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Dingwall JT, Halliday WD, Diogou N, Niemi A, Steiner N, Insley SJ. The Arctic marine soundscape of the Amundsen Gulf, Western Canadian Arctic. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 204:116510. [PMID: 38805977 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The underwater soundscape, a habitat component for Arctic marine mammals, is shifting. We examined the drivers of the underwater soundscape at three sites in the Amundsen Gulf, Northwest Territories, Canada from 2018 to 2019 and estimated the contribution of abiotic and biotic sources between 20 Hz and 24 kHz. Higher wind speeds and the presence of bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) vocalizations led to increased SPL (0.41 dB/km/h and 3.87 dB, respectively), while higher ice concentration and air temperature led to decreased SPL (-0.39 dB/% and - 0.096 dB/°C, respectively). Other marine mammals did not significantly impact the ambient soundscape. The presence of vessel traffic led to increased SPLs (12.37 dB) but was quieter at distances farther from the recorder (-2.57 dB/log m). The presence of high frequency and broadband signals produced by ice led to increased SPLs (7.60 dB and 10.16 dB, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Dingwall
- School of Earth and Ocean Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William D Halliday
- School of Earth and Ocean Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada
| | - Nikoletta Diogou
- School of Earth and Ocean Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada
| | - Andrea Niemi
- Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nadja Steiner
- School of Earth and Ocean Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen J Insley
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada
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2
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Prosnier L. Zooplankton as a model to study the effects of anthropogenic sounds on aquatic ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172489. [PMID: 38621539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the impact of acoustic pollution on aquatic ecosystems. Currently, research has primarily focused on hearing species, particularly fishes and mammals. However, species from lower trophic levels, including many invertebrates, are less studied despite their ecological significance. Among these taxa, studies examining the effects of sound on holozooplankton are extremely rare. This literature review examines the effects of sound on both marine and freshwater zooplankton. It highlights two differences: the few used organisms and the types of sound source. Marine studies focus on the effects of very intense acute sound on copepods, while freshwater studies focus on less intense chronic sound on cladocerans. But, in both, various negative effects are reported. The effects of sound remain largely unknown, although previous studies have shown that zooplankton can detect vibrations using mechanoreceptors. The perception of their environment can be affected by sounds, potentially causing stress. Limited research suggests that sound may affect the physiology, behaviour, and fitness of zooplankton. Following this review, I highlight the potential to use methods from ecology, ecotoxicology, and parasitology to study the effects of sound at the individual level, including changes in physiology, development, survival, and behaviour. Responses to sound, which could alter species interactions and population dynamics, are expected to have larger-scale implications with bottom-up effects, such as changes in food web dynamics and ecosystem functioning. To improve the study of the effect of sound, to better use zooplankton as biological models and as bioindicators, researchers need to better understand how they perceive their acoustic environment. Consequently, an important challenge is the measurement of particle motion to establish useable dose-response relationships and particle motion soundscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Prosnier
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, University of Saint Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France; France Travail, Saint-Etienne, France.
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3
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Melo-Souza V, Gavrilov A, Rossi-Santos MR. Dropping a bombshell: Acoustic characterization of blast fishing in Todos os Santos Bay, Brazil, and its implication for marine conservation. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 202:116332. [PMID: 38583220 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Blast fishing is an illegal fishing method that not only affects fish populations and the marine ecosystem, but also local food security and local economy. Despite its effects, blast fishing continues to persist in many coastal regions around the world, including Todos os Santos Bay (BTS - Baia de Todos os Santos) in Northeastern Brazil. This study provides the first acoustic record of underwater explosions along this region. The acoustic data were collected between 2016 and 2018, from a boat-survey platform, using a portable system consisting of an HTI-90 min hydrophone (sensitivity of about -165 dB re 1 V/μPa) connected to a TASCAM DR-40 digital recorder (combined frequency response up to 30 kHz), recording at 7 m depth. The acoustic analysis was performed using both RAVEN 1.6 and MATLAB 2021a softwares. The results revealed a distinctive underwater explosion signal detected in the BTS, indicating evidence of blast fishing activities. The acoustic characterization of blast fishing in BTS provides crucial information on its occurrence and extent of this destructive practice worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Melo-Souza
- Laboratório de Ecologia Acústica e Comportamento Animal (LEAC), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 40170-1755, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Gavrilov
- Center for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia
| | - Marcos R Rossi-Santos
- Laboratório de Ecologia Acústica e Comportamento Animal (LEAC), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 40170-1755, Brazil
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4
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Vereide EH, Mihaljevic M, Browman HI, Fields DM, Agersted MD, Titelman J, de Jong K. Effects of airgun discharges used in seismic surveys on development and mortality in nauplii of the copepod Acartia tonsa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121469. [PMID: 36963455 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Seismic surveys are conducted worldwide to explore for oil and gas deposits and to map subsea formations. The airguns used in these surveys emit low-frequency sound waves. Studies on zooplankton responses to airguns report a range of effects, from none to substantial mortality. A field experiment was conducted to assess mortality and naupliar body length of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa when exposed to the discharge of two 40-inch airguns. Nauplii were placed in plastic bags and attached to a line at a depth of 6 m. For each treatment, three bags of nauplii were exposed to one of three treatments for 2.5 h: Airgun array discharge, a boat control, or a silent control. After exposure, nauplii were kept in filtered seawater in the laboratory without food. Immediate mortality in the nauplii was approximately 14% compared to less than 4% in the silent and boat control. Similarly, there was higher mortality in the airgun exposed nauplii up to six days after exposure compared to the control treatments. Nearly all of the airgun exposed nauplii were dead after four days, while >50% of the nauplii in the control treatments were alive at six days post-exposure. There was an interaction between treatment and time on naupliar body length, indicating lower growth in the nauplii exposed to the airgun discharge (growth rates after 4 days: 1.7, 5.4, and 6.1 μm d-1 in the airgun exposed, silent control, and boat control, respectively). These experiments indicate that the output of two small airguns affected mortality and growth of the naupliar stages of Acartia tonsa in close vicinity to the array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Hernes Vereide
- Institute of Marine Research, Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Nykirkekaien 1, NO-5004 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Marina Mihaljevic
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, NO-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Howard I Browman
- Institute of Marine Research, Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, NO-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - David M Fields
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, P.O. Box 380 East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA
| | | | - Josefin Titelman
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, PO BOX 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karen de Jong
- Institute of Marine Research, Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Nykirkekaien 1, NO-5004 Bergen, Norway
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5
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Rako-Gospić N, Picciulin M. Addressing underwater noise: Joint efforts and progress on its global governance. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2023; 94:201-232. [PMID: 37244678 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Underwater noise generated by human activities has become a major reason of concern over the past decades as human exploitation of world seas became more intense. A key to reduce human-generated acoustic pressure on aquatic ecosystems depends on an approach based on international cooperation. Over the past years, scientists worldwide worked together to assess trends in underwater noise levels in order to develop mitigation measures that would allow the effective protection of endangered species without reducing the possibilities for a sustainable use of seas. This review focused on international programmes dedicated to underwater noise monitoring, mapping and to programs dedicated to mitigate noise and its effects on marine fauna. All together this review shows the existence of a growing, general, international consensus on the fact that anthropogenic underwater noise should be significantly reduced by setting appropriate mitigation measures and effective regulatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Picciulin
