1
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Ponet L, Di Lucente E, Marzari N. The energy landscape of magnetic materials. NPJ COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS 2024; 10:151. [PMID: 39026599 PMCID: PMC11251989 DOI: 10.1038/s41524-024-01310-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic materials can display many solutions to the electronic-structure problem, corresponding to different local or global minima of the energy functional. In Hartree-Fock or density-functional theory different single-determinant solutions lead to different magnetizations, ionic oxidation states, hybridizations, and inter-site magnetic couplings. The vast majority of these states can be fingerprinted through their projection on the atomic orbitals of the magnetic ions. We have devised an approach that provides an effective control over these occupation matrices, allowing us to systematically explore the landscape of the potential energy surface. We showcase the emergence of a complex zoology of self-consistent states; even more so when semi-local density-functional theory is augmented - and typically made more accurate - by Hubbard corrections. Such extensive explorations allow to robustly identify the ground state of magnetic systems, and to assess the accuracy (or not) of current functionals and approximations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Ponet
- Theory and Simulation of Materials (THEOS) and National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
- Laboratory for Materials Simulations (LMS), Paul Scherrer Insititute, Villigen, 5232 Switzerland
| | - Enrico Di Lucente
- Theory and Simulation of Materials (THEOS) and National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Nicola Marzari
- Theory and Simulation of Materials (THEOS) and National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
- Laboratory for Materials Simulations (LMS), Paul Scherrer Insititute, Villigen, 5232 Switzerland
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2
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Huang J, Klahn M, Tian X, Bartling S, Zimina A, Radtke M, Rockstroh N, Naliwajko P, Steinfeldt N, Peppel T, Grunwaldt JD, Logsdail AJ, Jiao H, Strunk J. Fundamental Structural and Electronic Understanding of Palladium Catalysts on Nitride and Oxide Supports. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400174. [PMID: 38466808 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The nature of the support can fundamentally affect the function of a heterogeneous catalyst. For the novel type of isolated metal atom catalysts, sometimes referred to as single-atom catalysts, systematic correlations are still rare. Here, we report a general finding that Pd on nitride supports (non-metal and metal nitride) features a higher oxidation state compared to that on oxide supports (non-metal and metal oxide). Through thorough oxidation state investigations by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), CO-DRIFTS, and density functional theory (DFT) coupled with Bader charge analysis, it is found that Pd atoms prefer to interact with surface hydroxyl group to form a Pd(OH)x species on oxide supports, while on nitride supports, Pd atoms incorporate into the surface structure in the form of Pd-N bonds. Moreover, a correlation was built between the formal oxidation state and computational Bader charge, based on the periodic trend in electronegativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Huang
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marcus Klahn
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Xinxin Tian
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Stephan Bartling
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anna Zimina
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology and Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Radtke
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Rockstroh
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Pawel Naliwajko
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Norbert Steinfeldt
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tim Peppel
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology and Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrew J Logsdail
- Max Planck-Cardiff Centre on the Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis (FUNCAT), Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Haijun Jiao
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jennifer Strunk
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
- Industrial Chemistry and Heterogeneous Catalysis, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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3
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Moragues T, Giannakakis G, Ruiz-Ferrando A, Borca CN, Huthwelker T, Bugaev A, de Mello AJ, Pérez-Ramírez J, Mitchell S. Droplet-Based Microfluidics Reveals Insights into Cross-Coupling Mechanisms over Single-Atom Heterogeneous Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401056. [PMID: 38472115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom heterogeneous catalysts (SACs) hold promise as sustainable alternatives to metal complexes in organic transformations. However, their working structure and dynamics remain poorly understood, hindering advances in their design. Exploiting the unique features of droplet-based microfluidics, we present the first in-situ assessment of a palladium SAC based on exfoliated carbon nitride in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Our results confirm a surface-catalyzed mechanism, revealing the distinct electronic structure of active Pd centers compared to homogeneous systems, and providing insights into the stabilizing role of ligands and bases. This study establishes a valuable framework for advancing mechanistic understanding of organic syntheses catalyzed by SACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moragues
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Giannakakis
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Ruiz-Ferrando
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
- University of Rovira i Virgili, Av. Catalunya 35, Tarragona, 43002, Spain
| | - Camelia N Borca
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Huthwelker
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Aram Bugaev
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J de Mello
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
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4
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Wee S, Lian X, Vorobyeva E, Tayal A, Roddatis V, La Mattina F, Gomez Vazquez D, Shpigel N, Salanne M, Lukatskaya MR. Tuning MXene Properties through Cu Intercalation: Coupled Guest/Host Redox and Pseudocapacitance. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10124-10132. [PMID: 38511608 PMCID: PMC11008361 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
MXenes are 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and/or carbonitrides that can be intercalated with cations through chemical or electrochemical pathways. While the insertion of alkali and alkaline earth cations into Ti3C2Tx MXenes is well studied, understanding of the intercalation of redox-active transition metal ions into MXenes and its impact on their electronic and electrochemical properties is lacking. In this work, we investigate the intercalation of Cu ions into Ti3C2Tx MXene and its effect on its electronic and electrochemical properties. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), we observe an unusual phenomenon whereby Cu2+ ions undergo partial reduction upon intercalation from the solution into the MXene. Furthermore, using in situ XAS, we reveal changes in the oxidation states of intercalated Cu ions and Ti atoms during charging. We show that the pseudocapacitive response of Cu-MXene originates from the redox of both the Cu intercalant and Ti3C2Tx host. Despite highly reducing potentials, Cu ions inside the MXene show an excellent stability against full reduction upon charging. Our findings demonstrate how electronic coupling between Cu ions and Ti3C2Tx modifies electrochemical and electronic properties of the latter, providing the framework for the rational design and utilization of transition metal intercalants for tuning the properties of MXenes for various electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shianlin Wee
- Electrochemical
Energy Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiliang Lian
- Physicochimie
des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Evgeniya Vorobyeva
- Electrochemical
Energy Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Akhil Tayal
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
| | - Vladimir Roddatis
- Helmholtz
Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre
for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fabio La Mattina
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Dario Gomez Vazquez
- Electrochemical
Energy Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Netanel Shpigel
- Department
of Chemical Science, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Physicochimie
des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
| | - Maria R. Lukatskaya
- Electrochemical
Energy Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Izquierdo-Ruiz F, Salvadó MA, Lobato A, Recio JM. Where are the Excess Electrons in Subvalent Compounds? The Case of Ag 7Pt 2O 7. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:5897-5907. [PMID: 38497133 PMCID: PMC10988551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Subvalent compounds raise the question of where those valence electrons not belonging to chemical bonds are. In the limiting case of Ag7Pt2O7, there is just one-electron excess in the chemical formula requiring the presence of Ag atoms with oxidation states below +1, assuming conventional Pt4+ and O2- ions. Such a situation challenges the understanding of the semiconducting and diamagnetic behavior observed in this oxide. Previous explanations that localize pairwise the electron excess in tetrahedral Ag4 interstices do not suffice in this case, since there are six silver tetrahedral voids and only an excess of nine electrons in the unit cell. Here, we provide an alternative explanation for the subvalent nature of this compound by combining interatomic distances, electron density-based descriptors, and orbital energetic analysis criteria. As a result, Ag atoms that do not participate in their valence electron are revealed. We identify excess electrons located in isolated subvalent silver clusters with electron-deficient multicenter bonds resembling pieces of metallic bonding in fcc-Ag and Ag7Pt2 alloy. Our analysis of the electronic band structure also supports the multicenter bonding picture. This combined approach from the real and reciprocal spaces reconciles existing discrepancies and is key to understanding the new chemistry of silver subvalent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Izquierdo-Ruiz
- MALTA-Consolider
Team and Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Salvadó
- MALTA-Consolider
Team and Departamento de Química Física y Analt́ica, Universidad de Oviedo. E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alvaro Lobato
- MALTA-Consolider
Team and Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Recio
- MALTA-Consolider
Team and Departamento de Química Física y Analt́ica, Universidad de Oviedo. E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
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6
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Xu H, Wang QY, Jiang M, Li SS. Application of valence-variable transition-metal-oxide-based nanomaterials in electrochemical analysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1295:342270. [PMID: 38355227 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The construction of materials with rapid electron transfer is considered an effective method for enhancing electrochemical activity in electroanalysis. It has been widely demonstrated that valence changes in transition metal ions can promote electron transfer and thus increase electrochemical activity. Recently, valence-variable transition metal oxides (TMOs) have shown popular application in electrochemical analysis by using their abundant valence state changes to accelerate electron transfer during electrochemical detection. In this review, we summarize recent research advances in valence changes of TMOs and their application in electrochemical analysis. This includes the definition and mechanism of valence change, the association of valence changes with electronic structure, and their applications in electrochemical detection, along with the use of density functional theory (DFT) to simulate the process of electron transfer during valence changes. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for developing and applying valence changes in electrochemical analysis are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, Anhui Province Industrial Generic Technology Research Center for Alumics Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Qiu-Yu Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, Anhui Province Industrial Generic Technology Research Center for Alumics Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Min Jiang
- School of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, Anhui Province Industrial Generic Technology Research Center for Alumics Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China.
