1
|
Schneider A, Lystbæk TB, Markthaler D, Hansen N, Hauer B. Biocatalytic stereocontrolled head-to-tail cyclizations of unbiased terpenes as a tool in chemoenzymatic synthesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4925. [PMID: 38858373 PMCID: PMC11165016 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48993-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Terpene synthesis stands at the forefront of modern synthetic chemistry and represents the state-of-the-art in the chemist's toolbox. Notwithstanding, these endeavors are inherently tied to the current availability of natural cyclic building blocks. Addressing this limitation, the stereocontrolled cyclization of abundant unbiased linear terpenes emerges as a valuable tool, which is still difficult to achieve with chemical catalysts. In this study, we showcase the remarkable capabilities of squalene-hopene cyclases (SHCs) in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of head-to-tail-fused terpenes. By combining engineered SHCs and a practical reaction setup, we generate ten chiral scaffolds with >99% ee and de, at up to decagram scale. Our mechanistic insights suggest how cyclodextrin encapsulation of terpenes may influence the performance of the membrane-bound enzyme. Moreover, we transform the chiral templates to valuable (mero)-terpenes using interdisciplinary synthetic methods, including a catalytic ring-contraction of enol-ethers facilitated by cooperative iodine/lipase catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany
| | - Thomas B Lystbæk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Markthaler
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany
| | - Niels Hansen
- Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hauer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wiesler S, Sennari G, Popescu MV, Gardner KE, Aida K, Paton RS, Sarpong R. Late-stage benzenoid-to-troponoid skeletal modification of the cephalotanes exemplified by the total synthesis of harringtonolide. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4125. [PMID: 38750061 PMCID: PMC11096412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal modifications enable elegant and rapid access to various derivatives of a compound that would otherwise be difficult to prepare. They are therefore a powerful tool, especially in the synthesis of natural products or drug discovery, to explore different natural products or to improve the properties of a drug candidate starting from a common intermediate. Inspired by the biosynthesis of the cephalotane natural products, we report here a single-atom insertion into the framework of the benzenoid subfamily, providing access to the troponoid congeners - representing the reverse of the proposed biosynthesis (i.e., a contra-biosynthesis approach). Computational evaluation of our designed transformation prompted us to investigate a Büchner-Curtius-Schlotterbeck reaction of a p-quinol methylether, which ultimately results in the synthesis of harringtonolide in two steps from cephanolide A, which we had previously prepared. Additional computational studies reveal that unconventional selectivity outcomes are driven by the choice of a Lewis acid and the nucleophile, which should inform further developments of these types of reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wiesler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Goh Sennari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mihai V Popescu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristen E Gardner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Aida
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA.
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang MM, Long Y, Li Y, Cui JJ, Lv T, Luo S, Gao K, Dong SH. Divergent Biosynthesis of Bridged Polycyclic Sesquiterpenoids by a Minimal Fungal Biosynthetic Gene Cluster. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:893-905. [PMID: 38417166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The bridged polycyclic sesquiterpenoids derived from sativene, isosativene, and longifolene have unique structures, and many chemical synthesis approaches with at least 10 steps have been reported. However, their biosynthetic pathway remains undescribed. A minimal biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC), named bip, encoding a sesquiterpene cyclase (BipA) and a cytochrome P450 (BipB) is characterized to produce such complex sesquiterpenoids with multiple carbon skeletons based on enzymatic assays, heterologous expression, and precursor experiments. BipA is demonstrated as a versatile cyclase with (-)-sativene as the dominant product and (-)-isosativene and (-)-longifolene as minor ones. BipB is capable of hydroxylating different enantiomeric sesquiterpenes, such as (-)-longifolene and (+)-longifolene, at C-15 and C-14 in turn. The C-15- or both C-15- and C-14-hydroxylated products are then further oxidized by unclustered oxidases, resulting in a structurally diverse array of sesquiterpenoids. Bioinformatic analysis reveals the BipB homologues as a discrete clade of fungal sesquiterpene P450s. These findings elucidate the concise and divergent biosynthesis of such intricate bridged polycyclic sesquiterpenoids, offer valuable biocatalysts for biotransformation, and highlight the distinct biosynthetic strategy employed by nature compared to chemical synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Long
