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Guo L, Li J, Zhao W, Wei P, Ju Y, Cui X, Yuan L, Ji M, Liu Z. Steric Influences on Chain Microstructure in Palladium-Catalyzed α-Olefin (Co)polymerization: Unveiling the Steric-Deficient Effect. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39267326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
This study addresses the challenge of controlling branching density and branch-type distribution in late-transition-metal-catalyzed chain walking polymerizations. We explored α-diimine Pd(II) complexes with incrementally increased ortho-aryl sterics for long-chain α-olefin (co)polymerization. Pd0-Pd3 catalysts, which feature gradually increased ortho-aryl sterics and at least one small CH3 substituent, exhibited similar 2,1-insertion fractions (44-50%), polymer branching densities (55-63/1000C), and melting temperatures (26-28 °C). In contrast, Pd4 with bulky ortho-aryl sterics covering all sides demonstrated a significant increase in 2,1-insertion fractions up to 82%, leading to "PE-like" polymers with high melting temperatures (Tm > 111 °C). This abrupt change in polymerization behavior, termed the "steric-deficient effect", contrasts with the gradual changes observed in similar Ni(II) systems that we reported previously. Furthermore, due to the rapid chain walking ability of Pd(II) catalysts in long-chain α-olefin (co)polymerization, these catalysts favor the production of polyolefins with higher proportions of methyl branches compared to those produced by Ni(II) catalysts. Particularly, these Pd(II) catalysts are capable of synthesizing functionalized semicrystalline copolymers by copolymerizing 1-octene with a variety of polar comonomers, thereby significantly altering the surface properties of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Ju
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoru Cui
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Liqing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Mingjun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
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2
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Santiwarodom W, Apilardmongkol P, Kuamit T, Parasuk V. Theoretical study of electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to CO using a nickel-N 4-Schiff base complex. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39248005 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02521k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction (ECR) of CO2 to CO by nickel-N4-Schiff base complexes as catalysts was investigated using density functional theory (DFT). Three nickel complexes, 1-Ni, 2-Ni, and [2-Ni]Me were considered. Two CO2 reduction pathways, i.e., external and internal proton transfer, were proposed and their reaction energy profiles were computed. The external proton transfer pathway which includes three steps has no transition state. The reaction energies for all steps are exothermic and the reaction catalyzed by 1-Ni has the lowest overall reaction energy (-5.72 eV) followed by those by 2-Ni (-5.56 eV) and [2-Ni]Me (-5.54 eV). The internal proton transfer pathway is composed of four steps. The internal proton transfer step (carboxylic formation) includes a transition state. The CO2 reduction by [2-Ni]Me could not proceed via this mechanism, since [2-Ni]Me does not have an NH group in the ligand and 1-Ni has a lower activation energy (0.83 eV), which is in agreement with the experiment. The charge of the pre-adsorption nickel complex seems to be related to the activity of the catalysts. The catalyst with a less positive nickel charge is more active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilasinee Santiwarodom
- Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry (CECC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Pavee Apilardmongkol
- Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry (CECC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Thanawit Kuamit
- Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry (CECC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Vudhichai Parasuk
- Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry (CECC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Rauf HS, Liu YS, Arslan M, Solanki SPS, Deydier E, Poli R, Grabow LC, Harth E. Benchtop-Stable Carbyl Iminopyridyl Ni II Complexes for Olefin Polymerization. ACS Catal 2024; 14:13136-13147. [PMID: 39263544 PMCID: PMC11385416 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c02708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Design of catalysts for Ni-catalyzed olefin polymerization predominantly focuses on ligand design rather than the activation process when attempting to achieve a broader scope of polyolefin micro- and macrostructures. Air-stable alkyl-or aryl-functionalized NiII precatalysts were designed which eliminate the need of in situ alkylating processes and are activated solely by halide abstraction to generate the cationic complex for olefin polymerization. These complexes represent an emerging class of olefin polymerization catalysts, enabling the study of various cocatalysts forming either inner- or outer-sphere ion pairs. It is demonstrated that an organoboron cocatalyst activation produces a well-defined ion pair, which in contrast to ill-defined organoaluminum cocatalysts, can directly activate the complex by halide abstraction to yield comparatively higher molecular weight homo/copolymers. Under high ethylene pressure, broader branching densities and the gradual incorporation of short-chain branches were achieved, circumventing the need for elaborate ligand design and copolymerization with α-olefins. The underlying chain-walking mechanism and ion pair interactions were further elucidated by DFT calculations. A phenyl group on the bridging carbon functioned as a rotational barrier, producing higher molecular weight polymers compared to methyl-substituted analogs. Here, we provide a perspective to manipulate the iminopyridyl NiII system, leveraging ion pair interactions and ligand design to govern polyolefin molecular weights and microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasaan S Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CPEC), University of Houston, 3589 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Yu-Sheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CPEC), University of Houston, 3589 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CPEC), University of Houston, 3589 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Surya Pratap S Solanki
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Rd, S222 Engineering Building 1, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Eric Deydier
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), UPS, INPT, Université de Toulouse, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), UPS, INPT, Université de Toulouse, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1, rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Lars C Grabow
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, 4726 Calhoun Rd, S222 Engineering Building 1, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CPEC), University of Houston, 3589 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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Meng LQ, Wang JS, You XX, Zhong RL, Gao FW, Su ZM. The Difference in Ir-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-H and C(sp 3)-H Bond Activation Assisted by a Directing Group: Cyclometalation via Cis- or Trans-Chelation? Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39233663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Iridium-catalyzed C-H borylation of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons assisted by a directing group was theoretically investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed both Ir-catalyzed C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H borylations via an IrIII/IrV catalytic cycle, where the tetra-coordinated (C, N)IrIII(Bpin)2 complex with two vacant sites is an active species. Dramatically, the orientation of cyclometalation for C(sp2)-H bond activation assisted by a directing group is different from the C(sp3)-H one. The activation energy (ΔG°‡ = 28.5 kcal mol-1) of the C(sp2)-H bond via trans-chelation to form cyclometalation is lower than that (41.4 kcal mol-1) via cis-chelation. In contrast, the ΔG°‡ (26.6 kcal mol-1) of the C(sp3)-H bond via cis-chelation to form cyclometalation is lower than that (34.3 kcal mol-1) via trans-chelation. In addition, the rate-determining step of Ir-catalyzed C(sp2)-H borylation is oxidative addition of the C(sp2)-H bond, while that of C(sp3)-H analogues is hydride migration. Such differences arise from not only the differences in the steric hindrance of the C(sp2) and secondary C(sp3) atoms but also the differences in the trans effect and steric effect of the two vacant sites of active species. These findings were expected to facilitate further studies on the design and synthesis of innovative ligands for Ir-catalyzed C-H borylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Qi Meng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jian-Sen Wang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiao-Xia You
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Rong-Lin Zhong
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Feng-Wei Gao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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5
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Katoch A, Mandal D. Impact of carboxylate ligation on the C-H activation reactivity of a non-heme Fe(IV)O complex: a computational investigation. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39222036 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02139h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive DFT investigation has been presented to predict how a carboxylate-rich macrocycle would affect the reactivity of a non-heme Fe(IV)O complex towards C-H activation. The popular non-heme iron oxo complex [FeIV(O)(N4Py)]2+, (N4Py = N,N-(bis(2-pyridyl)methyl)N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) (1), has been selected here as the primary compound. It is transformed to the compound [FeIV(O)(nBu-P2DA)], where nBu-P2DA = N-(1',1'-bis(2-pyridyl)pentyl)iminodiacetate (2) after the replacement of two pyridine donors of N4Py with carboxylate groups. Two other complexes, namely 3 and 4, have been predicted sequentially substituting nitrogen with the carboxylate groups. Ethylbenzene and dihydrotoluene were chosen as substrates. In terms of C-H activation reactivity, an interesting pattern emerges: as the carboxylate group becomes more equatorially enriched, the reactivity increases, following the trend 1 < 2 < 3 < 4. This also aligns with available experimental reports related to complexes 1 and 2. Fe(IV)O complexes exhibit two-state reactivity (triplet and quintet), whereas the quintet state is more favourable due to the stabilization of the transition states through exchange interactions involving a greater number of unpaired electrons. A detailed analysis of the factors influencing reactivity has been performed, including distortion energy (which decreases for the transition state with the addition of carboxylate groups), the triplet-quintet oxidant energy gap (which consistently decreases as carboxylate group enrichment increases), steric factors, and quantum mechanical tunneling. This investigation provides a detailed explanation of the observed outcomes and predicts the higher reactivity of carboxylate-enriched Fe(IV)O complexes. After potential experimental verification, this could lead to the development of new, optimal catalysts for C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Katoch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147001, Punjab, India.
| | - Debasish Mandal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147001, Punjab, India.
