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Chemello AJ, Fowler CC. Alternate typhoid toxin assembly evolved independently in the two Salmonella species. mBio 2024; 15:e0340323. [PMID: 38501873 PMCID: PMC11005416 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03403-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
AB5-type toxins are a diverse family of protein toxins composed of an enzymatic active (A) subunit and a pentameric delivery (B) subunit. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi's typhoid toxin features two A subunits, CdtB and PltA, in complex with the B subunit PltB. Recently, it was shown that S. Typhi encodes a horizontally acquired B subunit, PltC, that also assembles with PltA/CdtB to produce a second form of typhoid toxin. S. Typhi therefore produces two AB5 toxins with the same A subunits but distinct B subunits, an evolutionary twist that is unique to typhoid toxin. Here, we show that, remarkably, the Salmonella bongori species independently evolved an analogous capacity to produce two typhoid toxins with distinct B subunits. S. bongori's alternate B subunit, PltD, is evolutionarily distant from both PltB and PltC and outcompetes PltB to form the predominant toxin. We show that, surprisingly, S. bongori elicits similar levels of CdtB-mediated intoxication as S. Typhi during infection of cultured human epithelial cells. This toxicity is exclusively due to the PltB toxin, and strains lacking pltD produce increased amounts of PltB toxin and exhibit increased toxicity compared to the wild type, suggesting that the acquisition of the PltD subunit potentially made S. bongori less virulent toward humans. Collectively, this study unveils a striking example of convergent evolution that highlights the importance of the poorly understood "two-toxin" paradigm for typhoid toxin biology and, more broadly, illustrates how the flexibility of A-B interactions has fueled the evolutionary diversification and expansion of AB5-type toxins. IMPORTANCE Typhoid toxin is an important Salmonella Typhi virulence factor and an attractive target for therapeutic interventions to combat typhoid fever. The recent discovery of a second version of this toxin has substantial implications for understanding S. Typhi pathogenesis and combating typhoid fever. In this study, we discover that a remarkably similar two-toxin paradigm evolved independently in Salmonella bongori, which strongly suggests that this is a critical aspect of typhoid toxin biology. We observe significant parallels between how the two toxins assemble and their capacity to intoxicate host cells during infection in S. Typhi and S. bongori, which provides clues to the biological significance of this unusual toxin arrangement. More broadly, AB5 toxins with diverse activities and mechanisms are essential virulence factors for numerous important bacterial pathogens. This study illustrates the capacity for novel A-B interactions to evolve and thus provides insight into how such a diverse arsenal of toxins might have emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Chemello
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Casey C. Fowler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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2
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Yang T, Zhang S, Pan Y, Li X, Liu G, Sun H, Zhang R, Zhang C. Breeding of high-tolerance yeast by adaptive evolution and high-gravity brewing of mutant. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:686-697. [PMID: 37654243 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol and osmotic stresses are the major limiting factors for brewing strong beer with high-gravity wort. Breeding of yeast strains with high osmotic and ethanol tolerance and studying very-high-gravity (VHG) brewing technology is of great significance for brewing strong beer. RESULTS This study used an optimized microbial microdroplet culture (MMC) system for adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae YN81 to improve its tolerance to osmotic and ethanol stress. Meanwhile, we investigated the VHG and VHG with added ethanol (VHGAE) brewing processes for the evolved mutants in brewing strong beer. The results showed that three evolved mutants were obtained; among them, the growth performance of YN81mc-8.3 under 300, 340, 380, 420 and 460 g L-1 sucrose stresses was greater than that of the other strains. The ethanol tolerance of YN81mc-8.3 was 12%, which was 20% higher than that of YN81. During strong-beer brewing in a 100 L cylindrical cone-bottom tank, the sugar utilization and ethanol yield of YN81mc-8.3 outperformed those of YN81 in both the VHG and VHGAE brewing processes. Measurement of the diacetyl concentration showed that YN81mc-8.3 had a stronger diacetyl reduction ability; in particular, the real degree of fermentation of beers brewed by YN81mc-8.3 in VHG and VHGAE brewing processes was 75.35% and 66.71%, respectively - higher than those of the two samples brewed by YN81. Meanwhile, the visual, olfactive and gustative properties of the strong beer produced by YN81mc-8.3 were better than those of the other beers. CONCLUSION In this study, the mutant YN81mc-8.3 and the VHGAE brewing process were optimal and represented a better alternative strong-beer brewing process. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyou Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shishuang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuru Pan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xu Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Gaifeng Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Microbe Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Rongxian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chaohui Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
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3
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Jin M, He B, Cai X, Lei Z, Sun T. Research progress of nanoparticle targeting delivery systems in bacterial infections. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 229:113444. [PMID: 37453264 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infection is a huge threat to the health of human beings and animals. The abuse of antibiotics have led to the occurrence of bacterial multidrug resistance, which have become a difficult problem in the treatment of clinical infections. Given the outstanding advantages of nanodrug delivery systems in cancer treatment, many scholars have begun to pay attention to their application in bacterial infections. However, due to the similarity of the microenvironment between bacterial infection lesions and cancer sites, the targeting and accuracy of traditional microenvironment-responsive nanocarriers are questionable. Therefore, finding new specific targets has become a new development direction of nanocarriers in bacterial prevention and treatment. This article reviews the infectious microenvironment induced by bacteria and a series of virulence factors of common pathogenic bacteria and their physiological functions, which may be used as potential targets to improve the targeting accuracy of nanocarriers in lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin He
