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Michelow IC, Park S, Tsai SW, Rayta B, Pasaje CFA, Nelson S, Early AM, Frosch AP, Ayodo G, Raj DK, Nixon CE, Nixon CP, Pond-Tor S, Friedman JF, Fried M, Duffy PE, Le Roch KG, Niles JC, Kurtis JD. A newly characterized malaria antigen on erythrocyte and merozoite surfaces induces parasite inhibitory antibodies. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200170. [PMID: 34342640 PMCID: PMC8340565 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) protein of unknown function encoded by a single-copy gene, PF3D7_1134300, as a target of antibodies in plasma of Tanzanian children in a whole-proteome differential screen. Here we characterize this protein as a blood-stage antigen that localizes to the surface membranes of both parasitized erythrocytes and merozoites, hence its designation as Pf erythrocyte membrane and merozoite antigen 1 (PfEMMA1). Mouse anti-PfEMMA1 antisera and affinity-purified human anti-PfEMMA1 antibodies inhibited growth of P. falciparum strains by up to 68% in growth inhibition assays. Following challenge with uniformly fatal Plasmodium berghei (Pb) ANKA, up to 40% of mice immunized with recombinant PbEMMA1 self-cured, and median survival of lethally infected mice was up to 2.6-fold longer than controls (21 vs. 8 d, P = 0.005). Furthermore, high levels of naturally acquired human anti-PfEMMA1 antibodies were associated with a 46% decrease in parasitemia over 2.5 yr of follow-up of Tanzanian children. Together, these findings suggest that antibodies to PfEMMA1 mediate protection against malaria.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/metabolism
- Child, Preschool
- Erythrocyte Membrane/parasitology
- Female
- Host-Parasite Interactions/physiology
- Humans
- Infant
- Malaria Vaccines/genetics
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/mortality
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Merozoites/immunology
- Merozoites/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Plasmodium falciparum/pathogenicity
- Plasmodium falciparum/physiology
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protozoan Proteins/chemistry
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Tanzania
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Michelow
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Sangshin Park
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
- Graduate School of Urban Public Health & Department of Urban Big Data Convergence, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shu-Whei Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Bonnie Rayta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | | | - Sara Nelson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Angela M. Early
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Anne P. Frosch
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - George Ayodo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre of Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
| | - Dipak K. Raj
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Christina E. Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Christian P. Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Sunthorn Pond-Tor
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Jennifer F. Friedman
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
- Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Patrick E. Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Karine G. Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, Center for Infectious Disease and Vector Research, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Jacquin C. Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jonathan D. Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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Park S, Nixon CE, Miller O, Choi NK, Kurtis JD, Friedman JF, Michelow IC. Impact of Malaria in Pregnancy on Risk of Malaria in Young Children: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:538-550. [PMID: 32219317 PMCID: PMC7377293 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our objective was to quantify the risk of acquiring malaria among progeny of women with malaria during pregnancy. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library for eligible prospective studies. The primary predictor was malaria during pregnancy defined as placental malaria, parasitemia, clinical malaria, or pregnancy-associated malaria. Primary outcomes were parasitemia or clinically defined malaria of young children. We performed meta-analyses to pool adjusted risk estimates using a random-effects model. RESULTS Nineteen of 2053 eligible studies met inclusion criteria for the systemic review. Eleven of these studies were quantitative and were included in the meta-analyses. The pooled adjusted odds ratio (aOR) or adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of malaria during pregnancy for detection of parasitemia in young children were 1.94 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93-4.07; P = .08) and 1.46 (95% CI, 1.07-2.00; P < .001), respectively. The pooled aOR or aHR for clinically defined malaria in young children were 2.82 (95% CI, 1.82-4.38; P < .001) and 1.31 (95% CI, 0.96-1.79; P = .09), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirmed that malaria during pregnancy significantly increased the overall risk of malaria in young children via indeterminate mechanisms and emphasize the urgent need to implement safe and highly effective strategies to prevent malaria during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangshin Park
