1
|
Liccardo G, Cendejas MC, Mandal SC, Stone ML, Porter S, Nhan BT, Kumar A, Smith J, Plessow PN, Cegelski L, Osio-Norgaard J, Abild-Pedersen F, Chi M, Datye AK, Bent SF, Cargnello M. Unveiling the Stability of Encapsulated Pt Catalysts Using Nanocrystals and Atomic Layer Deposition. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39137357 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Platinum exhibits desirable catalytic properties, but it is scarce and expensive. Optimizing its use in key applications such as emission control catalysis is important to reduce our reliance on such a rare element. Supported Pt nanoparticles (NPs) used in emission control systems deactivate over time because of particle growth in sintering processes. In this work, we shed light on the stability against sintering of Pt NPs supported on and encapsulated in Al2O3 using a combination of nanocrystal catalysts and atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques. We find that small amounts of alumina overlayers created by ALD on preformed Pt NPs can stabilize supported Pt catalysts, significantly reducing deactivation caused by sintering, as previously observed by others. Combining theoretical and experimental insights, we correlate this behavior to the decreased propensity of oxidized Pt species to undergo Ostwald ripening phenomena because of the physical barrier imposed by the alumina overlayers. Furthermore, we find that highly stable catalysts can present an abundance of under-coordinated Pt sites after restructuring of both Pt particles and alumina overlayers at a high temperature (800 °C) in C3H6 oxidation conditions. The enhanced stability significantly improves the Pt utilization efficiency after accelerated aging treatments, with encapsulated Pt catalysts reaching reaction rates more than two times greater than those of a control supported Pt catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Liccardo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Melissa C Cendejas
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Shyama C Mandal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael L Stone
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Stephen Porter
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Bang T Nhan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Abinash Kumar
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Jacob Smith
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Philipp N Plessow
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Lynette Cegelski
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jorge Osio-Norgaard
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Abhaya K Datye
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Stacey F Bent
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Energy Sciences Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matteo Cargnello
- Department of Chemical Engineering and SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lim KRG, Kaiser SK, Wu H, Garg S, O'Connor CR, Reece C, Aizenberg M, Aizenberg J. Deconvoluting the Individual Effects of Nanoparticle Proximity and Size in Thermocatalysis. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15958-15969. [PMID: 38836504 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP) size and proximity are two physical descriptors applicable to practically all NP-supported catalysts. However, with conventional catalyst design, independent variation of these descriptors to investigate their individual effects on thermocatalysis remains challenging. Using a raspberry-colloid-templating approach, we synthesized a well-defined catalyst series comprising Pd12Au88 alloy NPs of three distinct sizes and at two different interparticle distances. We show that NP size and interparticle distance independently control activity and selectivity, respectively, in the hydrogenation of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol and toluene. Surface-sensitive spectroscopic analysis indicates that the surfaces of smaller NPs expose a greater fraction of reactive Pd dimers, compared to inactive Pd single atoms, thereby increasing intrinsic catalytic activity. Computational simulations reveal how a larger interparticle distance improves catalytic selectivity by diminishing the local benzyl alcohol concentration profile between NPs, thus suppressing its readsorption and consequently, undesired formation of toluene. Accordingly, benzyl alcohol yield is maximized using catalysts with smaller NPs separated by larger interparticle distances, overcoming activity-selectivity trade-offs. This work exemplifies the high suitability of the modular raspberry-colloid-templating method as a model catalyst platform to isolate individual descriptors and establish clear structure-property relationships, thereby bridging the materials gap between surface science and technical catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Rui Garrick Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Selina K Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Haichao Wu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Sadhya Garg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christopher R O'Connor
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Christian Reece
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Albertini PP, Newton MA, Wang M, Segura Lecina O, Green PB, Stoian DC, Oveisi E, Loiudice A, Buonsanti R. Hybrid oxide coatings generate stable Cu catalysts for CO 2 electroreduction. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:680-687. [PMID: 38366155 PMCID: PMC11068572 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid organic/inorganic materials have contributed to solve important challenges in different areas of science. One of the biggest challenges for a more sustainable society is to have active and stable catalysts that enable the transition from fossil fuel to renewable feedstocks, reduce energy consumption and minimize the environmental footprint. Here we synthesize novel hybrid materials where an amorphous oxide coating with embedded organic ligands surrounds metallic nanocrystals. We demonstrate that the hybrid coating is a powerful means to create electrocatalysts stable against structural reconstruction during the CO2 electroreduction. These electrocatalysts consist of copper nanocrystals encapsulated in a hybrid organic/inorganic alumina shell. This shell locks a fraction of the copper surface into a reduction-resistant Cu2+ state, which inhibits those redox processes responsible for the structural reconstruction of copper. The electrocatalyst activity is preserved, which would not be possible with a conventional dense alumina coating. Varying the shell thickness and the coating morphology yields fundamental insights into the stabilization mechanism and emphasizes the importance of the Lewis acidity of the shell in relation to the retention of catalyst structure. The synthetic tunability of the chemistry developed herein opens new avenues for the design of stable electrocatalysts and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petru P Albertini