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7
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Lee J, Le XA, Chun H, Vu TH, Choi D, Han B, Kim MI, Lee J. Active site engineering of Zn-doped mesoporous ceria toward highly efficient organophosphorus hydrolase-mimicking nanozyme. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115882. [PMID: 38043302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolase-mimicking nanozymes have received increasing attention in recent years, but the effective rational design and development of these materials has not been realized, as they are not at present considered a critical research target. Herein, we report that Zn-doped mesoporous ceria (Zn-m-ceria) engineered to have an abundance of two different active sites with different functions-one that allows both co-adsorption binding of organophosphate (OP) and water and another that serves as a general base-has significant organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH)-like catalytic activity. Specifically, Zn-m-ceria exhibits a catalytic efficiency over 75- and 25-fold higher than those of m-ceria and natural OPH, respectively. First-principles calculations reveal the importance of Zn for the OPH-mimicking activity of the material, promoting substrate adsorption and proton-binding. The OPH-like Zn-m-ceria catalyst is successfully applied to detect a model OP, methyl paraoxon, in spiked tap water samples with excellent sensitivity, stability, and detection precision. We expect that these findings will promote research based on the rational engineering of the active site of nanozymes and efficient strategies for obtaining a diverse range of catalysts that mimic natural enzymes, and hence the utilization in real-world applications of enzyme-mimicking catalysts with properties superior to their natural analogs should follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsang Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuan Ai Le
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoje Chun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Trung Hieu Vu
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeeun Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungchan Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon Il Kim
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Xu Y, Chen J, Aydt AP, Zhang L, Sergeyev I, Keeler EG, Choi B, He S, Reichman DR, Friesner RA, Nuckolls C, Steigerwald ML, Roy X, McDermott AE. Electron and Spin Delocalization in [Co 6 Se 8 (PEt 3 ) 6 ] 0/+1 Superatoms. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300064. [PMID: 38057144 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular clusters can function as nanoscale atoms/superatoms, assembling into superatomic solids, a new class of solid-state materials with designable properties through modifications on superatoms. To explore possibilities on diversifying building blocks, here we thoroughly studied one representative superatom, Co6 Se8 (PEt3 )6 . We probed its structural, electronic, and magnetic properties and revealed its detailed electronic structure as valence electrons delocalize over inorganic [Co6 Se8 ] core while ligands function as an insulated shell. 59 Co SSNMR measurements on the core and 31 P, 13 C on the ligands show that the neutral Co6 Se8 (PEt3 )6 is diamagnetic and symmetric, with all ligands magnetically equivalent. Quantum computations cross-validate NMR results and reveal degenerate delocalized HOMO orbitals, indicating aromaticity. Ligand substitution keeps the inorganic core nearly intact. After losing one electron, the unpaired electron in [Co6 Se8 (PEt3 )6 ]+1 is delocalized, causing paramagnetism and a delocalized electron spin. Notably, this feature of electron/spin delocalization over a large cluster is attractive for special single-electron devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Alexander P Aydt
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Lichirui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Ivan Sergeyev
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Eric G Keeler
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Bonnie Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Shoushou He
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Richard A Friesner
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | | | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Ann E McDermott
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, New York, 10027, USA
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9
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Weaver SM, Sundberg JD, Slamowitz CC, Radomsky RC, Lanetti MG, McRae LM, Warren SC. Counting Electrons in Electrides. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26472-26476. [PMID: 37975588 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The selection and design of charge integration methods remain an outstanding challenge in materials chemistry. In complex materials like electrides, this challenge is amplified by the small charge and complex shape of electride wave functions. For these reasons, popular integration methods, such as the Bader method, usually fail to assign any charge to the bare electrons in an electride. To address this challenge, we developed an algorithm that instead partitions the charge based on the electron localization function (ELF), a popular scheme for visualizing chemically important features in molecules and solids. The algorithm uses Bader segmentation of the ELF to find the electride electrons and Voronoi segmentation of the ELF to identify atoms. We apply this method, "BadELF", to the quantification of atomic radii and oxidation states in both ionic compounds and electrides. For ionic compounds, we find that the BadELF method yields radii that agree closely with Shannon crystal radii, while the oxidation states agree closely with the Bader method. When they are applied to electrides, however, only the BadELF algorithm yields chemically meaningful charges. We argue that the BadELF method provides a useful strategy to identify electrides and obtain new insight into their most essential property: the quantity of electrons within them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Weaver
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Jack D Sundberg
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Connor C Slamowitz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Rebecca C Radomsky
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Matthew G Lanetti
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Lauren M McRae
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Scott C Warren
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
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10
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Xie L, Jiang Y, Zhu W, Ding S, Zhou Y, Zhu JJ. Cu-based catalyst designs in CO 2 electroreduction: precise modulation of reaction intermediates for high-value chemical generation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13629-13660. [PMID: 38075661 PMCID: PMC10699555 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04353c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The massive emission of excess greenhouse gases (mainly CO2) have an irreversible impact on the Earth's ecology. Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECR), a technique that utilizes renewable energy sources to create highly reduced chemicals (e.g. C2H4, C2H5OH), has attracted significant attention in the science community. Cu-based catalysts have emerged as promising candidates for ECR, particularly in producing multi-carbon products that hold substantial value in modern industries. The formation of multi-carbon products involves a range of transient intermediates, the behaviour of which critically influences the reaction pathway and product distribution. Consequently, achieving desirable products necessitates precise regulation of these intermediates. This review explores state-of-the-art designs of Cu-based catalysts, classified into three categories based on the different prospects of the intermediates' modulation: heteroatom doping, morphological structure engineering, and local catalytic environment engineering. These catalyst designs enable efficient multi-carbon generation in ECR by effectively modulating reaction intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyiqun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yujing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, The Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, School of the Environment, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wenlei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, The Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, School of the Environment, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shichao Ding
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California La Jolla San Diego CA 92093 USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials IAM, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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11
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Fu N, Hu J, Feng Y, Morrison G, zur Loye H, Hu J. Composition Based Oxidation State Prediction of Materials Using Deep Learning Language Models. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301011. [PMID: 37551059 PMCID: PMC10558692 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation states (OS) are the charges on atoms due to electrons gained or lost upon applying an ionic approximation to their bonds. As a fundamental property, OS has been widely used in charge-neutrality verification, crystal structure determination, and reaction estimation. Currently, only heuristic rules exist for guessing the oxidation states of a given compound with many exceptions. Recent work has developed machine learning models based on heuristic structural features for predicting the oxidation states of metal ions. However, composition-based oxidation state prediction still remains elusive so far, which has significant implications for the discovery of new materials for which the structures have not been determined. This work proposes a novel deep learning-based BERT transformer language model BERTOS for predicting the oxidation states for all elements of inorganic compounds given only their chemical composition. This model achieves 96.82% accuracy for all-element oxidation states prediction benchmarked on the cleaned ICSD dataset and achieves 97.61% accuracy for oxide materials. It is also demonstrated how it can be used to conduct large-scale screening of hypothetical material compositions for materials discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihang Fu
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC29201USA
| | - Jeffrey Hu
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC29201USA
- Dutch Fork High SchoolIrmoSC29063USA
| | - Ying Feng
- Hangzhou University of Electronic Science and TechnologyHangzhou311305China
| | - Gregory Morrison
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC29201USA
| | - Hans‐Conrad zur Loye
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC29201USA
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSC29201USA
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12
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Gao Y, Li S, Zeng XC, Wu M. Exploitation of mixed-valency chemistry for designing a monolayer with double ferroelectricity and triferroic couplings. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:13567-13573. [PMID: 37565465 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-valence compounds possess both intriguing chemical and physical properties such as the intervalence charge transfer band and thus have been excellent model systems for the investigation of fundamental electron- and charge-transfer phenomena. Herein, we show that valence stratification can be a source of symmetry breaking and generating ferroelectricity in two-dimensional (2D) materials. We present ab initio computation evidence of the monolayer Cu2Cl3 structure with Cu ions being stratified into two separated layers of Cu(I) and Cu(II). Chemically, this unique monolayer not only entails lower formation energy than the bulk CuCl + CuCl2, but also enables the swapping of two valences through vertical ferroelectric switching, leading to a hitherto unreported chemical valencing phenomenon. Notably, the Jahn-Teller distortion of the Cu(II) layer results in another source of symmetry breaking and thus in-plane ferroelectricity. Apart from the valence swapping and self-contained double ferroelectricity, the monolayer's ferroelasticity is also coupled with in-plane ferroelectricity, while the monolayer's ferromagnetism is coupled with vertical polarization owing to the distinct magnetization of each Cu(I) and Cu(II) layer, thereby evoking the long-sought 2D triferroicity as well as triferroic couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Gao
- School of Physics and Mechanical Electrical & Engineering, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430205, China.