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tinghong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangwen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ji Y, Liu Y, Guan W, Guo C, Jia H, Hong B, Li H. Enantioselective Divergent Syntheses of Diterpenoid Pyrones. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9395-9403. [PMID: 38497763 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Capitalizing a synergy between late-stage C(sp3)-H alkynylation and a series of transition metal-catalyzed alkyne functionalization reactions, we reported herein enantioselective divergent synthesis of 10 diterpenoid pyrones within 14-16 steps starting from chiral pool enoxolone, including the first enantioselective synthesis of higginsianins A, B, D, E, and metarhizin C. Our synthesis also highlights an unprecedented biomimetic oxidative rearrangement of α-pyrone into 3(2H)-furanone, as well as applications of Echavarren C(sp3)-H alkynylation reaction and Toste chiral counterion-mediated Au-catalyzed intramolecular allene hydroalkoxylation in natural product synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yaqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weiqiang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chuning Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongli Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Benke Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Houhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
- Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo 315010, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sennari G, Yamagishi H, Sarpong R. Remote C-H Amination and Alkylation of Camphor at C8 through Hydrogen-Atom Abstraction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7850-7857. [PMID: 38447162 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Camphor continues to serve as a versatile chiral building block for chemical synthesis. We have developed a novel method to functionalize the camphor skeleton at C8 using an intramolecular hydrogen atom abstraction. The key advance involves the use of a camphor-derived aminonitrile, which is converted to the corresponding nitrogen-centered radical under photoredox conditions to effect the 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer at C8. The resulting carbon-centered radical at C8 was utilized in a C-H amination to access topologically complex proline derivatives. Furthermore, the total synthesis of several sesquiterpenoids was accomplished by engaging the radical generated at C8 in alkylation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goh Sennari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamagishi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Z, Qian X, Gu Y, Gui J. Controllable skeletal reorganizations in natural product synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:251-272. [PMID: 38291905 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00066d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 2016 to 2023The synthetic chemistry community is always in pursuit of efficient routes to natural products. Among the many available general strategies, skeletal reorganization, which involves the formation, cleavage, and migration of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds, stands out as a particularly useful approach for the efficient assembly of molecular skeletons. In addition, it allows for late-stage modification of natural products for quick access to other family members or unnatural derivatives. This review summarizes efficient syntheses of steroid, terpenoid, and alkaloid natural products that have been achieved by means of this strategy in the past eight years. Our goal is to illustrate the strategy's potency and reveal the spectacular human ingenuity demonstrated in its use and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yucheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Jinghan Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wright BA, Regni A, Chaisan N, Sarpong R. Navigating Excess Complexity: Total Synthesis of Daphenylline. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1813-1818. [PMID: 38207289 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Retrosynthetic analysis is a framework for designing synthetic routes to complex molecules that generally prioritizes disconnections which reduce molecular complexity. However, strict adherence to this principle can overlook pathways involving highly complex intermediates that can be easily prepared through powerful bond-forming transformations. Herein, we demonstrate this tactic of generating excess complexity, followed by strategic bond-cleavage, as a highly effective approach for the 11-step total synthesis of the Daphniphyllum alkaloid daphenylline. To implement this strategy, we accessed a bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane core through a dearomative Buchner cycloaddition, which enabled construction of the seven-membered ring after C-C bond cleavage. Installation of the synthetically challenging quaternary stereocenter methyl group was achieved through a thia-Paternò-Büchi [2 + 2] photocycloaddition followed by stereospecific thietane reduction, further illustrating how building excess complexity can enable desired synthetic outcomes after strategic bond-breaking events. This strategy leveraging bond cleavage transformations should serve as a complement to traditional bond-forming, complexity-generating synthetic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alessio Regni