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Mark A Newton
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Min Wang
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Ona Segura Lecina
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Philippe B Green
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Dragos C Stoian
- Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Emad Oveisi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Electron Microscopy, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Loiudice
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Z, Peng W, Zhou J, Shui S, Liu Y, Li T, Zhan X, Chen Y, Lan F, Ying B, Wu Y. Multidimensional Interactive Cascading Nanochips for Detection of Multiple Liver Diseases via Precise Metabolite Profiling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312799. [PMID: 38263756 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
It is challenging to detect and differentiate multiple diseases with high complexity/similarity from the same organ. Metabolic analysis based on nanomatrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (NMALDI-MS) is a promising platform for disease diagnosis, while the enhanced property of its core nanomatrix materials has plenty of room for improvement. Herein, a multidimensional interactive cascade nanochip composed of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs)/MXene/gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), IMG, is reported for serum metabolic profiling to achieve high-throughput detection of multiple liver diseases. MXene serves as a multi-binding site and an electron-hole source for ionization during NMALDI-MS analysis. Introduction of AuNPs with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties facilitates surface charge accumulation and rapid energy conversion. FeNPs are integrated into the MXene/Au nanocomposite to sharply reduce the thermal conductivity of the nanochip with negligible heat loss for strong thermally-driven desorption, and construct a multi-interaction proton transport pathway with MXene and AuNPs for strong ionization. Analysis of these enhanced serum fingerprint signals detected from the IMG nanochip through a neural network model results in differentiation of multiple liver diseases via a single pass and revelation of potential metabolic biomarkers. The promising method can rapidly and accurately screen various liver diseases, thus allowing timely treatment of liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Weili Peng
- Machine Intelligence Lab, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Shaoxuan Shui
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yicheng Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Tan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Machine Intelligence Lab, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Fang Lan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Binwu Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xie XQ, Shen T, Zhang Y, Wei DY, Xing GN, Bao W, Sun L, Xu QC, Zheng QN, Tian JH, Zhang H, Li JF. Site-selective sulfur anchoring produces sintering-resistant intermetallic ORR electrocatalysts for membrane electrode assemblies. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 660:916-922. [PMID: 38280284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Intermetallic compounds are emerging as promising oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts for fuel cells due to their typically higher activity and durability compared to disordered alloys. However, the preparation of intermetallic catalysts often requires high-temperature annealing, which unfortunately leads to adverse sintering of the metal nanoparticles. Herein, we develop a scalable site-selective sulfur anchoring strategy that effectively suppresses alloy sintering, ensuring the formation of efficient intermetallic electrocatalysts with small sizes and high ordering degrees. The alloy-support interactions are precisely modulated by selectively modifying the alloy-support interfaces with oxidized sulfur species, thus simultaneously blocking both the nanoparticle migration and Oswald ripening pathways for sintering. Using this strategy, sub-5 nm PtCo intermetallic electrocatalysts enclosed by two atomic layers of Pt shells have been successfully prepared even at a metal loading higher than 30 wt%. The intermetallic catalysts exhibit excellent ORR performances in both rotating disk electrode and membrane electrode assembly conditions with a mass activity of 1.28 A mgPt-1 at 0.9 V (vs. RHE) and a power density of 1.0 W cm-2 at a current density of 1.5 A cm-2. The improved performances result from the enhanced Pt-Co electronic interactions and compressive surface strain generated by the highly ordering structure, while the atomic Pt shells prevent the dissolution of Co under highly acidic conditions. This work provides new insights to inhibit the sintering of nanoalloys and would promote the scalable synthesis and applications of platinum-based intermetallic catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials, College of Energy, College of Physical Science and Technology, iChEM, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials, College of Energy, College of Physical Science and Technology, iChEM, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials, College of Energy, College of Physical Science and Technology, iChEM, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Di-Ye Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials, College of Energy, College of Physical Science and Technology, iChEM, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guan-Nan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials, College of Energy, College of Physical Science and Technology, iChEM, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Weichao Bao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Lan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials, College of Energy, College of Physical Science and Technology, iChEM, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qing-Chi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials, College of Energy, College of Physical Science and Technology, iChEM, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qing-Na Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials, College of Energy, College of Physical Science and Technology, iChEM, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jing-Hua Tian
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials, College of Energy, College of Physical Science and Technology, iChEM, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China.