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6
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Liu L, Liu S, Hu X, Zhou S, Deng Y. Enhancing the activity and succinyl-CoA specificity of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase Tfu_0875 through rational binding pocket engineering. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2024; 9:558-568. [PMID: 38694995 PMCID: PMC11061225 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2024.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase is the rate-limiting enzyme for linear dicarboxylic acids production. However, the promiscuous substrate specificity and suboptimal catalytic performance have restricted its application. Here we present both biochemical and structural analyses of a high-efficiency 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase Tfu_0875. Notably, Tfu_0875 displayed heightened activity and substrate specificity for succinyl-CoA, a key precursor in adipic acid production. To enhance its performance, a deep learning approach (DLKcat) was employed to identify effective mutants, and a computational strategy, known as the greedy accumulated strategy for protein engineering (GRAPE), was used to accumulate these effective mutants. Among the mutants, Tfu_0875N249W/L163H/E217L exhibited the highest specific activity (320% of wild-type Tfu_0875), the greatest catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM = 1.00 min-1mM-1), the highest succinyl-CoA specificity (KM = 0.59 mM, 28.1% of Tfu_0875) and dramatically reduced substrate binding energy (-30.25 kcal mol-1v.s. -15.94 kcal mol-1). A structural comparison between Tfu_0875N249W/L163H/E217L and the wild type Tfu_0875 revealed that the increased interaction between the enzyme and succinyl-CoA was the primary reason for the enhanced enzyme activity. This interaction facilitated rapid substrate anchoring and stabilization. Furthermore, a reduced binding pocket volume improved substrate specificity by enhancing the complementarity between the binding pocket and the substrate in stereo conformation. Finally, our rationally designed mutant, Tfu_0875N249W/L163H/E217L, increased the adipic acid titer by 1.35-fold compared to the wild type Tfu_0875 in shake flask. The demonstrated enzymatic methods provide a promising enzyme variant for the adipic acid production. The above effective substrate binding pocket engineering strategy can be beneficial for the production of other industrially competitive biobased chemicals when be applied to other thiolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xiangyang Hu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Shenghu Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yu Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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7
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Tomasini M, Voccia M, Caporaso L, Szostak M, Poater A. Tuning the steric hindrance of alkylamines: a predictive model of steric editing of planar amines. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13405-13414. [PMID: 39183899 PMCID: PMC11339794 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03873h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Amines are one of the most prevalent functional groups in chemistry. Perhaps even more importantly, amines represent one of the most ubiquitous moieties within the realm of bioactive natural products and life-saving pharmaceuticals. The archetypal geometrical property of amines is their sp3 hybridization with the lone pair of nitrogen occupying the apex of the pyramid. Herein, we present a blueprint for quantifying the properties of extremely sterically hindered alkylamines. These amines reach planarity around the nitrogen atom due to the excessive steric hindrance, which results in a conformational re-modeling of the amine moiety. Crucially, the steric properties of amines are characterized by the %V Bur index, which we show is a general predictive parameter for evaluating the properties of sterically hindered amines. Computational studies on the acidic nature and the reactivity of organometallic Au and Pd complexes are outlined. Density functional theory calculations permit for predictive catalysis, ordering the mapping of extremely hindered tertiary amines by employing artificial intelligence via machine learning. Overall, the study outlines the correlation between the unusual geometry and the key thermodynamic and kinetic properties of extremely hindered alkylamines. The steric hindrance, as quantified by %V Bur, is the crucial factor influencing the observed trends and the space required to accommodate sterically hindered tertiary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tomasini
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona c/Ma Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno Via Ponte don Melillo 84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Maria Voccia
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona c/Ma Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno Via Ponte don Melillo 84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno Via Ponte don Melillo 84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University 73 Warren Street Newark New Jersey 07102 USA
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona c/Ma Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
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8
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Fritsche P, Geyer L, Czernetzki C, Hierlmeier G. Coordination-induced reductive elimination from a titanium(IV) complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9030-9033. [PMID: 39046231 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02500h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Diamidopyridine-supported titanium dibenzyl complexes undergo coordination-induced C-C reductive elimination upon addition of alkynes and quantitative formation of titanacyclopentadienes. The distinct radical mechanism of this reductive mechanism gives new insights into C-C bond formation with titanium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fritsche
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Lucia Geyer
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Corinna Czernetzki
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Hierlmeier
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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9
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Zheng T, Nöthling N, Wang Z, Mitschke B, Leutzsch M, List B. A solid noncovalent organic double-helix framework catalyzes asymmetric [6 + 4] cycloaddition. Science 2024; 385:765-770. [PMID: 39146417 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Whereas [4 + 2] cycloadditions are among the most powerful tools in the chemist's synthetic arsenal, controlling reactivity and selectivity of [6 + 4] cycloadditions has proven to be extremely challenging. Such transformations, especially if compatible with simple hydrocarbon-based substrates, could ultimately provide a general approach to highly valuable and otherwise difficult to access 10-membered rings. We report here that highly acidic and confined imidodiphosphorimidate catalysts do not catalyze this reaction under homogeneous conditions. Notably, however, they can spontaneously precipitate an insoluble and double helix-shaped noncovalent organic framework, which acts as a distinctively reactive and stereoselective catalyst of [6 + 4] cycloadditions of simple dienes with tropone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zheng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nils Nöthling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Zikuan Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mitschke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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10
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Zhang WW, Feng Z, You SL, Zheng C. Electrophile-Arene Affinity: An Energy Scale for Evaluating the Thermodynamics of Electrophilic Dearomatization Reactions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11487-11501. [PMID: 39077910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Rational design and development of organic reactions are lofty goals in synthetic chemistry. Quantitative description of the properties of molecules and reactions by physical organic parameters plays an important role in this regard. In this Article, we report an energy scale, namely, electrophile-arene affinity (EAA), for evaluating the thermodynamics of electrophilic dearomatization reactions, a class of important transformations that can rapidly build up molecular complexity and structural diversity by converting planar aromatic compounds into three-dimensional cyclic molecules. The acquisition of EAA data can be readily achieved by theoretically calculating the enthalpy changes (ΔH) of the hypothetical reactions of various (cationic) electrophiles with aromatic systems (taking the 1-methylnaphthalen-2-olate ion as an example in this study). Linear correlations are found between the calculated ΔH values and established physical organic parameters such as the percentage of buried volume %VBur (steric effect), Hammett's σ or Brown's σ+ (electronic effect), and Mayr's E (reaction kinetics). Careful analysis of the ΔH values leads to the rational design of a dearomative alkynylation reaction using alkynyl hypervalent iodonium reagents as the electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Zhang
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zuolijun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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11
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Lv YF, Liu G, Shi Z, Wang Z. Chromium Catalyzed Asymmetric Reformatsky Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406109. [PMID: 38837496 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
This study describes an unprecedented chromium-catalyzed asymmetric Reformatsky reaction, enabling the synthesis of chiral β-hydroxy carbonyl compounds from α-chlorinated or α-brominated esters and amides. By employing a chiral chromium/diarylamine bis(oxazoline) catalyst, we achieved relatively broad functional group tolerance. Distinct from known reports, the protocol operates under both classical and photoredox conditions, facilitated by the in situ formation of a nucleophilic chiral chromium intermediate through a radical-polar crossover mechanism. Preliminary mechanistic insights, supported by DFT calculations, identify the nucleophilic aldehyde addition as the key stereo-determining step. This approach not only overcomes the limitations of existing Reformatsky reactions but also provides a versatile strategy for accessing complex chiral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Feng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhaoxin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhaobin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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12
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Wang X, Ligorio RF, Rüttger F, Krengel DMJ, Graw N, Herbst-Irmer R, Krawczuk A, Stalke D. Reducing hybrid ligand-based alane and chasing aluminium(I): dialane and unusual transient dialumene. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39120603 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01798f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
In this work, an alane, [DNIAlH2] (1) (DNI = 3,3-dimethyl-2-[2-methyl-2-(2,6-diisopropyl-aniline)ethenyl]-3H-indolenine), stabilised by a hybrid ligand was reduced by Jones's Mg(I) ([(MesBDIMg)2]) and Roesky's Al(I) ([DippBDIAl:]). The resulting dialane compound [{DNI(H)Al}2] (2) was characterised using NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, DFT calculations and single-crystal XRD experiments. The reaction of aluminium dihydride [DNIAlH2] (1) with [DippBDIAl:] at high temperatures gives an intramolecular C(sp2)-H bond-activated compound 3. To study the monomeric hybrid ligand-based Al(I), characterisations and computational calculations were performed, which elucidate that compound 5, consisting of two inequivalent aluminium atoms in an Al2CN four-membered ring, resulting from the activation of a carbon-nitrogen bond in the reaction of [DNINa] with [(Cp*Al)4].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Wang
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Raphael F Ligorio
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Franziska Rüttger
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - David M J Krengel
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Nico Graw
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Anna Krawczuk
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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13
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George T, Grant T, Munhoz IS, Do T, Masuda JD. Group 11 complexes of a bulky triazene ligand. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:13107-13118. [PMID: 39041247 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01561d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
A new triazene ligand was prepared by the reaction of the bulky aryl azide, TerMesN3, (2,6-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phenyl azide), with the bulky N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), SIPr (N,N'-2,6-bis(diisopropylphenyl)-3,4-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene). The steric bulk of these two groups leads to perpendicular bonding of the NHC-N3 plane and the aryl group which provides immense steric crowding around the triazene core. The corresponding π-conjugated triazene ligand was utilized as a neutral, monodentate ligand which results in monomeric Cu(I)Cl, Ag(I)OTf, and Au(I)Cl complexes. Instability of the π-conjugated triazene Au(I)Cl complex was observed, even under inert conditions. When dissolved and photolyzed in THF with workup in isopropanol, the compound decomposes forming [(SIPrNH)2Au(I)][Au(I)Cl2] a relatively stable compound to light, moisture, and water - alongside the formation of gold nanoparticles which were characterized using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner George
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3C3.
| | - Tamika Grant
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3C3.
| | | | - Thai Do
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3C3.
| | - Jason D Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3C3.