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Xiaoli Cai
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhixin Lei
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
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4
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Vaill M, Kawanishi K, Varki N, Gagneux P, Varki A. Comparative physiological anthropogeny: exploring molecular underpinnings of distinctly human phenotypes. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2171-2229. [PMID: 36603157 PMCID: PMC10151058 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogeny is a classic term encompassing transdisciplinary investigations of the origins of the human species. Comparative anthropogeny is a systematic comparison of humans and other living nonhuman hominids (so-called "great apes"), aiming to identify distinctly human features in health and disease, with the overall goal of explaining human origins. We begin with a historical perspective, briefly describing how the field progressed from the earliest evolutionary insights to the current emphasis on in-depth molecular and genomic investigations of "human-specific" biology and an increased appreciation for cultural impacts on human biology. While many such genetic differences between humans and other hominids have been revealed over the last two decades, this information remains insufficient to explain the most distinctive phenotypic traits distinguishing humans from other living hominids. Here we undertake a complementary approach of "comparative physiological anthropogeny," along the lines of the preclinical medical curriculum, i.e., beginning with anatomy and considering each physiological system and in each case considering genetic and molecular components that are relevant. What is ultimately needed is a systematic comparative approach at all levels from molecular to physiological to sociocultural, building networks of related information, drawing inferences, and generating testable hypotheses. The concluding section will touch on distinctive considerations in the study of human evolution, including the importance of gene-culture interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vaill
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kunio Kawanishi
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nissi Varki
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Pascal Gagneux
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ajit Varki
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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5
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Verster KI, Cinege G, Lipinszki Z, Magyar LB, Kurucz É, Tarnopol RL, Ábrahám E, Darula Z, Karageorgi M, Tamsil JA, Akalu SM, Andó I, Whiteman NK. Evolution of insect innate immunity through domestication of bacterial toxins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218334120. [PMID: 37036995 PMCID: PMC10120054 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218334120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxin cargo genes are often horizontally transferred by phages between bacterial species and are known to play an important role in the evolution of bacterial pathogenesis. Here, we show how these same genes have been horizontally transferred from phage or bacteria to animals and have resulted in novel adaptations. We discovered that two widespread bacterial genes encoding toxins of animal cells, cytolethal distending toxin subunit B (cdtB) and apoptosis-inducing protein of 56 kDa (aip56), were captured by insect genomes through horizontal gene transfer from bacteria or phages. To study the function of these genes in insects, we focused on Drosophila ananassae as a model. In the D. ananassae subgroup species, cdtB and aip56 are present as singular (cdtB) or fused copies (cdtB::aip56) on the second chromosome. We found that cdtB and aip56 genes and encoded proteins were expressed by immune cells, some proteins were localized to the wasp embryo's serosa, and their expression increased following parasitoid wasp infection. Species of the ananassae subgroup are highly resistant to parasitoid wasps, and we observed that D. ananassae lines carrying null mutations in cdtB and aip56 toxin genes were more susceptible to parasitoids than the wild type. We conclude that toxin cargo genes were captured by these insects millions of years ago and integrated as novel modules into their innate immune system. These modules now represent components of a heretofore undescribed defense response and are important for resistance to parasitoid wasps. Phage or bacterially derived eukaryotic toxin genes serve as macromutations that can spur the instantaneous evolution of novelty in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten I. Verster
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Gyöngyi Cinege
- Innate Immunity Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged6726, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Lipinszki
- MTA SZBK Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged6726, Hungary
| | - Lilla B. Magyar
- Innate Immunity Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged6720, Hungary
| | - Éva Kurucz
- Innate Immunity Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged6726, Hungary
| | - Rebecca L. Tarnopol
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Edit Ábrahám
- MTA SZBK Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged6726, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Darula
- Single Cell Omics Advanced Core Facility, Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine, Szeged6728, Hungary
- Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged6726, Hungary
| | | | - Josephine A. Tamsil
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Saron M. Akalu
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - István Andó
- Innate Immunity Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged6726, Hungary
| | - Noah K. Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
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6
