Cell Death Pathways during Malaria Infection: What Do We Know So Far? Cells 2021; 10:479. [PMID: 33672278 PMCID: PMC7926694 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a parasitic disease (caused by different Plasmodium species) that affects millions of people worldwide. The lack of effective malaria drugs and a vaccine contributes to this disease, continuing to cause major public health and socioeconomic problems, especially in low-income countries. Cell death is implicated in malaria immune responses by eliminating infected cells, but it can also provoke an intense inflammatory response and lead to severe malaria outcomes. The study of the pathophysiological role of cell death in malaria in mammalians is key to understanding the parasite-host interactions and design prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for malaria. In this work, we review malaria-triggered cell death pathways (apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, pyroptosis, NETosis, and ferroptosis) and we discuss their potential role in the development of new approaches for human malaria therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Sena-dos-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (C.S.-d.-S.); (C.B.-d.-S.); (D.M.); (J.A.d.S.P.); (Â.R.-d.-S.)
| | - Cíntia Braga-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (C.S.-d.-S.); (C.B.-d.-S.); (D.M.); (J.A.d.S.P.); (Â.R.-d.-S.)
| | - Diego Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (C.S.-d.-S.); (C.B.-d.-S.); (D.M.); (J.A.d.S.P.); (Â.R.-d.-S.)
| | - Jhully Azevedo dos Santos Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (C.S.-d.-S.); (C.B.-d.-S.); (D.M.); (J.A.d.S.P.); (Â.R.-d.-S.)
| | - Ândrea Ribeiro-dos-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (C.S.-d.-S.); (C.B.-d.-S.); (D.M.); (J.A.d.S.P.); (Â.R.-d.-S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oncologia e Ciências Médicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil
| | - Giovanna C. Cavalcante
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (C.S.-d.-S.); (C.B.-d.-S.); (D.M.); (J.A.d.S.P.); (Â.R.-d.-S.)
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16
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Brunetti G, Padovani F, De Pastina A, Rotella C, Monahan A, Hoffman SL, Jongo SA, Abdulla S, Corradin G, Pluschke G, Daubenberger C, Hegner M. Nanotechnological immunoassay for rapid label-free analysis of candidate malaria vaccines. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2338-2349. [PMID: 33438712 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08083g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening epidemic disease with half of the world's population at risk. Although its incidence rate has fallen since 2010, this ratio dramatically stalled between 2014 and 2018. New fast and optimized tools in vaccine analysis and seroconversion testing are critically needed. We developed a clinical diagnostic device based on piezo-actuated nanoresonators that perform as quantitative in situ calibrated nano-bio sensors for specific detection of multiple target molecules in serum samples. The immunoassay successfully diagnoses humoral immune responses induced by malaria vaccine candidates and reveals the timeline and stage of the infection. We applied the newly developed strategy to a variety of different samples, from pure antibody/vaccine solutions, to blood samples from clinical trials on both naïve and pre-exposed malaria volunteers from sub-Saharan countries. Our nanomechanical assay provides a direct one-step label-free quantitative immunoassay that is on par with the gold-standard, multi-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We achieve a limit of detection of few pg ml-1, or sub-pM concentrations. The 6 μl sample volume allows more than 50 experiments from one finger prick. Furthermore, we simultaneously detected multiple analytes by differential functionalization of multiple sensors in parallel. The inherent differential read-out with in situ controls reduces false positive results. Due to the faster turnaround time, the minimal volume required and the automatized handling system, this technique has great potential for miniaturization and routine diagnostics in pandemic emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Brunetti
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Francesco Padovani
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. and Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Annalisa De Pastina
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Chiara Rotella
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Amy Monahan
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | - Said A Jongo
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Salim Abdulla
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | - Gerd Pluschke
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology Department, Molecular Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- University of Basel, Switzerland and Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology Department, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Hegner
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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17
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Lozano JM, Rodríguez Parra Z, Hernández-Martínez S, Yasnot-Acosta MF, Rojas AP, Marín-Waldo LS, Rincón JE. The Search of a Malaria Vaccine: The Time for Modified Immuno-Potentiating Probes. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020115. [PMID: 33540947 PMCID: PMC7913233 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a deadly disease that takes the lives of more than 420,000 people a year and is responsible for more than 229 million clinical cases globally. In 2019, 95% of malaria morbidity occurred in African countries. The development of a highly protective vaccine is an urgent task that remains to be solved. Many vaccine candidates have been developed, from the use of the entire attenuated and irradiated pre-erythrocytic parasite forms (or recombinantly expressed antigens thereof) to synthetic candidates formulated in a variety of adjuvants and delivery systems, however these have unfortunately proven a limited efficacy. At present, some vaccine candidates are finishing safety and protective efficacy trials, such as the PfSPZ and the RTS,S/AS01 which are being introduced in Africa. We propose a strategy for introducing non-natural elements into target antigens representing key epitopes of Plasmodium spp. Accordingly, chemical strategies and knowledge of host immunity to Plasmodium spp. have served as the basis. Evidence is obtained after being tested in experimental rodent models for malaria infection and recognized for human sera from malaria-endemic regions. This encourages us to propose such an immune-potentiating strategy to be further considered in the search for new vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Lozano
- Grupo de Investigación Mimetismo Molecular de los Agentes Infecciosos, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Sede Bogotá, 111321 Bogota, Colombia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-3102-504-657
| | - Zully Rodríguez Parra
- Grupo de Investigación Mimetismo Molecular de los Agentes Infecciosos, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia—Sede Bogotá, 111321 Bogota, Colombia;
| | - Salvador Hernández-Martínez
- Dirección de Infección e Inmunidad, Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Maria Fernanda Yasnot-Acosta
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas y Biomédicas de Córdoba, Universidad de Córdoba, 230002 Monteria, Colombia;
| | - Angela Patricia Rojas
- Grupo de Investigación Biología Celular y Autoinmuniad, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, 111321 Bogota, Colombia;
| | | | - Juan Edilberto Rincón
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Mecatrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, 111321 Bogota, Colombia;
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18
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Coelho CH, Nadakal ST, Gonzales Hurtado P, Morrison R, Galson JD, Neal J, Wu Y, King CR, Price V, Miura K, Wong-Madden S, Alamou Doritchamou JY, Narum DL, MacDonald NJ, Snow-Smith M, Vignali M, Taylor JJ, Lefranc MP, Trück J, Long CA, Sagara I, Fried M, Duffy PE. Antimalarial antibody repertoire defined by plasma IG proteomics and single B cell IG sequencing. JCI Insight 2020; 5:143471. [PMID: 33048842 PMCID: PMC7710313 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma antimalarial Ab can mediate antiparasite immunity but has not previously been characterized at the molecular level. Here, we develop an innovative strategy to characterize humoral responses by integrating profiles of plasma immunoglobulins (IGs) or Abs with those expressed on B cells as part of the B cell receptor. We applied this strategy to define plasma IG and to determine variable (V) gene usage after vaccination with the Plasmodium falciparum zygote antigen Pfs25. Using proteomic tools coupled with bulk immunosequencing data, we determined human antigen-binding fragment [F(ab')2] peptide sequences from plasma IG of adults who received 4 doses of Pfs25-EPA/Alhydrogel. Specifically, Pfs25 antigen-specific F(ab')2 peptides (Pfs25-IG) were aligned to cDNA sequences of IG heavy (IGH) chain complementarity determining region 3 from a data set generated by total peripheral B cell immunosequencing of the entire vaccinated population. IGHV4 was the most commonly identified IGHV subgroup of Pfs25-IG, a pattern that was corroborated by V heavy/V light chain sequencing of Pfs25-specific single B cells from 5 vaccinees and by matching plasma Pfs25-IG peptides and V-(D)-J sequences of Pfs25-specific single B cells from the same donor. Among 13 recombinant human mAbs generated from IG sequences of Pfs25-specific single B cells, a single IGHV4 mAb displayed strong neutralizing activity, reducing the number of P. falciparum oocysts in infected mosquitoes by more than 80% at 100 μg/mL. Our approach characterizes the human plasma Ab repertoire in response to the Pfs25-EPA/Alhydrogel vaccine and will be useful for studying circulating Abs in response to other vaccines as well as those induced during infections or autoimmune disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antimalarials/administration & dosage