- CNR-National Research Council, ISMAR-Institute of Marine Sciences in Venice, Castello 2737/f, Venice, Italy
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6
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Berkhout BW, Budria A, Thieltges DW, Slabbekoorn H. Anthropogenic noise pollution and wildlife diseases. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:181-190. [PMID: 36658057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a global rise in anthropogenic noise and a growing awareness of its negative effects on wildlife, but to date the consequences for wildlife diseases have received little attention. In this paper, we discuss how anthropogenic noise can affect the occurrence and severity of infectious wildlife diseases. We argue that there is potential for noise impacts at three main stages of pathogen transmission and disease development: (i) the probability of preinfection exposure, (ii) infection upon exposure, and (iii) severity of postinfection consequences. We identify potential repercussions of noise pollution effects for wildlife populations and call for intensifying research efforts. We provide an overview of knowledge gaps and outline avenues for future studies into noise impacts on wildlife diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Budria
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, The Netherlands; Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction générale déléguée 'Police, Connaissance, Expertise', rue du Bouchet, 45370 DRY, France
| | - David W Thieltges
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, The Netherlands; Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life-Sciences, GELIFES, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Spiga I. The acoustic response of snapping shrimp to synthetic impulsive acoustic stimuli between 50 and 600 Hz. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114238. [PMID: 36272322 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern that the noise from human activities in water may impact the detection and production of sound by aquatic animals. Snapping shrimp are sound producing crustaceans and their sound has biological and ecological importance. This paper investigated the effects of pulsed stimuli upon the acoustic behavior of these animals. Changes in snap frequency and duration were assessed before, during and after playbacks and at different levels. Acoustic analysis showed that the duration of the snaps increased significantly during playbacks, whereas the snap peak frequency significantly decreased compared to before and after exposure. Data also showed that when exposed to a sound pressure level equal and above to 130 re 1 μPa (computed particle motion 2.06 × 10-06 m/s), shrimp responded acoustically. The results suggested that the pulsed acoustic stimuli triggered a behavioral response that included more snapping from bigger animals and movements away from the source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Spiga
- Marine Science, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England, UK.
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8
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Kok ACM, Bruil L, Berges B, Sakinan S, Debusschere E, Reubens J, de Haan D, Norro A, Slabbekoorn H. An echosounder view on the potential effects of impulsive noise pollution on pelagic fish around windfarms in the North Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118063. [PMID: 34482245 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic noise in the oceans is disturbing marine life. Among other groups, pelagic fish are likely to be affected by sound from human activities, but so far have received relatively little attention. Offshore wind farms have become numerous and will become even more abundant in the next decades. Wind farms can be interesting to pelagic fish due to food abundance or fisheries restrictions. At the same time, construction of wind farms involves high levels of anthropogenic noise, likely disturbing and/or deterring pelagic fish. Here, we investigated whether bottom-moored echosounders are a suitable tool for studying the effects of impulsive - intermittent, high-intensity - anthropogenic noise on pelagic fish around wind farms and we explored the possible nature of their responses. Three different wind farms along the Dutch and Belgian coast were examined, one with exposure to the passing by of an experimental seismic survey with a full-scale airgun array, one with pile driving activity in an adjacent wind farm construction site and one control site without exposure. Two bottom-moored echosounders were placed in each wind farm and recorded fish presence and behaviour before, during and after the exposures. The echosounders were successful in detecting variation in the number of fish schools and their behaviour. During the seismic survey exposure there were significantly fewer, but more cohesive, schools than before, whereas during pile driving fish swam shallower with more cohesive schools. However, the types and magnitudes of response patterns were also observed at the control site with no impulsive sound exposure. We therefore stress the need for thorough replication beyond single case studies, before we can conclude that impulsive sounds, from either seismic surveys or pile driving, are a disturbing factor for pelagic fish in otherwise attractive habitat around wind farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Bruil
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Benoit Berges
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, IJmuiden, the Netherlands
| | - Serdar Sakinan
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, IJmuiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Dick de Haan
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, IJmuiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alain Norro
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hans Slabbekoorn
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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9
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Wale MA, Briers RA, Diele K. Marine invertebrate anthropogenic noise research - Trends in methods and future directions. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:112958. [PMID: 34607127 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Selecting the correct methods to answer one's chosen question is key to conducting rigorous, evidence-based science. A disciplines' chosen methods are constantly evolving to encompass new insights and developments. Analysing these changes can be a useful tool for identifying knowledge gaps and guiding future studies. Research on the impact of anthropogenic noise on marine invertebrates, a topic with specific methodological challenges, has undergone substantial changes since its beginning in 1982. Using this field as an example, we demonstrate the benefits of such method analysis and resulting framework which has the potential to increase conclusive power and comparability of future studies. We list taxa studied to date, use a range of descriptors to analyse the methods applied, and map changes in experimental design through time. Based upon our analysis, three research strategies are proposed as a best practice framework for investigating effects of noise on marine invertebrates and delivering policy-relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Wale
- Aquatic Noise Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - R A Briers
- Aquatic Noise Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - K Diele
- Aquatic Noise Research Group, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
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10
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Zahn MJ, Rankin S, McCullough JLK, Koblitz JC, Archer F, Rasmussen MH, Laidre KL. Acoustic differentiation and classification of wild belugas and narwhals using echolocation clicks. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22141. [PMID: 34772963 PMCID: PMC8589986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) and narwhals (Monodon monoceros) are highly social Arctic toothed whales with large vocal repertoires and similar acoustic profiles. Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) that uses multiple hydrophones over large spatiotemporal scales has been a primary method to study their populations, particularly in response to rapid climate change and increasing underwater noise. This study marks the first acoustic comparison between wild belugas and narwhals from the same location and reveals that they can be acoustically differentiated and classified solely by echolocation clicks. Acoustic recordings were made in the pack ice of Baffin Bay, West Greenland, during 2013. Multivariate analyses and Random Forests classification models were applied to eighty-one single-species acoustic events comprised of numerous echolocation clicks. Results demonstrate a significant difference between species' acoustic parameters where beluga echolocation was distinguished by higher frequency content, evidenced by higher peak frequencies, center frequencies, and frequency minimums and maximums. Spectral peaks, troughs, and center frequencies for beluga clicks were generally > 60 kHz and narwhal clicks < 60 kHz with overlap between 40-60 kHz. Classification model predictive performance was strong with an overall correct classification rate of 97.5% for the best model. The most important predictors for species assignment were defined by peaks and notches in frequency spectra. Our results provide strong support for the use of echolocation in PAM efforts to differentiate belugas and narwhals acoustically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J Zahn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