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials, College of Energy, College of Physical Science and Technology, iChEM, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, China; College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang L, Zhang C, Xiao J, Tu P, Wang Y, Wang Y, Tang S, Tang W. In Situ Reconstruction of Active Heterointerface for Hydrocarbon Combustion through Thermal Aging over Strontium-Modified Co 3O 4 Nanocatalyst with Good Sintering Resistance. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:6854-6870. [PMID: 38564370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The issue of catalyst deactivation due to sintering has gained significant attention alongside the rapid advancement of thermal catalysts. In this work, a simple Sr modification strategy was applied to achieve highly active Co3O4-based nanocatalyst for catalytic combustion of hydrocarbons with excellent antisintering feature. With the Co1Sr0.3 catalyst achieving a 90% propane conversion temperature (T90) of only 289 °C at a w8 hly space velocity of 60,000 mL·g-1·h-1, 24 °C lower than that of pure Co3O4. Moreover, the sintering resistance of Co3O4 catalysts was greatly improved by SrCO3 modification, and the T90 over Co1Sr0.3 just increased from 289 to 337 °C after thermal aging at 750 °C for 100 h, while that over pure Co3O4 catalysts increased from 313 to 412 °C. Through strontium modification, a certain amount of SrCO3 was introduced on the Co3O4 catalyst, which can serve as a physical barrier during the thermal aging process and further formation of Sr-Co perovskite nanocrystals, thus preventing the aggregation growth of Co3O4 nanocrystals and generating new active SrCoO2.52-Co3O4 heterointerface. In addition, propane durability tests of the Co1Sr0.3 catalysts showed strong water vapor resistance and stability, as well as excellent low-temperature activity and resistance to sintering in the oxidation reactions of other typical hydrocarbons such as toluene and propylene. This study provides a general strategy for achieving thermal catalysts by perfectly combining both highly low-temperature activity and sintering resistance, which will have great significance in practical applications for replacing precious materials with comparative features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jinyan Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ye Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shengwei Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wenxiang Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Z, Filez M, Solano E, Poonkottil N, Li J, Minjauw MM, Poelman H, Rosenthal M, Brüner P, Galvita VV, Detavernier C, Dendooven J. Controlling Pt nanoparticle sintering by sub-monolayer MgO ALD thin films. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:5362-5373. [PMID: 38375669 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05884k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticle (NP) sintering is a major cause of catalyst deactivation, as NP growth reduces the surface area available for reaction. A promising route to halt sintering is to deposit a protective overcoat on the catalyst surface, followed by annealing to generate overlayer porosity for gas transport to the NPs. Yet, such a combined deposition-annealing approach lacks structural control over the cracked protection layer and the number of NP surface atoms available for reaction. Herein, we exploit the tailoring capabilities of atomic layer deposition (ALD) to deposit MgO overcoats on archetypal Pt NP catalysts with thicknesses ranging from sub-monolayers to nm-range thin films. Two different ALD processes are studied for the growth of MgO overcoats on Pt NPs anchored on a SiO2 support, using Mg(EtCp)2 and H2O, and Mg(TMHD)2 and O3, respectively. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements reveal significant growth on both SiO2 and Pt for the former process, while the latter exhibits a drastically lower growth per cycle with an initial chemical selectivity towards Pt. These differences in MgO growth characteristics have implications for the availability of uncoated Pt surface atoms at different stages of the ALD process, as probed by low energy ion scattering, and for the sintering behavior during O2 annealing, as monitored in situ with grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (in situ GISAXS). The Mg(TMHD)2-O3 ALD process enables exquisite coverage control allowing a balance between physically blocking the Pt surface to prevent sintering and keeping Pt surface atoms free for reaction. This approach avoids the need for post-annealing, hence also safeguarding the structural integrity of the as-deposited overcoat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Matthias Filez
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Centre for Membrane Separations Adsorption Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eduardo Solano
- NCD-SWEET beamline, ALBA synchrotron light source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Nithin Poonkottil
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jin Li
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Matthias M Minjauw
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Hilde Poelman
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martin Rosenthal
- DUBBLE beamline, ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Philipp Brüner
- IONTOF Technologies GmbH, Heisenbergstr. 15, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Vladimir V Galvita
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detavernier
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jolien Dendooven