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Microbial micro-tube culture system: A miniature bioreactor for controllable bubble-free oxygen supply based on high gas-permeability Teflon tube. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Ojiakor A, Gibbs RN, Chen Z, Gao X, Fowler CC. The evolutionary diversification of the Salmonella artAB toxin locus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1016438. [PMID: 36504768 PMCID: PMC9732031 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1016438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a diverse species of bacterial pathogens comprised of >2,500 serovars with variable host ranges and virulence properties. Accumulating evidence indicates that two AB5-type toxins, typhoid toxin and ArtAB toxin, contribute to the more severe virulence properties of the Salmonella strains that encode them. It was recently discovered that there are two distinct types of artAB-like genetic elements in Salmonella: those that encode ArtAB toxins (artAB elements) and those in which the artA gene is degraded and the ArtB homolog, dubbed PltC, serves as an alternative delivery subunit for typhoid toxin (pltC elements). Here, we take a multifaceted approach to explore the evolutionary diversification of artAB-like genetic elements in Salmonella. We identify 7 subtypes of ArtAB toxins and 4 different PltC sequence groups that are distributed throughout the Salmonella genus. Both artAB and pltC are encoded within numerous diverse prophages, indicating a central role for phages in their evolutionary diversification. Genetic and structural analyses revealed features that distinguish pltC elements from artAB and identified evolutionary adaptations that enable PltC to efficiently engage typhoid toxin A subunits. For both pltC and artAB, we find that the sequences of the B subunits are especially variable, particularly amongst amino acid residues that fine tune the chemical environment of their glycan binding pockets. This study provides a framework to delineate the remarkably complex collection of Salmonella artAB/pltC-like genetic elements and provides a window into the mechanisms of evolution for AB5-type toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaobi Ojiakor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel N. Gibbs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Casey C. Fowler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,*Correspondence: Casey C. Fowler,
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8
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Naito-Matsui Y. Physiological Significance of Animal- and Tissue-specific Sialic Acid Composition. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2022. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2036.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Naito-Matsui Y. Physiological Significance of Animal- and Tissue-specific Sialic Acid Composition. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2022. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.2036.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Pan J, Li W, Ni J, Wu K, Konigsberg I, Rivera CE, Tincher C, Gregory C, Zhou X, Doak TG, Lee H, Wang Y, Gao X, Lynch M, Long H. Rates of Mutations and Transcript Errors in the Foodborne Pathogen Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msac081. [PMID: 35446958 PMCID: PMC9040049 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Because errors at the DNA level power pathogen evolution, a systematic understanding of the rate and molecular spectra of mutations could guide the avoidance and treatment of infectious diseases. We thus accumulated tens of thousands of spontaneous mutations in 768 repeatedly bottlenecked lineages of 18 strains from various geographical sites, temporal spread, and genetic backgrounds. Entailing over ∼1.36 million generations, the resultant data yield an average mutation rate of ∼0.0005 per genome per generation, with a significant within-species variation. This is one of the lowest bacterial mutation rates reported, giving direct support for a high genome stability in this pathogen resulting from high DNA-mismatch-repair efficiency and replication-machinery fidelity. Pathogenicity genes do not exhibit an accelerated mutation rate, and thus, elevated mutation rates may not be the major determinant for the diversification of toxin and secretion systems. Intriguingly, a low error rate at the transcript level is not observed, suggesting distinct fidelity of the replication and transcription machinery. This study urges more attention on the most basic evolutionary processes of even the best-known human pathogens and deepens the understanding of their genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Pan
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Weiyi Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jiahao Ni
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Iain Konigsberg
- Division of Biomedical Informatics & Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Caitlyn E. Rivera
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Clayton Tincher
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Colin Gregory
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Xia Zhou
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Thomas G. Doak
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- National Center for Genome Analysis Support, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Heewook Lee
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, School of Life Science, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
| | - Michael Lynch
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Hongan Long
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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Khan N, Sasmal A, Khedri Z, Secrest P, Verhagen A, Srivastava S, Varki N, Chen X, Yu H, Beddoe T, Paton AW, Paton JC, Varki A. Sialoglycan binding patterns of bacterial AB5 toxin B subunits correlate with host range and toxicity, indicating evolution independent of A subunits. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101900. [PMID: 35398357 PMCID: PMC9120245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic bacteria secrete AB5 toxins that can be virulence factors. Cytotoxic A subunits are delivered to the cytosol following B subunit binding to specific host cell surface glycans. Some B subunits are not associated with A subunits, for example, YpeB of Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague. Plague cannot be eradicated because of Y. pestis' adaptability to numerous hosts. We previously showed selective binding of other B5 pentamers to a sialoglycan microarray, with sialic acid (Sia) preferences corresponding to those prominently expressed by various hosts, for example, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac; prominent in humans) or N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc; prominent in ruminant mammals and rodents). Here, we report that A subunit phylogeny evolved independently of B subunits and suggest a future B subunit nomenclature based on bacterial species names. We also found via phylogenetic analysis of B subunits, which bind Sias, that homologous molecules show poor correlation with species phylogeny. These data indicate ongoing lateral gene transfers between species, including mixing of A and B subunits. Consistent with much broader host range of Y. pestis, we show that YpeB recognizes all mammalian Sia types, except for 4-O-acetylated ones. Notably, YpeB alone causes dose-dependent cytotoxicity, which is abolished by a mutation (Y77F) eliminating Sia recognition, suggesting that cell proliferation and death are promoted via lectin-like crosslinking of cell surface sialoglycoconjugates. These findings help explain the host range of Y. pestis and could be important for pathogenesis. Overall, our data indicate ongoing rapid evolution of both host Sias and pathogen toxin-binding properties.