| | - Shannon Rankin
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer L K McCullough
- Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, 1845 Wasp Boulevard, Building 176, Honolulu, HI, 96818, USA
| | - Jens C Koblitz
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Advanced Research Technology Unit, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Frederick Archer
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Kristin L Laidre
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
- Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
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11
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Prior MK, Ainslie MA, Halvorsen MB, Hartstra I, Laws RM, MacGillivray A, Müller R, Robinson S, Wang L. Characterization of the acoustic output of single marine-seismic airguns and clusters: The Svein Vaage dataset. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 150:3675. [PMID: 34852616 DOI: 10.1121/10.0006751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The acoustical output of marine-seismic airguns is determined from recordings of the sound pressure made on hydrophones suspended below a floating barge from which the airguns are also deployed. The signals from multiple types of airguns are considered and each type is operated over a range of deployment depths and chamber pressures. The acoustical output is characterized in terms of a "source waveform" with dimensions of the pressure-times-distance and in an infinite idealized medium, could be divided by the source-receiver distance to give the sound pressure at that receiver. In more realistic environments, the source waveform may be used to predict the pressure at any arbitrary receiver position simply by the application of a time-domain transfer function describing the propagation between the source and receiver. The sources are further characterized by metrics such as the peak source waveform and energy source level. These metrics are calculated in several frequency bands so that the resulting metrics can be used to characterize the acoustical output of the airguns in terms of their utility for seismic image-processing or possible effects on marine life. These characterizations provide reference data for the calibration of models that predict the airguns' acoustical output. They are validated via comparisons of the acoustic pressure measured on far-field hydrophones and predicted using the source waveforms. Comparisons are also made between empirically derived expressions relating the acoustic metrics to the chamber volume, chamber pressure, and deployment depth and similar expressions from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Prior
- Acoustics and Sonar Department, TNO, Oude Waalsdorperweg 63, Den Haag, 2597 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Michael A Ainslie
- JASCO Applied Sciences (Deutschland) GmbH, Mergenthaler Allee 15-21, Eschborn, Hesse, 65760, Germany
| | - Michele B Halvorsen
- Jackson Estuarine Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 85 Adams Point Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - Iris Hartstra
- Acoustics and Sonar Department, TNO, Oude Waalsdorperweg 63, Den Haag, 2597 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M Laws
- Havakustik Ltd., Cliftonville, George Street, Cambridge, CB4 1AJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roel Müller
- Acoustics and Sonar Department, TNO, Oude Waalsdorperweg 63, Den Haag, 2597 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Robinson
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Liansheng Wang
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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12
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Halliday WD, Barclay D, Barkley AN, Cook E, Dawson J, Hilliard RC, Hussey NE, Jones JM, Juanes F, Marcoux M, Niemi A, Nudds S, Pine MK, Richards C, Scharffenberg K, Westdal K, Insley SJ. Underwater sound levels in the Canadian Arctic, 2014-2019. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 168:112437. [PMID: 33957495 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic has been a refuge from anthropogenic underwater noise; however, climate change has caused summer sea ice to diminish, allowing for unprecedented access and the potential for increased underwater noise. Baseline underwater sound levels must be quantified to monitor future changes and manage underwater noise in the Arctic. We analyzed 39 passive acoustic datasets collected throughout the Canadian Arctic from 2014 to 2019 using statistical models to examine spatial and temporal trends in daily mean sound pressure levels (SPL) and quantify environmental and anthropogenic drivers of SPL. SPL (50-1000 Hz) ranged from 70 to 127 dB re 1 μPa (median = 91 dB). SPL increased as wind speed increased, but decreased as both ice concentration and air temperature increased, and SPL increased as the number of ships per day increased. This study provides a baseline for underwater sound levels in the Canadian Arctic and fills many geographic gaps on published underwater sound levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Halliday
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada; School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - David Barclay
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Amanda N Barkley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Cook
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jackie Dawson
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Casey Hilliard
- Institute for Big Data Analytics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Nigel E Hussey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua M Jones
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Francis Juanes
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marianne Marcoux
- Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrea Niemi
- Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shannon Nudds
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Matthew K Pine
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Clark Richards
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kevin Scharffenberg
- Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Stephen J Insley
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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13
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Abstract
The last hundred years have seen the introduction of many sources of artificial noise in the sea environment which have shown to negatively affect marine organisms. Little attention has been devoted to how much this noise could affect sessile organisms. Here, we report morphological and ultrastructural changes in seagrass, after exposure to sounds in a controlled environment. These results are new to aquatic plants pathology. Low-frequency sounds produced alterations in Posidonia oceanica root and rhizome statocysts, which sense gravity and process sound vibration. Nutritional processes of the plant were affected as well: we observed a decrease in the number of rhizome starch grains, which have a vital role in energy storage, as well as a degradation in the specific fungal symbionts of P. oceanica roots. This sensitivity to artificial sounds revealed how sound can potentially affect the health status of P. oceanica. Moreover, these findings address the question of how much the increase of ocean noise pollution may contribute in the future to the depletion of seagrass populations and to biodiversity loss. Solé et al. report morphological and ultrastructural changes in seagrass, after exposure to human generated noise. These data suggest that noise pollution can potentially affect the health status of seagrass and thereby contribute to the depletion of seagrass populations.
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Robinson JM, Cameron R, Parker B. The Effects of Anthropogenic Sound and Artificial Light Exposure on Microbiomes: Ecological and Public Health Implications. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.662588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, anthropogenic sound and artificial light pollution have increased to alarming levels. Evidence suggests that these can disrupt critical processes that impact ecosystems and human health. However, limited focus has been given to the potential effects of sound and artificial light pollution on microbiomes. Microbial communities are the foundations of our ecosystems. They are essential for human health and provide myriad ecosystem services. Therefore, disruption to microbiomes by anthropogenic sound and artificial light could have important ecological and human health implications. In this mini-review, we provide a critical appraisal of available scientific literature on the effects of anthropogenic sound and light exposure on microorganisms and discuss the potential ecological and human health implications. Our mini-review shows that a limited number of studies have been carried out to investigate the effects of anthropogenic sound and light pollution on microbiomes. However, based on these studies, it is evident that anthropogenic sound and light pollution have the potential to significantly influence ecosystems and human health via microbial interactions. Many of the studies suffered from modest sample sizes, suboptimal experiments designs, and some of the bioinformatics approaches used are now outdated. These factors should be improved in future studies. This is an emerging and severely underexplored area of research that could have important implications for global ecosystems and public health. Finally, we also propose the photo-sonic restoration hypothesis: does restoring natural levels of light and sound help to restore microbiomes and ecosystem stability?