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Graduate School of Urban Public Health, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Christina E Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Olivia Miller
- Department of Global Health, DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana, USA
| | - Nam-Kyong Choi
- Department of Health Convergence, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan D Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jennifer F Friedman
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ian C Michelow
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Kurtis JD, Raj DK, Michelow IC, Park S, Nixon CE, McDonald EA, Nixon CP, Pond-Tor S, Jha A, Taliano RJ, Kabyemela ER, Friedman JF, Duffy PE, Fried M. Maternally-derived Antibodies to Schizont Egress Antigen-1 and Protection of Infants From Severe Malaria. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:1718-1724. [PMID: 30165569 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In holoendemic areas, children suffer the most from Plasmodium falciparum malaria, yet newborns and young infants express a relative resistance to both infection and severe malarial disease (SM). This relative resistance has been ascribed to maternally-derived anti-parasite immunoglobulin G; however, the targets of these protective antibodies remain elusive. METHODS We enrolled 647 newborns at birth from a malaria-holoendemic region of Tanzania. We collected cord blood, measured antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Schizont Egress Antigen-1 (PfSEA-1), and related these antibodies to the risk of severe malaria in the first year of life. In addition, we vaccinated female mice with PbSEA-1, mated them, and challenged their pups with P. berghei ANKA parasites to assess the impact of maternal PbSEA-1 vaccination on newborns' resistance to malaria. RESULTS Children with high cord-blood anti-PfSEA-1 antibody levels had 51.4% fewer cases of SM compared to individuals with lower anti-PfSEA-1 levels over 12 months of follow-up (P = .03). In 3 trials, pups born to PbSEA-1-vaccinated dams had significantly lower parasitemia and longer survival following a P. berghei challenge compared to pups born to control dams. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that maternally-derived, cord-blood anti-PfSEA-1 antibodies predict decreased risk of SM in infants and vaccination of mice with PbSEA-1 prior to pregnancy protects their offspring from lethal P. berghei challenge. These results identify, for the first time, a parasite-specific target of maternal antibodies that protect infants from SM and suggest that vaccination of pregnant women with PfSEA-1 may afford a survival advantage to their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Dipak K Raj
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Ian C Michelow
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Sangshin Park
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Christina E Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Emily A McDonald
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Christian P Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Sunthorn Pond-Tor
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Ambrish Jha
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Ross J Taliano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Edward R Kabyemela
- Mother Offspring Malaria Studies (MOMS) Project, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Washington.,Muheza Designated District Hospital.,Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jennifer F Friedman
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence.,Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
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Nixon CP, Nixon CE, Michelow IC, Silva-Viera RA, Colantuono B, Obeidallah AS, Jha A, Dockery D, Raj D, Park S, Duffy PE, Kurtis JD. Antibodies to PfsEGXP, an Early Gametocyte-Enriched Phosphoprotein, Predict Decreased Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Density in Humans. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1792-1801. [PMID: 29982707 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antigametocyte-specific immune responses may regulate Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte density, providing the rationale for pursuing transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) that target gametocytes in the human host. Methods To identify novel antigametocyte TBV antigens, we interrogated the gametocyte proteome with our whole proteome differential screening method using plasma from a treatment-reinfection study conducted in western Kenya. At the start of the high-transmission season, 144 males (12-35 years) were enrolled and treated with quinine and doxycycline, peripheral venous blood samples were obtained, volunteers were observed, and weekly blood films were obtained for 18 weeks to quantify gametocytemia. Using plasma pooled from individuals with low versus high gametocyte carriage, we differentially screened a P falciparum gametocyte stage complementary deoxyribonucleic acid expression library. Results We identified 8 parasite genes uniquely recognized by gametocyte-resistant but not by gametocyte-susceptible individuals. Antibodies to one of these antigens, PfsEGXP, predicted lower gametocytemia measured over the 18-week transmission season (P = .021). When analyzed dichotomously, anti-PfsEGXP responders had 31% lower gametocyte density over 18 weeks of follow-up, compared with nonresponders (P = .04). Conclusions PfsEGXP is one of the first reported gametocyte-specific target of antibodies that predict decreased gametocyte density in humans and supports our novel TBV antigen discovery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Christina E Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Ian C Michelow