- Conformal Coating of Nanomaterials (CoCooN), Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tian Y, Gao M, Xie H, Xu S, Ye M, Liu Z. Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Temperature and Catalytic Activation within Individual Catalyst Particles. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4958-4972. [PMID: 38334752 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Temperature is a critical parameter in chemical conversion, significantly affecting the reaction kinetics and thermodynamics. Measuring temperature inside catalyst particles of industrial interest (∼micrometers to millimeters), which is crucial for understanding the evolution of chemical dynamics at catalytic active sites during reaction and advancing catalyst designs, however, remains a big challenge. Here, we propose an approach combining two-photon confocal microscopy and state-of-the-art upconversion luminescence (UL) imaging to measure the spatiotemporal-resolved temperature within individual catalyst particles in the industrially significant methanol-to-hydrocarbons reaction. Specifically, catalyst particles containing zeolites and functional nanothermometers were fabricated using microfluidic chips. Our experimental results directly demonstrate that the zeolite density and particle size can alter the temperature distribution within a single catalyst particle. Importantly, the observed temperature heterogeneity plays a decisive role in the activation of the reaction intermediate and the utilization of active sites. We expect that this work opens a venue for unveiling the reaction mechanism and kinetics within industrial catalyst particles by considering temperature heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingbin Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Xie
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuliang Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Ye
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu S, Dun C, Jiang Q, Xuan Z, Yang F, Guo J, Urban JJ, Swihart MT. Challenging thermodynamics: combining immiscible elements in a single-phase nano-ceramic. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1167. [PMID: 38326434 PMCID: PMC10850329 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45413-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The Hume-Rothery rules governing solid-state miscibility limit the compositional space for new inorganic material discovery. Here, we report a non-equilibrium, one-step, and scalable flame synthesis method to overcome thermodynamic limits and incorporate immiscible elements into single phase ceramic nanoshells. Starting from prototype examples including (NiMg)O, (NiAl)Ox, and (NiZr)Ox, we then extend this method to a broad range of Ni-containing ceramic solid solutions, and finally to general binary combinations of elements. Furthermore, we report an "encapsulated exsolution" phenomenon observed upon reducing the metastable porous (Ni0.07Al0.93)Ox to create ultra-stable Ni nanoparticles embedded within the walls of porous Al2O3 nanoshells. This nanoconfined structure demonstrated high sintering resistance during 640 h of catalysis of CO2 reforming of methane, maintaining constant 96% CH4 and CO2 conversion at 800 °C and dramatically outperforming conventional catalysts. Our findings could greatly expand opportunities to develop novel inorganic energy, structural, and functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Chaochao Dun
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Qike Jiang
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Physical Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Zhengxi Xuan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- RENEW Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Feipeng Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Mark T Swihart
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
- RENEW Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Han X, Zhang L, Zhang R, Wang K, Wang X, Li B, Tao Z, Song S, Zhang H. Boosting the catalytic performance of Al 2O 3-supported Pd catalysts by introducing CeO 2 promoters. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38258661 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03676f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining the stability of noble metals is the key to the long-term stability of supported catalysts. In response to the instability of noble metal species at high temperatures, we developed a synergistic strategy of dual oxide supports. By designing and constructing ceria components with small sizes, we have achieved unity in the ability of catalytic materials to supply oxygen and stabilize metal species. In this study, we prepared Al2O3-CeO2-Pd (AlCePd) catalysts containing trace amounts of Ce through the hydrolysis of cerium acetate, which achieved 100% CO conversion at 160 °C. More importantly, the activity remained at its initial 100% in the long-term durability testing, demonstrating the high stability of AlCePd. In contrast, the CO conversion of the CeO2-Pd (CePd) catalyst decreased from 100% to 54% within 3 h. Through comprehensive studies, we found that this excellent catalytic performance stems from the stabilizing effect of an alumina support and the possible reverse oxygen spillover effect of small-sized ceria components, where small-sized ceria components provide active oxygen for independent Pd species, making it possible for the CO adsorbed on Pd to react with this oxygen species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bo Li
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Zhiping Tao
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Shuyan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xiong P, Xu Z, Wu TS, Yang T, Lei Q, Li J, Li G, Yang M, Soo YL, Bennett RD, Lau SP, Tsang SCE, Zhu Y, Li MMJ. Synthesis of core@shell catalysts guided by Tammann temperature. Nat Commun 2024; 15:420. [PMID: 38200021 PMCID: PMC10782006 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Designing high-performance thermal catalysts with stable catalytic sites is an important challenge. Conventional wisdom holds that strong metal-support interactions can benefit the catalyst performance, but there is a knowledge gap in generalizing this effect across different metals. Here, we have successfully developed a generalizable strong metal-support interaction strategy guided by Tammann temperatures of materials, enabling functional oxide encapsulation of transition metal nanocatalysts. As an illustrative example, Co@BaAl2O4 core@shell is synthesized and tracked in real-time through in-situ microscopy and spectroscopy, revealing an unconventional strong metal-support interaction encapsulation mechanism. Notably, Co@BaAl2O4 exhibits exceptional activity relative to previously reported core@shell catalysts, displaying excellent long-term stability during high-temperature chemical reactions and overcoming the durability and reusability limitations of conventional supported catalysts. This pioneering design and widely applicable approach has been validated to guide the encapsulation of various transition metal nanoparticles for environmental tolerance functionalities, offering great potential to advance energy, catalysis, and environmental fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xiong