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14
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Saida AB, Mahaut D, Tumanov N, Wouters J, Champagne B, Vanthuyne N, Robiette R, Berionni G. Reactivity and Steric Parameters from 2D to 3D Bulky Pyridines: Increasing Steric Demand at Nitrogen with Chiral Azatriptycenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407503. [PMID: 38781114 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Sterically hindered pyridines embedded in a three-dimensional triptycene framework have been synthesized, and their resolution by chiral HPLC enabled access to unprecedented enantiopure pyridines exceeding the known steric limits. The design principles for new axially chiral pyridine derivatives are then described. To rationalize their associations with Lewis acids and transition metals, a comprehensive determination of the steric and electronic parameters for this new class of pyridines was performed. This led to the general parameterization of the steric parameters (percent buried volume %VBur, Tolman cone angle θ, and He8_steric descriptor) for a large set of two- and three-dimensional pyridine derivatives. These parameters are shown to describe quantitatively their interactions with carbon- and boron-centered Lewis acids and were used to predict the ΔG° of association with the prototypical B(C6F5)3 Lewis acid widely used in frustrated Lewis pair catalysis. This first parameterization of pyridine sterics is a fundamental basis for the future development of predictive reactivity models and for guiding new applications of bulky and chiral pyridines in organocatalysis, frustrated Lewis pairs, and transition-metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ben Saida
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Damien Mahaut
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Nikolay Tumanov
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Johan Wouters
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Raphaël Robiette
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1 Box L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Berionni
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium
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15
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Guo W, Jiang J, Wang J. [2.2]Benzoindenophane-Based Chiral Indenyl Ligands: Design, Synthesis, and Applications in Asymmetric C-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400279. [PMID: 38781117 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Development of chiral indenyl ligands for asymmetric C-H activation is a longstanding challenge, and extremely few successes have been achieved. In this paper, we describe a class of readily accessible, facilely tunable and user-friendly chiral indenyl ligands featuring a [2.2]benzoindenophane skeleton via a divergent synthesis strategy. The corresponding chiral indenyl rhodium catalysts were successfully applied in the asymmetric C-H activation reaction of O-Boc hydroxybenzamide with alkenes to give various chiral dihydroisoquinolone products (up to 97 % yield, up to 98 % ee). Moreover, the asymmetric C-H activation reaction of carboxylic acids with alkynes was also successfully accomplished, providing a range of axially chiral isocoumarins (up to 99 % yield, up to 94 % ee). Notably, this represents the first example of enantioselective transition metal catalyzed C(sp2)-H activation/oxidative coupling of benzoic acids with internal alkynes to construct isocoumarins. Given many attractive features of this class of indenyl ligands, such as convenient synthesis, high tunability and exclusive face-selectivity of coordination, its applications in more catalytic asymmetric C-H activation and in other asymmetric catalysis are foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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16
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Rumi SP, Zakharov LN, Desnoyer AN. A twist on a classic scaffold: rational design of a new bimetallic platform. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39102063 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01840k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of a modular family of novel bimetallic tetraamidodiamine (tada) ligands, Li4-R-tada (R = Me3Si, tBuMe2Si, and iPr3Si). These silylamido ligands display two distinct binding pockets whose steric profiles can be easily tuned by choice of the substituents on silicon. We also show that salt metathesis is a convenient route to install these new ligands on the early transition metals titanium(IV) and vanadium(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultana P Rumi
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Addison N Desnoyer
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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17
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Sutradhar S, Rahaman R, Bhattacharya S, Paul S, Paine TK. Oxygenolytic cleavage of 1,2-diols with dioxygen by a mononuclear nonheme iron complex: Mimicking the reaction of myo-inositol oxygenase. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 257:112611. [PMID: 38788359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
A mononuclear iron(II) complex, [(TpPh2)FeII(OTf)(CH3CN)] (1) (TpPh2 = hydrotris(3,5-diphenylpyrazol-1-yl)borate, OTf = triflate) has been isolated and its efficiency toward the aliphatic CC bond cleavage reaction of 1,2-diols with dioxygen has been investigated. Separate reactions between 1 and different 1,2-diolates form the corresponding iron(II)-diolate complexes in solution. While the iron(II) complex of the tetradentate TPA (tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) ligand is not efficient in affecting the CC cleavage of 1,2-diol with dioxygen, complex 1 displays catalytic activity to afford carboxylic acid and aldehyde. Isotope labeling studies with 18O2 reveal that one oxygen atom from dioxygen is incorporated into the carboxylic acid product. The oxygenative CC cleavage reactions occur on the 1,2-diols containing at least one α-H atom. The kinetic isotope effect value of 5.7 supports the abstraction of an α-H by an iron(III)-superoxo species to propagate the CC cleavage reactions. The oxidative cleavage of 1,2-diolates by the iron(II) complex mimics the reaction catalyzed by the nonheme diiron enzyme, myo-inositol oxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Sutradhar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A&2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Rubina Rahaman
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A&2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India; Department of Chemistry, Krishnagar Government College, Krishnagar, West Bengal 741101, India
| | - Shrabanti Bhattacharya
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A&2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Satadal Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Bangabasi Morning College, 19 Rajkumar Chakraborty Sarani, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Tapan Kanti Paine
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A&2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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18
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Würdemann MS, Kühn S, Bötel T, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. Phospha-bicyclohexene-germylenes exhibiting unexpected reactivity. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04034a. [PMID: 39129781 PMCID: PMC11310892 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04034a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introducing phospha-bicyclohexene (BCH)-germylenes (BCHGe's) as a novel, multifunctional compound class: the title compounds 15-18 are obtained from simple salt metathesis reactions of dipotassium germacyclopentadienediides K2[1] with phosphorusdichlorides. The BCHGe's 15-18 are stabilized by homoconjugation of the germanium(ii) centre with the remote C[double bond, length as m-dash]C double bond. Despite substantial thermodynamic stabilization, phospha-BCHGe's are reactive and undergo a reductive elimination of elemental germanium to give the corresponding phospholes. The elimination is a nucleophilic, bimolecular process and is prevented by large substituents. The reaction of phospha-BCHGe's with small electrophiles gives the corresponding phosphonium salts. Oxidation with chalcogens takes place at both the germanium and the phosphorus atom, and after elimination of germanium chalcogenides the corresponding phosphole chalcogenides were isolated. The introduced germylenes exhibit strong nucleophilic but also non-neglectable electrophilic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Sophie Würdemann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Steffen Kühn
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Tobias Bötel
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
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19
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Kallmeier F, Matthews AJR, Nelmes GR, Lawson NR, Hicks J. Mechanochemical synthesis of iron aluminyl complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:12450-12454. [PMID: 39011575 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01774a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
A series of iron aluminyl complexes have been synthesised in good crystalline yields from reactions between bulky diamido aluminium iodide complexes and K[Fe(CO)2Cp] in the solid state. The series of metal-metal bonded complexes have been characterised by X-ray crystallography and were investigated using density functional theory to probe the effects of ligand substitution on the Al-Fe bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kallmeier
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Aidan J R Matthews
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Gareth R Nelmes
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Nina R Lawson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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20
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Li J, Wang G, Guo W, Jiang J, Wang J. H 8-BINOL-Derived Chiral η 6-Benzene Ligands: New Opportunities for the Ruthenium-Catalyzed Asymmetric C-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405782. [PMID: 38679580 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Given the tremendous success of (p-cymene)RuII-catalyzed C-H activation over the past 20 years, the community has long been aware that the development of chiral η6-benzene (Ben) ligands should be a potent strategy for achieving the attractive but incredibly underdeveloped ruthenium(II)-catalyzed asymmetric C-H activation. However, it has rarely been achieved due to the severe difficulty in developing proper chiral Ben ligands. In particular, designing chiral Ben ligands by connecting a benzene fragment to a chiral framework including benzene rings remained an unsolved challenge until this effort. Here we present a novel class of axially chiral Ben ligands derived from readily available (S)-5,5',6,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-1,1'-bi-2-naphthol ((S)-H8-BINOL) in 4-8 steps. Notably, when coordinated with ruthenium, such chiral Ben ligand containing three benzene rings only forms one of the three possible isomeric BenRuII complexes. The related chiral BenRuII catalysts could effectively catalyze the asymmetric C-H activation of N-sulfonyl ketimines with alkynes, affording a range of chiral spirocyclic sultams in up to 99 % yield with up to >99 % ee. These catalysts are expected to find broad applications in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxuan Li
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Wang
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Weicong Guo
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Jiang
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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21