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Rayna A Silva-Viera
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Bonnie Colantuono
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Aisha S Obeidallah
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Ambrish Jha
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Dominique Dockery
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Dipak Raj
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Sangshin Park
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jonathan D Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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5
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Park S, Nixon CE, Pond-Tor S, Kabyemela ER, Fried M, Duffy PE, Kurtis JD, Friedman JF. Impact of maternally derived antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Schizont Egress Antigen-1 on the endogenous production of anti-PfSEA-1 in offspring. Vaccine 2019; 37:5044-5050. [PMID: 31288996 PMCID: PMC6677924 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background We evaluated whether maternally-derived antibodies to a malarial vaccine candidate, Plasmodium falciparum Schizont Egress Antigen-1 (PfSEA-1), in cord blood interfered with the development of infant anti-PfSEA-1 antibodies in response to natural exposure. Methods We followed 630 Tanzanian infants who were measured their antibodies against PfSEA-1 (aa 810-1023; PfSEA-1A) at birth and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age, and examined the changes in anti-PfSEA-1A antibody levels in response to parasitemia, and evaluated whether maternally-derived anti-PfSEA-1A antibodies in cord blood modified infant anti-PfSEA-1A immune responses. Results Infants who experienced parasitemia during the first 6 months of life had significantly higher anti-PfSEA-1A antibodies at 6 and 12 months of age compared to uninfected infants. Maternally-derived anti-PfSEA-1A antibodies in cord blood significantly modified this effect during the first 6 months. During this period, infant anti-PfSEA-1A antibody levels were significantly associated with their P. falciparum exposure when they were born with low, but not higher, maternally-derived anti-PfSEA-1A antibody levels in cord blood. Nevertheless, during the first 6 months of life, maternally-derived anti-PfSEA-1A antibodies in cord blood did not abrogate the parasitemia driven development of infant anti-PfSEA-1A: parasitemia were significantly correlated with anti-PfSEA-1A antibody levels at 6 months of age in the infants born with low maternally-derived anti-PfSEA-1A antibody levels in cord blood and borderline significantly correlated in those infants born with middle and high levels. Conclusions Maternal vaccination with PfSEA-1A is unlikely to interfere with the development of naturally acquired anti-PfSEA-1A immune responses following exposure during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangshin Park
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States; Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States; Graduate School of Urban Public Health, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
| | - Christina E Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Sunthorn Pond-Tor
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Edward R Kabyemela
- Mother Offspring Malaria Studies (MOMS) Project, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Muheza Designated District Hospital, Muheza, Tanzania; Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, United States
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, United States
| | - Jonathan D Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Jennifer F Friedman
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States; Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
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Nixon CP, Park S, Nixon CE, Reece RM, Sweeney JD. Adjunctive treatment of clinically severe babesiosis with red blood cell exchange: a case series of nineteen patients. Transfusion 2019; 59:2629-2635. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.15346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian P. Nixon
- Center for International Health Research Providence Rhode Island
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Rhode Island Hospital and The Miriam Hospitals, Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence Rhode Island
| | - Sangshin Park
- Center for International Health Research Providence Rhode Island
| | | | - Rebecca M. Reece
- Department of Infectious Disease Rhode Island Hospital and The Miriam Hospitals, Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence Rhode Island
| | - Joseph D. Sweeney
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Rhode Island Hospital and The Miriam Hospitals, Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence Rhode Island