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Abstract
Typhoid toxin is an A2B5 protein toxin and an important virulence factor for the human-adapted bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever. Typhoid toxin contains two enzymatic subunits, PltA and CdtB, which dock onto a pentameric delivery platform composed of the protein PltB. It was recently reported that the same enzymatic subunits can assemble with a different delivery platform composed of the protein PltC, forming a distinct version of typhoid toxin. However, the differences in structure and receptor specificity between the PltC and PltB typhoid toxins remain unknown. Here, we determined atomic-level structures of the pentameric PltC subunit, the fully assembled PltC typhoid toxin, and the PltC pentamers in complex with glycan receptors. Biochemical and structural analyses indicate that PltB and PltC are unable to form heteromeric delivery complexes due to electrostatic repulsion at the subunit interface and thus form separate toxins only. We further observed that, despite low sequence similarity between PltB and PltC, they interact with PltA in a similar manner but that PltC exhibits stronger electrostatic interactions with PltA, enabling it to outcompete PltB in toxin assembly. The ligand-bound atomic structures of PltC show an additional glycan binding site not found in PltB and glycan array analysis indicates that PltB and PltC exhibit significant differences in glycan binding specificity. Collectively, this study offers atomic-level insights into how S. Typhi produces two distinct versions of typhoid toxin, thereby generating functional diversity in this key virulence factor. IMPORTANCE Typhoid fever is a devastating disease that kills more than 115,000 people every year and is caused by Salmonella Typhi. Typhoid toxin, exclusively produced by S. Typhi, was demonstrated to be responsible for the pathogenesis of typhoid fever. Typhoid toxin consists of a pentameric delivery B subunit to transport the catalytic A subunits into the host cell through binding of the glycan receptors. Recent study shows that S. Typhi encodes two homologous delivery B subunits that are able to associate with the same active subunits to produce alternative toxins with distinct functional characteristics. Here, we show that the two delivery subunits can form only homopentameric delivery platforms that compete to associate with typhoid toxin's active subunits and that the two resulting toxins have distinct glycan-binding properties that confer distinct functional traits. These findings highlight the unique assembly and functional diversification of typhoid toxins.
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13
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AB 5 Enterotoxin-Mediated Pathogenesis: Perspectives Gleaned from Shiga Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14010062. [PMID: 35051039 PMCID: PMC8779504 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne diseases affect an estimated 600 million people worldwide annually, with the majority of these illnesses caused by Norovirus, Vibrio, Listeria, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli. To elicit infections in humans, bacterial pathogens express a combination of virulence factors and toxins. AB5 toxins are an example of such toxins that can cause various clinical manifestations, including dehydration, diarrhea, kidney damage, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Treatment of most bacterial foodborne illnesses consists of fluid replacement and antibiotics. However, antibiotics are not recommended for infections caused by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) because of the increased risk of HUS development, although there are conflicting views and results in this regard. Lack of effective treatment strategies for STEC infections pose a public health threat during outbreaks; therefore, the debate on antibiotic use for STEC infections could be further explored, along with investigations into antibiotic alternatives. The overall goal of this review is to provide a succinct summary on the mechanisms of action and the pathogenesis of AB5 and related toxins, as expressed by bacterial foodborne pathogens, with a primary focus on Shiga toxins (Stx). The role of Stx in human STEC disease, detection methodologies, and available treatment options are also briefly discussed.