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhihang Xu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tai-Sing Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Tong Yang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiong Lei
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiangtong Li
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guangchao Li
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun-Liang Soo
- Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | | | - Shu Ping Lau
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shik Chi Edman Tsang
- Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Molly Meng-Jung Li
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chung M, Maalouf JH, Adams JS, Jiang C, Román-Leshkov Y, Manthiram K. Direct propylene epoxidation via water activation over Pd-Pt electrocatalysts. Science 2024; 383:49-55. [PMID: 38175873 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh4355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Direct electrochemical propylene epoxidation by means of water-oxidation intermediates presents a sustainable alternative to existing routes that involve hazardous chlorine or peroxide reagents. We report an oxidized palladium-platinum alloy catalyst (PdPtOx/C), which reaches a Faradaic efficiency of 66 ± 5% toward propylene epoxidation at 50 milliamperes per square centimeter at ambient temperature and pressure. Embedding platinum into the palladium oxide crystal structure stabilized oxidized platinum species, resulting in improved catalyst performance. The reaction kinetics suggest that epoxidation on PdPtOx/C proceeds through electrophilic attack by metal-bound peroxo intermediates. This work demonstrates an effective strategy for selective electrochemical oxygen-atom transfer from water, without mediators, for diverse oxygenation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minju Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph H Maalouf
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jason S Adams
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Chenyu Jiang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yuriy Román-Leshkov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karthish Manthiram
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Y, Han S, Zhu S, Chen R, Li T, Lyu Z, Zhao M, Gu M, Shao M, Xia Y. Slowly Removing Surface Ligand by Aging Enhances the Stability of Pd Nanosheets toward Electron Beam Irradiation and Electrocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314634. [PMID: 37955915 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface ligands play an important role in shape-controlled growth and stabilization of colloidal nanocrystals. Their quick removal tends to cause structural deformation and/or aggregation to the nanocrystals. Herein, we demonstrate that the surface ligand based on poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) can be slowly removed from Pd nanosheets (NSs, 0.93±0.17 nm in thickness) by simply aging the colloidal suspension. The aged Pd NSs show well-preserved morphology, together with significantly enhanced stability toward both e-beam irradiation and electrocatalysis (e.g., ethanol oxidation). It is revealed that the slow desorption of PVP during aging forces the re-exposed Pd atoms to reorganize, facilitating the surface to transform from being nearly perfect to defect-rich. The resultant Pd NSs with abundant defects no longer rely on surface ligand to stabilize the atomic arrangement and thus show excellent structural and electrochemical stability. This work provides a facile and effective method to maintain the integrity of colloidal nanocrystals by slowly removing the surface ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, 30332, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaobo Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Shangqian Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruhui Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 30332, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tiehuai Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiheng Lyu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 30332, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 30332, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Meng Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Minhua Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, 30332, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 30332, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li J, Suo W, Huang Y, Chen M, Ma H, Liu C, Zhang H, Liang K, Dong Z. Mesoporous α-Al 2O 3-supported PdCu bimetallic nanoparticle catalyst for the selective semi-hydrogenation of alkynes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:1053-1062. [PMID: 37639927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The selective hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes is widely applied in the chemical industry; nevertheless, achieving highly selective hydrogenation with high catalytic activity is considerably challenging. Herein, ultrafine PdCu bimetallic nanoparticles encapsulated by high-surface-area mesoporous α-Al2O3 were prepared by high-temperature calcination-reduction using a porous organic framework (POF) as the template. As-obtained PdCu@α-Al2O3 exhibited a high selectivity of 95% for the semi-hydrogenation of phenylacetylene as a probe reaction under mild reaction conditions. The separation of continuous Pd atoms and modification of the Pd electronic state by Cu atoms suppressed β-hydride formation and alkene adsorption, contributing to high selectivity for the catalytic hydrogenation of alkynes. The catalytic activity was maintained after 7 cycles due to the strong interaction between the PdCu bimetallic nanoparticles and α-Al2O3 as well as the encapsulation effect of mesoporous α-Al2O3. Thus, the current work provides a facile strategy for fabricating high-surface-area mesoporous α-Al2O3-supported catalysts for industrial catalysis applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Wenli Suo