- Antimalarials/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/blood
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Malaria Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/blood
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Vaccination
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila H. Coelho
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven T. Nadakal
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia Gonzales Hurtado
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Morrison
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob D. Galson
- University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Alchemab Therapeutics Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jillian Neal
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yimin Wu
- PATH’s Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector and Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon Wong-Madden
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin Yai Alamou Doritchamou
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David L. Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas J. MacDonald
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maryonne Snow-Smith
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marissa Vignali
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector and Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Adaptive Biotechnologies Corp, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Justin J. Taylor
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, the International ImMunoGeneTics Information System, Laboratoire d’ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire, Institut de Génétique Humaine, UMR9002 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Johannes Trück
- University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector and Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Issaka Sagara
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick E. Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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19
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Rei Yan SL, Wakasuqui F, Wrenger C. Point-of-care tests for malaria: speeding up the diagnostics at the bedside and challenges in malaria cases detection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 98:115122. [PMID: 32711185 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains as one of the major public health problems worldwide. About 228 million cases occurred in 2018 only, with Africa bearing about 93% of the cases. Asymptomatic population carrying the various forms of the parasite Plasmodium in endemic areas plays an important role in the spread of the disease. To tackle this battle, more sensitive and precise detection kits for malaria are crucial to better control the number of new malaria cases. In this review, we not only discuss some of the available approaches to rapidly detect new malaria cases in endemic areas but also shed light on parallel problems that may affect the detection of individuals infected with the parasite, covering kelch 13 mutation, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and hemoglobin disorders. Available approaches for malaria detection covered in this review are focused on point-of-care tests, including portable polymerase chain reaction and aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun L Rei Yan
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Wakasuqui
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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20
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Variations in killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor and human leukocyte antigen genes and immunity to malaria. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:799-806. [PMID: 32541835 PMCID: PMC7294524 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world. Immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum malaria vary among individuals and between populations. Human genetic variation in immune system genes is likely to play a role in this heterogeneity. Natural killer (NK) cells produce inflammatory cytokines in response to malaria infection, kill intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum parasites by cytolysis, and participate in the initiation and development of adaptive immune responses to plasmodial infection. These functions are modulated by interactions between killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). Therefore, variations in KIR and HLA genes can have a direct impact on NK cell functions. Understanding the role of KIRs and HLAs in immunity to malaria can help to better characterize antimalarial immune responses. In this review, we summarize the different KIRs and HLAs associated with immunity to malaria thus far.
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21
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Duffy PE, Patrick Gorres J. Malaria vaccines since 2000: progress, priorities, products. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:48. [PMID: 32566259 PMCID: PMC7283239 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria vaccine development entered a new era in 2015 when the pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum candidate RTS,S was favorably reviewed by the European Medicines Agency and subsequently introduced into national pilot implementation programs, marking the first human anti-parasite vaccine to pass regulatory scrutiny. Since the first trials published in 1997, RTS,S has been evaluated in a series of clinical trials culminating in Phase 3 testing, while testing of other pre-erythrocytic candidates (that target sporozoite- or liver-stage parasites), particularly whole sporozoite vaccines, has also increased. Interest in blood-stage candidates (that limit blood-stage parasite growth) subsided after disappointing human efficacy results, although new blood-stage targets and concepts may revive activity in this area. Over the past decade, testing of transmission-blocking vaccines (that kill mosquito/sexual-stage parasites) advanced to field trials and the first generation of placental malaria vaccines (that clear placenta-sequestering parasites) entered the clinic. Novel antigen discovery, human monoclonal antibodies, structural vaccinology, and improved platforms promise to expand on RTS,S and improve existing vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - J Patrick Gorres
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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22
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Bettencourt P. Current Challenges in the Identification of Pre-Erythrocytic Malaria Vaccine Candidate Antigens. Front Immunol 2020; 11:190. [PMID: 32153565 PMCID: PMC7046804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium spp.-infected mosquitos inject sporozoites into the skin of a mammalian host during a blood meal. These enter the host's circulatory system and establish an infection in the liver. After a silent metamorphosis, merozoites invade the blood leading to the symptomatic and transmissible stages of malaria. The silent pre-erythrocytic malaria stage represents a bottleneck in the disease which is ideal to block progression to clinical malaria, through chemotherapeutic and immunoprophylactic interventions. RTS,S/AS01, the only malaria vaccine close to licensure, although with poor efficacy, blocks the sporozoite invasion mainly through the action of antibodies against the CSP protein, a major component of the pellicle of the sporozoite. Strikingly, sterile protection against malaria can be obtained through immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites, genetically attenuated sporozoites or through chemoprophylaxis with infectious sporozoites in animals and humans, but the deployability of sporozoite-based live vaccines pose tremendous challenges. The protection induced by sporozoites occurs in the pre-erythrocytic stages and is mediated mainly by antibodies against the sporozoite and CD8+ T cells against peptides presented by MHC class I molecules in infected hepatocytes. Thus, the identification of malaria antigens expressed in the sporozoite and liver-stage may provide new vaccine candidates to be included, alone or in combination, as recombinant protein-based, virus-like particles or sub-unit virally-vectored vaccines. Here I review the efforts being made to identify Plasmodium falciparum antigens expressed during liver-stage with focus on the development of parasite, hepatocyte, mouse models, and resulting rate of infection in order to identify new vaccine candidates and to improve the efficacy of the current vaccines. Finally, I propose new approaches for the identification of liver-stage antigens based on immunopeptidomics.