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Elmer LK, Madliger CL, Blumstein DT, Elvidge CK, Fernández-Juricic E, Horodysky AZ, Johnson NS, McGuire LP, Swaisgood RR, Cooke SJ. Exploiting common senses: sensory ecology meets wildlife conservation and management. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab002. [PMID: 33815799 PMCID: PMC8009554 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Multidisciplinary approaches to conservation and wildlife management are often effective in addressing complex, multi-factor problems. Emerging fields such as conservation physiology and conservation behaviour can provide innovative solutions and management strategies for target species and systems. Sensory ecology combines the study of 'how animals acquire' and process sensory stimuli from their environments, and the ecological and evolutionary significance of 'how animals respond' to this information. We review the benefits that sensory ecology can bring to wildlife conservation and management by discussing case studies across major taxa and sensory modalities. Conservation practices informed by a sensory ecology approach include the amelioration of sensory traps, control of invasive species, reduction of human-wildlife conflicts and relocation and establishment of new populations of endangered species. We illustrate that sensory ecology can facilitate the understanding of mechanistic ecological and physiological explanations underlying particular conservation issues and also can help develop innovative solutions to ameliorate conservation problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Elmer
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Christine L Madliger
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Daniel T Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Chris K Elvidge
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | | | - Andrij Z Horodysky
- Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - Nicholas S Johnson
- USGS, Great Lakes Science Center, Hammond Bay Biological Station, Millersburg, MI 49759, USA
| | - Liam P McGuire
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ronald R Swaisgood
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA 92027-7000, USA
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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16
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Diniz LP, FranÇa EJ, Bonecker CC, Marcolin CR, Melo JÚnior MDE. Non-predatory mortality of planktonic microcrustaceans (Cladocera and Copepoda) in neotropical semiarid reservoirs. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20190991. [PMID: 33656050 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120190991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The accuracy of traditional methods to sample planktonic microcrustaceans depends on two assumptions: that organisms are alive during sampling and that all carcasses can be identified despite their degradation state, but fresh carcasses are not easy to distinguish by traditional methods. Previous studies about mortality have shown that neglecting dead organisms can provide biased ecological information. Thus, our objective was to determine the mortality rate and the proportion of dead microcrustacean in three tropical reservoirs. Sampling was carried out in 12 stations during two periods. The proportion of dead organisms was verified using aniline blue and it varied between 0.6% and 90.6%. The carcass decomposition period varied between 3 to 16 days and microcrustaceans mortality rate varied between 0.005 and 0.314 d-1. Traditional preservation techniques with formalin do not significantly overestimate species abundance. However, these values should not be disregarded, because corrected (disregarding organisms that were dead) and formalin-preserved abundances were correlated with distinct limnological descriptors. Therefore, the traditional formalin preservation technique could provide misleading ecological interpretations. Other studies over larger temporal scales in addition to experiments to evaluate the effects of viruses, parasitism and the toxic effects of cyanobacteria on zooplankton would enlighten mortality rate patterns in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidiane P Diniz
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Ecologia do Plâncton (LEPLANC), Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Laboratório Zooplâncton, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Av. Colombo, 5790, 87.020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Elton J FranÇa
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada (UAST), Laboratório de Ecologia e Sistemática de Peixes, Avenida Gregório Ferraz Nogueira, s/n, José Tomé de Souza Ramos, 56909-535 Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil
| | - Claudia C Bonecker
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Laboratório Zooplâncton, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Av. Colombo, 5790, 87.020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Catarina R Marcolin
- Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia (UFSB), Centro de Formação em Ciências Ambientais, Campus Sosígenes Costa, Rodovia Porto Seguro - Eunápolis-BA, BR-367, km 10, 45810-000 Porto Seguro, BA, Brazil
| | - Mauro DE Melo JÚnior
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Ecologia do Plâncton (LEPLANC), Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Duarte CM, Chapuis L, Collin SP, Costa DP, Devassy RP, Eguiluz VM, Erbe C, Gordon TAC, Halpern BS, Harding HR, Havlik MN, Meekan M, Merchant ND, Miksis-Olds JL, Parsons M, Predragovic M, Radford AN, Radford CA, Simpson SD, Slabbekoorn H, Staaterman E, Van Opzeeland IC, Winderen J, Zhang X, Juanes F. The soundscape of the Anthropocene ocean. Science 2021; 371:371/6529/eaba4658. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba4658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Duarte
- Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Arctic Research Centre, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 8, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark
| | - Lucille Chapuis
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Shaun P. Collin
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Daniel P. Costa
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Reny P. Devassy
- Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Victor M. Eguiluz
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), E07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Christine Erbe
- Centre for Marine Science & Technology, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Timothy A. C. Gordon
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin S. Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Harry R. Harding
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Michelle N. Havlik
- Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mark Meekan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nathan D. Merchant
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Jennifer L. Miksis-Olds
- Center for Acoustics Research and Education, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Miles Parsons
- Centre for Marine Science & Technology, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Milica Predragovic
- Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew N. Radford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Craig A. Radford
- Institute of Marine Science, Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, P.O. Box 349, Warkworth 0941, New Zealand
| | - Stephen D. Simpson
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Hans Slabbekoorn
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Ilse C. Van Opzeeland
- Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Xiangliang Zhang
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Francis Juanes
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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18
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Synergistic interactions among growing stressors increase risk to an Arctic ecosystem. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6255. [PMID: 33288746 PMCID: PMC7721797 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Oceans provide critical ecosystem services, but are subject to a growing number of external pressures, including overfishing, pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change. Current models typically treat stressors on species and ecosystems independently, though in reality, stressors often interact in ways that are not well understood. Here, we use a network interaction model (OSIRIS) to explicitly study stressor interactions in the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean) due to its extensive climate-driven loss of sea ice and accelerated growth of other stressors, including shipping and oil exploration. The model includes numerous trophic levels ranging from phytoplankton to polar bears. We find that climate-related stressors have a larger impact on animal populations than do acute stressors like increased shipping and subsistence harvesting. In particular, organisms with a strong temperature-growth rate relationship show the greatest changes in biomass as interaction strength increased, but also exhibit the greatest variability. Neglecting interactions between stressors vastly underestimates the risk of population crashes. Our results indicate that models must account for stressor interactions to enable responsible management and decision-making.