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Company, PetroChina Company Limited, Lanzhou 730060, PR China
| | - Yuena Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Minglin Chen
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Lanzhou 730060, PR China
| | - Haowen Ma
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Lanzhou 730060, PR China
| | - Chuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Company, PetroChina Company Limited, Lanzhou 730060, PR China
| | - Kun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Zhengping Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Omotosho KD, Lyon Z, Shevchenko EV, Berman D. Accessibility and Mechanical Stability of Nanoporous Zinc Oxide and Aluminum Oxide Coatings Synthesized via Infiltration of Polymer Templates. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4088. [PMID: 37896332 PMCID: PMC10610450 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The conformal nanoporous inorganic coatings with accessible pores that are stable under applied thermal and mechanical stresses represent an important class of materials used in the design of sensors, optical coatings, and biomedical systems. Here, we synthesize porous AlOx and ZnO coatings by the sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS) of two types of polymers that enable the design of porous conformal coatings-polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) and block co-polymer (BCP) templates. Using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), we show that alumina precursors infiltrate both polymer templates four times more efficiently than zinc oxide precursors. Using the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique, we provide a comprehensive study on the room temperature accessibility to water and ethanol of pores in block copolymers (BCPs) and porous polymer templates using polystyrene-block-poly-4-vinyl pyridine (PS75-b-P4VP25) and polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1), polymer templates modified by swelling, and porous inorganic coatings such as AlOx and ZnO synthesized by SIS using such templates. Importantly, we demonstrate that no structural damage occurs in inorganic nanoporous AlOx and ZnO coatings synthesized via infiltration of the polymer templates during the water freezing/melting cycling tests, suggesting excellent mechanical stability of the coatings, even though the hardness of the inorganic nanoporous coating is affected by the polymer and precursor selections. We show that the hardness of the coatings is further improved by their annealing at 900 °C for 1 h, though for all the cases except ZnO obtained using the BCP template, this annealing has a negligible effect on the porosity of the material, as is confirmed by the consistency in the optical characteristics. These findings unravel new potential for the materials being used across various environment and temperature conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalil D. Omotosho
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, USA (Z.L.)
| | - Zachary Lyon
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, USA (Z.L.)
| | - Elena V. Shevchenko
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Diana Berman
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, USA (Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Perez-Aguilar JE, Caine A, Bare SR, Hoffman AS. CatMass: software for calculating optimal sample masses for X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments involving complex sample compositions. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:1023-1029. [PMID: 37594862 PMCID: PMC10481269 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752300615x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents software for calculating the optimal mass of samples with complex compositions (e.g. supported metal catalysts) for X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and scattering measurements. The ability to calculate the sample mass and other relevant parameters needed for an XAS measurement allows experimentalists to be better prepared in terms of detector selection, energy range of scan and overall time needed to complete the measurement, thus increasing efficiency. CatMass builds on existing sample mass calculators allowing users to determine the optimum sample preparation, collection geometry, usable energy range for a scan and approximate edge step of the absorption event. Visualization tools present the absorption calculation results in a format familiar to XAS experimentalists, with the added ability to save calculations and plots for future reference or recalculation. CatMass is a program broadly applicable in catalysis and is helpful for users with complex samples due to composition/stoichiometry or multiple competing elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E. Perez-Aguilar
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ash Caine
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Simon R. Bare