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23
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Khaemba EN, Ogwang C, Kinyanjui S, Muindi JM, Koske JK, Kimani D, Ngoi J, Mwacharo J, Shangala J, Njuguna P, Mutinda D, Nyatichi E, Peshu J, Mutinda B, Ndungu FM, Farnert A, Bashraheil MM, Bejon P, Kapulu MC. Comparing drug regimens for clearance of malaria parasites in asymptomatic adults using PCR in Kilifi County, Kenya: an open-label randomised controlled clinical trial (MalPaC). Wellcome Open Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15627.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To restrict trial endpoints to infections acquired after vaccination in Phase IIb trials of candidate malaria vaccines, participants are treated with anti-malarial drugs to clear existing infections. Anti-malarial drugs with a long half-life may inhibit the acquisition of new infections. This study evaluated the effects of three anti-malarial drug regimens on the clearance of existing infections and acquisition of new infections. Methods: An open-label randomised controlled trial (MalPaC) was conducted between November 2013 and February 2014. Ninety adults were randomised 1:1:1 to receive one of three treatments: atovaquone/proguanil and artesunate (AP+AS); artesunate (AS); or sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, artesunate, and primaquine (SP+AS+PQ). Parasite monitoring was determined over 84-day follow-up by assessing Plasmodium falciparum positivity by 18s qPCR, live and sexual stage parasites by RT-PCR, and recrudescence of infections by msp2 genotyping. Results: At enrolment, parasite prevalence by qPCR was 44% (40/90, day 0), which fell to 10% (9/90, day 16), then rose to almost the initial rates by day 84 (39%, 35/90). Individuals treated with AS and SP+AS+PQ were more likely to have higher qPCR positive rates compared to participants treated with AP+AS in the immediate post-treatment phase (days 16-28) (OR=7.7 [95%CI 4.6-12.8] p<0.0005 and OR=4.2 [95%CI 2.6-6.8] p<0.0005, respectively). In the immediate post-treatment phase, qPCR positivity was less likely associated with evidence of live parasites and gametocytaemia. Prevalence of “old”, “new” or “undetectable” infections did not differ significantly over time or drug regimen. However, participants on the AP+AS drug regimen were less likely to have parasite infection recrudescence compared to participants treated with AS and SP+AS+PQ. Conclusion: Falciparum DNA remained detectable by PCR post-treatment with incomplete parasite clearance regardless of drug regimen. Though AP+AS drug regimen may also have partially suppressed the acquisition of new infections during post-treatment follow-up. Trial registration: Pan African Clinical Trials Registry, 22nd of August 2013, PACTR201309000625311.
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24
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Molina-Franky J, Cuy-Chaparro L, Camargo A, Reyes C, Gómez M, Salamanca DR, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocytic stage vaccine development. Malar J 2020; 19:56. [PMID: 32013956 PMCID: PMC6998842 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-3141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide strategies between 2010 and 2017 aimed at controlling malarial parasites (mainly Plasmodium falciparum) led to a reduction of just 18% regarding disease incidence rates. Many biologically-derived anti-malarial vaccine candidates have been developed to date; this has involved using many experimental animals, an immense amount of work and the investment of millions of dollars. This review provides an overview of the current state and the main results of clinical trials for sporozoite-targeting vaccines (i.e. the parasite stage infecting the liver) carried out by research groups in areas having variable malaria transmission rates. However, none has led to promising results regarding the effective control of the disease, thereby making it necessary to complement such efforts at finding/introducing new vaccine candidates by adopting a multi-epitope, multi-stage approach, based on minimal subunits of the main sporozoite proteins involved in the invasion of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Molina-Franky
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia.,Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,PhD Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laura Cuy-Chaparro
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia.,Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,PhD Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Anny Camargo
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia.,Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,PhD Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - César Reyes
- PhD Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Animal Science Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogotá, Colombia.,3D Structures Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marcela Gómez
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia.,Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,PhD Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - David Ricardo Salamanca
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia.,Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,PhD Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia. .,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia. .,Medical School, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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25
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Emami SN, Hajkazemian M, Mozūraitis R. Can Plasmodium's tricks for enhancing its transmission be turned against the parasite? New hopes for vector control. Pathog Glob Health 2020; 113:325-335. [PMID: 31910740 PMCID: PMC7008238 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2019.1703398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 120 years ago the link between mosquito and the malaria transmission was discovered. However, even today it remains an open question whether the parasite is able to direct the blood-seeking and feeding behavior of its mosquito vector to maximize the probability of transmission. If the parasite has this ability, could it occur only through the alteration of the vertebrate host's volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and/or the parasite alteration of the behavior of the infected vector in a manner that favors its transmission? Although some recent empirical evidence supports the hypothesis regarding the parasite ability in alteration of the vertebrate host's VOCs, the role of parasite alteration and behavioral differences between infected and uninfected female mosquitoes toward infected and uninfected hosts has not yet been considered in the implementation of control measures. This review will discuss the current evidence, which shows 1. Plasmodium can direct uninfected mosquito blood-seeking and feeding behavior via alteration of vertebrate-host odor profiles and production of phagostimulants and 2. Plasmodium also manipulates its vector during the sporogony cycle to increase transmission. Briefly, we also consider the next generation of methods for moving the empirical laboratory evidence to potential application in future integrated malaria control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Noushin Emami