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14
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Overgaard E, Morris B, Mohammad Mousa O, Price E, Rodriguez A, Cufurovic L, Beard RS, Tinker JK. Cellular Activity of Salmonella Typhimurium ArtAB Toxin and Its Receptor-Binding Subunit. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090599. [PMID: 34564603 PMCID: PMC8472264 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is among the most reported foodborne illnesses in the United States. The Salmonellaenterica Typhimurium DT104 phage type, which is associated with multidrug-resistant disease in humans and animals, possesses an ADP-ribosylating toxin called ArtAB. Full-length artAB has been found on a number of broad-host-range non-typhoidal Salmonella species and serovars. ArtAB is also homologous to many AB5 toxins from diverse Gram-negative pathogens, including cholera toxin (CT) and pertussis toxin (PT), and may be involved in Salmonella pathogenesis, however, in vitro cellular toxicity of ArtAB has not been characterized. artAB was cloned into E. coli and initially isolated using a histidine tag (ArtABHIS) and nickel chromatography. ArtABHIS was found to bind to African green monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cells using confocal microscopy and to interact with glycans present on fetuin and monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) using ELISA. Untagged, or native, holotoxin (ArtAB), and the pentameric receptor-binding subunit (ArtB) were purified from E. coli using fetuin and d-galactose affinity chromatography. ArtAB and ArtB metabolic and cytotoxic activities were determined using Vero and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) epithelial cells. Vero cells were more sensitive to ArtAB, however, incubation with both cell types revealed only partial cytotoxicity over 72 h, similar to that induced by CT. ArtAB induced a distinctive clustering phenotype on CHO cells over 72 h, similar to PT, and an elongated phenotype on Vero cells, similar to CT. The ArtB binding subunit alone also had a cytotoxic effect on CHO cells and induced morphological rounding. Results indicate that this toxin induces distinctive cellular outcomes. Continued biological characterization of ArtAB will advance efforts to prevent disease caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Overgaard
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Brad Morris
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (B.M.); (O.M.M.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Omid Mohammad Mousa
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (B.M.); (O.M.M.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Emily Price
- Idaho Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Infectious Diseases Section, Boise, ID 83702, USA;
| | - Adriana Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (B.M.); (O.M.M.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Leyla Cufurovic
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (B.M.); (O.M.M.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Richard S. Beard
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Juliette K. Tinker
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (B.M.); (O.M.M.); (A.R.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-208-426-5472
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15
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Burzyńska P, Sobala ŁF, Mikołajczyk K, Jodłowska M, Jaśkiewicz E. Sialic Acids as Receptors for Pathogens. Biomolecules 2021; 11:831. [PMID: 34199560 PMCID: PMC8227644 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates have long been known to mediate intracellular interactions, whether within one organism or between different organisms. Sialic acids (Sias) are carbohydrates that usually occupy the terminal positions in longer carbohydrate chains, which makes them common recognition targets mediating these interactions. In this review, we summarize the knowledge about animal disease-causing agents such as viruses, bacteria and protozoa (including the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum) in which Sias play a role in infection biology. While Sias may promote binding of, e.g., influenza viruses and SV40, they act as decoys for betacoronaviruses. The presence of two common forms of Sias, Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc, is species-specific, and in humans, the enzyme converting Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc (CMAH, CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase) is lost, most likely due to adaptation to pathogen regimes; we discuss the research about the influence of malaria on this trait. In addition, we present data suggesting the CMAH gene was probably present in the ancestor of animals, shedding light on its glycobiology. We predict that a better understanding of the role of Sias in disease vectors would lead to more effective clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ewa Jaśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.B.); (Ł.F.S.); (K.M.); (M.J.)