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Sha Li
- School of Physics and Mechanical Electrical & Engineering, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430205, China.
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Menghao Wu
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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13
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Jiang GD, Yang Q, Wei GP, Li ZY, He SG. Superior Reactivity of Molybdenum-Sulfur Cluster Anions Mo 5S 2- and Mo 5S 3- toward Dinitrogen. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:11318-11324. [PMID: 37428555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the fact that Mo is a key element in biological nitrogenase, a series of gas-phase MoxSy- cluster anions are prepared and their reactivity toward N2 is investigated by the combination of mass spectrometry, photoelectron imaging spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. The Mo5S2- and Mo5S3- cluster anions show remarkable reactivity compared with the anionic species reported previously. The spectroscopic results in conjunction with theoretical analysis reveal that a facile cleavage of N≡N bonds takes place on Mo5S2- and Mo5S3-. The large dissociative adsorption energy of N2 and the favorable entrance channel for initial N2 approaching are proposed as two decisive factors for the superior reactivity of Mo5S2- and Mo5S3-. Besides, the modulation of S ligands on the reactivity of metal centers with N2 is proposed. The highly reactive metal-sulfur species may be obtained by the coordination of two to three sulfur atoms to bare metal clusters so that an appropriate combination of electronic structures and charge distributions can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Duo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Gong-Ping Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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14
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Chao HY, Venkatraman K, Moniri S, Jiang Y, Tang X, Dai S, Gao W, Miao J, Chi M. In Situ and Emerging Transmission Electron Microscopy for Catalysis Research. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37327473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts are the primary facilitator in many dynamic processes. Therefore, a thorough understanding of these processes has vast implications for a myriad of energy systems. The scanning/transmission electron microscope (S/TEM) is a powerful tool not only for atomic-scale characterization but also in situ catalytic experimentation. Techniques such as liquid and gas phase electron microscopy allow the observation of catalysts in an environment conducive to catalytic reactions. Correlated algorithms can greatly improve microscopy data processing and expand multidimensional data handling. Furthermore, new techniques including 4D-STEM, atomic electron tomography, cryogenic electron microscopy, and monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) push the boundaries of our comprehension of catalyst behavior. In this review, we discuss the existing and emergent techniques for observing catalysts using S/TEM. Challenges and opportunities highlighted aim to inspire and accelerate the use of electron microscopy to further investigate the complex interplay of catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yun Chao
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
| | - Kartik Venkatraman
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
| | - Saman Moniri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenpei Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, One Bethel Valley Road, Building 4515, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6064, United States
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15
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Akharkhach B, Barhdadi A. Electronic structure and optical properties of Br- and Cl-doped rutile TiO 2 for application in self-cleaning and photovoltaic panel's coatings: first-principle calculations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-26464-w. [PMID: 36977873 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26464-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Development of novel self-cleaning technologies, especially those based on semiconductor photocatalysis system, is one of the most important research problems in environmental cleanup. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a well-known semiconductor photocatalyst that has a strong photocatalytic activity in the ultra-violet part of the spectrum while its photocatalytic efficiency is very limited within the visible range due to its large band gap. In the field of photocatalytic materials, doping is an efficient method to increase the spectral response and promote charge separation. However, the type of dopant is not the only important factor, but also its position in the material lattice. In the present study, we have carried out first-principle calculations based on density functional theory to explore how particular doping configuration, such as Br or Cl doping at an O site, may influence the electronic structure and the charge density distribution within rutile TiO2. Furthermore, optical properties such as the absorption coefficient, the transmittance, and reflectance spectra have also been derived from the calculated complex dielectric function and examined to see whether this doping configuration has any effect on the use of the material as a self-cleaning coating on photovoltaic panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr Akharkhach
- Physics of Semiconductors and Solar Energy Research Team, Energy Research Centre, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelfettah Barhdadi
- Physics of Semiconductors and Solar Energy Research Team, Energy Research Centre, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
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16
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Lu JB, Jiang XL, Wang JQ, Hu HS, Schwarz WHE, Li J. On the highest oxidation states of the actinoids in AnO 4 molecules (An = Ac - Cm): A DMRG-CASSCF study. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:190-198. [PMID: 35420170 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Actinoid tetroxide molecules AnO4 (An = Ac - Cm) are investigated with the ab initio density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) approach. Natural orbital shapes are used to read out the oxidation state (OS) of the f-elements, and the atomic orbital energies and radii are used to explain the trends. The highest OSs reveal a "volcano"-type variation: For An = Ac - Np, the OSs are equal to the number of available valence electrons, that is, AcIII , ThIV , PaV , UVI , and NpVII . Starting with plutonium as the turning point, the highest OSs in the most stable AnO4 isomers then decrease as PuV , AmV , and CmIII , indicating that the 5f-electrons are hard to be fully oxidized off from Pu onward. The variations are related to the actinoid contraction and to the 5f-covalency characteristics. Combined with previous work on OSs, we review their general trends throughout the periodic table, providing fundamental understanding of OS-relevant phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bo Lu
- Departmentof Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen.,Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing
| | - Xue-Lian Jiang
- Departmentof Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing
| | - W H Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing.,Theoretische Chemie, Fachbereich Chemie und Biologie, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Departmentof Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen.,Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing
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17
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Barlocco I, Cipriano LA, Di Liberto G, Pacchioni G. Does the Oxygen Evolution Reaction follow the classical OH*, O*, OOH* path on single atom catalysts? J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Medina E, Sandoval-Pauker C, Salvador P, Pinter B. Mechanistic Insights into the Oxidative and Reductive Quenching Cycles of Transition Metal Photoredox Catalysts through Effective Oxidation State Analysis. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:18923-18933. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edinson Medina
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, 2390123 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Christian Sandoval-Pauker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, Unites States
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Department de Química, Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Balazs Pinter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, Unites States
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19
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Hoffman AJ, Asokan C, Gadinas N, Schroeder E, Zakem G, Nystrom SV, Getsoian A“B, Christopher P, Hibbitts D. Experimental and Theoretical Characterization of Rh Single Atoms Supported on γ-Al 2O 3 with Varying Hydroxyl Contents during NO Reduction by CO. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Hoffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Chithra Asokan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nicholas Gadinas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Emily Schroeder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Gregory Zakem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Steven V. Nystrom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Andrew “Bean” Getsoian
- Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan 48124, United States
| | - Phillip Christopher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - David Hibbitts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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20
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Di Liberto G, Cipriano LA, Pacchioni G. Single atom catalysts: what matters most, the active site or the surrounding? ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Liberto
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali ITALY
| | - Luis Antionio Cipriano
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca: Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali ITALY
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali U05, Piano: P02, Stanza: 2073Via Roberto Cozzi 55 20125 Milano ITALY
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21
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Han L, Cheng H, Liu W, Li H, Ou P, Lin R, Wang HT, Pao CW, Head AR, Wang CH, Tong X, Sun CJ, Pong WF, Luo J, Zheng JC, Xin HL. A single-atom library for guided monometallic and concentration-complex multimetallic designs. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:681-688. [PMID: 35606427 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atomically dispersed single-atom catalysts have the potential to bridge heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Dozens of single-atom catalysts have been developed, and they exhibit notable catalytic activity and selectivity that are not achievable on metal surfaces. Although promising, there is limited knowledge about the boundaries for the monometallic single-atom phase space, not to mention multimetallic phase spaces. Here, single-atom catalysts based on 37 monometallic elements are synthesized using a dissolution-and-carbonization method, characterized and analysed to build the largest reported library of single-atom catalysts. In conjunction with in situ studies, we uncover unified principles on the oxidation state, coordination number, bond length, coordination element and metal loading of single atoms to guide the design of single-atom catalysts with atomically dispersed atoms anchored on N-doped carbon. We utilize the library to open up complex multimetallic phase spaces for single-atom catalysts and demonstrate that there is no fundamental limit on using single-atom anchor sites as structural units to assemble concentration-complex single-atom catalyst materials with up to 12 different elements. Our work offers a single-atom library spanning from monometallic to concentration-complex multimetallic materials for the rational design of single-atom catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Han