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melika Hajkazemian
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raimondas Mozūraitis
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioral Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
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26
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Salamanca DR, Gómez M, Camargo A, Cuy-Chaparro L, Molina-Franky J, Reyes C, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. Plasmodium falciparum Blood Stage Antimalarial Vaccines: An Analysis of Ongoing Clinical Trials and New Perspectives Related to Synthetic Vaccines. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2712. [PMID: 31849871 PMCID: PMC6901501 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a disease causing high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. Candidates have been identified for vaccines targeting the parasite's blood stage; this stage is important in the development of symptoms and clinical complications. However, no vaccine that can directly affect morbidity and mortality rates is currently available. This review analyzes the formulation, methodological design, and results of active clinical trials for merozoite-stage vaccines, regarding their safety profile, immunological response (phase Ia/Ib), and protective efficacy levels (phase II). Most vaccine candidates are in phase I trials and have had an acceptable safety profile. GMZ2 has made the greatest progress in clinical trials; its efficacy has been 14% in children aged less than 5 years in a phase IIb trial. Most of the available candidates that have shown strong immunogenicity and that have been tested for their protective efficacy have provided good results when challenged with a homologous parasite strain; however, their efficacy has dropped when they have been exposed to a heterologous strain. In view of these vaccines' unpromising results, an alternative approach for selecting new candidates is needed; such line of work should be focused on how to increase an immune response induced against the highly conserved (i.e., common to all strains), functionally relevant, protein regions that the parasite uses to invade target cells. Despite binding regions tending to be conserved, they are usually poorly antigenic and/or immunogenic, being frequently discarded as vaccine candidates when the conventional immunological approach is followed. The Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC) has developed a logical and rational methodology based on including conserved high-activity binding peptides (cHABPs) from the main P. falciparum biologically functional proteins involved in red blood cell (RBC) invasion. Once appropriately modified (mHABPs), these minimal, subunit-based, chemically synthesized peptides can be used in a system covering the human immune system's main genetic variables (the human leukocyte antigen HLA-DR isotype) inducing a suitable, immunogenic, and protective immune response in most of the world's populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ricardo Salamanca
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Programme, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Marcela Gómez
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Programme, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Anny Camargo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Programme, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Laura Cuy-Chaparro
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Programme, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Jessica Molina-Franky
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Programme, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - César Reyes
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Ph.D. Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Boyacá, Colombia
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27
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The Pfs230 N-terminal fragment, Pfs230D1+: expression and characterization of a potential malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidate. Malar J 2019; 18:356. [PMID: 31703583 PMCID: PMC6839146 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2989-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Control and elimination of malaria can be accelerated by transmission-blocking interventions such as vaccines. A surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes, Pfs230, is a leading vaccine target antigen, and has recently progressed to experimental clinical trials. To support vaccine product development, an N-terminal Pfs230 antigen was designed to increase yield, as well as to improve antigen quality, integrity, and homogeneity. Methods A scalable baculovirus expression system was used to express the Pfs230D1+ construct (aa 552–731), which was subsequently purified and analysed. Pfs230D1+ was designed to avoid glycosylation and protease digestion, thereby potentially increasing homogeneity and stability. The resulting Pfs230D1+ protein was compared to a previous iteration of the Pfs230 N-terminal domain, Pfs230C1 (aa 443–731), through physiochemical characterization and in vivo analysis. The induction of functional antibody responses was confirmed via the standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA). Results Pfs230D1+ was produced and purified to an overall yield of 23 mg/L culture supernatant, a twofold yield increase over Pfs230C1. The Pfs230D1+ protein migrated as a single band via SDS-PAGE and was detected by anti-Pfs230C1 monoclonal antibodies. Evaluation by SDS-PAGE, chromatography (size-exclusion and reversed phase) and capillary isoelectric focusing demonstrated the molecule had improved homogeneity in terms of size, conformation, and charge. Intact mass spectrometry confirmed its molecular weight and that it was free of glycosylation, a key difference to the prior Pfs230C1 protein. The correct formation of the two intramolecular disulfide bonds was initially inferred by binding of a conformation specific monoclonal antibody and directly confirmed by LC/MS and peptide mapping. When injected into mice the Pfs230D1+ protein elicited antibodies that demonstrated transmission-reducing activity, via SMFA, comparable to Pfs230C1. Conclusion By elimination of an O-glycosylation site, a potential N-glycosylation site, and two proteolytic cleavage sites, an improved N-terminal Pfs230 fragment was produced, termed D1+, which is non-glycosylated, homogeneous, and biologically active. An intact protein at higher yield than that previously observed for the Pfs230C1 fragment was achieved. The results indicate that Pfs230D1+ protein produced in the baculovirus expression system is an attractive antigen for transmission-blocking vaccine development.