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Adam S. Hoffman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang J, Liu S, Tang M, Fu W, Wang Y, Yin K, Dai Y. Thermodynamically and Kinetically Stabilized Pt Clusters Against Sintering on CeO 2 Nanofibers Through Enclosing CeO 2 Nanocubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300547. [PMID: 37093186 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sintering is a major concern for the deactivation of supported metals catalysts, which is driven by the force of decreasing the total surface energy of the entire catalytic system. In this work, a double-confinement strategy is demonstrated to stabilize 2.6 nm-Pt clusters against sintering on electrospun CeO2 nanofibers decorated by CeO2 nanocubes (m-CeO2 ). Thermodynamically, with the aid of CeO2 -nanocubes, the intrinsically irregular surface of polycrystalline CeO2 nanofibers becomes smooth, offering adjacent Pt clusters with decreased chemical potential differences on a relatively uniform surface. Kinetically, the Pt clusters are physically restricted on each facet of CeO2 nanocubes in a nanosized region. In situ high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) observation reveals that the Pt clusters can be stabilized up to 800 °C even in a high density, which is far beyond their Tammann temperature, without observable size growth or migration. Such a sinter-resistant catalytic system is endowed with boosted catalytic activity toward both the hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol after being aged at 500 °C and the sinter-promoting exothermic oxidation reactions (e.g., soot oxidation) at high temperatures over 700 °C. This work offers new opportunities for exploring sinter-resistant nanocatalysts, starting from the rational design of whole catalytic system in terms of thermodynamic and kinetic aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Suting Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Wanlin Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Kuibo Yin
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Yunqian Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Smith J, Gao W, Chi M. In situ Investigation of the Mechanistic Causes of Sintering in Platinum-Aluminum Oxide Catalysts. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1613. [PMID: 37613928 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Wenpei Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang Y, Gong N, Liu H, Ma W, Hippalgaonkar K, Liu Z, Huang Y. Ordering-Dependent Hydrogen Evolution and Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis of High-Entropy Intermetallic Pt 4 FeCoCuNi. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302067. [PMID: 37165532 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Disordered solid-solution high-entropy alloys have attracted wide research attention as robust electrocatalysts. In comparison, ordered high-entropy intermetallics have been hardly explored and the effects of the degree of chemical ordering on catalytic activity remain unknown. In this study, a series of multicomponent intermetallic Pt4 FeCoCuNi nanoparticles with tunable ordering degrees is fabricated. The transformation mechanism of the multicomponent nanoparticles from disordered structure into ordered structure is revealed at the single-particle level, and it agrees with macroscopic analysis by selected-area electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction. The electrocatalytic performance of Pt4 FeCoCuNi nanoparticles correlates well with their crystal structure and electronic structure. It is found that increasing the degree of ordering promotes electrocatalytic performance. The highly ordered Pt4 FeCoCuNi achieves the highest mass activities toward both acidic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) which are 18.9-fold and 5.6-fold higher than those of commercial Pt/C, respectively. The experiment also shows that this catalyst demonstrates better long-term stability than both partially ordered and disordered Pt4 FeCoCuNi as well as Pt/C when subject to both HER and ORR. This ordering-dependent structure-property relationship provides insight into the rational design of catalysts and stimulates the exploration of many other multicomponent intermetallic alloys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Na Gong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Hongfei Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Wei Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kedar Hippalgaonkar
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yizhong Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li Z, Li B, Li Q. Single-Atom Nano-Islands (SANIs): A Robust Atomic-Nano System for Versatile Heterogeneous Catalysis Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211103. [PMID: 36967534 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Academician Tao Zhang from China and co-workers designed the first Pt1 /FeOx single-atom catalysts (SACs) in 2011, and they proposed the concept of "single-atom catalysis" in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Generally, it is easy for active metal single-atom sites on a carrier to migrate and aggregate, which results in poor performance; or the chemical bond between the metal atom and carrier is too strong (immovable), which results in passivation of the active site. Recently, "nano-island" type SACs were designed, in which the active metal atoms are isolated on the "islands", and can move within the respective "island", but the migration across the "island" is blocked, to achieve a dynamic confinement design of single atoms (that is, a "moving but not aggregating" design philosophy). Herein, a new concept of "single-atom nano-islands (SANIs)" is proposed to describe these congeneric "atomic-nano" systems in heterogeneous catalysis fields. Particularly, the SANIs are divided into three categories: "one-island-one-atom", "one-island-multi-atoms", and "island-sea synergism" architectures. The scientific significance and application principles of SANIs in versatile heterogeneous catalysis fields (i.e., thermocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis) are summarized. The challenges and proposals of SANIs are also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zesheng Li
- College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Bolin Li