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Li M, Yuan Y, Harrison W, Zhang Z, Zhao H. Asymmetric photoenzymatic incorporation of fluorinated motifs into olefins. Science 2024; 385:416-421. [PMID: 39052813 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk8464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes capable of assimilating fluorinated feedstocks are scarce. This situation poses a challenge for the biosynthesis of fluorinated compounds used in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. We developed a photoenzymatic hydrofluoroalkylation that integrates fluorinated motifs into olefins. The photoinduced promiscuity of flavin-dependent ene-reductases enables the generation of carbon-centered radicals from iodinated fluoroalkanes, which are directed by the photoenzyme to engage enantioselectively with olefins. This approach facilitates stereocontrol through interaction between a singular fluorinated unit and the enzyme, securing high enantioselectivity at β, γ, or δ positions of fluorinated groups through enzymatic hydrogen atom transfer-a process that is notably challenging with conventional chemocatalysis. This work advances enzymatic strategies for integrating fluorinated chemical feedstocks and opens avenues for asymmetric synthesis of fluorinated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Li
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yujie Yuan
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wesley Harrison
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zhengyi Zhang
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Huimin Zhao
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- NSF Molecular Maker Lab Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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22
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Korb M, Ghazvini SMBH, Low PJ. Migration of Condensed Aromatic Hydrocarbons During Alkyne-Vinylidene Rearrangements. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400930. [PMID: 38780030 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Diarylacetylenes ArC≡CAr featuring condensed aromatic hydrocarbon fragments (Ar) such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene and pyrene were converted into vinylidene ligands by 1,2-migration reactions within the coordination sphere of half-sandwich complexes [MII(dppe)Cp]+ (MII = RuII, FeII). Comparison of the extent of conversion of the alkyne substrates to the vinylidene complexes [Ru{=C=CAr2}(dppe)Cp]+ with those obtained from acetylenes functionalized by smaller groups (H, CH3, Ph) show that the molecular volume (VM) of the migrating group and relief of steric congestion plays a role during the rearrangement process. Conversely, the H-atoms from the larger condensed ring aryl groups that are in close proximity to the migrating sites also have a significant influence on the efficacy and extent of the reaction by restricting access of the alkyne to the metal center, resulting in a less effective migration reaction. This combination of competing steric factors (acceleration due to relief of steric congestion and restricted access of the alkyne moiety to the reaction site) is exemplified by the facile migration of 1-pyryl entities and the low yields of vinylidene products formed from 1,2-bis(9-anthryl)acetylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Korb
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Seyed M B H Ghazvini
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Paul J Low
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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23
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Madron du Vigné A, Cramer N. Streamlined synthetic assembly of α-chiral CAAC ligands and catalytic performance of their copper and ruthenium complexes. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04278f. [PMID: 39129771 PMCID: PMC11306997 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04278f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique electronic and steric parameters of chiral cyclic alkyl amino carbene (CAAC) ligands render them appealing steering ligands for enantioselective transition-metal catalyzed transformations. Due to the lack of efficient synthetic strategies to access particularly attractive α-chiral CAACs assessment and exploitation of their full synthetic potential remain difficult. Herein, we report a streamlined strategy to assemble a library of diastereo- and enantiomerically pure CAAC ligands featuring the notoriously difficult to access α-quaternary stereogenic centers. A tailored Julia-Kocienski olefination reagent allows the Claisen-rearrangement to be leveraged as an expedient route to form the synthetically pivotal racemic α-chiral methallyl aldehydes. Subsequent condensation with chiral amines and further cyclization provided a library of diastereomeric mixtures of the targeted ligand precursors. The CAAC salts as well as their corresponding metal complexes are conveniently separable by standard silica gel flash chromatography closing a long-standing accessibility gap in chiral CAAC ligands with proximal α-chirality. The rapid availability of both diastereomers enables testing of the relevance and synergistic effects of two chiral centers on the ligand in catalytic applications. A broad range of metal complexes with copper, gold, rhodium and ruthenium were obtained and structurally analyzed. The catalytic performances of the corresponding chiral CAAC copper and ruthenium complexes were assessed in enantioselective conjugate borylations and asymmetric ring closing metathesis, displaying selectivities of up 95 : 5 er.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Madron du Vigné
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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24
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Li F, Lv K, Liu X, Zhou Y, Liu K. Accurately Computing the Interacted Volume of Molecules over Their 3D Mesh Models. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:5535-5546. [PMID: 38962905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
For quickly predicting the rational arrangement of catalysts and substrates, we previously proposed a method to calculate the interacted volumes of molecules over their 3D point cloud models. However, the nonuniform density in molecular point clouds may lead to incomplete contours in some slices, reducing the accuracy of the previous method. In this paper, we propose a two-step method for more accurately computing molecular interacted volumes. First, by employing a prematched mesh slicing method, we layer the 3D triangular mesh models of the electrostatic potential isosurfaces of two molecules globally, transforming the volume calculation into finding the intersecting areas in each layer. Next, by subdividing polygonal edges, we accurately identify intersecting parts within each layer, ensuring precise calculation of interacted volumes. In addition, we present a concise overview for computing intersecting areas in cases of multiple contour intersections and for improving computational efficiency by incorporating bounding boxes at three stages. Experimental results demonstrate that our method maintains high accuracy in different experimental data sets, with an average relative error of 0.16%. On the same experimental setup, our average relative error is 0.07%, which is lower than the previous algorithm's 1.73%, improving the accuracy and stability in calculating interacted volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangting Li
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Kun Lv
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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25
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Ghana P, Xiong S, Tekpor A, Bailey BC, Spinney HA, Henderson BS, Agapie T. Catalyst Editing via Post-Synthetic Functionalization by Phosphonium Generation and Anion Exchange for Nickel-Catalyzed Ethylene/Acrylate Copolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18797-18803. [PMID: 38967615 PMCID: PMC11258788 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Rapid, efficient development of homogeneous catalysts featuring desired performance is critical to numerous catalytic transformations but remains a key challenge. Typically, this task relies heavily on ligand design that is often based on trial and error. Herein, we demonstrate a "catalyst editing" strategy in Ni-catalyzed ethylene/acrylate copolymerization. Specifically, alkylation of a pendant phosphine followed by anion exchange provides a high yield strategy for a large number of cationic Ni phosphonium catalysts with varying electronic and steric profiles. These catalysts are highly active in ethylene/acrylate copolymerization, and their behaviors are correlated with the electrophile and the anion used in late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyabrata Ghana
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Shuoyan Xiong
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Adjeoda Tekpor
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brad C. Bailey
- Chemical
Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical
Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Heather A. Spinney
- Chemical
Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical
Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Briana S. Henderson
- Chemical
Science, Core R&D, The Dow Chemical
Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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26
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Wittwer B, Heim F, Wurst K, Hohloch S. A bridging bis-phosphanido-phosphinidene complex of lanthanum supported by a sterically encumbering PN ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7299-7302. [PMID: 38842222 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02244k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis of a bulky anilidophosphine ligand (short PNTerph) and its lanthanum complexes 1 and 3 is reported. When exposed to KPHMes, both complexes form the first example of a bis-phosphanido-phosphinidene complex 2. This complex undergoes Phospha-Wittig type reactions and its reactivity towards strong bases is further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wittwer
- University of Innsbruck, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - F Heim
- University of Innsbruck, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - K Wurst
- University of Innsbruck, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - S Hohloch
- University of Innsbruck, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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27
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Wang C, Wang X, Wang Z, Wang X, Ding K. Nickel Catalyzed Enantioselective 1,4-Hydroamination of 1,3-Dienes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18440-18450. [PMID: 38949166 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed enantioselective hydroamination of 1,3-dienes provides a direct methodology for the construction of chiral allylamines. So far, all of the reported examples used nucleophilic amines and proceeded with 3,4-regioselectivity. Herein, we describe the first example of nickel-catalyzed enantioselective 1,4-hydroamination of 1,3-dienes using trimethoxysilane and hydroxylamines with a structurally adaptable aromatic spiroketal based chiral diphosphine (SKP) as the ligand, affording a wide array of α-substituted chiral allylamines in high yields with excellent regio- and enantioselectivities. This operationally simple protocol demonstrated a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group compatibility, significantly expanding the chemical space for chiral allylamines. Experimental and DFT studies were performed to elucidate the mechanism and to rationalize the regio- and enantioselectivities of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontier Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xingheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kuiling Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontier Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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28