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28
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Narula AK, Azad CS, Nainwal LM. New dimensions in the field of antimalarial research against malaria resurgence. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Kim KS. Current Challenges in the Development of Vaccines and Drugs Against Emerging Vector-borne Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2974-2986. [PMID: 30394204 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181105121146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vectors are living organisms that transmit infectious diseases from an infected animal to humans or another animal. Biological vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and sand flies carry pathogens that multiply within their bodies prior to delivery to a new host. The increased prevalence of Vector-Borne Diseases (VBDs) such as Aedes-borne dengue, Chikungunya (CHIKV), Zika (ZIKV), malaria, Tick-Borne Disease (TBD), and scrub typhus has a huge impact on the health of both humans and livestock worldwide. In particular, zoonotic diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks place a considerable burden on public health. Vaccines, drugs, and vector control methods have been developed to prevent and treat VBDs and have prevented millions of deaths. However, development of such strategies is falling behind the rapid emergence of VBDs. Therefore, a comprehensive approach to fighting VBDs must be considered immediately. In this review, I focus on the challenges posed by emerging outbreaks of VBDs and discuss available drugs and vaccines designed to overcome this burden. Research into promising drugs needs to be upgraded and fast-tracked, and novel drugs or vaccines being tested in in vitro and in vivo models need to be moved into human clinical trials. Active preventive tactics, as well as new and upgraded diagnostics, surveillance, treatments, and vaccination strategies, need to be monitored constantly if we are to manage VBDs of medical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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30
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Honek JF. Commentary on "Current Challenges in the Development of Vaccines and Drugs Against Emerging Vector-borne Diseases" by Professor Kwang-sun Kim, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3201-3204. [PMID: 31526346 DOI: 10.2174/092986732617190820145226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John F Honek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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31
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Sanasam BD, Kumar S. In-silico structural modeling and epitope prediction of highly conserved Plasmodium falciparum protein AMR1. Mol Immunol 2019; 116:131-139. [PMID: 31648168 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly and a major health issue worldwide. In spite of several control programs, there hasn't been much improvement in keeping the disease under control. The appearance of drug resistant strains of Plasmodium in addition to insecticide resistance of the Anopheles vector has been a hurdle. Therefore, it is highly desirable to identify new potential candidates that can be targeted for therapeutic intervention. The present study identifies AMR1, a highly conserved essential protein of Plasmodium falciparum, as a potential candidate for vaccine development. AMR1 is an exposed surface protein with high antigenic property and conservancy among other species of the parasite. Reverse vaccinology approach (RV) is adopted to determine the best epitopes of AMR1 protein. The protein was further evaluated for several important physiochemical parameters. The study revealed the 3D structure of AMR1, as well as the best B cell and helper T-cell epitopes of the protein. These resulted epitopes might be of great importance in the development of an effective vaccine to combat the deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijara Devi Sanasam
- Department of Life science & Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Life science & Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
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32
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Tentokam BCN, Amaratunga C, Alani NAH, MacDonald NJ, Narum DL, Salinas ND, Kwan JL, Suon S, Sreng S, Pereira DB, Tolia NH, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL, Duffy PE, Coelho CH. Naturally Acquired Antibody Response to Malaria Transmission Blocking Vaccine Candidate Pvs230 Domain 1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2295. [PMID: 31636633 PMCID: PMC6788386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax malaria incidence has increased in Latin America and Asia and is responsible for nearly 74.1% of malaria cases in Latin America. Immune responses to P. vivax are less well characterized than those to P. falciparum, partly because P. vivax is more difficult to cultivate in the laboratory. While antibodies are known to play an important role in P. vivax disease control, few studies have evaluated responses to P. vivax sexual stage antigens. We collected sera or plasma samples from P. vivax-infected subjects from Brazil (n = 70) and Cambodia (n = 79) to assess antibody responses to domain 1 of the gametocyte/gamete stage protein Pvs230 (Pvs230D1M). We found that 27.1% (19/70) and 26.6% (21/79) of subjects from Brazil and Cambodia, respectively, presented with detectable antibody responses to Pvs230D1M antigen. The most frequent subclasses elicited in response to Pvs230D1M were IgG1 and IgG3. Although age did not correlate significantly with Pvs230D1M antibody levels overall, we observed significant differences between age strata. Hemoglobin concentration inversely correlated with Pvs230D1M antibody levels in Brazil, but not in Cambodia. Additionally, we analyzed the antibody response against Pfs230D1M, the P. falciparum ortholog of Pvs230D1M. We detected antibodies to Pfs230D1M in 7.2 and 16.5% of Brazilian and Cambodian P. vivax-infected subjects. Depletion of Pvs230D1M IgG did not impair the response to Pfs230D1M, suggesting pre-exposure to P. falciparum, or co-infection. We also analyzed IgG responses to sporozoite protein PvCSP (11.4 and 41.8% in Brazil and Cambodia, respectively) and to merozoite protein PvDBP-RII (67.1 and 48.1% in Brazil and Cambodia, respectively), whose titers also inversely correlated with hemoglobin concentration only in Brazil. These data establish patterns of seroreactivity to sexual stage Pvs230D1M and show similar antibody responses among P. vivax-infected subjects from regions of differing transmission intensity in Brazil and Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergeline C Nguemwo Tentokam
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chanaki Amaratunga
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Nada A H Alani
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nicholas J MacDonald
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David L Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nichole D Salinas
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L Kwan
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Seila Suon
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokunthea Sreng
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Niraj H Tolia
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lilian L Bueno
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Camila H Coelho
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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Julien JP, Wardemann H. Antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum malaria at the molecular level. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:761-775. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ashton TD, Devine SM, Möhrle JJ, Laleu B, Burrows JN, Charman SA, Creek DJ, Sleebs BE. The Development Process for Discovery and Clinical Advancement of Modern Antimalarials. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10526-10562. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Trent D. Ashton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shane M. Devine
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jörg J. Möhrle
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Laleu
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy N. Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré-Bois 20, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Darren J. Creek
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Coelho CH, Rappuoli R, Hotez PJ, Duffy PE. Transmission-Blocking Vaccines for Malaria: Time to Talk about Vaccine Introduction. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:483-486. [PMID: 31153722 PMCID: PMC11127249 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Malaria kills more than 600 000 people yearly, mainly children, and eradication is a global priority. Malaria transmission-blocking vaccines are advancing in clinical trials, and strategies for their introduction must be prioritized among stakeholders and the vulnerable populations exposed to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila H Coelho
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- GlaxoSmithKline, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Talapko J, Škrlec I, Alebić T, Jukić M, Včev A. Malaria: The Past and the Present. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7060179. [PMID: 31234443 PMCID: PMC6617065 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a severe disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which is transmitted to humans by a bite of an infected female mosquito of the species Anopheles. Malaria remains the leading cause of mortality around the world, and early diagnosis and fast-acting treatment prevent unwanted outcomes. It is the most common disease in Africa and some countries of Asia, while in the developed world malaria occurs as imported from endemic areas. The sweet sagewort plant was used as early as the second century BC to treat malaria fever in China. Much later, quinine started being used as an antimalaria drug. A global battle against malaria started in 1955, and Croatia declared 1964 to be the year of eradication of malaria. The World Health Organization carries out a malaria control program on a global scale, focusing on local strengthening of primary health care, early diagnosis of the disease, timely treatment, and disease prevention. Globally, the burden of malaria is lower than ten years ago. However, in the last few years, there has been an increase in the number of malaria cases around the world. It is moving towards targets established by the WHO, but that progress has slowed down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Talapko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Škrlec
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Tamara Alebić
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Melita Jukić
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
- General Hospital Vukovar, Županijska 35, HR-32000 Vukovar, Croatia.