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab of Photoelectric Materials & Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoqiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab of Photoelectric Materials & Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengfei Ou
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ruoqian Lin
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Hsiao-Tsu Wang
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Pao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ashley R Head
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Chia-Hsin Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Xiao Tong
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Cheng-Jun Sun
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Way-Faung Pong
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab of Photoelectric Materials & Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China.
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jin-Cheng Zheng
- Department of Physics and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
- Department of Physics and Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Huolin L Xin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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22
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Di Liberto G, Cipriano LA, Pacchioni G. Universal Principles for the Rational Design of Single Atom Electrocatalysts? Handle with Care. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano - Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Luis A. Cipriano
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano - Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano - Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
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23
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Mayer M, Vankova N, Stolz F, Abel B, Heine T, Asmis KR. Identification of a Two‐Coordinate Iron(I)–Oxalate Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117855. [PMID: 35088489 PMCID: PMC9303725 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exotic oxidation states of the first‐row transition metals have recently attracted much interest. In order to investigate the oxidation states of a series of iron–oxalate complexes, an aqueous solution of iron(III) nitrate and oxalic acid was studied by infrared free liquid matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization as well as ionspray mass spectrometry. Here, we show that iron is not only detected in its common oxidation states +II and +III, but also in its unusual oxidation state +I, detectable in both positive‐ion and in negative‐ion modes, respectively. Vibrational spectra of the gas phase anionic iron oxalate complexes [FeIII(C2O4)2]−, [FeII(C2O4)CO2]−, and [FeI(C2O4)]− were measured by means of infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and their structures were assigned by comparison to anharmonic vibrational spectra based on second‐order perturbation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mayer
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstr. 2 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Nina Vankova
- Theoretische Chemie Technische Universität Dresden Bergstr. 66c 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Ferdinand Stolz
- Leibniz Institute for Surface Engineering (IOM) Permoserstr. 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstr. 2 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Surface Engineering (IOM) Permoserstr. 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Theoretische Chemie Technische Universität Dresden Bergstr. 66c 01062 Dresden Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Forschungsstelle Leipzig Permoserstr. 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Knut R. Asmis
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstr. 2 04103 Leipzig Germany
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24
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Wyckoff KE, Kaufman JL, Baek SW, Dolle C, Zak JJ, Bienz J, Kautzsch L, Vincent RC, Zohar A, See KA, Eggeler YM, Pilon L, Van der Ven A, Seshadri R. Metal-Metal Bonding as an Electrode Design Principle in the Low-Strain Cluster Compound LiScMo 3O 8. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5841-5854. [PMID: 35333056 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrode materials for Li+-ion batteries require optimization along several disparate axes related to cost, performance, and sustainability. One of the important performance axes is the ability to retain structural integrity though cycles of charge/discharge. Metal-metal bonding is a distinct feature of some refractory metal oxides that has been largely underutilized in electrochemical energy storage, but that could potentially impact structural integrity. Here LiScMo3O8, a compound containing triangular clusters of metal-metal bonded Mo atoms, is studied as a potential anode material in Li+-ion batteries. Electrons inserted though lithiation are localized across rigid Mo3 triangles (rather than on individual metal ions), resulting in minimal structural change as suggested by operando diffraction. The unusual chemical bonding allows this compound to be cycled with Mo atoms below a formally +4 valence state, resulting in an acceptable voltage regime that is appropriate for an anode material. Several characterization methods including potentiometric entropy measurements indicate two-phase regions, which are attributed through extensive first-principles modeling to Li+ ordering. This study of LiScMo3O8 provides valuable insights for design principles for structural motifs that stably and reversibly permit Li+ (de)insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira E Wyckoff
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jonas L Kaufman
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sun Woong Baek
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Christian Dolle
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Microscopy of Nanoscale Structures and Mechanisms, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joshua J Zak
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jadon Bienz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Linus Kautzsch
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rebecca C Vincent
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Arava Zohar
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kimberly A See
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yolita M Eggeler
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Microscopy of Nanoscale Structures and Mechanisms, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Laurent Pilon
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute and Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anton Van der Ven
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ram Seshadri
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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25
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Wang LC, Chang LC, Su GL, Chang PY, Hsu HF, Lee CL, Li JR, Liao MC, Thangudu S, Treekoon J, Yu CC, Sheu HS, Tu TY, Su WP, Su CH, Yeh CS. Chemical Structure and Shape Enhance MR Imaging-Guided X-ray Therapy Following Marginative Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13056-13069. [PMID: 35253424 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ineffective site-specific delivery has seriously impeded the efficacy of nanoparticle-based drugs to a disease site. Here, we report the preparation of three different shapes (sphere, scroll, and oblate) to systematically evaluate the impact of the marginative delivery on the efficacy of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-guided X-ray irradiation at a low dose of 1 Gy. In addition to the shape effect, the therapeutic efficacy is investigated for the first time to be strongly related to the structure effect that is associated with the chemical activity. The enhanced particle-vessel wall interaction of both the flat scroll and oblate following margination dynamics leads to greater accumulation in the lungs, resulting in superior performance over the sphere against lung tumor growth and suppression of lung metastasis. Furthermore, the impact of the structural discrepancy in nanoparticles on therapeutic efficacy is considered. The tetragonal oblate reveals that the feasibility of the charge-transfer process outperforms the orthorhombic scroll and cubic sphere to suppress tumors. Finally, surface area is also a crucial factor affecting the efficacy of X-ray treatments from the as-prepared particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Chun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701 Taiwan
| | - Li-Chan Chang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Lin Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701 Taiwan
| | - Po-Ya Chang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30077, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Fen Hsu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30077, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lai Lee
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Jie-Ren Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701 Taiwan
| | - Min-Chiao Liao
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Suresh Thangudu
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Jongjit Treekoon
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Yu
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Hwo-Shuenn Sheu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30077, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yuan Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701 Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Pin Su
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Su
- Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Sheng Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701 Taiwan
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26
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Crago C, Zhong S, Rajupet S, Zhang H, Lacks DJ. ab initio study of Mn-based systems for oxidative degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132706. [PMID: 34728222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic contaminants can be removed from water/wastewater by oxidative degradation using oxidants such as manganese oxides and/or aqueous manganese ions. The Mn species show a wide range of activity, which is related to the oxidation state of Mn. Here, we use ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to address Mn oxidation states in these systems. We first develop a correlation between Mn partial atomic charge and the oxidation state based on results of 31 simulations on known Mn aqueous complexes. The results collapse to a master curve; the dependence of partial atomic charge on oxidation state weakens with increasing oxidation state, which concurs with a previously proposed feedback effect. This correlation is then used to address oxidation states in Mn systems used as oxidants. Simulations of MnO2 polymorphs immersed in water give average oxidation states (AOS) in excellent agreement with experimental results, in that β-MnO2 has the highest AOS, α-MnO2 has an intermediate AOS, and δ-MnO2 has the lowest AOS. Furthermore, the oxidation state varies substantially with the atom's environment, and these structures include Mn(III) and Mn(V) species that are expected to be active. In regard to the MnO4-/HSO3-/O2 system that has been shown to be a highly effective oxidant, we propose a novel Mn complex that could give rise to the oxidative activity, where Mn(III) is stabilized by sulfite and dissolved O2 ligands. Our simulations also show that the O2 would be activated to O22- in this complex under acidic conditions, and could lead to the formation of OH radicals that serve as oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Crago