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19
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Day RD, Fitzgibbon QP, McCauley RD, Hartmann K, Semmens JM. Lobsters with pre-existing damage to their mechanosensory statocyst organs do not incur further damage from exposure to seismic air gun signals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115478. [PMID: 33254599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Staotcysts, the mechanosensory organs common to many marine invertebrates, have shown sensitivity to aquatic noise. Previously, rock lobsters (Jasus edwardsii) from a remote site with little exposure to anthropogenic noise incurred persistent damage to the statocyst and righting reflex following exposure to seismic air gun signals. Here, J. edwardsii collected from a site subject to high levels of anthropogenic noise were exposed to an equivalent seismic air gun signal regime as the previous study of noise-naïve lobsters. Following exposure, both control and exposed treatments were found to have damage to the statocyst equivalent to that of noise-naïve lobsters following seismic exposure, which led to the conclusion that the damage was pre-existing and not exacerbated by seismic exposure. The source of the damage in the lobsters in this study could not be ascertained, but the soundscape comparisons of the collection sites showed that the noisy site had a 5-10 dB greater level of noise, equivalent to a 3-10 times greater intensity, in the 10-700 Hz range than was found at the remote collection site. In addition to the lack of further damage following seismic exposure, no disruption to the righting reflex was observed. Indeed, compared to the noise naïve lobsters, the lobsters here demonstrated an ability to cope with or adapt to the mechanosensory damage, indicating a need for better understanding of the ecological impacts of the damage caused by low frequency noise on marine organisms. More broadly, this study raises historical exposure to noise as a previously unrecognised but vitally important consideration for studies of aquatic noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Day
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
| | - Quinn P Fitzgibbon
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Robert D McCauley
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, GPO Box U 1987, 6845, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Klaas Hartmann
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Jayson M Semmens
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
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20
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Müller RAJ, von Benda-Beckmann AM, Halvorsen MB, Ainslie MA. Application of kurtosis to underwater sound. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 148:780. [PMID: 32872988 DOI: 10.1121/10.0001631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Regulations for underwater anthropogenic noise are typically formulated in terms of peak sound pressure, root-mean-square sound pressure, and (weighted or unweighted) sound exposure. Sound effect studies on humans and other terrestrial mammals suggest that in addition to these metrics, the impulsiveness of sound (often quantified by its kurtosis β) is also related to the risk of hearing impairment. Kurtosis is often used to distinguish between ambient noise and transients, such as echolocation clicks and dolphin whistles. A lack of standardization of the integration interval leads to ambiguous kurtosis values, especially for transient signals. In the current research, kurtosis is applied to transient signals typical for high-power underwater noise. For integration time (t2-t1), the quantity (t2-t1)/β is shown to be a robust measure of signal duration, closely related to the effective signal duration, τeff for sounds from airguns, pile driving, and explosions. This research provides practical formulas for kurtosis of impulsive sounds and compares kurtosis between measurements of transient sounds from different sources.
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21
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Soudijn FH, van Kooten T, Slabbekoorn H, de Roos AM. Population-level effects of acoustic disturbance in Atlantic cod: a size-structured analysis based on energy budgets. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200490. [PMID: 32546090 PMCID: PMC7329029 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic underwater noise may negatively affect marine animals. Yet, while fishes are highly sensitive to sounds, effects of acoustic disturbances on fishes have not been extensively studied at the population level. In this study, we use a size-structured model based on energy budgets to analyse potential population-level effects of anthropogenic noise on Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Using the model framework, we assess the impact of four possible effect pathways of disturbance on the cod population growth rate. Through increased stress, changes in foraging and movement behaviour, and effects on the auditory system, anthropogenic noise can lead to (i) increased energy expenditure, (ii) reduced food intake, (iii) increased mortality, and (iv) reduced reproductive output. Our results show that population growth rates are particularly sensitive to changes in energy expenditure and food intake because they indirectly affect the age of maturation, survival and fecundity. Sub-lethal effects of sound exposure may thus affect populations of cod and fishes with similar life histories more than lethal effects of sound exposure. Moreover, anthropogenic noise may negatively affect populations when causing persistent increases of energy expenditure or decreases of food intake. Effects of specific acoustic pollutants on energy acquisition and expenditure should therefore be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor H. Soudijn
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, Ijmuiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias van Kooten
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, Ijmuiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Slabbekoorn
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - André M. de Roos
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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22
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Mauro M, Pérez-Arjona I, Perez EJB, Ceraulo M, Bou-Cabo M, Benson T, Espinosa V, Beltrame F, Mazzola S, Vazzana M, Buscaino G. The effect of low frequency noise on the behaviour of juvenile Sparus aurata. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 147:3795. [PMID: 32611157 DOI: 10.1121/10.0001255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities are causing increased noise levels in the marine environment. To date, few studies have been undertaken to investigate the effects of different noise frequencies on the behaviour of juvenile fish. In this study, the behavioural changes of juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) are evaluated when exposed to white noise filtered in third-octave bands centred at 63, 125, 500, and 1000 Hz (sound pressure level, 140-150 dB re 1 μΡa) for 7 h. The group dispersion, motility, and swimming height of the fish were analysed before and during the acoustic emission. Dispersion of the fish was found to reduce immediately upon application of low frequency sound (63 and 125 Hz) with a return to control condition after 2 h (indicative of habituation), whereas at 1 kHz, dispersion increased after 2 h without any habituation. The motility decreased significantly at 63 Hz throughout the 7 h of sound exposure. The swimming height decreased significantly for all frequencies other than 125 Hz. The results of this study highlight significant variations in the behavioural responses of juvenile fish that could have consequences on their fitness and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Mauro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, 90123, Italy
| | - Isabel Pérez-Arjona
- Universitat Politècnica de València, Campus de Gandia, C/Paranimf, 1-46730, Spain
| | | | - Maria Ceraulo
- BioacousticsLab, National Research Council UOS of Capo Granitola, Via del mare, Torretta Granitola, 3-91021, Italy
| | - Manuel Bou-Cabo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), C. O. Murcia, San Pedro del Pinatar (Murcia), 1-30740, Spain
| | - Thomas Benson
- HR Wallingford, Howbery Park, Wallingford, OX10 8BA, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Espinosa
- Universitat Politècnica de València, Campus de Gandia, C/Paranimf, 1-46730, Spain
| | - Francesco Beltrame
- ENR, The Italian Institution for Research and Promotion of Standardization, Via Francesco Crispi, Palermo, 248-90139, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mazzola
- BioacousticsLab, National Research Council UOS of Capo Granitola, Via del mare, Torretta Granitola, 3-91021, Italy
| | - Mirella Vazzana
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, 90123, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Buscaino
- BioacousticsLab, National Research Council UOS of Capo Granitola, Via del mare, Torretta Granitola, 3-91021, Italy
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Vazzana M, Ceraulo M, Mauro M, Papale E, Dioguardi M, Mazzola S, Arizza V, Chiaramonte M, Buscaino G. Effects of acoustic stimulation on biochemical parameters in the digestive gland of Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 147:2414. [PMID: 32359276 DOI: 10.1121/10.0001034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Underwater sounds generated by anthropogenic activity can cause behavior changes, temporary loss of hearing, damage to parts of the body, or death in a number of marine organisms and can also affect healing and survival. In this study, the authors examined the effects of high-frequency acoustic stimulations on a number of biochemical parameters in the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. During the experiment, animals were placed in a test tank and exposed to acoustic signals [a linear sweep ranging from 100 to 200 kHz and lasting 1 s, with a sound pressure level range of between 145 and 160 dBrms (re 1μParms)] for 3 h. Total haemocyte count was assessed and glucose levels, cytotoxic activity and enzyme activity (alkaline phosphatase, esterase and peroxidase) in the digestive gland were measured. For the first time, this study suggests that high-frequency noise pollution has a negative impact on biochemical parameters in the digestive gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Vazzana