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nattawadee Chaisan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lutz MR, Roediger S, Rivero-Crespo MA, Morandi B. Mechanistic Investigation of the Rhodium-Catalyzed Transfer Hydroarylation Reaction Involving Reversible C-C Bond Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26657-26666. [PMID: 38032811 PMCID: PMC10722515 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds are ubiquitous but are among the least reactive bonds in organic chemistry. Recently, catalytic approaches to activate C-C bonds by transition metals have demonstrated the synthetic potential of directly reorganizing the skeleton of small molecules. However, these approaches are usually restricted to strained molecules or rely on directing groups, limiting their broader impact. We report a detailed mechanistic study of a rare example of catalytic C-C bond cleavage of unstrained alcohols that enables reversible ketone transfer hydroarylation under Rh-catalysis. Combined insight from kinetic analysis, in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) monitoring, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations supports a symmetric catalytic cycle, including a key reversible β-carbon elimination event. In addition, we provide evidence regarding the turnover-limiting step, the catalyst resting state, and the role of the sterically encumbered NHC ligand. The study further led to an improved catalytic system with the discovery of two air-stable precatalysts that showed higher activity for the transformation in comparison to the original conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven Roediger
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Bill Morandi
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fay N, Kouklovsky C, de la Torre A. Natural Product Synthesis: The Endless Quest for Unreachable Perfection. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2023; 3:350-363. [PMID: 38075446 PMCID: PMC10704578 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Total synthesis is a field in constant progress. Its practitioners aim to develop ideal synthetic strategies to build complex molecules. As such, they are both a driving force and a showcase of the progress of organic synthesis. In this Perspective, we discuss recent notable total syntheses. The syntheses selected herein are classified according to the key strategic considerations for each approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fay
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Aurélien de la Torre
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91405 Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lavernhe R, Domke P, Wang Q, Zhu J. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (-)-Artatrovirenol A. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24408-24415. [PMID: 37874878 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
We report herein an enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-artatrovirenol A, a structurally unprecedented cage-like sesquiterpenoid. The synthesis features the following key steps: (a) cationic chiral oxazaborolidinium-catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction between isoprene and ethyl (E)-5-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-4-oxopent-2-enoate for the rapid synthesis of an enantioenriched 10-carbon bicyclic lactone; (b) union of two enantioenriched fragments by a diastereoselective Mukaiyama-Michael addition for the convergent assembly of an intermediate with all 15 carbons of the natural product; (c) intramolecular de Mayo [2 + 2] cycloaddition/retro-aldol sequence transforming a bicyclic compound to a tetracyclic one with concomitant generation of a five- and a seven-membered ring; (d) Lewis acid-triggered intramolecular ring opening of epoxide generating the norbornane substructure; and (e) Chugaev elimination converting the norbornane to the more strained norbornene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Lavernhe
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Domke
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bakanas I, Lusi RF, Wiesler S, Hayward Cooke J, Sarpong R. Strategic application of C-H oxidation in natural product total synthesis. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:783-799. [PMID: 37730908 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of unactivated C-H bonds has emerged as an effective tactic in natural product synthesis and has altered how chemists approach the synthesis of complex molecules. The use of C-H oxidation methods has simplified the process of synthesis planning by expanding the choice of starting materials, limiting functional group interconversion and protecting group manipulations, and enabling late-stage diversification. In this Review, we propose classifications for C-H oxidations on the basis of their strategic purpose: type 1, which installs functionality that is used to establish the carbon skeleton of the target; type 2, which is used to construct a heterocyclic ring; and type 3, which installs peripheral functional groups. The reactions are further divided based on whether they are directed or undirected. For each classification, examples from recent literature are analysed. Finally, we provide two case studies of syntheses from our laboratory that were streamlined by the judicious use of C-H oxidation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Bakanas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert F Lusi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Wiesler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jack Hayward Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu IF, Wilson JW, Hartwig JF. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Silylation and Borylation of C-H Bonds for the Synthesis and Functionalization of Complex Molecules. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11619-11663. [PMID: 37751601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of C-H bonds in organic molecules containing functional groups has been one of the holy grails of catalysis. One synthetically important approach to the diverse functionalization of C-H bonds is the catalytic silylation or borylation of C-H bonds, which enables a broad array of downstream transformations to afford diverse structures. Advances in both undirected and directed methods for the transition-metal-catalyzed silylation and borylation of C-H bonds have led to their rapid adoption in early-, mid-, and late-stage of the synthesis of complex molecules. In this Review, we review the application of the transition-metal-catalyzed silylation and borylation of C-H bonds to the synthesis of bioactive molecules, organic materials, and ligands. Overall, we aim to provide a picture of the state of art of the silylation and borylation of C-H bonds as applied to the synthesis and modification of diverse architectures that will spur further application and development of these reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac F Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jake W Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Angyal P, Hegedüs K, Mészáros BB, Daru J, Dudás Á, Galambos AR, Essmat N, Al-Khrasani M, Varga S, Soós T. Total Synthesis and Structural Plasticity of Kratom Pseudoindoxyl Metabolites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303700. [PMID: 37332089 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl, a kratom metabolite, has attracted increasing attention due to its favorable side effect profile as compared to conventional opioids. Herein, we describe the first enantioselective and scalable total synthesis of this natural product and its epimeric congener, speciogynine pseudoindoxyl. The characteristic spiro-5-5-6-tricyclic system of these alkaloids was formed through a protecting-group-free cascade relay process in which oxidized tryptamine and secologanin analogues were used. Furthermore, we discovered that mitragynine pseudoindoxyl acts not as a single molecular entity but as a dynamic ensemble of stereoisomers in protic environments; thus, it exhibits structural plasticity in biological systems. Accordingly, these synthetic, structural, and biological studies provide a basis for the planned design of mitragynine pseudoindoxyl analogues, which can guide the development of next-generation analgesics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Angyal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Hegedüs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Balázs Mészáros
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Daru
- Department of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dudás
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Rita Galambos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nariman Essmat
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mahmoud Al-Khrasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Varga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Soós
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Call A, Capocasa G, Palone A, Vicens L, Aparicio E, Choukairi Afailal N, Siakavaras N, López Saló ME, Bietti M, Costas M. Highly Enantioselective Catalytic Lactonization at Nonactivated Primary and Secondary γ-C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18094-18103. [PMID: 37540636 PMCID: PMC10507665 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Chiral oxygenated aliphatic moieties are recurrent in biological and pharmaceutically relevant molecules and constitute one of the most versatile types of functionalities for further elaboration. Herein we report a protocol for straightforward and general access to chiral γ-lactones via enantioselective oxidation of strong nonactivated primary and secondary C(sp3)-H bonds in readily available carboxylic acids. The key enabling aspect is the use of robust sterically encumbered manganese catalysts that provide outstanding enantioselectivities (up to >99.9%) and yields (up to 96%) employing hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. The resulting γ-lactones are of immediate interest for the preparation of inter alia natural products and recyclable polymeric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Call
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Giorgio Capocasa
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Palone
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laia Vicens
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eric Aparicio
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Najoua Choukairi Afailal
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nikos Siakavaras
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Eugènia López Saló
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bakanas I, Tang JC, Sarpong R. Skeletal diversification by C-C cleavage to access bicyclic frameworks from a common tricyclooctane intermediate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3858-3861. [PMID: 36916206 PMCID: PMC10518267 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00945a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the diversification of tricyclo[3.2.1.03,6]octane scaffolds to afford diverse bicyclic scaffolds is described. The strained tricyclooctanes are prepared in two steps featuring a blue light-mediated [2+2] cycloaddition. Strategies for the cleavage of this scaffold were then explored resulting in the selective syntheses of the bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, bicyclo[3.2.1]octane, and bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane cores. These findings may guide future studies of C-C cleavage reactions in strained carbon frameworks and their application in complex molecule synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Bakanas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | - Jess C Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mei W, Fan S, Han Y, Shi C, Qiu L, Shen Y, Zhao Z, Xu Y, Li H. A simple monoselective C-H oxygenation approach for the synthesis of ursane triterpenoids. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1395-1398. [PMID: 36688572 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00016h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we presented a simple approach for C-H oxidation in the C23 or/and C24 of ursane triterpenoids without any protection of a Δ12,13 double bond. As a result, from commercial ursolic acid (UA), six naturally occurring ursane triterpenoids were synthesized in overall yields of 3.4% to 36.8%, which implied the importance of this approach for the derivation of natural products and their application in biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Mei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Sisi Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yufei Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Cunjian Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lijie Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yunheng Shen