- College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Qingyu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gates BC, Katz A, Liu J. Nested Metal Catalysts: Metal Atoms and Clusters Stabilized by Confinement with Accessibility on Supports. PRECISION CHEMISTRY 2023; 1:3-13. [PMID: 37025973 PMCID: PMC10069032 DOI: 10.1021/prechem.2c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Supported catalysts that are important in technology prominently include atomically dispersed metals and metal clusters. When the metals are noble, they are typically unstable-susceptible to sintering-especially under reducing conditions. Embedding the metals in supports such as organic polymers, metal oxides, and zeolites confers stability on the metals but at the cost of catalytic activity associated with the lack of accessibility of metal bonding sites to reactants. An approach to stabilizing noble metal catalysts while maintaining their accessibility involves anchoring them in molecular-scale nests that are in or on supports. The nests include zeolite pore mouths, zeolite surface cups (half-cages), raft-like islands of oxophilic metals bonded to metal oxide supports, clusters of non-noble metals (e.g., hosting noble metals as single-atom alloys), and nanoscale metal oxide islands that selectively bond to the catalytic metals, isolating them from the support. These examples illustrate a trend toward precision in the synthesis of solid catalysts, and the latter two classes of nested catalysts offer realistic prospects for economical large-scale application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce C. Gates
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alexander Katz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jingyue Liu
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Takabayashi A, Kishimoto F, Tsuchiya H, Mikami H, Takanabe K. Photocatalytic formation of a gas permeable layer selectively deposited on supported metal nanoparticles for sintering-resistant thermal catalysis. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1124-1132. [PMID: 36798490 PMCID: PMC9926894 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00703g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle aggregation of supported metal catalysts at high temperatures is a serious problem that causes a drop in catalytic performance. This study investigates the protection of metal nanoparticles from sintering by selectively forming nanoscale SiO2 shells on Pd supported on TiO2 by ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. The proton-coupled reduction reaction increases the local pH around Pd nanoparticles, resulting in hydrolysis of tetraethoxyorthosilicate (TEOS) in only the vicinity of the metal. An apparent quantum efficiency of only 0.6% is obtained for the Pd/TiO2 catalyst in H2 evolution from ethanol-containing water under 370 nm excitation light. Therefore, the pH of raw slurry solution should be precisely controlled to that slightly below the threshold value for the TEOS hydrolysis reaction before the photodeposition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) clearly show that the particle size of the Pd nanoparticles (∼40 nm) with the SiO2 shell (∼20 nm) was almost unchanged by the high-temperature treatment at 900 °C in air, suggesting that the SiO2 shell prevented thermal aggregation of Pd nanoparticles. The Pd/TiO2 without SiO2 shell decoration exhibited a drop in the number of active sites, which was likely due to aggregation of the Pd catalysts. However, the number of active sites on the Pd@SiO2/TiO2 catalyst was maintained even after the catalyst was calcined at 900 °C. Consequently, the Pd@SiO2/TiO2 catalyst maintained its catalytic performance for simulated exhaust gas purification even after treatment at 900 °C. This study presents a methodology to produce sintering-tolerant supported metal nanoparticles using the photocatalytic gas permeable layer fabrication method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayato Takabayashi
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Fuminao Kishimoto
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Hiroto Tsuchiya
- Honda R&D Co., Ltd. 4630 Shimotakanezawa Haga-machi, Hagagun Tochigi 321-3393 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mikami
- Honda R&D Co., Ltd. 4630 Shimotakanezawa Haga-machi, Hagagun Tochigi 321-3393 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takanabe
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shi S, Yang P, Dun C, Zheng W, Urban JJ, Vlachos DG. Selective hydrogenation via precise hydrogen bond interactions on catalytic scaffolds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:429. [PMID: 36702821 PMCID: PMC9879947 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The active site environment in enzymes has been known to affect catalyst performance through weak interactions with a substrate, but precise synthetic control of enzyme inspired heterogeneous catalysts remains challenging. Here, we synthesize hyper-crosslinked porous polymer (HCPs) with solely -OH or -CH3 groups on the polymer scaffold to tune the environment of active sites. Reaction rate measurements, spectroscopic techniques, along with DFT calculations show that HCP-OH catalysts enhance the hydrogenation rate of H-acceptor substrates containing carbonyl groups whereas hydrophobic HCP- CH3 ones promote non-H bond substrate activation. The functional groups go beyond enhancing substrate adsorption to partially activate the C = O bond and tune the catalytic sites. They also expose selectivity control in the hydrogenation of multifunctional substrates through preferential substrate functional group adsorption. The proposed synthetic strategy opens a new class of porous polymers for selective catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Shi
- grid.33489.350000 0001 0454 4791Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Piaoping Yang
- grid.33489.350000 0001 0454 4791Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Chaochao Dun
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Weiqing Zheng
- grid.33489.350000 0001 0454 4791Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Urban
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- grid.33489.350000 0001 0454 4791Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| |
Collapse
|