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Esteve F, Rieu T, Lehn JM. Key structural features to favour imines over hydrates in water: pyridoxal phosphate as a muse. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10408-10415. [PMID: 38994419 PMCID: PMC11234862 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02206h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Imination reactions in water represent a challenge not only because of the high propensity of imines to be hydrolysed but also as a result of the competing hydrate formation through H2O addition to the aldehyde. In the present work we report a successful approach that allows for favouring imitation reactions while silencing hydrate formation. Such remarkable reactivity and selectivity can be attained by fine-tuning the electronic and steric structural features of the ortho-substituents of the carbonyl groups. It resulted from studying the structure-reactivity relationships in a series of condensation reactions between different amines and aldehydes, comparing the results to the ones obtained in the presence of the biologically-relevant pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). The key role of negatively-charged and sterically-crowding units (i.e., sulfonate groups) in disfavouring hydrate formation was corroborated by DFT and steric-hindrance calculations. Furthermore, the best-performing aldehyde leads to higher imine yields, selectivity and stability than those of PLP itself, allowing for the inhibition of a PLP-dependent enzyme (transaminase) through dynamic aldimine exchange. These results will increase the applicability of imine-based dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC) under physiological conditions and will pave the way for the design of new carbonyl derivatives that might be used in the dynamic modification of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Esteve
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge Strasbourg 67000 France
| | - Tanguy Rieu
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge Strasbourg 67000 France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge Strasbourg 67000 France
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29
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Shen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Li H, Hu C, Yu Z, Zheng K, Su Z. Elucidating Mechanism and Selectivity in Pyridine Functionalization Through Silylium Catalysis. Chemistry 2024:e202402078. [PMID: 38976314 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The functionalization of aromatic N-heterocycles through silylium activation demonstrates exceptional selectivity and efficiency. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations unveil the detailed silylium catalysis mechanism and elucidate the origins of selectivity in this reaction. The phosphoramidimidate sulfonamide (PADI) precatalyst orchestrates of the catalytic cycle via three elementary steps. The Brønsted acidity of precatalyst significantly influences both the formation of silylium-based Lewis acid active species and the silylium activation of pyridine. Unlike disulfonimide (DSI)-type precatalysts, both Tf2NH and PADI precatalysts with strong acidities can easily promote the generation of activated silylium pyridine species. A semi-enclosed 'rigid' electronegative cavity in PADI-type anions constructs a well-defined recognition site, facilitating engagement with the positively charged silylium pyridine species. Due to the high electrophilicity and less steric demand at the C4-position of the pyridine substrate, the product with C4-regioselectivity was predominantly generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Shen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Cefei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Haoze Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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30
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Zhu Y, Yang S, Zhou T, Szostak M. [(NHC)Pd(OAc) 2]: Highly Active Carboxylate Pd(II)-NHC (NHC = N-Heterocyclic Carbene) Precatalysts for Suzuki-Miyaura and Buchwald-Hartwig Cross-Coupling of Amides by N-C(O) Activation. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38950123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
In the past eight years, the selective cross-coupling of amides by N-C(O) bond activation has emerged as a highly attractive manifold for the manipulation of traditionally unreactive amide bonds. In this Special Issue on Next-Generation Cross-Coupling Chemistry, we report the Suzuki-Miyaura and Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling of amides by selective N-C(O) cleavage catalyzed by bench-stable, well-defined carboxylate Pd(II)-NHC (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) catalysts {[(NHC)Pd(O2CR)2]}. This class of Pd(II)-NHCs promotes cross-coupling under exceedingly mild room-temperature conditions owing to the facile dissociation of the carboxylate ligands to form the active complex. These readily accessible Pd(II)-NHC precatalysts show excellent functional group tolerance and are compatible with a broad range of amide activating groups. Considering the mild conditions for the cross-coupling and the facile access to carboxylate Pd(II)-NHC complexes, we anticipate that this class of bench-stable complexes will find wide application in the activation of amide N-C(O) and related acyl X-C(O) bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Shiyi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Tongliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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31
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Wingering PMR, Krämer F, Dilanas MEA, Ruiz-Martínez C, Fernández I, Breher F. Structure and Solution Behavior of Rare-Earth-Metal Complexes with Tripodal N-Donor Ligands. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400781. [PMID: 38668679 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Rare-earth-metal complexes (Ln=Y, La, Ce, Sm and Lu) of tripodal N-donor ligands respecting the CHON principle have been synthetized and characterized. The selectivity of the ligands through the lanthanide cations was investigated and related to their donor strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine M R Wingering
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Felix Krämer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Melina E A Dilanas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Cristina Ruiz-Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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32
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Wegener D, Pérez-Bitrián A, Limberg N, Wiesner A, Hoffmann KF, Riedel S. A Highly Sterically Encumbered Boron Lewis Acid Enabled by an Organotellurium-Based Ligand. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401231. [PMID: 38625061 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Lewis acidic boron compounds are ubiquitous in chemistry due to their numerous applications, yet tuning and optimizing their properties towards different purposes is still a challenging field of research. In this work, the boron-based Lewis acid B[OTeF3(C6F5)2]3 was synthesized by reaction of the teflate derivative HOTeF3(C6F5)2 with BCl3 or BCl3 ⋅ SMe2. This new compound presents a remarkably high thermal stability up to 300 °C, as well as one of the most sterically encumbered boron centres known in the literature. Theoretical and experimental methods revealed that B[OTeF3(C6F5)2]3 exhibits a comparable Lewis acidity to that of the well-known B(C6F5)3. The affinity of B[OTeF3(C6F5)2]3 towards pyridine was accessed by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) and compared to that of B(OTeF5)3 and B(C6F5)3. The ligand-transfer reactivity of this new boron compound towards different fluorides was demonstrated by the formation of an anionic Au(III) complex and a hypervalent iodine(III) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wegener
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alberto Pérez-Bitrián
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Current address: Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Limberg
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Wiesner
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kurt F Hoffmann
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Brager DM, Panchal AJ, Cahill CL. A Spectroscopic and Computational Evaluation of Uranyl Oxo Engagement with Transition Metal Cations. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11155-11167. [PMID: 38829561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of five novel Cd2+/UO22+ heterometallic complexes that feature Cd-oxo distances ranging from 78 to 171% of the sum of the van der Waals radii for these atoms. This work marks an extension of our previously reported Pb2+/UO22+ and Ag+/UO22+ complexes, yet with much more pronounced structural and spectroscopic effects resulting from Cd-oxo interactions. We observe a major shift in the U═O symmetric stretch and significant uranyl bond length asymmetry. The ρbcp values calculated using Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) support the asymmetry displayed in the structural data and indicate a decrease in covalent character in U═O bonds with close Cd-oxo contacts, more so than in related compounds containing Pb2+ and Ag+. Second-order perturbation theory (SOPT) analysis reveals that O spx → Cd s is the most significant orbital overlap and U═O bonding and antibonding orbitals also contribute to the interaction (U═O σ/π → Cd d and Cd s → U═O σ/π*). The overall stabilization energies for these interactions were lower than those in previously reported Pb2+ cations, yet larger than related Ag+ compounds. Analysis of the equatorial coordination sphere of the Cd2+/UO22+ compounds (along with Pb2+/UO22+ complexes) reveals that 7-coordinate uranium favors closer, stronger Mn+-oxo contacts. These results indicate that U═O bond strength tuning is possible with judicious choice of metal cations for oxo interactions and equatorial ligand coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique M Brager
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Ahan J Panchal
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Christopher L Cahill
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
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34
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Papangelis E, Pelzer K, Gourlaouen C, Armspach D, Braunstein P, Danopoulos AA, Bailly C, Tsoureas N, Gerokonstantis DT. New Pyridine Dicarbene Pincer Ligands with Ring Expanded NHCs and their Nickel and Chromium Complexes. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400169. [PMID: 38619064 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The pincer complexes [NiIIBr(CNC)]Br (4), [CrIIIBr3(CNC)] (5 a) and [CrIIIBr2.3Cl0.7(CNC)] (5 b), where CNC=3,3'-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(1-mesityl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene), were obtained from the novel ligand CNC, generated in situ from the precursor (CHNCH)Br2 and [NiIIBr2(PPh3)2] or from [CrII{N(SiMe3)2}2(THF)2] and (CHNCH)Br2 by aminolysis, respectively. The tetrahedrally distorted square planar (τ4≅0.30) geometry and the singlet ground state of Ni in 4 were attributed to steric constraints of the CNC backbone. Computational methods highlighted the dependence of the coordination geometry and the singlet-triplet energy difference on the size of the N-substituent of the tetrahydropyrimidine wingtips and contrasted it to the situation in 5-membered imidazolin-2-ylidene pincer analogues. The octahedral CrIII metal center in 5 a and 5 b is presumably formed after one electron oxidation from CH2Cl2. 4/MAO and 5 a/MAO were catalysts of moderate activity for the oligomerization and polymerization of ethylene, respectively. The analogous (CH^N^CH)Br2 precursor, where (CH^N^CH)=3,3'-(pyridine-2,6-diylbis(methylene))bis(1-mesityl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-ium), was also prepared, however its coordination chemistry was not studied due to the inherent instability of the resulting free C^N^C ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Papangelis
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Katrin Pelzer
- Equipe Confinement Moléculaire et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, CS-90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, CS-90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Armspach