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 18 Archirafi Street, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Maria Ceraulo
- Bioacoustics Lab, National Research Council, UOS of Capo Granitola, 3 Mare Street Torretta Granitola 91021, Italy
| | - Manuela Mauro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 18 Archirafi Street, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Elena Papale
- Bioacoustics Lab, National Research Council, UOS of Capo Granitola, 3 Mare Street Torretta Granitola 91021, Italy
| | - Maria Dioguardi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 18 Archirafi Street, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mazzola
- Bioacoustics Lab, National Research Council, UOS of Capo Granitola, 3 Mare Street Torretta Granitola 91021, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 18 Archirafi Street, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Marco Chiaramonte
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 18 Archirafi Street, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Buscaino
- Bioacoustics Lab, National Research Council, UOS of Capo Granitola, 3 Mare Street Torretta Granitola 91021, Italy
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Kavanagh AS, Nykänen M, Hunt W, Richardson N, Jessopp MJ. Seismic surveys reduce cetacean sightings across a large marine ecosystem. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19164. [PMID: 31844150 PMCID: PMC6915703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Noise pollution is increasing globally, and as oceans are excellent conductors of sound, this is a major concern for marine species reliant on sound for key life functions. Loud, impulsive sounds from seismic surveys have been associated with impacts on many marine taxa including mammals, crustaceans, cephalopods, and fish. However, impacts across large spatial scales or multiple species are rarely considered. We modelled over 8,000 hours of cetacean survey data across a large marine ecosystem covering > 880,000 km2 to investigate the effect of seismic surveys on baleen and toothed whales. We found a significant effect of seismic activity across multiple species and habitats, with an 88% (82-92%) decrease in sightings of baleen whales, and a 53% (41-63%) decrease in sightings of toothed whales during active seismic surveys when compared to control surveys. Significantly fewer sightings of toothed whales also occurred during active versus inactive airgun periods of seismic surveys, although some species-specific response to noise was observed. This study provides strong evidence of multi-species impacts from seismic survey noise on cetaceans. Given the global proliferation of seismic surveys and large propagation distances of airgun noise, our results highlight the large-scale impacts that marine species are currently facing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kavanagh
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Beaufort Building, Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, P43C573, Ireland.
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Galway, T23N73K, Ireland.
| | - M Nykänen
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Beaufort Building, Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, P43C573, Ireland
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, T23N73K, Ireland
| | - W Hunt
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Beaufort Building, Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, P43C573, Ireland
| | - N Richardson
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Beaufort Building, Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, P43C573, Ireland
| | - M J Jessopp
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Beaufort Building, Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, P43C573, Ireland.
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, T23N73K, Ireland.
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Elliott BW, Read AJ, Godley BJ, Nelms SE, Nowacek DP. Critical information gaps remain in understanding impacts of industrial seismic surveys on marine vertebrates. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Chapuis L, Kerr CC, Collin SP, Hart NS, Sanders KL. Underwater hearing in sea snakes (Hydrophiinae): first evidence of auditory evoked potential thresholds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/14/jeb198184. [PMID: 31345949 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.198184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The viviparous sea snakes (Hydrophiinae) are a secondarily aquatic radiation of more than 60 species that possess many phenotypic adaptations to marine life. However, virtually nothing is known of the role and sensitivity of hearing in sea snakes. This study investigated the hearing sensitivity of the fully marine sea snake Hydrophis stokesii by measuring auditory evoked potential (AEP) audiograms for two individuals. AEPs were recorded from 40 Hz (the lowest frequency tested) up to 600 Hz, with a peak in sensitivity identified at 60 Hz (163.5 dB re. 1 µPa or 123 dB re. 1 µm s-2). Our data suggest that sea snakes are sensitive to low-frequency sounds but have relatively low sensitivity compared with bony fishes and marine turtles. Additional studies are required to understand the role of sound in sea snake life history and further assess these species' vulnerability to anthropogenic noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Chapuis
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK .,Oceans Graduate School and the UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Caroline C Kerr
- Oceans Graduate School and the UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Shaun P Collin
- Oceans Graduate School and the UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Nathan S Hart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Kate L Sanders
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Day RD, McCauley RD, Fitzgibbon QP, Hartmann K, Semmens JM. Seismic air guns damage rock lobster mechanosensory organs and impair righting reflex. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191424. [PMID: 31337309 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of anthropogenic aquatic noise on marine invertebrates are poorly understood. We investigated the impact of seismic surveys on the righting reflex and statocyst morphology of the palinurid rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, using field-based exposure to air gun signals. Following exposure equivalent to a full-scale commercial assay passing within 100-500 m, lobsters showed impaired righting and significant damage to the sensory hairs of the statocyst. Reflex impairment and statocyst damage persisted over the course of the experiments-up to 365 days post-exposure and did not improved following moulting. These results indicate that exposure to air gun signals caused morphological damage to the statocyst of rock lobsters, which can in turn impair complex reflexes. This damage and impairment adds further evidence that anthropogenic aquatic noise has the potential to harm invertebrates, necessitating a better understanding of possible ecological and economic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Day
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Robert D McCauley
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, GPO Box U 1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Quinn P Fitzgibbon
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Klaas Hartmann
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Jayson M Semmens
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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Roberts L, Laidre ME. Finding a home in the noise: cross-modal impact of anthropogenic vibration on animal search behaviour. Biol Open 2019; 8:8/7/bio041988. [PMID: 31292133 PMCID: PMC6679394 DOI: 10.1242/bio.041988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical cues and signals enable animals to sense their surroundings over vast distances and find key resources, like food and shelter. However, the use of chemosensory information may be impaired in aquatic habitats by anthropogenic activities, which produce both water-borne sounds and substrate-borne vibrations, potentially affecting not only vibroacoustic sensing but other modalities as well. We attracted marine hermit crabs (Pagurus acadianus) in field experiments using a chemical cue indicative of a newly available shell home. We then quantified the number of crabs arriving in control versus impulsive noise conditions. Treatment (control or noise), time (before or after), and the interaction between the two significantly affected the numbers of crabs, with fewer crabs attracted to the chemical cue after noise exposure. The results indicate that noise can affect chemical information use in the marine environment, acting cross-modally to impact chemically-guided search behaviour in free-ranging animals. Broadly, anthropogenic noise and seabed vibration may have profound effects, even on behaviours mediated by other sensory modalities. Hence, the impact of noise should be investigated not only within, but also across sensory modalities. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Chemical cues enable animals to sense their surroundings and find key resources. Here we show that anthropogenic noise affects a chemically-guided search behaviour by acting cross-modally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, 78 College Street, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA .,Shoals Marine Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Mark E Laidre