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Shifa Zhong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Siddharth Rajupet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Huichun Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Daniel J Lacks
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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27
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Mayer M, Vankova N, Stolz F, Abel B, Heine T, Asmis KR. Identification of a Two‐Coordinate Iron(I)‐Oxalate Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mayer
- Universität Leipzig: Universitat Leipzig Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut GERMANY
| | - Nina Vankova
- Technische Universität Dresden: Technische Universitat Dresden Theoretische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Ferdinand Stolz
- Leibniz Institute for Surface Modification: Leibniz-Institut fur Oberflachenmodifizierung eV Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz Institute for Surface Modification: Leibniz-Institut fur Oberflachenmodifizierung eV Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Thomas Heine
- TU Dresden: Technische Universitat Dresden Theoretische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Knut R Asmis
- Universitat Leipzig Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Linnéstr. 2 04103 Leipzig GERMANY
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28
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Resta R. Faraday law, oxidation numbers, and ionic conductivity: The role of topology. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:244503. [PMID: 34972381 DOI: 10.1063/5.0077718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Faraday's experiment measures-within a modern view-the charge adiabatically transported over a macroscopic distance by a given nuclear species in insulating liquids: the reason why it is an integer is deeply rooted in topology. Whole numbers enter chemistry in a different form: atomic oxidation states. They are not directly measurable and are determined instead from an agreed set of rules. Insulating liquids are a remarkable exception; Faraday's experiment indeed measures the oxidation numbers of each dissociated component in the liquid phase, whose topological values are unambiguous. Ionic conductivity in insulating liquids is expressed in terms of the autocorrelation function of the fluctuating charge current at a given temperature in a zero electric field; topology plays a major role in this important observable as well. The existing literature deals with the above issues by adopting the independent-electron framework; here, I provide the many-body generalization of all the above findings, which, furthermore, allows for compact and very transparent notations and formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Resta
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM-CNR, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy and Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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29
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Gimferrer M, Aldossary A, Salvador P, Head-Gordon M. Oxidation State Localized Orbitals: A Method for Assigning Oxidation States Using Optimally Fragment-Localized Orbitals and a Fragment Orbital Localization Index. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 18:309-322. [PMID: 34929084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation states represent the ionic distribution of charge in a molecule and are significant in tracking redox reactions and understanding chemical bonding. While effective algorithms already exist based on formal Lewis structures as well as using localized orbitals, they exhibit differences in challenging cases where effects such as redox noninnocence are at play. Given a density functional theory (DFT) calculation with chosen total charge and spin multiplicity, this work reports a new approach to obtaining fragment-localized orbitals that is termed oxidation state localized orbitals (OSLO), together with an algorithm for assigning the oxidation state using the OSLOs and an associated fragment orbital localization index (FOLI). Evaluating the FOLI requires fragment populations, and for this purpose a new version of the intrinsic atomic orbital (IAO) scheme is introduced in which the IAOs are evaluated using a reference minimal basis formed from on-the-fly superposition of atomic density (IAO-AutoSAD) calculations in the target basis set and at the target level of theory. The OSLO algorithm is applied to a range of challenging cases including high valent metal oxide complexes, redox noninnocent NO and dithiolate transition metal complexes, a range of carbene-containing TM complexes, and other examples including the potentially inverted ligand field in [Cu(CF3)4]-. Across this range of cases, OSLO produces generally satisfactory results. Furthermore, in borderline cases, the OSLOs and associated FOLI values provide direct evidence of the emergence of covalent interactions between fragments that nicely complements existing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Gimferrer
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlsi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Abdulrahman Aldossary
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlsi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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30
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Bozal-Ginesta C, Rao RR, Mesa CA, Liu X, Hillman SAJ, Stephens IEL, Durrant JR. Redox-State Kinetics in Water-Oxidation IrO x Electrocatalysts Measured by Operando Spectroelectrochemistry. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Bozal-Ginesta
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Reshma R. Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Camilo A. Mesa
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Sam A. J. Hillman
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Ifan E. L. Stephens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - James R. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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31
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Racioppi S, Rahm M. In-Situ Electronegativity and the Bridging of Chemical Bonding Concepts. Chemistry 2021; 27:18156-18167. [PMID: 34668618 PMCID: PMC9299076 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One challenge in chemistry is the plethora of often disparate models for rationalizing the electronic structure of molecules. Chemical concepts abound, but their connections are often frail. This work describes a quantum‐mechanical framework that enables a combination of ideas from three approaches common for the analysis of chemical bonds: energy decomposition analysis (EDA), quantum chemical topology, and molecular orbital (MO) theory. The glue to our theory is the electron energy density, interpretable as one part electrons and one part electronegativity. We present a three‐dimensional analysis of the electron energy density and use it to redefine what constitutes an atom in a molecule. Definitions of atomic partial charge and electronegativity follow in a way that connects these concepts to the total energy of a molecule. The formation of polar bonds is predicted to cause inversion of electronegativity, and a new perspective of bonding in diborane and guanine−cytosine base‐pairing is presented. The electronegativity of atoms inside molecules is shown to be predictive of pKa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Racioppi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41258, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Rahm
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41258, Gothenburg, Sweden
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32
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Maleki F, Pacchioni G. Iso-valent doping of reducible oxides: a comparison of rutile (110) and anatase (101) TiO 2surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:494001. [PMID: 34521076 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac268e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We studied the role of iso-valent heteroatoms replacing Ti4+cations in the lattice of two titania polymorphs, rutile (r-) and anatase (a-) by means of first principles calculations. The r-TiO2(110) and the a-TiO2(101) surfaces have been considered and Ti ions in the bulk, sub-surface, and surface sites have been replaced with Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Zr, Hf, and Ce ions: surface or sub-surface sites are clearly preferred. Since the dopants have the same number of valence electrons as the replaced Ti atom, they can have only two effects: one is steric, related to the different size of the dopant compared to Ti4+; the other is an orbital effect, due to the energy levels associated to the dopant not present on the pristine surface. Both these effects can modify locally the geometric and electronic structure of the surface, in particular by introducing new states in the band gap. To check the effect of the dopants on the surface reactivity we studied as an example the decomposition of HCOOH which can follow four different paths with desorption of (a) H2,(b) CO, (c) H2O, or (d) CO2. The results show the very different behavior of the two titania polymorphs considered, rutile and anatase: rutile is more reactive and more easily reduced than anatase. For specular reasons, the presence of the dopants has in general more pronounced effects on anatase, as they can deeply modify the surface reactivity and the HCOOH decomposition path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Maleki
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
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33
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Koch D, Chaker M, Ihara M, Manzhos S. Density-Based Descriptors of Redox Reactions Involving Transition Metal Compounds as a Reality-Anchored Framework: A Perspective. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185541. [PMID: 34577012 PMCID: PMC8465483 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Description of redox reactions is critically important for understanding and rational design of materials for electrochemical technologies, including metal-ion batteries, catalytic surfaces, or redox-flow cells. Most of these technologies utilize redox-active transition metal compounds due to their rich chemistry and their beneficial physical and chemical properties for these types of applications. A century since its introduction, the concept of formal oxidation states (FOS) is still widely used for rationalization of the mechanisms of redox reactions, but there exists a well-documented discrepancy between FOS and the electron density-derived charge states of transition metal ions in their bulk and molecular compounds. We summarize our findings and those of others which suggest that density-driven descriptors are, in certain cases, better suited to characterize the mechanism of redox reactions, especially when anion redox is involved, which is the blind spot of the FOS ansatz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Koch
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S2, Canada;
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (S.M.); Tel.: +81-3-5734-3918 (S.M.)