| | - Aleksandar Včev
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
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Abstract
In the progression of the life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum, a small proportion of asexual parasites differentiate into male or female sexual forms called gametocytes. Just like their asexual counterparts, gametocytes are contained within the infected host's erythrocytes (RBCs). However, unlike their asexual partners, they do not exit the RBC until they are taken up in a blood meal by a mosquito. In the mosquito midgut, they are stimulated to emerge from the RBC, undergo fertilization, and ultimately produce tens of thousands of sporozoites that are infectious to humans. This transmission cycle can be blocked by antibodies targeting proteins exposed on the parasite surface in the mosquito midgut, a process that has led to the development of candidate transmission-blocking vaccines (TBV), including some that are in clinical trials. Here we review the leading TBV antigens and highlight the ongoing search for additional gametocyte/gamete surface antigens, as well as antigens on the surfaces of gametocyte-infected erythrocytes, which can potentially become a new group of TBV candidates.
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Moormann AM, Nixon CE, Forconi CS. Immune effector mechanisms in malaria: An update focusing on human immunity. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12628. [PMID: 30972776 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed dramatic decreases in malaria-associated mortality and morbidity around the world. This progress has largely been due to intensified malaria control measures, implementation of rapid diagnostics and establishing a network to anticipate and mitigate antimalarial drug resistance. However, the ultimate tool for malaria prevention is the development and implementation of an effective vaccine. To date, malaria vaccine efforts have focused on determining which of the thousands of antigens expressed by Plasmodium falciparum are instrumental targets of protective immunity. The antigenic variation and antigenic polymorphisms arising in parasite genes under immune selection present a daunting challenge for target antigen selection and prioritization, and is a given caveat when interpreting immune recall responses or results from monovalent vaccine trials. Other immune evasion strategies executed by the parasite highlight the myriad of ways in which it can become a recurrent infection. This review provides an update on immune effector mechanisms in malaria and focuses on our improved ability to interrogate the complexity of human immune system, accelerated by recent methodological advances. Appreciating how the human immune landscape influences the effectiveness and longevity of antimalarial immunity will help explain which conditions are necessary for immune effector mechanisms to prevail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Moormann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Christina E Nixon
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Catherine S Forconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Cheviet T, Lefebvre-Tournier I, Wein S, Peyrottes S. Plasmodium Purine Metabolism and Its Inhibition by Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogues. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8365-8391. [PMID: 30964283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria still affects around 200 million people and is responsible for more than 400,000 deaths per year, mostly children in subequatorial areas. This disease is caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus. Only a few WHO-recommended treatments are available to prevent or cure plasmodial infections, but genetic mutations in the causal parasites have led to onset of resistance against all commercial antimalarial drugs. New drugs and targets are being investigated to cope with this emerging problem, including enzymes belonging to the main metabolic pathways, while nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are also a promising class of potential drugs. This review highlights the main metabolic pathways targeted for the development of potential antiplasmodial therapies based on nucleos(t)ide analogues, as well as the different series of purine-containing nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives designed to inhibit Plasmodium falciparum purine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cheviet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM , Université Montpellier, Equipe Nucléosides & Effecteurs Phosphorylés , Place E. Bataillon, cc 1704 , 34095 Montpellier , France
| | - Isabelle Lefebvre-Tournier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM , Université Montpellier, Equipe Nucléosides & Effecteurs Phosphorylés , Place E. Bataillon, cc 1704 , 34095 Montpellier , France
| | - Sharon Wein
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques (DIMNP), UMR 5235 UM-CNRS , Université Montpellier , Place E. Bataillon , 34095 Montpellier , France
| | - Suzanne Peyrottes
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM , Université Montpellier, Equipe Nucléosides & Effecteurs Phosphorylés , Place E. Bataillon, cc 1704 , 34095 Montpellier , France
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Lee SM, Plieskatt J, Krishnan S, Raina M, Harishchandra R, King CR. Expression and purification optimization of an N-terminal Pfs230 transmission-blocking vaccine candidate. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 160:56-65. [PMID: 30978392 PMCID: PMC6547048 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to control and eventually eliminate malaria, the development of transmission-blocking vaccines has long been sought. However, few antigens have been evaluated in clinical trials, often due to limitations in the expression and purification of the antigen in sufficient yield and quality. Pfs230, a surface antigen of gametocytes, has recently advanced to clinical evaluation as a conjugate vaccine using the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoprotein A carrier protein. Here we continue to build upon prior work of developing a Pfs230 candidate in the baculovirus system, Pfs230C1 (aa 443–731), through systematic process development efforts to improve yield and purity. Various insect cells including High Five, Sf9 and Super Sf9 were first evaluated for quality and quantity of antigen, along with three insect cell media. In the selection of Sf9 cells, an intact Pfs230C1 was expressed and harvested at 48 h for downstream development. A downstream process, utilizing immobilized metal affinity column (IMAC), followed by ion exchange (IEX) membranes (Mustang S) and finally IEX chromatography (DEAE) yielded a pure Pfs230C1 protein. The complete process was repeated three times at the 20 L scale. To support the eventual chemistry manufacturing and controls (CMC) of Pfs230C1, analytical tools, including monoclonal antibodies, were developed to characterize the identity, integrity, and purity of Pfs230C1. These analytical tools, taken in combination with the optimized process, were implemented with Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) in mind with the ultimate objective of Phase I clinical trials. Super Sf9, Sf9 and High Five baculovirus cells were evaluated to express the Pfs230 construct. Following selection of Sf9 cells to minimize degradation, expression media was optimized. A purification approach was developed to produce a pure recombinant product free of host cell proteins. A variety of biochemical release assays were developed to support the release and stability of Pfs230. A scalable process suitable for cGMP manufacture was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwu-Maan Lee
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), 455 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20001-2621, USA.