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Moormann AM, Nixon CE, Forconi CS. Immune effector mechanisms in malaria: An update focusing on human immunity. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12628. [PMID: 30972776 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed dramatic decreases in malaria-associated mortality and morbidity around the world. This progress has largely been due to intensified malaria control measures, implementation of rapid diagnostics and establishing a network to anticipate and mitigate antimalarial drug resistance. However, the ultimate tool for malaria prevention is the development and implementation of an effective vaccine. To date, malaria vaccine efforts have focused on determining which of the thousands of antigens expressed by Plasmodium falciparum are instrumental targets of protective immunity. The antigenic variation and antigenic polymorphisms arising in parasite genes under immune selection present a daunting challenge for target antigen selection and prioritization, and is a given caveat when interpreting immune recall responses or results from monovalent vaccine trials. Other immune evasion strategies executed by the parasite highlight the myriad of ways in which it can become a recurrent infection. This review provides an update on immune effector mechanisms in malaria and focuses on our improved ability to interrogate the complexity of human immune system, accelerated by recent methodological advances. Appreciating how the human immune landscape influences the effectiveness and longevity of antimalarial immunity will help explain which conditions are necessary for immune effector mechanisms to prevail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Moormann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Christina E Nixon
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Catherine S Forconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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8
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Nixon CP, Nixon CE, Arsyad DS, Chand K, Yudhaputri FA, Sumarto W, Wangsamuda S, Asih PB, Marantina SS, Wahid I, Han G, Friedman JF, Bangs MJ, Syafruddin D, Baird JK. Distance to Anopheles sundaicus larval habitats dominant among risk factors for parasitemia in meso-endemic Southwest Sumba, Indonesia. Pathog Glob Health 2014; 108:369-80. [PMID: 25495283 DOI: 10.1179/2047773214y.0000000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decline in intensity of malaria transmission in many areas now emphasizes greater importance of understanding the epidemiology of low to moderate transmission settings. Marked heterogeneity in infection risk within these populations creates opportunities to understand transmission and guide resource allocation to greater impact. METHODS In this study, we examined spatial patterns of malaria transmission in a hypo- to meso-endemic area of eastern Indonesia using malaria prevalence data collected from a cross-sectional socio-demographic and parasitological survey conducted from August to November 2010. An entomological survey performed in parallel, identified, mapped, and monitored local anopheline larval habitats. RESULTS A single spatial cluster of higher malaria prevalence was detected during the study period (relative risk=2.13; log likelihood ratio=20.7; P<0.001). In hierarchical multivariate regression models, risk of parasitemia was inversely correlated with distance to five Anopheles sundaicus known larval habitats [odds ratio (OR)=0.21; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.14-0.32; P<0.001], which were located in a geographically restricted band adjacent to the coastline. Increasing distance from these sites predicted increased hemoglobin level across age strata after adjusting for confounders (OR=1.6; 95% CI=1.30-1.98; P<0.001). CONCLUSION Significant clustering of malaria parasitemia in close proximity to very specific and relatively few An. sundaicus larval habitats has direct implications for local control strategy, policy, and practice. These findings suggest that larval source management could achieve profound if not complete impact in this region.
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9
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Raj DK, Nixon CP, Nixon CE, Dvorin JD, DiPetrillo CG, Pond-Tor S, Wu HW, Jolly G, Pischel L, Lu A, Michelow IC, Cheng L, Conteh S, McDonald EA, Absalon S, Holte SE, Friedman JF, Fried M, Duffy PE, Kurtis JD. Antibodies to PfSEA-1 block parasite egress from RBCs and protect against malaria infection. Science 2014; 344:871-7. [PMID: 24855263 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel vaccines are urgently needed to reduce the burden of severe malaria. Using a differential whole-proteome screening method, we identified Plasmodium falciparum schizont egress antigen-1 (PfSEA-1), a 244-kilodalton parasite antigen expressed in schizont-infected red blood cells (RBCs). Antibodies to PfSEA-1 decreased parasite replication by arresting schizont rupture, and conditional disruption of PfSEA-1 resulted in a profound parasite replication defect. Vaccination of mice with recombinant Plasmodium berghei PbSEA-1 significantly reduced parasitemia and delayed mortality after lethal challenge with the Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Tanzanian children with antibodies to recombinant PfSEA-1A (rPfSEA-1A) did not experience severe malaria, and Kenyan adolescents and adults with antibodies to rPfSEA-1A had significantly lower parasite densities than individuals without these antibodies. By blocking schizont egress, PfSEA-1 may synergize with other vaccines targeting hepatocyte and RBC invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak K Raj
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Christian P Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Christina E Nixon
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Dvorin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christen G DiPetrillo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sunthorn Pond-Tor
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Hai-Wei Wu
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Grant Jolly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Lauren Pischel