| | - Mohamed Chaker
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S2, Canada;
| | - Manabu Ihara
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan;
| | - Sergei Manzhos
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan;
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (S.M.); Tel.: +81-3-5734-3918 (S.M.)
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34
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Albano LGS, de Camargo DHS, Schleder GR, Deeke SG, Vello TP, Palermo LD, Corrêa CC, Fazzio A, Wöll C, Bufon CCB. Room-Temperature Negative Differential Resistance in Surface-Supported Metal-Organic Framework Vertical Heterojunctions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101475. [PMID: 34288416 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The advances of surface-supported metal-organic framework (SURMOF) thin-film synthesis have provided a novel strategy for effectively integrating metal-organic framework (MOF) structures into electronic devices. The considerable potential of SURMOFs for electronics results from their low cost, high versatility, and good mechanical flexibility. Here, the first observation of room-temperature negative differential resistance (NDR) in SURMOF vertical heterojunctions is reported. By employing the rolled-up nanomembrane approach, highly porous sub-15 nm thick HKUST-1 films are integrated into a functional device. The NDR is tailored by precisely controlling the relative humidity (RH) around the device and the applied electric field. The peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR) of about two is obtained for low voltages (<2 V). A transition from a metastable state to a field emission-like tunneling is responsible for the NDR effect. The results are interpreted through band diagram analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations for quasisaturated water conditions. Furthermore, a low-voltage ternary inverter as a multivalued logic (MVL) application is demonstrated. These findings point out new advances in employing unprecedented physical effects in SURMOF heterojunctions, projecting these hybrid structures toward the future generation of scalable functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz G S Albano
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Davi H S de Camargo
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Gabriel R Schleder
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Samantha G Deeke
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Tatiana P Vello
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-862, Brazil
| | - Leirson D Palermo
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Cátia C Corrêa
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Fazzio
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Carlos C B Bufon
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, 17033-360, Brazil
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13084-862, Brazil
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35
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Jablonka KM, Ongari D, Moosavi SM, Smit B. Using collective knowledge to assign oxidation states of metal cations in metal-organic frameworks. Nat Chem 2021; 13:771-777. [PMID: 34226703 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the oxidation state of metal centres in compounds and materials helps in the understanding of their chemical bonding and properties. Chemists have developed theories to predict oxidation states based on electron-counting rules, but these can fail to describe oxidation states in extended crystalline systems such as metal-organic frameworks. Here we propose the use of a machine-learning model, trained on assignments by chemists encoded in the chemical names in the Cambridge Structural Database, to automatically assign oxidation states to the metal ions in metal-organic frameworks. In our approach, only the immediate local environment around a metal centre is considered. We show that the strategy is robust to experimental uncertainties such as incorrect protonation, unbound solvents or changes in bond length. This method gives good accuracy and we show that it can be used to detect incorrect assignments in the Cambridge Structural Database, illustrating how collective knowledge can be captured by machine learning and converted into a useful tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Maik Jablonka
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation, Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Ongari
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation, Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Seyed Mohamad Moosavi
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation, Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Berend Smit
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation, Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland.
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36
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Harnett-Caulfield L, Walsh A. Assessment of interstitial potentials for rapid prediction of absolute band energies in crystals. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:024113. [PMID: 34266274 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic band alignment is a demanding process for first-principles simulations, but an important factor in materials selection for applications including electrocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry. Here, we revisit a bulk alignment procedure, originally developed by Frensley and Kroemer, using modern computational tools. The electrostatic potential in the interstitial region, obtained from density functional theory, with four exchange correlation functionals, is used to predict the valence band offsets of 27 zinc blende semiconductors. The results are found to be in qualitative agreement with Frensley and Kroemer's original data. In addition to absolute electron energies, the possibility of extracting effective ionic charges is investigated and compared to Bader partial charges. With further developments, such a procedure may support rapid screening of the bulk ionization potential and electron affinity of crystals, as we illustrate with an extension to rock salt and perovskite structure types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Harnett-Caulfield
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Aron Walsh
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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37
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Wollstadt S, Ikeda Y, Sarkar A, Vasala S, Fasel C, Alff L, Kruk R, Grabowski B, Clemens O. Structural and Magnetic Properties of BaFeO 2.667 Synthesized by Oxidizing BaFeO 2.5 Obtained via Nebulized Spray Pyrolysis. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10923-10933. [PMID: 34240868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A vacancy-ordered perovskite-type compound Ba3Fe3O8 (BaFeO2.667) was prepared by oxidizing BaFeO2.5 (P21/c) with the latter compound obtained by a spray pyrolysis technique. The structure of Ba3Fe3O8 was found to be isotypic to Ba3Fe3O7F (P21/m) and can be written as Ba3Fe3+2Fe4+1O8. Mössbauer spectroscopy and ab initio calculations were used to confirm mixed iron oxidation states, showing allocation of the tetravalent iron species on the tetrahedral site, and octahedral as well as square pyramidal coordination for the trivalent species within a G-type antiferromagnetic ordering. The uptake and release of oxygen were investigated over a broad temperature range from room temperature to 1100 °C under pure oxygen and ambient atmosphere via a combination of DTA/TG and variable temperature diffraction measurements. The compound exhibited a strong lattice enthalpy driven reduction to monoclinic and cubic BaFeO2.5 at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wollstadt
- Institute for Materials Science, Materials Synthesis Group, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.,Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Fachgebiet Materialdesign durch Synthese, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Yuji Ikeda
- Institute for Materials Science, Department of Materials Design, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Abhishek Sarkar
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany.,Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Gemeinschaftslabor Nanomaterialien, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Sami Vasala
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Fachgebiet Materialdesign durch Synthese, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Claudia Fasel
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Fachgebiet Disperse Feststoffe, Technical University of Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lambert Alff
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Advanced Thin Film Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Robert Kruk
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Blazej Grabowski
- Institute for Materials Science, Department of Materials Design, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Oliver Clemens