- Department of Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yufang Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim J, Lee S, Han S, Lee HY. Divergent synthesis of conidiogenones B–F and 12β-hydroxyconidiogenone C. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
|
18
|
Pulcinella A, Bonciolini S, Lukas F, Sorato A, Noël T. Photocatalytic Alkylation of C(sp 3 )-H Bonds Using Sulfonylhydrazones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215374. [PMID: 36394188 PMCID: PMC10108173 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to construct C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bonds from easily accessible reagents is a crucial, yet challenging endeavor for synthetic organic chemists. Herein, we report the realization of such a cross-coupling reaction, which combines N-sulfonyl hydrazones and C(sp3 )-H donors through a diarylketone-enabled photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer and a subsequent fragmentation of the obtained alkylated hydrazide. This mild and metal-free protocol was employed to prepare a wide array of alkyl-alkyl cross-coupled products and is tolerant of a variety of functional groups. The application of this chemistry further provides a preparatively useful route to various medicinally-relevant compounds, such as homobenzylic ethers, aryl ethyl amines, β-amino acids and other moieties which are commonly encountered in approved pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pulcinella
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Bonciolini
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Lukas
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Sorato
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Perea MA, Wang B, Wyler BC, Ham JS, O’Connor NR, Nagasawa S, Kimura Y, Manske C, Scherübl M, Nguyen JM, Sarpong R. General Synthetic Approach to Diverse Taxane Cores. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21398-21407. [PMID: 36346461 PMCID: PMC9901290 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis of natural products is typically inspired by the structure and function of a target molecule. When both factors are of interest, such as in the case of taxane diterpenoids, a synthesis can both serve as a platform for synthetic strategy development and enable new biological exploration. Guided by this paradigm, we present here a unified enantiospecific approach to diverse taxane cores from the feedstock monoterpenoid (S)-carvone. Key to the success of our approach was the use of a skeletal remodeling strategy which began with the divergent reorganization and convergent coupling of two carvone-derived fragments, facilitated by Pd-catalyzed C-C bond cleavage tactics. This coupling was followed by additional restructuring using a Sm(II)-mediated rearrangement and a bioinspired, visible-light induced, transannular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition. Overall, this divergent monoterpenoid remodeling/convergent fragment coupling approach to complex diterpenoid synthesis provides access to structurally disparate taxane cores which have set the stage for the preparation of a wide range of taxanes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin C. Wyler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jin Su Ham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicholas R. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shota Nagasawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yuto Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Carolin Manske
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Maximilian Scherübl
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Johny M. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lei CW, Wang XY, Mu BS, Yu JS, Zhou Y, Zhou J. Me 2(CH 2Cl)SiCF 3 Facilitated Tandem Synthesis of Oxasilacycles Featuring a Trifluoromethyl Group. Org Lett 2022; 24:8364-8369. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Wen Lei
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xi-Yu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bo-Shuai Mu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jin-Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Call A, Cianfanelli M, Besalú-Sala P, Olivo G, Palone A, Vicens L, Ribas X, Luis JM, Bietti M, Costas M. Carboxylic Acid Directed γ-Lactonization of Unactivated Primary C-H Bonds Catalyzed by Mn Complexes: Application to Stereoselective Natural Product Diversification. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19542-19558. [PMID: 36228322 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactions that enable selective functionalization of strong aliphatic C-H bonds open new synthetic paths to rapidly increase molecular complexity and expand chemical space. Particularly valuable are reactions where site-selectivity can be directed toward a specific C-H bond by catalyst control. Herein we describe the catalytic site- and stereoselective γ-lactonization of unactivated primary C-H bonds in carboxylic acid substrates. The system relies on a chiral Mn catalyst that activates aqueous hydrogen peroxide to promote intramolecular lactonization under mild conditions, via carboxylate binding to the metal center. The system exhibits high site-selectivity and enables the oxidation of unactivated primary γ-C-H bonds even in the presence of intrinsically weaker and a priori more reactive secondary and tertiary ones at α- and β-carbons. With substrates bearing nonequivalent γ-C-H bonds, the factors governing site-selectivity have been uncovered. Most remarkably, by manipulating the absolute chirality of the catalyst, γ-lactonization at methyl groups in gem-dimethyl structural units of rigid cyclic and bicyclic carboxylic acids can be achieved with unprecedented levels of diastereoselectivity. Such control has been successfully exploited in the late-stage lactonization of natural products such as camphoric, camphanic, ketopinic, and isoketopinic acids. DFT analysis points toward a rebound type mechanism initiated by intramolecular 1,7-HAT from a primary γ-C-H bond of the bound substrate to a highly reactive MnIV-oxyl intermediate, to deliver a carbon radical that rapidly lactonizes through carboxylate transfer. Intramolecular kinetic deuterium isotope effect and 18O labeling experiments provide strong support to this mechanistic picture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Call
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marco Cianfanelli
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pau Besalú-Sala
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Giorgio Olivo
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Palone
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Laia Vicens
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep M Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17003, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sennari G, Gardner KE, Wiesler S, Haider M, Eggert A, Sarpong R. Unified Total Syntheses of Benzenoid Cephalotane-Type Norditerpenoids: Cephanolides and Ceforalides. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19173-19185. [PMID: 36198090 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Detailed herein are our synthetic studies toward the preparation of the C18- and C19-benzenoid cephalotane-type norditerpenoids. Guided by chemical network analysis, the core structure of this natural product family was constructed in a concise manner using an iterative cross-coupling, followed by a formal inverse-electron-demand [4 + 2] cycloaddition. Initial efforts to functionalize an alkene group in the [4 + 2] cycloadduct using a Mukaiyama hydration and a subsequent olefination led to the complete C18-carbon framework. While effective, this approach proved lengthy and prompted the development of a direct alkene difunctionalization that relies on borocupration to advance the cycloadduct to the natural products. Late-stage peripheral C-H functionalization facilitated access to all of the known cephanolides in 6-10 steps as well as five recently isolated ceforalides in 8-13 steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goh Sennari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristen E Gardner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stefan Wiesler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Maximilian Haider
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alina Eggert
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lu HH, Gan KJ, Ni FQ, Zhang Z, Zhu Y. Concise Total Synthesis of Salimabromide. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18778-18783. [PMID: 36194507 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We achieved a concise total synthesis of salimabromide by using a novel intramolecular radical cyclization to simultaneously construct the unique benzo-fused [4.3.1] carbon skeleton and the vicinal quaternary stereocenters. Other notable transformations include a tandem Michael/Mukaiyama aldol reaction to introduce most of the molecule's structural elements, along with hidden information for late-stage transformations, an intriguing tandem oxidative cyclization of a diene to form the bridged butyrolactone and enone moieties spontaneously, and a highly enantioselective hydrogenation of a cycloheptenone derivative (97% ee) that paved the way for the asymmetric synthesis of salimabromide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Kang-Ji Gan
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China.,Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhihan Zhang
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lusi RF, Sennari G, Sarpong R. Strategy Evolution in a Skeletal Remodeling and C-H Functionalization-Based Synthesis of the Longiborneol Sesquiterpenoids. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17277-17294. [PMID: 36098550 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Detailed herein are our synthesis studies of longiborneol and related natural products. Our overarching goals of utilizing a "camphor first" strategy enabled by skeletal remodeling of carvone, and late-stage diversification using C-H functionalizations, led to divergent syntheses of the target natural products. Our initial approach proposed a lithiate addition to unite two fragments followed by a Conia-ene or Pd-mediated cycloalkylation reaction sequence to install the seven-membered ring emblematic of the longibornane core. This approach was unsuccessful and evolved into a revised plan that employed a Wittig coupling and a radical cyclization to establish the core. A reductive radical cyclization, which was explored first, led to a synthesis of copaborneol, a structural isomer of longiborneol. Alternatively, a metal-hydride hydrogen atom transfer-initiated cyclization was effective for a synthesis of longiborneol. Late-stage C-H functionalization of the longibornane