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Ailin Lu
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Ian C Michelow
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Ling Cheng
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Solomon Conteh
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emily A McDonald
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Sabrina Absalon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah E Holte
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Department of Biostatistics and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jennifer F Friedman
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan D Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement has been implicated in secondary changes to the dental pulp. The purpose of this study was to correlate the effects of orthodontic tooth movement on the dental pulp by histomorphometric parameters. Four groups, each consisting of 36 male adult Sprague-Dawley strain rats, were studied with differing force magnitudes. These included a sham group in addition to groups with bilaterally placed appliances activated to 20, 40, and 60 g of initial force designed to mesially tip the maxillary first molars. Six rats were killed at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days. Specimens were fixed, embedded, and stained with tetrachrome. Pulpal measurements were made with an image analyzer and included changes in predentin and vascularity. Findings indicated a significant increase (p < or = 0.05) relative to time and force magnitude in capillary number. An initial pulpal hyperemia was observed following activation of orthodontic force which was unrelated to force magnitude. A force-dependent increase in predentin width was measured at the peak of the tooth movement cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Nixon
- University of Florida Health Science Center, Department of Endodontics, Gainesville
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11
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Abstract
Endodontic therapy has played an important role in maintaining the integrity of the natural dentition as a fully functional and esthetic masticatory apparatus. Although the sealing of the root canal system is usually accomplished by the conservative endodontic approach, cases which have failed or which involve perforations, broken instruments, or post-crown restorations are almost always treated surgically by using zinc-free amalgam as a retrograde filling material. However, the literature is controversial concerning the health risks and benefits of this material. For this reason, the study presented here was initiated to evaluate the potential of (a) a medical grade silicone-titanium mesh compound; (b) Endo-Fill (Lee Pharmaceuticals, El Monte, CA); and (c) an experimental expanding Endo-Fill (Lee Pharmaceuticals) as alternatives to amalgam. The three silicone-based materials and amalgam were compared for linear apical dye leakage. The leakage study involved 80 teeth which were instrumented, obturated, and prepared surgically for one of the four test materials. Either the teeth were placed immediately into 1% methylene blue dye or the material was allowed to set for 24 h before placement into the dye. Endo-Fill showed significantly less leakage than did the other materials in both the immediately placed and the 24-h set groups. On the other extreme, the experimental expanding Endo-Fill allowed significantly more dye penetration than did amalgam and the other silicone variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Nixon
- Department of Endodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville
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12
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Ginsburg HM, Nixon CE. Infected Urachus Cyst. Cal West Med 1935; 43:153-154. [PMID: 18743349 PMCID: PMC1753520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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13
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Nixon CE, Ginsburg HM. Congenital Absence of the Right Kidney: Report of Two Cases-One with Transposition of the Spleen and Subacute Glomerular Nephritis. Cal West Med 1935; 43:40. [PMID: 18743316 PMCID: PMC1753251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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14
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Sorsky ED, Nixon CE. Coccidioides Granuloma: With a Report of Eighteen Cases of Coccidioides Granuloma with Two Apparent Cures. Cal West Med 1935; 42:98-106. [PMID: 18743183 PMCID: PMC1752070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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15
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Floridis GG, Nixon CE, Ginsburg HM. Primary Carcinoma of the Lung With Unusual Manifestations. Cal West Med 1934; 40:365-367. [PMID: 18742863 PMCID: PMC1659027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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16
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Hashiba GK, Cowan AB, Nixon CE. Mesothelioma of the Pleura: Report of Case. Cal West Med 1932; 37:385-387. [PMID: 18742345 PMCID: PMC1658464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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17
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Nixon CE. INDIVIDUALITY AND ENVIRONMENT AS ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE PSYCHONEUROSES. Cal State J Med 1924; 22:17-20. [PMID: 18739183 PMCID: PMC1517871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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