- Equipe Confinement Moléculaire et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, CS-90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Equipe Confinement Moléculaire et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, CS-90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Andreas A Danopoulos
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Corinne Bailly
- Fédération de Chimie "Le Bel" -, UAR2042, BP 296R8, 1, rue Blaise Pascal, 67008, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Nikolaos Tsoureas
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Triantafyllos Gerokonstantis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
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35
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Kim D, Teets TS. Sterically Encumbered Aryl Isocyanides Extend Excited-State Lifetimes and Improve the Photocatalytic Performance of Three-Coordinate Copper(I) β-Diketiminate Charge-Transfer Chromophores. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38853542 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Copper(I) complexes are prominent candidates to replace noble metal-based photosensitizers. We recently introduced a three-coordinate design for copper(I) charge-transfer chromophores that pair β-diketiminate ligands with aryl isocyanides. The excited-state lifetime in these compounds can be extended using a bichromophoric "triplet reservoir" strategy, which comes at the expense of a decrease in excited-state energy and reducing power. In this work, we introduce a complementary, sterically driven strategy for increasing the excited-state lifetimes of these photosensitizers, which gives a higher-energy, more strongly reducing charge-transfer triplet state than does the bichromophore approach. The compounds presented (Cu1-Cu4) have the general formula Cu(CyNacNacMe)(CN-Ar), where CyNacNacMe is a cyclohexyl-substituted β-diketiminate and CN-Ar is an aryl isocyanide with a variable steric profile. Their structural features and electrochemical and photophysical properties are described. The complexes with sterically encumbered 2,6-diisopropylphenyl or m-terphenyl isocyanide ligands (Cu2-Cu4) exhibit prolonged excited-state lifetimes relative to those of the parent 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide compound Cu1. Specifically, one of the m-terphenyl isocyanide compounds, Cu3, displays an excited-state lifetime of 276 ns, approximately 30 times longer than that of Cu1 (9.3 ns). The photoluminescence quantum yield of Cu3 (0.09) also increases by two orders of magnitude compared to that of Cu1 (0.0008). The strong excited-state reducing power (*Eox = -2.4 V vs Fc+/0) and long lifetime of Cu3 lead to higher yields in photoredox and photocatalytic isomerization reactions, which include dehalogenation and/or hydrodgenation of benzophenone substrates, C-O bond activation of a lignin model substrate, and photocatalytic E/Z isomerization of stilbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dooyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Thomas S Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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36
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Magis D, Cabrera-Trujillo JJ, Vignolle J, Sotiropoulos JM, Taton D, Miqueu K, Landais Y. Expedient Synthesis of Thermally Stable Acyclic Amino(haloaryl)carbenes: Experimental and Theoretical Evidence of "Push-Pull" Stabilized Carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38857384 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
A library of novel structurally related singlet carbenes, namely, acyclic amino(haloaryl)carbenes, was designed by a high-yielding two-step procedure, and their chemical stability explored both experimentally and theoretically. Thanks to a careful selection of both the amino and the aryl substitution pattern, these carbenes exhibit a wide range of stability and reactivity, spanning from rapid self-dimerization for carbenes featuring ortho-F substituents to very high chemical stability as bare carbenes, up to 60 °C for several hours for compounds carrying ortho-Br substituents. Their structure was determined through NMR and X-ray diffraction studies, and their reactivity evaluated in benchmark reactions, highlighting the ambiphilic character of this novel class of singlet carbenes. In contrast with previously reported aryl substituents incorporating o-CF3 and t-Bu groups, which were considered "spectator", the high chemical stability of some of these carbenes relates to the stabilization of the σ-orbital of the carbene center by the π-accepting haloaryl substituent through delocalization. Kinetic protection of the carbene center is also provided by the ortho-halogen atoms, as demonstrated computationally. This push-pull stabilization effect makes acyclic amino(haloaryl) carbenes among the most ambiphilic stable carbenes reported to date, holding promise for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Magis
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR 5255), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Jorge Juan Cabrera-Trujillo
- E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM, UMR 5254), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Joan Vignolle
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP-ENSMAC, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO, UMR 5629), Université de Bordeaux, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sotiropoulos
- E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM, UMR 5254), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP-ENSMAC, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO, UMR 5629), Université de Bordeaux, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Karinne Miqueu
- E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM, UMR 5254), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Yannick Landais
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR 5255), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400 Talence, France
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37
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Huang FR, Yao QJ, Zhang P, Teng MY, Chen JH, Jiang LC, Shi BF. Cobalt-Catalyzed Domino Transformations via Enantioselective C-H Activation/Nucleophilic [3 + 2] Annulation toward Chiral Bridged Bicycles. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15576-15586. [PMID: 38753821 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Selective synthesis of chiral bridged (hetero)bicyclic scaffolds via asymmetric C-H activation constitutes substantial challenges due to the multiple reactivities of strained bicyclic structures. Herein, we develop the domino transformations through an unprecedented cobalt-catalyzed enantioselective C-H activation/nucleophilic [3 + 2] annulation with symmetrical bicyclic alkenes. The methods offer straightforward access to a wide range of chiral molecules bearing [2.2.1]-bridged bicyclic cores with four and five consecutive stereocenters in a single step. Two elaborate salicyloxazoline (Salox) ligands were synthesized based on the rational design and mechanistic understanding. The well-defined chiral pockets generated from asymmetric coordination around the trivalent cobalt catalyst direct the orientation of bicyclic alkenes, leading to excellent enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Rui Huang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qi-Jun Yao
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ming-Ya Teng
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jia-Hao Chen
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lu-Chen Jiang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, China
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38
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Medina JT, Tran QH, Hughes RP, Wang X, Brookhart M, Daugulis O. Ethylene Polymerizations Catalyzed by Fluorinated "Sandwich" Diimine-Nickel and Palladium Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15143-15154. [PMID: 38781282 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nickel and palladium complexes bearing "sandwich" diimine ligands with perfluorinated aryl caps have been synthesized, characterized, and explored in ethylene polymerization reactions. The X-ray crystallographic analysis of the precatalysts 16 and 6b shows differences from their nonfluorinated analogues 17 and 19, with the perfluorinated aryl caps centered precisely over the nickel and palladium centers, which results in higher buried volumes of the metal centers relative to the nonfluorinated analogues. The sandwich diimine-palladium complexes 5a and 5b containing perfluorinated aryl caps polymerize ethylene in a controlled fashion with activities that are substantially increased compared with their nonfluorinated analogues. Migratory insertion rates in relevant methyl ethylene complexes agree with the activities exhibited in bulk polymerization experiments. DFT studies suggest that facility of ethylene rotation from its preferred orientation perpendicular to the Pd-alkyl bond into a parallel in-plane conformation contributes to the higher polymerization activity for 5b relative to 18a. For these palladium systems, polymer molecular weights can be controlled via hydrogen addition (hydrogenolysis), which is unusual for late-transition-metal-catalyzed olefin polymerizations with no catalyst deactivation occurring. Sandwich diimine-nickel complexes 6a and 6b with perfluorinated aryl caps show ethylene polymerization activities that are about half of those of classical tetraisopropyl-substituted catalyst 2 but again are more active than the analogous nonfluorinated sandwich complexes. Ethylene polymerizations exhibit living behavior, and branched ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylenes (UHMWPEs) with very low-molecular-weight distributions (less than 1.1) are obtained. The activated nickel catalysts are stable in the absence of monomer and show good long-term stability at 25 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Medina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Quan H Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Russell P Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Xiqu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Maurice Brookhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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39
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Kulyabin PS, Sharikov MI, Izmer VV, Kononovich DS, Goryunov GP, Alexeev NV, Uborsky DV, Vittoria A, Antinucci G, Ehm C, Budzelaar PHM, Cipullo R, Busico V, Voskoboynikov AZ. Triptycene as a scaffold in metallocene catalyzed olefin polymerization. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9516-9525. [PMID: 38767874 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01170h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
A set of metallocene olefin polymerization catalysts bearing triptycene moieties in either position 4-5 (complexes Ty1-Ty5) or in position 5-6 (complexes Ty6-Ty8) of the basic dimethylsilyl-bridged bis(indenyl) system has been tested in propene polymerization and in ethene/1-hexene copolymerization. Comparison of the results with QSPR (quantitative structure-property relationship) predictions not parametrized for these exotic ligand variations demonstrates that trends can still be identified by extrapolation. Interestingly, Ty7, upon suitable activation, provides a highly isotactic polypropylene with an exceptional amount of 2,1 regio-errors (8%). The previously developed QSPR type models successfully predicted the low regioselectivity of this catalyst, despite the fact that the catalyst structure differs significantly from the benchmark set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel S Kulyabin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mikhail I Sharikov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vyatcheslav V Izmer
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry S Kononovich
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Georgy P Goryunov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Nikita V Alexeev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry V Uborsky
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Antinucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