| | - Jordan Plieskatt
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), 455 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20001-2621, USA
| | - Seetha Krishnan
- Syngene International Ltd, Plot No.2,3,4 &5 Phase IV, Bommasandra Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Monika Raina
- Syngene International Ltd, Plot No.2,3,4 &5 Phase IV, Bommasandra Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Rakeshkumar Harishchandra
- Syngene International Ltd, Plot No.2,3,4 &5 Phase IV, Bommasandra Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - C Richter King
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), 455 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20001-2621, USA
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Kurup SP, Anthony SM, Hancox LS, Vijay R, Pewe LL, Moioffer SJ, Sompallae R, Janse CJ, Khan SM, Harty JT. Monocyte-Derived CD11c + Cells Acquire Plasmodium from Hepatocytes to Prime CD8 T Cell Immunity to Liver-Stage Malaria. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:565-577.e6. [PMID: 30905437 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites inoculated by mosquitoes migrate to the liver and infect hepatocytes prior to release of merozoites that initiate symptomatic blood-stage malaria. Plasmodium parasites are thought to be restricted to hepatocytes throughout this obligate liver stage of development, and how liver-stage-expressed antigens prime productive CD8 T cell responses remains unknown. We found that a subset of liver-infiltrating monocyte-derived CD11c+ cells co-expressing F4/80, CD103, CD207, and CSF1R acquired parasites during the liver stage of malaria, but only after initial hepatocyte infection. These CD11c+ cells found in the infected liver and liver-draining lymph nodes exhibited transcriptionally and phenotypically enhanced antigen-presentation functions and primed protective CD8 T cell responses against Plasmodium liver-stage-restricted antigens. Our findings highlight a previously unrecognized aspect of Plasmodium biology and uncover the fundamental mechanism by which CD8 T cell responses are primed against liver-stage malaria antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarchith P Kurup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lisa S Hancox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lecia L Pewe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Steven J Moioffer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Sompallae
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Chris J Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Shahid M Khan
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Coelho CH, Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, Howard J, Barnafo E, Alani NAH, Muratova O, McCormack A, Kelnhofer E, Urban JF, Narum DL, Anderson C, Langhorne J, Nutman TB, Duffy PE. Chronic helminth infection does not impair immune response to malaria transmission blocking vaccine Pfs230D1-EPA/Alhydrogel® in mice. Vaccine 2019; 37:1038-1045. [PMID: 30685251 PMCID: PMC6382667 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pfs230 is a candidate malaria transmission blocking vaccine against P. falciparum. Pfs230 vaccine is being tested in areas where malaria and helminth infections are co-endemic. Chronic helminth infection induces a marked increase in systemic Th2 and regulatory cytokine levels in mice. Chronic H. polygyrus bakeri infection does not alter Pfs230 vaccine specific-antibody levels. Functional activity of Pfs230 vaccine was not impaired by chronic helminth infection in mice.
Introduction Malaria transmission blocking vaccines (TBV) are innovative approaches that aim to induce immunity in humans against Plasmodium during mosquito stage, neutralizing the capacity of the infected vectors to transmit malaria. Pfs230D1-EPA/Alhydrogel®, a promising protein-protein conjugate malaria TBV, is currently being tested in human clinical trials in areas where P. falciparum malaria is coendemic with helminth parasites. Helminths are complex metazoans that share the master capacity to downregulate the host immune response towards themselves and also to bystander antigens, including vaccines. However, it is not known whether the activity of a protein-based malaria TBV may be affected by a chronic helminth infection. Methods Using an experimental murine model for a chronic helminth infection (Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri - Hpb), we evaluated whether prior infection alters the activity of Pfs230D1-EPA/Alhydrogel® TBV in mice. Results After establishment of a chronic infection, characterized by a marked increase of parasite antigen-specific IgG1, IgA and IgE antibody responses, concomitant with an increase of systemic IL-10, IL-5 and IL-6 levels, the Hpb-infected mice were immunized with Pfs230D1-EPA/Alhydrogel® and the vaccine-specific immune response was compared with that in non-infected immunized mice. TBV immunizations induced an elevated vaccine specific-antibody response, however Pfs230D1 specific-IgG levels were similar between infected and uninfected mice at days 15, 25 and 35 post-vaccination. Absolute numbers of Pfs230D1-activated B cells generated in response to the vaccine were also similar among the vaccinated groups. Finally, vaccine activity assessed by reduction of oocyst number in P. falciparum infected mosquitoes was similar between Hpb-infected and immunized mice with non-infected immunized mice. Conclusion Pfs230D1-EPA/Alhydrogel® efficacy is not impaired by a chronic helminth infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila H Coelho
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Howard
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Emma Barnafo
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nada A H Alani
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Olga Muratova
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ashley McCormack
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Emily Kelnhofer
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomic and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - David L Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Charles Anderson
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Ahmed MA, Chu KB, Quan FS. The Plasmodium knowlesi Pk41 surface protein diversity, natural selection, sub population and geographical clustering: a 6-cysteine protein family member. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6141. [PMID: 30581686 PMCID: PMC6296336 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The zoonotic malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi has currently become the most dominant form of infection in humans in Malaysia and is an emerging infectious disease in most Southeast Asian countries. The P41 is a merozoite surface protein belonging to the 6-cysteine family and is a well-characterized vaccine candidate in P. vivax and P. falciparum; however, no study has been done in the orthologous gene of P. knowlesi. This study investigates the level of polymorphism, haplotypes and natural selection of pk41 genes in clinical isolates from Malaysia. Method Thirty-five full-length pk41 sequences from clinical isolates of Malaysia along with four laboratory lines (along with H-strain) were downloaded from public databases. For comparative analysis between species, orthologous P41 genes from P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. coatneyi and P. cynomolgi were also downloaded. Genetic diversity, polymorphism, haplotype and natural selection were determined using DnaSP 5.10 software. Phylogenetic relationships between Pk41 genes were determined using MEGA 5.0 software. Results Analysis of 39 full-length pk41 sequences along with the H-strain identified 36 SNPs (20 non-synonymous and 16 synonymous substitutions) resulting in 31 haplotypes. Nucleotide diversity across the full-length gene was low and was similar to its ortholog in P. vivax; pv41. Domain-wise amino acid analysis of the two s48/45 domains indicated low level of polymorphisms for both the domains, and the glutamic acid rich region had extensive size variations. In the central domain, upstream to the glutamate rich region, a unique two to six (K-E)n repeat region was identified within the clinical isolates. Overall, the pk41 genes were indicative of negative/purifying selection due to functional constraints. Domain-wise analysis of the s48/45 domains also indicated purifying selection. However, analysis of Tajima’s D across the genes identified non-synonymous SNPs in the s48/45 domain II with high positive values indicating possible epitope binding regions. All the 6-cysteine residues within the s48/45 domains were conserved within the clinical isolates indicating functional conservation of these regions. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length pk41 genes indicated geographical clustering and identified three subpopulations of P. knowlesi; one originating in the laboratory lines and two originating from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Conclusion This is the first study to report on the polymorphism and natural selection of pk41 genes from clinical isolates of Malaysia. The results reveal that there is low level of polymorphism in both s48/45 domains, indicating that this antigen could be a potential vaccine target. However, genetic and molecular immunology studies involving higher number of samples from various parts of Malaysia would be necessary to validate this antigen’s candidacy as a vaccine target for P. knowlesi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Atique Ahmed
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Back Chu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tyagi RK, Tandel N, Deshpande R, Engelman RW, Patel SD, Tyagi P. Humanized Mice Are Instrumental to the Study of Plasmodium falciparum Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2550. [PMID: 30631319 PMCID: PMC6315153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Research using humanized mice has advanced our knowledge and understanding of human haematopoiesis, non-adaptive and adaptive immunity, autoimmunity, infectious disease, cancer biology, and regenerative medicine. Challenges posed by the human-malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum include its complex life cycle, the evolution of drug resistance against anti-malarials, poor diagnosis, and a lack of effective vaccines. Advancements in genetically engineered and immunodeficient mouse strains, have allowed for studies of the asexual blood stage, exoerythrocytic stage and the transition from liver-to-blood stage infection, in a single vertebrate host. This review discusses the process of "humanization" of various immunodeficient/transgenic strains and their contribution to translational biomedical research. Our work reviews the strategies employed to overcome the remaining-limitations of the developed human-mouse chimera(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K. Tyagi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Biomedical parasitology Unit, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Nikunj Tandel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Robert W. Engelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | | | - Priyanka Tyagi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering, GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, India
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Kaur A, Kannan D, Mehta SK, Singh S, Salunke DB. Synthetic Toll-like receptor agonists for the development of powerful malaria vaccines: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:837-847. [PMID: 30280939 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1530217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, there is no efficient vaccine available against clinical malaria. However, continuous efforts have been committed to develop powerful antimalarial vaccine by discovery of novel antigens with in-depth understanding of its nature, immunogenicity, and presentation (delivery adjuvants). Moreover, another important part of vaccine development includes discovery of better immunostimulatory formulation components (immunostimulants). A protective vaccine against malaria requires antigen-specific B and T helper cell responses as well as cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. A long-lasting B and T memory cell production is also required for effective malaria vaccine. Since activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) promotes both innate inflammatory responses as well as the induction of adaptive immunity, several initiatives have been mounted during the last few years for the use of TLR agonists as malaria vaccine adjuvants. AREAS COVERED The review summarizes reports related to the use and development of TLR agonists as malaria vaccine adjuvants and describes various strategies involved for the selection of specific antigens and TLR agonists. EXPERT OPINION TLR agonists are promising adjuvants for the development of effective malaria vaccine, allowing for both innate inflammatory responses as well as the induction of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- a Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Deepika Kannan
- b Department of Life Science , Shiv Nadar University , Greater Noida , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Surinder K Mehta
- a Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Shailja Singh
- b Department of Life Science , Shiv Nadar University , Greater Noida , Uttar Pradesh , India.,c Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University , Delhi , India
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- a Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
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Coelho CH. Malaria vaccines as prevention strategies: for more studies on community perception. Malawi Med J 2018; 30:140. [PMID: 30627345 PMCID: PMC6307060 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v30i3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camila H Coelho
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, USA
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Antimalarial Transmission-Blocking Interventions: Past, Present, and Future. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:735-746. [PMID: 30082147 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major global health challenge. Appropriate use of current antimalarial tools has reduced the disease burden, but morbidity and mortality remain unacceptably high. It is widely accepted that, to achieve long-term control/eradication, it will be necessary to use interventions that inhibit the transmission of parasites to mosquitoes - these tools are termed transmission-blocking interventions (TBIs). This article aims to outline the rationale for the development of TBIs, with a focus on transmission-blocking drugs and (parasite-derived) transmission-blocking vaccines. We describe and summarise the current status of each of these intervention classes and attempt to identify future requirements in development, with a focus on the challenges of establishing each method within an integrated malarial control programme in the future.
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Genetic approach towards a vaccine against malaria. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:1829-1839. [PMID: 29956023 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a major concern for international health authorities. Millions of people contract it every year in the world due to a parasite of the Plasmodium genus. Due to the complexity of the parasite biology and genetics, there is currently no vaccine against the disease. However, due to the great resistance both to the medicines and to the insecticides used to combat the disease, it has become essential to obtain a vaccine as the necessary tool to prevent transmission and eliminate the disease. The bibliometric data indicate that interest in vaccines has been growing steadily since the 1980s. But nowadays, a powerful tool is used: the Plasmodium genome. This allows us to improve the fight against the disease. Knowing the sequences of the genes that favor the appearance of drug resistance, or those that encode for proteins with greater antigenic response, is a tool that can become fundamental. This article reviews the state of the art on vaccines and genetics, in the fight against malaria, and analyzes the fixed photo that the worldwide research on the disease poses.
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