- Institute for Materials Science, Materials Synthesis Group, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.,Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Fachgebiet Materialdesign durch Synthese, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
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38
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Jiang XL, Xu CQ, Lu JB, Cao CS, Schmidbaur H, Schwarz WHE, Li J. Electronic Structure and Spectroscopic Properties of Group-7 Tri-Oxo-Halides MO 3X (M = Mn-Bh, X = F-Ts). Inorg Chem 2021; 60:9504-9515. [PMID: 34152757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 24 trioxide halide molecules MO3X of the manganese group (M = Mn-Bh; X = F-Ts), which are iso-valence-electronic with the famous MnO4- ion, have been quantum-chemically investigated by quasi-relativistic density-functional and ab initio correlated approaches. Geometric and electronic structures, valence and oxidation numbers, vibrational and electronic spectral properties, energetic stabilities of the monomers in the gas phase, and the decay mode of MnO3F have been investigated. The light Mn-3d species are most strongly electron-correlated, indicating that the concept of a closed-shell Lewis-type single-configurational structure [Mn+7(d0) O-2(p6)3 F-(p6)] reaches its limits. The concept of real-valued spin orbitals φ(r)·α and φ(r)·β breaks down for the heavy Bh-6d, At-6p and Ts-7p elements because of the dominating spin-orbit coupling. The vigorous decomposition of MnO3F at ambient conditions starts by the autocatalyzed release of n O2 and the formation of MnmO3m-2nFm clusters, triggered by the electron-depleted "oxylic" character of the oxide ligands in MnO3X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun-Bo Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chang-Su Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hubert Schmidbaur
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching 85747, Germany
| | - W H Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Department Chemie, Universität Siegen, Siegen 57068, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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39
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Singstock NR, Ortiz-Rodríguez JC, Perryman JT, Sutton C, Velázquez JM, Musgrave CB. Machine Learning Guided Synthesis of Multinary Chevrel Phase Chalcogenides. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9113-9122. [PMID: 34107683 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Chevrel phase (CP) is a class of molybdenum chalcogenides that exhibit compelling properties for next-generation battery materials, electrocatalysts, and other energy applications. Despite their promise, CPs are underexplored, with only ∼100 compounds synthesized to date due to the challenge of identifying synthesizable phases. We present an interpretable machine-learned descriptor (Hδ) that rapidly and accurately estimates decomposition enthalpy (ΔHd) to assess CP stability. To develop Hδ, we first used density functional theory to compute ΔHd for 438 CP compositions. We then generated >560 000 descriptors with the new machine learning method SIFT, which provides an easy-to-use approach for developing accurate and interpretable chemical models. From a set of >200 000 compositions, we identified 48 501 CPs that Hδ predicts are synthesizable based on the criterion that ΔHd < 65 meV/atom, which was obtained as a statistical boundary from 67 experimentally synthesized CPs. The set of candidate CPs includes 2307 CP tellurides, an underexplored CP subset with a predicted preference for channel site occupation by cation intercalants that is rare among CPs. We successfully synthesized five of five novel CP tellurides attempted from this set and confirmed their preference for channel site occupation. Our joint computational and experimental approach for developing and validating screening tools that enable the rapid identification of synthesizable materials within a sparse class is likely transferable to other materials families to accelerate their discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Singstock
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | | | - Joseph T Perryman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Christopher Sutton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Jesús M Velázquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Charles B Musgrave
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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40
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Desmarais JK, Bi W, Zhao J, Hu MH, Alp E, Tse JS. 57Fe Mössbauer isomer shift of pure iron and iron oxides at high pressure-An experimental and theoretical study. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:214104. [PMID: 34240999 DOI: 10.1063/5.0048141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 57Fe isomer shift (IS) of pure iron has been measured up to 100 GPa using synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy in the time domain. Apart from the expected discontinuity due to the α → ε structural and spin transitions, the IS decreases monotonically with increasing pressure. The absolute shifts were reproduced without semi-empirical calibrations by periodic density functional calculations employing extensive localized basis sets with several common density functionals. However, the best numerical agreement is obtained with the B1WC hybrid functional. Extension of the calculations to 350 GPa, a pressure corresponding to the Earth's inner core, predicted the IS range of 0.00 to -0.85 mm/s, covering the span from Fe(0) to Fe(VI) compounds measured at ambient pressure. The calculations also reproduced the pressure trend from polymorphs of prototypical iron oxide minerals, FeO and Fe2O3. Analysis of the electronic structure shows a strong donation of electrons from oxygen to iron at high pressure. The assignment of formal oxidation to the Fe atom becomes ambiguous under this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques K Desmarais
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Wenli Bi
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Jiyong Zhao
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Michael H Hu
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Esen Alp
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - John S Tse
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
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41
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Wu D, Lv H, Zhuo Z, Li X, Wu X, Yang J. Orbital Design of Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Peroxide Kagome Crystals with Anionogenic Dirac Half-Metallicity. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3528-3534. [PMID: 33797241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Assembling p orbital ferromagnetic half-metallicity and a topological element, such as a Dirac point at the Fermi level, in a single nanomaterial is of particular interest for long-distance, high-speed, and spin-coherent transportation in nanoscale spintronic devices. On the basis of the tight-binding model, we present an orbital design of a two-dimensional (2D) anionogenic Dirac half-metal (ADHM) by patterning cations with empty d orbitals and anions with partially filled p-type orbitals into a kagome lattice. Our first-principles calculations show that 2D transition-metal peroxides h-TM2(O2)3 (TMO3, TM = Ti, Zr, Hf), containing group IVB transition-metal cations [TM]4+ bridged with dioxygen anions [O2]8/3- in a kagome structure, are stable ADHMs with a Curie temperature over 103 K. The 2/3 filled π* orbitals of dioxygen anions are ferromagnetically coupled, leading to p orbital ferromagnetism and a half-metallic Dirac point right at the Fermi level with a Fermi velocity reaching 2.84 × 105 m/s. We proposed that 2D h-TM2(O2)3 crystals may be extracted from ABO3 bulk materials containing 2D TMO3 layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoxiong Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, and School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Haifeng Lv
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, and School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhuo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, and School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, and School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, and School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information & Quantum Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, and School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information & Quantum Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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42
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De Souza RA, Mueller DN. Electrochemical methods for determining ionic charge in solids. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:443-446. [PMID: 32958883 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger A De Souza
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - David N Mueller
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.