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40
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Liu Y, Wang C, Mu H, Jian Z. Aqueous Coordination-Insertion Copolymerization for Producing High Molecular Weight Polar Polyolefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404392. [PMID: 38548659 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Hydrocarbons, when used as the medium for transition metal catalyzed organic reactions and olefin (co-)polymerization, are ubiquitous. Environmentally friendly water is highly attractive and long-sought, but is greatly challenging as coordination-insertion copolymerization reaction medium of olefin and polar monomers. Unfavorable interactions from both water and polar monomer usually lead to either catalyst deactivation or the formation of low-molecular-weight polymers. Herein, we develop well-behaved neutral phosphinophenolato nickel catalysts, which enable aqueous copolymerization of ethylene and diverse polar monomers to produce significantly high-molecular-weight linear polar polyolefins (219-549 kDa, 0.13-1.29 mol %) in a single-component fashion under mild conditions for the first time. These copolymerization reactions occur better in water than in hydrocarbons such as toluene. The dual characteristics of high molecular weight and the incorporation of a small amount of functional group result in improved surface properties while retain the desirable intrinsic properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hongliang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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41
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See M, Ríos P, Tilley TD. Diborane Reductions of CO 2 and CS 2 Mediated by Dicopper μ-Boryl Complexes of a Robust Bis(phosphino)-1,8-naphthyridine Ligand. Organometallics 2024; 43:1180-1189. [PMID: 38817536 PMCID: PMC11134609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.4c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
A dinucleating 1,8-naphthyridine ligand featuring fluorene-9,9-diyl-linked phosphino side arms (PNNPFlu) was synthesized and used to obtain the cationic dicopper complexes 2, [(PNNPFlu)Cu2(μ-Ph)][NTf2]; [NTf2] = bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, 6, [(PNNPFlu)Cu2(μ-CCPh)][NTf2], and 3, [(PNNPFlu)Cu2(μ-OtBu)][NTf2]. Complex 3 reacted with diboranes to afford dicopper μ-boryl species (4, with μ-Bcat; cat = catecholate and 5, with μ-Bpin; pin = pinacolate) that are more reactive in C(sp)-H bond activations and toward activations of CO2 and CS2, compared to dicopper μ-boryl complexes supported by a 1,8-naphthyridine-based ligand with di(pyridyl) side arms. The solid-state structures and DFT analysis indicate that the higher reactivities of 4 and 5 relate to changes in the coordination sphere of copper, rather than to perturbations on the Cu-B bonding interactions. Addition of xylyl isocyanide (CNXyl) to 4 gave 7, [(PNNPFlu)Cu2(μ-Bcat)(CNXyl)][NTf2], demonstrating that the lower coordination number at copper is chemically significant. Reactions of 4 and 5 with CO2 yielded the corresponding dicopper borate complexes (8, [(PNNPFlu)Cu2(μ-OBcat)][NTf2]; 9, [(PNNPFlu)Cu2(μ-OBpin)][NTf2]), with 4 demonstrating catalytic reduction in the presence of excess diborane. Related reactions of 4 and 5 with CS2 provided insertion products 10, {[(PNNPFlu)Cu2]2[μ-S2C(Bcat)2]}[NTf2]2, and 11, [(PNNPFlu)Cu2(μ,κ2-S2CBpin)][NTf2], respectively. These products feature Cu-S-C-B linkages analogous to those of proposed CO2 insertion intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
S. See
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pablo Ríos
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química
Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), CSIC and Universidad
de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - T. Don Tilley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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42
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Melegari M, Neri M, Falco A, Tegoni M, Maffini M, Fornari F, Mucchino C, Artizzu F, Serpe A, Marchiò L. Tailoring the Use of 8-Hydroxyquinolines for the Facile Separation of Iron, Dysprosium and Neodymium. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400286. [PMID: 38786929 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Permanent magnets (PMs) containing rare earth elements (REEs) can generate energy in a sustainable manner. With an anticipated tenfold increase in REEs demand by 2050, one of the crucial strategies to meet the demand is developing of efficient recycling methods. NdFeB PMs are the most widely employed, however, the similar chemical properties of Nd (20-30 % wt.) and Dy (0-10 % wt.) make their recycling challenging, but possible using appropriate ligands. In this work, we investigated commercially available 8-hydroxyquinolines (HQs) as potential Fe/Nd/Dy complexing agents enabling metal separation by selective precipitation playing on specific structure/property (solubility) relationship. Specifically, test ethanolic solutions of nitrate salts, prepared to mimic the main components of a PM leachate, were treated with functionalized HQs. We demonstrated that Fe3+ can be separated as insoluble [Fe(QCl,I)3] from soluble [REE(QCl,I)4]- complexes (QCl,I -: 5-Cl-7-I-8-hydoxyquinolinate). Following that, QCl - (5-Cl-8-hydroxyquinolinate) formed insoluble [Nd3(QCl)9] and soluble (Bu4N)[Dy(QCl)4]. The process ultimately gave a solution phase containing Dy with only traces of Nd. In a preliminary attempt to assess the potentiality of a low environmental impact process, REEs were recovered as oxalates, while the ligands as well as Bu4N+ ions, were regenerated and internally reused, thus contributing to the sustainability of a possible metal recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Melegari
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Neri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Alex Falco
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Tegoni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Maffini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Fabio Fornari
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudio Mucchino
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Flavia Artizzu
- Department of Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro", Piazza S. Eusebio 5, 13100, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Angela Serpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture (DICAAR), and Research Unit of INSTM, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
- Environmental Geology and Geoengineering Institute of the National Research Council (IGAG-CNR), Piazza d'Armi, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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43
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Morrison KM, Stradiotto M. The development of cage phosphine 'DalPhos' ligands to enable nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings of (hetero)aryl electrophiles. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7394-7407. [PMID: 38784740 PMCID: PMC11110136 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01253d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings of (hetero)aryl electrophiles with a diversity of nucleophiles (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, and others) have evolved into competitive alternatives to well-established palladium- and copper-based protocols for the synthesis of (hetero)aryl products, including (hetero)anilines and (hetero)aryl ethers. A survey of the literature reveals that the use of cage phosphine (CgP) 'DalPhos' (DALhousie PHOSphine) bisphosphine-type ligands operating under thermal conditions currently offers the most broad substrate scope in nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings of this type, especially involving (hetero)aryl chlorides and phenol-derived electrophiles. The development and application of these DalPhos ligands is described in a ligand-specific manner that is intended to serve as a guide for the synthetic chemistry end-user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. 15000 Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Mark Stradiotto
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Road, P.O. 15000 Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
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44
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Rölz M, Butschke B, Breit B. Azobenzene-Integrated NHC Ligands: A Versatile Platform for Visible-Light-Switchable Metal Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13210-13225. [PMID: 38709955 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
A new class of photoswitchable NHC ligands, named azImBA, has been developed by integrating azobenzene into a previously unreported imidazobenzoxazol-1-ylidene framework. These rigid photochromic carbenes enable precise control over confinement around a metal's coordination sphere. As a model system, gold(I) complexes of these NHCs exhibit efficient bidirectional E-Z isomerization under visible light, offering a versatile platform for reversibly photomodulating the reactivity of organogold species. Comprehensive kinetic studies of the protodeauration reaction reveal rate differences of up to 2 orders of magnitude between the E and Z isomers of the NHCs, resulting in a quasi-complete visible-light-gated ON/OFF switchable system. Such a high level of photomodulation efficiency is unprecedented for gold complexes, challenging the current state-of-the-art in photoswitchable organometallics. Thorough investigations into the ligand properties paired with structure-reactivity correlations underscored the unique ligand's steric features as a key factor for reactivity. This effective photocontrol strategy was further validated in gold(I) catalysis, enabling in situ photoswitching of catalytic activity in the intramolecular hydroalkoxylation and -amination of alkynes. Given the significance of these findings and its potential as a widely applicable, easily customizable photoswitchable ancillary ligand platform, azImBA is poised to stimulate the development of adaptive, multifunctional metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rölz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Butschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Breit
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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45
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Karnes JP, Kumar A, Hopkins Leseberg JA, Day VW, Blakemore JD. Trivalent Cations Slow Electron Transfer to Macrocyclic Heterobimetallic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8710-8729. [PMID: 38669449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Incorporation of secondary redox-inactive cations into heterobimetallic complexes is an attractive strategy for modulation of metal-centered redox chemistry, but quantification of the consequences of incorporating strongly Lewis acidic trivalent cations has received little attention. Here, a family of seven heterobimetallic complexes that pair a redox-active nickel center with La3+, Y3+, Lu3+, Sr2+, Ca2+, K+, and Na+ (in the form of their triflate salts) have been prepared on a heteroditopic ligand platform to understand how chemical behavior varies across the comprehensive series. Structural data from X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrate that the positions adopted by the secondary cations in the crown-ether-like site of the ligand relative to nickel are dependent primarily on the secondary cations' ionic radii and that the triflate counteranions are bound to the cations in all cases. Electrochemical data, in concert with electron paramagnetic resonance studies, show that nickel(II)/nickel(I) redox is modulated by the secondary metals; the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate is diminished for the derivatives incorporating trivalent metals, an effect that is dependent on steric crowding about the nickel metal center and that was quantified here with a topographical free-volume analysis. As related analyses carried out here on previously reported systems bear out similar relationships, we conclude that the placement and identity of both the secondary metal cations and their associated counteranions can afford unique changes in the (electro)chemical behavior of heterobimetallic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Karnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Julie A Hopkins Leseberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Victor W Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - James D Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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46