- Department of Biological Sciences, 78 College Street, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Yurkowski DJ, Auger-Méthé M, Mallory ML, Wong SNP, Gilchrist G, Derocher AE, Richardson E, Lunn NJ, Hussey NE, Marcoux M, Togunov RR, Fisk AT, Harwood LA, Dietz R, Rosing-Asvid A, Born EW, Mosbech A, Fort J, Grémillet D, Loseto L, Richard PR, Iacozza J, Jean-Gagnon F, Brown TM, Westdal KH, Orr J, LeBlanc B, Hedges KJ, Treble MA, Kessel ST, Blanchfield PJ, Davis S, Maftei M, Spencer N, McFarlane-Tranquilla L, Montevecchi WA, Bartzen B, Dickson L, Anderson C, Ferguson SH. Abundance and species diversity hotspots of tracked marine predators across the North American Arctic. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Grant Gilchrist
- Environment and Climate Change Canada; Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | | | - Evan Richardson
- Environment and Climate Change Canada; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | | | | | | | - Ron R. Togunov
- University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | | | - Lois A. Harwood
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Yellowknife Northwest Territories Canada
| | | | | | - Erik W. Born
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources; Nuuk Greenland
| | | | - Jérôme Fort
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs); UMR7266 CNRS-University of La Rochelle; La Rochelle France
| | - David Grémillet
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; UMR 5175, CNRS; Montpellier France
| | - Lisa Loseto
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | | | - John Iacozza
- University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jack Orr
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | | | | | | | - Steven T. Kessel
- Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research; John G. Shedd Aquarium; Chicago Illinois
| | | | - Shanti Davis
- High Arctic Gull Research Group; Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Mark Maftei
- High Arctic Gull Research Group; Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Nora Spencer
- High Arctic Gull Research Group; Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | | | | | - Blake Bartzen
- Environment and Climate Change Canada; Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Lynne Dickson
- Environment and Climate Change Canada; Edmonton Alberta Canada
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31
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Cominelli S, Devillers R, Yurk H, MacGillivray A, McWhinnie L, Canessa R. Noise exposure from commercial shipping for the southern resident killer whale population. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 136:177-200. [PMID: 30509799 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses vessel-noise exposure levels for Southern Resident Killer Whales (SRKW) in the Salish Sea. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) was used to delineate SRKW summer core areas. Those areas were combined with the output of a regional cumulative noise model describing sound level variations generated by commercial vessels (1/3-octave-bands from 10 Hz to 63.1 kHz). Cumulative distribution functions were used to evaluate SRKW's noise exposure from 15 vessel categories over three zones located within the KDE. Median cumulative noise values were used to group categories based on the associated exposure levels. Ferries, Tugboats, Vehicle Carriers, Recreational Vessels, Containers, and Bulkers showed high levels of exposure (Leq-50th > 90 dB re 1 μPa) within SRKW core areas. Management actions aiming at reducing SRKW noise exposure during the summer should target the abovementioned categories and take into consideration the spatial distribution of their levels of exposure, their mechanical and their operational characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cominelli
- Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - Rodolphe Devillers
- Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Harald Yurk
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Aquatic Ecosystems Marine Mammal Science, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | | | - Lauren McWhinnie
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3R4, Canada
| | - Rosaline Canessa
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3R4, Canada
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Freeman SE, Freeman LA, Giorli G, Haas AF. Photosynthesis by marine algae produces sound, contributing to the daytime soundscape on coral reefs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201766. [PMID: 30281593 PMCID: PMC6169855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have observed that marine macroalgae produce sound during photosynthesis. The resultant soundscapes correlate with benthic macroalgal cover across shallow Hawaiian coral reefs during the day, despite the presence of other biological noise. Likely ubiquitous but previously overlooked, this source of ambient biological noise in the coastal ocean is driven by local supersaturation of oxygen near the surface of macroalgal filaments, and the resultant formation and release of oxygen-containing bubbles into the water column. During release, relaxation of the bubble to a spherical shape creates a monopole sound source that ‘rings’ at the Minnaert frequency. Many such bubbles create a large, distributed sound source over the sea floor. Reef soundscapes contain vast quantities of biological information, making passive acoustic ecosystem evaluation a tantalizing prospect if the sources are known. Our observations introduce the possibility of a general, volumetrically integrative, noninvasive, rapid and remote technique for evaluating algal abundance and rates of primary productivity in littoral aquatic communities. Increased algal cover is one of the strongest indicators for coral reef ecosystem stress. Visually determining variations in algal abundance is a time-consuming and expensive process. This technique could therefore provide a valuable tool for ecosystem management but also for industrial monitoring of primary production, such as in algae-based biofuel synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E. Freeman
- Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, RI, United States of America
- Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Lauren A. Freeman
- Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, RI, United States of America
| | - Giacomo Giorli
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric research, Greta Point, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Andreas F. Haas
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Texel, Netherlands
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33
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Kelley JL, Chapuis L, Davies WIL, Collin SP. Sensory System Responses to Human-Induced Environmental Change. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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de Jong K, Amorim MCP, Fonseca PJ, Fox CJ, Heubel KU. Noise can affect acoustic communication and subsequent spawning success in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:814-823. [PMID: 29146199 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There are substantial concerns that increasing levels of anthropogenic noise in the oceans may impact aquatic animals. Noise can affect animals physically, physiologically and behaviourally, but one of the most obvious effects is interference with acoustic communication. Acoustic communication often plays a crucial role in reproductive interactions and over 800 species of fish have been found to communicate acoustically. There is very little data on whether noise affects reproduction in aquatic animals, and none in relation to acoustic communication. In this study we tested the effect of continuous noise on courtship behaviour in two closely-related marine fishes: the two-spotted goby (Gobiusculus flavescens) and the painted goby (Pomatoschistus pictus) in aquarium experiments. Both species use visual and acoustic signals during courtship. In the two-spotted goby we used a repeated-measures design testing the same individuals in the noise and the control treatment, in alternating order. For the painted goby we allowed females to spawn, precluding a repeated-measures design, but permitting a test of the effect of noise on female spawning decisions. Males of both species reduced acoustic courtship, but only painted gobies also showed less visual courtship in the noise treatment compared to the control. Female painted gobies were less likely to spawn in the noise treatment. Thus, our results provide experimental evidence for negative effects of noise on acoustic communication and spawning success. Spawning is a crucial component of reproduction. Therefore, even though laboratory results should not be extrapolated directly to field populations, our results suggest that reproductive success may be sensitive to noise pollution, potentially reducing fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen de Jong
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D- 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Ecological Research Station Rees, Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Grietherbusch 3a, D-46459 Rees, Germany.
| | - M Clara P Amorim
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Paulo J Fonseca
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Clive J Fox
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Dunstaffnage, Oban PA37 1QS Scotland, UK.
| | - Katja U Heubel
- Ecological Research Station Rees, Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Grietherbusch 3a, D-46459 Rees, Germany.