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16
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The Majority of Typhoid Toxin-Positive Salmonella Serovars Encode ArtB, an Alternate Binding Subunit. mSphere 2021; 6:6/1/e01255-20. [PMID: 33408236 PMCID: PMC7845599 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01255-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While previous reports had suggested that the typhoid toxin (TT) could potentially use ArtB as an alternate binding subunit, this was thought to play a minor role in the evolution and biology of the toxin. In this study, we establish that both TT genes and artB are widespread among Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, suggesting that TT likely plays a broader role in Salmonella virulence that extends beyond its proposed role in typhoid fever. Salmonella enterica encodes a wide array of virulence factors. One novel virulence factor, an A2B5 toxin known as the typhoid toxin (TT), was recently identified among a variety of S. enterica serovars. While past studies have shown that some serovars encode both the TT (active subunits CdtB and PltA and binding subunit PltB) and a second binding subunit (ArtB), these serovars were thought to be the exception. Here, we show that genes encoding the TT are detected in more than 100 serovars representing distinct phylogenetic lineages of S. enterica subsp. enterica, although clade B and section Typhi are significantly more likely to encode TT genes than serovars from other clades. Furthermore, we show that 81% of these TT-positive serovars also encode artB, suggesting that the cooccurrence of both toxin binding subunits is considerably more common than previously thought. A combination of in silico modeling, bacterial two-hybrid system screening, and tandem affinity purification (TAP) of toxin subunits suggests that ArtB and PltB interact in vitro, at least under some growth conditions. While different growth conditions yielded slightly higher transcript abundances of artB and pltB, both genes had their highest relative transcript abundances when Salmonella was grown under low-Mg2+ conditions, suggesting that ArtB and PltB may compete for inclusion in the TT. Together, our results suggest that ArtB likely plays an important and previously underappreciated role in the biology of the TT produced by typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella. IMPORTANCE While previous reports had suggested that the typhoid toxin (TT) could potentially use ArtB as an alternate binding subunit, this was thought to play a minor role in the evolution and biology of the toxin. In this study, we establish that both TT genes and artB are widespread among Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, suggesting that TT likely plays a broader role in Salmonella virulence that extends beyond its proposed role in typhoid fever. Furthermore, our data suggest the selective maintenance of both toxin binding subunits, which may compete for inclusion in the holotoxin. Last, our data support the importance of characterizing diverse nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars, as the presence of classically defined typhoidal virulence factors among NTS serovars continues to challenge the typhoid-nontyphoid Salmonella paradigm.
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17
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Kushwaha SK, Bhavesh NLS, Abdella B, Lahiri C, Marathe SA. The phylogenomics of CRISPR-Cas system and revelation of its features in Salmonella. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21156. [PMID: 33273523 PMCID: PMC7712790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellae display intricate evolutionary patterns comprising over 2500 serovars having diverse pathogenic profiles. The acquisition and/or exchange of various virulence factors influences the evolutionary framework. To gain insights into evolution of Salmonella in association with the CRISPR-Cas genes we performed phylogenetic surveillance across strains of 22 Salmonella serovars. The strains differed in their CRISPR1-leader and cas operon features assorting into two main clades, CRISPR1-STY/cas-STY and CRISPR1-STM/cas-STM, comprising majorly typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars respectively. Serovars of these two clades displayed better relatedness, concerning CRISPR1-leader and cas operon, across genera than between themselves. This signifies the acquisition of CRISPR1/Cas region could be through a horizontal gene transfer event owing to the presence of mobile genetic elements flanking CRISPR1 array. Comparison of CRISPR and cas phenograms with that of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) suggests differential evolution of CRISPR/Cas system. As opposed to broad-host-range, the host-specific serovars harbor fewer spacers. Mapping of protospacer sources suggested a partial correlation of spacer content with habitat diversity of the serovars. Some serovars like serovar Enteritidis and Typhimurium that inhabit similar environment/infect similar hosts hardly shared their protospacer sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Krishnakant Kushwaha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Narra Lakshmi Sai Bhavesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bahaa Abdella
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Chandrajit Lahiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sandhya Amol Marathe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, India.
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18
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Generation and Characterization of Typhoid Toxin-Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00292-20. [PMID: 32661121 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00292-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid toxin is a virulence factor of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, and is thought to be responsible for the symptoms of severe disease. This toxin has a unique A2B5 architecture with two active subunits, the ADP ribosyl transferase PltA and the DNase CdtB, linked to a pentameric B subunit, which is alternatively made of PltB or PltC. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of typhoid toxin-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies by immunizing genetically engineered mice that have a full set of human immunoglobulin variable region genes. We identified several monoclonal antibodies with strong in vitro and in vivo toxin-neutralizing activity and different mechanisms of toxin neutralization. These antibodies could serve as the basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against typhoid fever.