core led to a number of hydroxylated longiborneol congeners. The need for significant optimization of the strategies that were employed as well as the methods for C-H functionalization to implement these strategies highlights the ongoing challenges in applying these powerful reactions. Nevertheless, the reported approach enables functionalization of every natural product-relevant C-H bond in the longibornane skeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Lusi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Goh Sennari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Santana VCS, Rocha ECS, Pavan JCS, Heleno VCG, de Lucca EC. Selective Oxidations in the Synthesis of Complex Natural ent-Kauranes and ent-Beyeranes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10462-10466. [PMID: 35862248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Syntheses of two natural products derived from the ent-kaurene kaurenoic acid are described for the first time using regio- and diastereoselective oxidations. Palladium- and manganese-mediated oxidations were used to accomplish the syntheses of two ent-beyerane metabolites. The use of the White-Gormisky-Zhao catalyst Mn(CF3-PDP) enabled the first application of a nondirected metal-catalyzed oxidation in an unactivated C-H bond in a total synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor C S Santana
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C S Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Julian C S Pavan
- Research Center in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca, 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Vladimir C G Heleno
- Research Center in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca, 14404-600 Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Emilio C de Lucca
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lusi RF, Perea MA, Sarpong R. C-C Bond Cleavage of α-Pinene Derivatives Prepared from Carvone as a General Strategy for Complex Molecule Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:746-758. [PMID: 35170951 PMCID: PMC9616203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of complex molecules (e.g., biologically active secondary metabolites) remains an important pursuit in chemical synthesis. By virtue of their sophisticated architectures, complex natural products inspire total synthesis campaigns that can lead to completely new ways of building molecules. In the twentieth century, one such paradigm which emerged was the use of naturally occurring "chiral pool terpenes" as starting materials for total synthesis. These inexpensive and naturally abundant molecules provide an easily accessed source of enantioenriched material for the enantiospecific preparation of natural products. The most common applications of chiral pool terpenes are in syntheses where their structure can, entirely or largely, be superimposed directly onto a portion of the target structure. Less straightforward uses, where the structure of the starting chiral pool terpene is not immediately evident in the structure of the target, can be more challenging to implement. Nevertheless, these "nonintuitive" approaches illustrate the ultimate promise of chiral pool-based strategies: that any single chiral pool terpene could be applied to syntheses of an indefinite number of structurally diverse complex synthetic targets.By definition, such strategies require carefully orchestrated sequences of C-C bond forming and C-C cleaving reactions which result in remodeling of the terpene architecture. The combination of traditional rearrangement chemistry and transition-metal-catalyzed C-C cleavage methods, the latter of which were primarily developed in the early twenty-first century, provide a rich and powerful toolbox for implementing this remodeling approach. In this Account, we detail our efforts to use a variety of C-C cleavage tactics in the skeletal remodeling of carvone, a chiral pool terpene. This skeletal remodeling strategy enabled the reorganization of the carvone scaffold into synthetic intermediates with a variety of carboskeletons, which we, then, leveraged for the total syntheses of structurally disparate terpene natural products.We begin by describing our initial investigations into various, mechanistically distinct C-C cleavage processes involving cyclobutanols synthesized from carvone. These initial studies showcased how electrophile-mediated semipinacol rearrangements of these cyclobutanols can lead to [2.2.1]bicyclic intermediates, and how Rh- and Pd-catalyzed C-C cleavage can lead to a variety of densely functionalized cyclohexenes pertinent to natural product synthesis. We, then, present several total syntheses using these synthetic intermediates, beginning with the bridged, polycyclic sesquiterpenoid longiborneol, which was synthesized from a carvone-derived [2.2.1]bicycle following a key semipinacol rearrangement. Next, we discuss how several members of the macrocyclic phomactin family were synthesized from a cyclohexene derivative prepared through a Rh-catalyzed C-C cleavage reaction. Finally, we describe our synthesis of the marine diterpene xishacorene B, which was prepared using a key Pd-catalyzed C-C cleavage/cross-coupling that facilitated the assembly of the core [3.3.1]bicycle that is resident in the natural product structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Lusi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Melecio A Perea
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
The synthetic utility of rearrangement reactions in total synthesis for the rapid construction of core skeletons, the precise control of stereochemistry, and the identification of suitable synthons has been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Liansuo Zu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|