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35
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Faulkner RC, Farcas A, Merchant ND. Guiding principles for assessing the impact of underwater noise. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Farcas
- Noise & Bioacoustics Team Cefas Lowestoft Suffolk UK
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36
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Heyward A, Colquhoun J, Cripps E, McCorry D, Stowar M, Radford B, Miller K, Miller I, Battershill C. No evidence of damage to the soft tissue or skeletal integrity of mesophotic corals exposed to a 3D marine seismic survey. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 129:8-13. [PMID: 29680570 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Scleractinian corals, primarily plate corals in families Agaricidae and Acroporidae, were monitored in situ before, during and after a 3D marine seismic survey. An initial four day seismic run, resulting in a maximum 24 h received sound exposure level (SEL24) of 204 dB re 1 μPa2·s and received 0-to-peak pressure (PK Pressure) of 226 dB re 1 μPa, had no detectable effect on soft tissues or skeletal integrity. Subsequently, a full marine seismic survey (Maxima 3D MSS), proceeded over two months and included seismic acquisition lines at 240 m spacing over the broader reef lagoon (South Scott Reef), generating maximum received SEL24 of 197 dB re 1 μPa2·s and received PK Pressure of 220 dB re 1 μPa at the coral monitoring sites. The analysis detected no effect of seismic activity measured as coral mortality, skeletal damage or visible signs of stress immediately after and up to four months following the 3D marine seismic survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Heyward
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, M096 UWA, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia; Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Jamie Colquhoun
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, M096 UWA, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia; Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Edward Cripps
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Denise McCorry
- Environmental Resources Management, 16/F Berkshire House 25 Westlands Road, Quarry Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Marcus Stowar
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia
| | - Ben Radford
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, M096 UWA, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia; Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Karen Miller
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, M096 UWA, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia; Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ian Miller
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia
| | - Chris Battershill
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia
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37
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Vilardo C, Barbosa AF. Can you hear the noise? Environmental licensing of seismic surveys in Brazil faces uncertain future after 18 years protecting biodiversity. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Fitzgibbon QP, Day RD, McCauley RD, Simon CJ, Semmens JM. The impact of seismic air gun exposure on the haemolymph physiology and nutritional condition of spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 125:146-156. [PMID: 28807415 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a critical knowledge gap regarding the impacts of seismic air gun signals on the physiology of adult crustaceans. We conducted four controlled field experiments to examine the impact of seismic acoustic signals on spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii. Seismic air gun exposure suppressed total haemocyte count (THC) for up to 120days post-exposure, suggesting a chronic negative impact of immune competency. THC levels after 365days post-exposure, were elevated two fold, potentially indicating an immune response to infection. Haemolymph refractive index was reduced after 120days post exposure in one experiment, suggesting a chronic impairment of nutritional condition. There was no effect of air gun exposure on 24 haemolymph biochemical parameters, hepatopancreas index or survival. Collectively these results indicate that the biochemical haematological homeostasis of J. edwardsii is reasonably resilient to seismic acoustic signals, however, air gun exposure may negatively influence the lobster's nutritional condition and immunological capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn P Fitzgibbon
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture, University Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Ryan D Day
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture, University Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Robert D McCauley
- Centre Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, GPO Box U 1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cedric J Simon
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture, University Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jayson M Semmens
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, Centre for Fisheries and Aquaculture, University Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Pichegru L, Nyengera R, McInnes AM, Pistorius P. Avoidance of seismic survey activities by penguins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16305. [PMID: 29176687 PMCID: PMC5701127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Seismic surveys in search for oil or gas under the seabed, produce the most intense man-made ocean noise with known impacts on invertebrates, fish and marine mammals. No evidence to date exists, however, about potential impacts on seabirds. Penguins may be expected to be particularly affected by loud underwater sounds, due to their largely aquatic existence. This study investigated the behavioural response of breeding endangered African Penguins Spheniscus demersus to seismic surveys within 100 km of their colony in South Africa, using a multi-year GPS tracking dataset. Penguins showed a strong avoidance of their preferred foraging areas during seismic activities, foraging significantly further from the survey vessel when in operation, while increasing their overall foraging effort. The birds reverted to normal behaviour when the operation ceased, although longer-term repercussions on hearing capacities cannot be precluded. The rapid industrialization of the oceans has increased levels of underwater anthropogenic noises globally, a growing concern for a wide range of taxa, now also including seabirds. African penguin numbers have decreased by 70% in the last 10 years, a strong motivation for precautionary management decisions, including the exclusion of seismic exploratory activities within at least 100 km of their breeding colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorien Pichegru
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute for African Ornithology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research and Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
| | - Reason Nyengera
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute for African Ornithology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research and Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
- Seabird Division, BirdLife South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alistair M McInnes
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute for African Ornithology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research and Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Pierre Pistorius
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute for African Ornithology, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research and Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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Exposure to seismic air gun signals causes physiological harm and alters behavior in the scallop Pecten fumatus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8537-E8546. [PMID: 28923925 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700564114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seismic surveys map the seabed using intense, low-frequency sound signals that penetrate kilometers into the Earth's crust. Little is known regarding how invertebrates, including economically and ecologically important bivalves, are affected by exposure to seismic signals. In a series of field-based experiments, we investigate the impact of exposure to seismic surveys on scallops, using measurements of physiological and behavioral parameters to determine whether exposure may cause mass mortality or result in other sublethal effects. Exposure to seismic signals was found to significantly increase mortality, particularly over a chronic (months postexposure) time scale, though not beyond naturally occurring rates of mortality. Exposure did not elicit energetically expensive behaviors, but scallops showed significant changes in behavioral patterns during exposure, through a reduction in classic behaviors and demonstration of a nonclassic "flinch" response to air gun signals. Furthermore, scallops showed persistent alterations in recessing reflex behavior following exposure, with the rate of recessing increasing with repeated exposure. Hemolymph (blood analog) physiology showed a compromised capacity for homeostasis and potential immunodeficiency, as a range of hemolymph biochemistry parameters were altered and the density of circulating hemocytes (blood cell analog) was significantly reduced, with effects observed over acute (hours to days) and chronic (months) scales. The size of the air gun had no effect, but repeated exposure intensified responses. We postulate that the observed impacts resulted from high seabed ground accelerations driven by the air gun signal. Given the scope of physiological disruption, we conclude that seismic exposure can harm scallops.
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