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19
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Lee S, Yang YA, Milano SK, Nguyen T, Ahn C, Sim JH, Thompson AJ, Hillpot EC, Yoo G, Paulson JC, Song J. Salmonella Typhoid Toxin PltB Subunit and Its Non-typhoidal Salmonella Ortholog Confer Differential Host Adaptation and Virulence. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:937-949.e6. [PMID: 32396840 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonelleae (NTS) cause typhoid fever and gastroenteritis, respectively, in humans. Salmonella typhoid toxin contributes to typhoid disease progression and chronic infection, but little is known about the role of its NTS ortholog. We found that typhoid toxin and its NTS ortholog induce different clinical presentations. The PltB subunit of each toxin exhibits different glycan-binding preferences that correlate with glycan expression profiles of host cells targeted by each bacterium at the primary infection or intoxication sites. Through co-crystal structures of PltB subunits bound to specific glycan receptor moieties, we show that they induce markedly different glycan-binding preferences and virulence outcomes. Furthermore, immunization with the NTS S. Javiana or its toxin offers cross-reactive protection against lethal-dose typhoid toxin challenge. Cumulatively, these results offer insights into the evolution of host adaptations in Salmonella AB toxins, their cell and tissue tropisms, and the design for improved typhoid vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyoung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yi-An Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shawn K Milano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tri Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Changhwan Ahn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Sim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA
| | - Eric C Hillpot
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gyeongshik Yoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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20
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Jian X, Guo X, Wang J, Tan ZL, Xing X, Wang L, Zhang C. Microbial microdroplet culture system (MMC): An integrated platform for automated, high‐throughput microbial cultivation and adaptive evolution. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1724-1737. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingjin Jian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of EducationTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Xiaojie Guo
- Luoyang TMAXTREE Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Luoyang China
| | - Jia Wang
- Biochemical Engineering Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Zheng Lin Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of EducationTsinghua University Beijing China
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of Technology, Midori‐ku Yokohama Kanagawa Prefecture Japan
| | - Xin‐hui Xing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of EducationTsinghua University Beijing China
- Center for Synthetic & Systems BiologyTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Luoyang TMAXTREE Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Luoyang China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of EducationTsinghua University Beijing China
- Center for Synthetic & Systems BiologyTsinghua University Beijing China
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21
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Molecular Signatures Related to the Virulence of Bacillus cereus Sensu Lato, a Leading Cause of Devastating Endophthalmitis. mSystems 2019; 4:4/6/e00745-19. [PMID: 31796569 PMCID: PMC6890933 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00745-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus endophthalmitis is a devastating eye infection that causes rapid blindness through extracellular tissue-destructive exotoxins. Despite its importance, knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships and population structure of intraocular Bacillus spp. is lacking. In this study, we sequenced the whole genomes of eight Bacillus intraocular pathogens independently isolated from 8/52 patients with posttraumatic Bacillus endophthalmitis infections in the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University between January 2010 and December 2018. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the pathogenic intraocular isolates belonged to Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus toyonensis To determine the virulence of the ocular isolates, three representative strains were injected into mouse models, and severe endophthalmitis leading to blindness was observed. Through incorporating publicly available genomes for Bacillus spp., we found that the intraocular pathogens could be isolated independently but displayed a similar genetic context. In addition, our data provide genome-wide support for intraocular and gastrointestinal sources of Bacillus spp. belonging to different lineages. Importantly, we identified five molecular signatures of virulence and motility genes associated with intraocular infection, namely, plcA-2, InhA-3, InhA-4, hblA-5, and fliD using pangenome-wide association studies. The characterization of overrepresented genes in the intraocular isolates holds value to predict bacterial evolution and for the design of future intervention strategies in patients with endophthalmitis.IMPORTANCE In this study, we provided a detailed and comprehensive clinicopathological and pathogenic report of Bacillus endophthalmitis over the 8 years of the study period. We first reported the whole-genome sequence of Bacillus spp. causing devastating endophthalmitis and found that Bacillus toyonensis is able to cause endophthalmitis. Finally, we revealed significant endophthalmitis-associated virulence genes involved in hemolysis, immunity inhibition, and pathogenesis. Overall, as more sequencing data sets become available, these data will facilitate comparative research and will reveal the emergence of pathogenic "ocular bacteria."
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22
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Stress-induced adaptations in Salmonella: A ground for shaping its pathogenesis. Microbiol Res 2019; 229:126311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Alternate subunit assembly diversifies the function of a bacterial toxin. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3684. [PMID: 31417089 PMCID: PMC6695444 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial toxins with an AB5 architecture consist of an active (A) subunit inserted into a ring-like platform comprised of five delivery (B) subunits. Salmonella Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever, produces an unusual A2B5 toxin known as typhoid toxin. Here, we report that upon infection of human cells, S. Typhi produces two forms of typhoid toxin that have distinct delivery components but share common active subunits. The two typhoid toxins exhibit different trafficking properties, elicit different effects when administered to laboratory animals, and are expressed using different regulatory mechanisms and in response to distinct metabolic cues. Collectively, these results indicate that the evolution of two typhoid toxin variants has conferred functional versatility to this virulence factor. More broadly, this study reveals a new paradigm in toxin biology and suggests that the evolutionary expansion of AB5 toxins was likely fueled by the plasticity inherent to their structural design coupled to the functional versatility afforded by the combination of homologous toxin components. Salmonella Typhi produces the typhoid toxin. Here, Fowler et al. show that S. Typhi produces two forms of typhoid toxin that are differentially regulated and display different trafficking properties and different effects when administered to laboratory animals.