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Meng X, Ding Z, Gao H, Ma Z, Pan L, Wang B, Li Y. Chromium Catalysts for Selective Ethylene Oligomerization Featuring Binuclear PNP Ligands. Molecules 2024; 29:2158. [PMID: 38731648 PMCID: PMC11085890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of novel binuclear PNP ligands based on the cyclohexyldiamine scaffold were synthesized for this study. The experimental results showed that positioning the two PNP sites at the para-positions of the cyclohexyl framework led to a significant enhancement in the catalytic activity for selective tri/tetramerization of ethylene. The PNP/Cr(acac)3/MAO(methylaluminoxane) catalytic system exhibited relatively high catalytic activity (up to 3887.7 kg·g-1·h-1) in selective ethylene oligomerization with a total selectivity of 84.5% for 1-hexene and 1-octene at 40 °C and 50 bar. The relationship between the ligand structure and ethylene oligomerization performance was further explored using density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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47
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Shi L, Zhang N, Xue Z, Luo G. Mechanistic Insights into Rare-Earth-Catalyzed Alternating Copolymerization through C-H Polyaddition of Functionalized Organic Compounds to Unconjugated Dienes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8079-8091. [PMID: 38663005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been conducted to elucidate the detailed mechanisms of yttrium-catalyzed C-H polyaddition of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (DMB) to 1,4-divinylbenzene (DVB). It was computationally determined that DMB not only serves as a substrate but also performs a crucial role as a ligand, stabilizing the catalytically active species and promoting alkene insertion. Side pathways involving Cβ-H activation and C═C continuous insertion were excluded due to steric and electronic factors, respectively, explaining why the reaction occurred efficiently and selectively to give perfectly alternating DMB-DVB polymers. Interestingly, the theoretical prediction of the reactivity of N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine and 2,2'-biethyl-4,4'-bipyridine reveals significant differences in the coordination effects of these substrates, leading to distinct mechanisms, primarily influenced by their steric effects. These findings shed new light on the previously overlooked role of substrate ligand effects in rare-earth-catalyzed step-growth copolymerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zuqian Xue
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Gen Luo
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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48
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Romano E, Barone V, Budzelaar PHM, De Rosa C, Talarico G. Revisiting Stereoselective Propene Polymerization Mechanisms: Insights through the Activation Strain Model. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400155. [PMID: 38494455 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The stereoelectronic factors responsible for stereoselectivity in propene polymerization with several metallocene and post-metallocene transition metal catalysts have been revisited using a combined approach of DFT calculations, the Activation Strain Model, Natural Energy Decomposition Analysis and a molecular descriptor (%VBur). There are in most cases two different paths leading to the formation of stereoerrors (SE), and the classical model does not suffice to fully understand stereoregulation. Improving stereoselectivity requires raising the energies of both SE insertion transition states. Our analyses show that the degrees of deformation of the active site (catalyst+chain) and the prochiral monomer differ for these two paths, and between different catalyst classes. Based on such analyses we discuss: a) the subtle differences in SE formation between stereoselective catalysts with different ligand frameworks; b) the reason for exceptional stereoselectivity reported for a special ansa-metallocene catalyst; c) the (double) stereocontrol origin for isoselective catalysts; d) the electronic contribution for isoselective catalysts generating SE by a modification of the ligand wrapping mode during the polymerization. Although this study will not immediately suggest new catalyst structures, we believe that understanding stereoregulation in great detail will increase our chances of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Romano
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138, Napoli, Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di, Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
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49
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Li W, Li CQ, Leng G, Yan YK, Ma Y, Xu Z, Yang L. Theoretical Investigation on Dialumenes toward Dihydrogen Activation: Mechanism and Ligand Effect. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3273-3284. [PMID: 38635947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a computation study based on the density functional theory calculations to understand the mechanism and ligand effect of the base-stabilized dialumenes toward dihydrogen activation. Among all of the examined modes of dihydrogen activation using the base-stabilized dialumene, we found that the concerted 1,2-hydrogenation of the Al═Al double bond is kinetically more preferable. The concerted 1,2-hydrogenation of the Al═Al double bond adopts an electron-transfer model with certain asynchrony. That is, the initial electron donation from the H-H σ bonding orbital to the empty 3p orbital of the Al1 center is followed by the backdonation from the lone pair electron of the Al2 center to the H-H σ antibonding orbital. Combined with the energy decomposition analysis on the transition states of the concerted 1,2-hydrogenation of the Al═Al double bond and the topographic steric mapping analysis on the free dialumenes, we ascribe the higher reactivity of the aryl-substituted dialumene over the silyl-substituted analogue in dihydrogen activation to the stronger electron-withdrawing effect of the aryl group, which not only increases the flexibility of the Al═Al double bond but also enhances the Lewis acidity of the Al═Al core. Consequently, the aryl-substituted dialumene fragment suffers less geometric deformation, and the orbital interactions between the dialumene and dihydrogen moieties are more attractive during the 1,2-hydrogenation process. Moreover, our calculations also predict that the Al═Al double bond has a good tolerance with the stronger electron-withdrawing group (-CF3) and the weaker σ-donating N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) analogue (e.g., triazol carbene and NHSi). The reactivity of the dialumene in dihydrogen activation can be further improved by introducing these groups as the supporting ligand and the stabilizing base on the Al═Al core, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Li
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Qin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, P. R. China
| | - Geng Leng
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
- TIianfu Co-Innovation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610299, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Kun Yan
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Yueyue Ma
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Ziyan Xu
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Lingsong Yang
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
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50
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Xu W, Luo Q, Li Z, Zhai Y, Zheng Y. Bis-Alkoxide Dysprosium(III) Crown Ether Complexes Exhibit Tunable Air Stability and Record Energy Barrier. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308548. [PMID: 38400593 PMCID: PMC11077650 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
High-performance and air-stable single-molecule magnets (SMMs) can offer great convenience for the fabrication of information storage devices. However, the controversial requisition of high stability and magnetic axiality is hard to balance for lanthanide-based SMMs. Here, a family of dysprosium(III) crown ether complexes possessing hexagonal-bipyramidal (pseudo-D6h symmetry) local coordination geometry with tunable air stability and effective energy barrier for magnetization reversal (Ueff) are shown. The three complexes share the common formula of [Dy(18-C-6)L2][I3] (18-C-6 = 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane; L = I, 1; L = OtBu 2 and L = 1-AdO 3). 1 is highly unstable in the air. 2 can survive in the air for a few minutes, while 3 remains unchanged in the air for more than 1 week. This is roughly in accordance with the percentage of buried volumes of the axial ligands. More strikingly, 2 and 3 show progressive enhancement of Ueff and 3 exhibits a record high Ueff of 2427(19) K, which significantly contributes to the 100 s blocking temperature up to 11 K for Yttrium-diluted sample, setting a new benchmark for solid-state air-stable SMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Jie Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and EngineeringThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710061P. R. China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST)State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power EquipmentMOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed MatterXi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, and School of ChemistryXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710054P. R. China
| | - Qian‐Cheng Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and EngineeringThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710061P. R. China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST)State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power EquipmentMOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed MatterXi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, and School of ChemistryXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710054P. R. China
| | - Zi‐Han Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and EngineeringThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710061P. R. China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST)State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power EquipmentMOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed MatterXi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, and School of ChemistryXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710054P. R. China
| | - Yuan‐Qi Zhai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and EngineeringThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710061P. R. China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST)State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power EquipmentMOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed MatterXi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, and School of ChemistryXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710054P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Zhen Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and EngineeringThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710061P. R. China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST)State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power EquipmentMOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed MatterXi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, and School of ChemistryXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710054P. R. China
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