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43
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Huang YT, Kavanagh SR, Scanlon DO, Walsh A, Hoye RLZ. Perovskite-inspired materials for photovoltaics and beyond-from design to devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:132004. [PMID: 33260167 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abcf6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lead-halide perovskites have demonstrated astonishing increases in power conversion efficiency in photovoltaics over the last decade. The most efficient perovskite devices now outperform industry-standard multi-crystalline silicon solar cells, despite the fact that perovskites are typically grown at low temperature using simple solution-based methods. However, the toxicity of lead and its ready solubility in water are concerns for widespread implementation. These challenges, alongside the many successes of the perovskites, have motivated significant efforts across multiple disciplines to find lead-free and stable alternatives which could mimic the ability of the perovskites to achieve high performance with low temperature, facile fabrication methods. This Review discusses the computational and experimental approaches that have been taken to discover lead-free perovskite-inspired materials, and the recent successes and challenges in synthesizing these compounds. The atomistic origins of the extraordinary performance exhibited by lead-halide perovskites in photovoltaic devices is discussed, alongside the key challenges in engineering such high-performance in alternative, next-generation materials. Beyond photovoltaics, this Review discusses the impact perovskite-inspired materials have had in spurring efforts to apply new materials in other optoelectronic applications, namely light-emitting diodes, photocatalysts, radiation detectors, thin film transistors and memristors. Finally, the prospects and key challenges faced by the field in advancing the development of perovskite-inspired materials towards realization in commercial devices is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Teng Huang
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Seán R Kavanagh
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Thomas Young Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - David O Scanlon
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Thomas Young Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Aron Walsh
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert L Z Hoye
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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44
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King PDC, Picozzi S, Egdell RG, Panaccione G. Angle, Spin, and Depth Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy on Quantum Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2816-2856. [PMID: 33346644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of X-ray based electron spectroscopies in determining chemical, electronic, and magnetic properties of solids has been well-known for several decades. A powerful approach is angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, whereby the kinetic energy and angle of photoelectrons emitted from a sample surface are measured. This provides a direct measurement of the electronic band structure of crystalline solids. Moreover, it yields powerful insights into the electronic interactions at play within a material and into the control of spin, charge, and orbital degrees of freedom, central pillars of future solid state science. With strong recent focus on research of lower-dimensional materials and modified electronic behavior at surfaces and interfaces, angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy has become a core technique in the study of quantum materials. In this review, we provide an introduction to the technique. Through examples from several topical materials systems, including topological insulators, transition metal dichalcogenides, and transition metal oxides, we highlight the types of information which can be obtained. We show how the combination of angle, spin, time, and depth-resolved experiments are able to reveal "hidden" spectral features, connected to semiconducting, metallic and magnetic properties of solids, as well as underlining the importance of dimensional effects in quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil D C King
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Picozzi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR-SPIN, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Russell G Egdell
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Giancarlo Panaccione
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, in Area Science Park, S.S.14, Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
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45
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Hulva J, Meier M, Bliem R, Jakub Z, Kraushofer F, Schmid M, Diebold U, Franchini C, Parkinson GS. Unraveling CO adsorption on model single-atom catalysts. Science 2021; 371:375-379. [PMID: 33479148 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe5757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how the local environment of a "single-atom" catalyst affects stability and reactivity remains a challenge. We present an in-depth study of copper1, silver1, gold1, nickel1, palladium1, platinum1, rhodium1, and iridium1 species on Fe3O4(001), a model support in which all metals occupy the same twofold-coordinated adsorption site upon deposition at room temperature. Surface science techniques revealed that CO adsorption strength at single metal sites differs from the respective metal surfaces and supported clusters. Charge transfer into the support modifies the d-states of the metal atom and the strength of the metal-CO bond. These effects could strengthen the bond (as for Ag1-CO) or weaken it (as for Ni1-CO), but CO-induced structural distortions reduce adsorption energies from those expected on the basis of electronic structure alone. The extent of the relaxations depends on the local geometry and could be predicted by analogy to coordination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hulva
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Meier
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Computational Materials Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Bliem
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zdenek Jakub
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Cesare Franchini
- Computational Materials Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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46
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Ding Y, Kumagai Y, Oba F, Burton LA. Data-Mining Element Charges in Inorganic Materials. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8264-8267. [PMID: 32852211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation states are well-established in chemical science teaching and research. We data-mine more than 168 000 crystallographic reports to find an optimal allocation of oxidation states to each element. In doing so, we uncover discrepancies between textbook chemistry and reported charge states observed in materials. We go on to show how the oxidation states we recommend can significantly facilitate materials discovery and the heuristic design of novel inorganic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures, Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu Kumagai
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Fumiyasu Oba
- Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Lee A Burton
- International Centre for Quantum and Molecular Structures, Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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47
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Chen R, Zhuang GL, Wang ZY, Gao YJ, Li Z, Wang C, Zhou Y, Du MH, Zeng S, Long LS, Kong XJ, Zheng LS. Integration of bio-inspired lanthanide-transition metal cluster and P-doped carbon nitride for efficient photocatalytic overall water splitting. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 8:nwaa234. [PMID: 34691725 PMCID: PMC8433082 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis in nature uses the Mn4CaO5 cluster as the oxygen-evolving center to catalyze the water oxidation efficiently in photosystem II. Herein, we demonstrate bio-inspired heterometallic LnCo3 (Ln = Nd, Eu and Ce) clusters, which can be viewed as synthetic analogs of the CaMn4O5 cluster. Anchoring LnCo3 on phosphorus-doped graphitic carbon nitrides (PCN) shows efficient overall water splitting without any sacrificial reagents. The NdCo3/PCN-c photocatalyst exhibits excellent water splitting activity and a quantum efficiency of 2.0% at 350 nm. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy revealed the transfer of a photoexcited electron and hole into the PCN and LnCo3 for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, respectively. A density functional theory (DFT) calculation showed the cooperative water activation on lanthanide and O−O bond formation on transition metal for water oxidation. This work not only prepares a synthetic model of a bio-inspired oxygen-evolving center but also provides an effective strategy to realize light-driven overall water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Gui-Lin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhi-Ye Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yi-Jing Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ming-Hao Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Suyuan Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - La-Sheng Long
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiang-Jian Kong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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48
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Davies DW, Morgan BJ, Scanlon DO, Walsh A. Low-cost descriptors of electrostatic and electronic contributions to anion redox activity in batteries. IOP SCINOTES 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2633-1357/ab9750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Conventional battery cathodes are limited by the redox capacity of the transition metal components. For example, the delithiation of LiCoO2 involves the formal oxidation from Co(III) to Co(IV). Enhanced capacities can be achieved if the anion also contributes to reversible oxidation. The origins of redox activity in crystals are difficult to quantify from experimental measurements or first-principles materials modelling. We present practical procedures to describe the electrostatic (Madelung potential) and electronic (integrated density of states) contributions, which are applied to the LiMO2 and Li2
MO3 (M = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au) model systems. We discuss how such descriptors could be integrated in a materials design workflow.
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49
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Gryaznov D, Stauffer SK, Kotomin EA, Vilčiauskas L. Hybrid density functional theoretical study of NASICON-type Na xTi 2(PO 4) 3 (x = 1-4). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11861-11870. [PMID: 32432269 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00772b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sodium Super Ionic Conductor (NASICON) structured phosphate framework compounds represent a very attractive class of materials for their use as Na-ion battery electrodes. A series of NASICON-structured NaxTi2(PO4)3 compounds corresponding to varying degrees of sodiation (x = 1-4) have been investigated using high-level hybrid density functional theory calculations using the Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals and Gaussian-type basis set formalism together with hybrid B1WC and HSE06 exchange-correlation functionals. Using primitive cells of NaxTi2(PO4)3 compounds with different stoichiometry, sodium sublattice structure and titanium oxidation states are constructed and analyzed using group theoretical symmetry considerations. The existence of mixed titanium oxidation states for x = 4 (Ti2+/Ti3+) and x = 2 (Ti3+/Ti4+) and a single oxidation state for x = 1 (Ti4+) and x = 3 (Ti3+) has been demonstrated. The results show a necessary set of symmetry reductions taking place due to the highest possible sodium/vacancy and titanium charge ordering with changing x. For each composition, an electroneutrality condition for the oxidation states of all atoms was applied which led to the discovery of several energy minima corresponding to different electronic configurations as identified by different Ti magnetic moments. An interesting relation between the bulk electronic properties of NaxTi2(PO4)3 compounds and the variation of sodium content was also found. In addition to sodium and titanium oxidation state charge ordering, the existence of large differences between the origin and the size of the band gap is shown. The band gap changes from the 4.05 eV 2p-3d gap in Na1Ti2(PO4)3 to the 0.59 eV 3d-3d gap in Na4Ti(PO4)3 with extra states due to mixed titanium valence. These results serve as an important electronic structure benchmark for further studies of such polyanion materials and help to explain some important properties of these systems relevant to battery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gryaznov
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio al. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Lin J, Du X, Rahm M, Yu H, Xu H, Yang G. Exploring the Limits of Transition‐Metal Fluorination at High Pressures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyan Lin
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Xin Du
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Martin Rahm
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Hong Yu
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Haiyang Xu
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
| | - Guochun Yang
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China
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