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24
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Cheng RA, Wiedmann M. The ADP-Ribosylating Toxins of Salmonella. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E416. [PMID: 31315299 PMCID: PMC6669713 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of pathogenic bacteria utilize toxins to mediate disease in a susceptible host. The foodborne pathogen Salmonella is one of the most important and well-studied bacterial pathogens. Recently, whole genome sequence characterizations revealed the presence of multiple novel ADP-ribosylating toxins encoded by a variety of Salmonella serovars. In this review, we discuss both the classical (SpvB) and novel (typhoid toxin, ArtAB, and SboC/SeoC) ADP-ribosylating toxins of Salmonella, including the structure and function of these toxins and our current understanding of their contributions to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Bourdoulous
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Microbiologie, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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26
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Piper SJ, Brillault L, Rothnagel R, Croll TI, Box JK, Chassagnon I, Scherer S, Goldie KN, Jones SA, Schepers F, Hartley-Tassell L, Ve T, Busby JN, Dalziel JE, Lott JS, Hankamer B, Stahlberg H, Hurst MRH, Landsberg MJ. Cryo-EM structures of the pore-forming A subunit from the Yersinia entomophaga ABC toxin. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1952. [PMID: 31028251 PMCID: PMC6486591 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09890-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABC toxins are pore-forming virulence factors produced by pathogenic bacteria. YenTcA is the pore-forming and membrane binding A subunit of the ABC toxin YenTc, produced by the insect pathogen Yersinia entomophaga. Here we present cryo-EM structures of YenTcA, purified from the native source. The soluble pre-pore structure, determined at an average resolution of 4.4 Å, reveals a pentameric assembly that in contrast to other characterised ABC toxins is formed by two TcA-like proteins (YenA1 and YenA2) and decorated by two endochitinases (Chi1 and Chi2). We also identify conformational changes that accompany membrane pore formation by visualising YenTcA inserted into liposomes. A clear outward rotation of the Chi1 subunits allows for access of the protruding translocation pore to the membrane. Our results highlight structural and functional diversity within the ABC toxin subfamily, explaining how different ABC toxins are capable of recognising diverse hosts. YenTcA is the pore-forming and membrane binding subunit of the ABC toxin YenTc, which is produced by the insect pathogen Yersinia entomophaga. Here authors present cryo-EM structures of YenTcA purified from the native source which implicate associated endochitinases in host cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Piper
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lou Brillault
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Rosalba Rothnagel
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Tristan I Croll
- Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Cambridgeshire, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph K Box
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Irene Chassagnon
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Sebastian Scherer
- Centre for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth N Goldie
- Centre for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra A Jones
- Forage Science Group, AgResearch, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Femke Schepers
- Faculty of Science, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Jason N Busby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Julie E Dalziel
- Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - J Shaun Lott
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ben Hankamer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- Centre for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark R H Hurst
- Forage Science Group, AgResearch, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Landsberg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia. .,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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27
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Chang SJ, Jin SC, Jiao X, Galán JE. Unique features in the intracellular transport of typhoid toxin revealed by a genome-wide screen. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007704. [PMID: 30951565 PMCID: PMC6469816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid toxin is a virulence factor for Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi, the cause of typhoid fever in humans. This toxin has a unique architecture in that its pentameric B subunit, made of PltB, is linked to two enzymatic A subunits, the ADP ribosyl transferase PltA and the deoxyribonuclease CdtB. Typhoid toxin is uniquely adapted to humans, recognizing surface glycoprotein sialoglycans terminated in acetyl neuraminic acid, which are preferentially expressed by human cells. The transport pathway to its cellular targets followed by typhoid toxin after receptor binding is currently unknown. Through a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-mediated screen we have characterized the mechanisms by which typhoid toxin is transported within human cells. We found that typhoid toxin hijacks specific elements of the retrograde transport and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation machineries to reach its subcellular destination within target cells. Our study reveals unique and common features in the transport mechanisms of bacterial toxins that could serve as the bases for the development of novel anti-toxin therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jung Chang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Xuyao Jiao
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jorge E Galán
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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28
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Tanner JR, Kingsley RA. Evolution of Salmonella within Hosts. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:986-998. [PMID: 29954653 PMCID: PMC6249985 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Within-host evolution has resulted in thousands of variants of Salmonella that exhibit remarkable diversity in host range and disease outcome, from broad host range to exquisite host restriction, causing gastroenteritis to disseminated disease such as typhoid fever. Within-host evolution is a continuing process driven by genomic variation that occurs during each infection, potentiating adaptation to a new niche resulting from changes in animal husbandry, the use of antimicrobials, and emergence of immune compromised populations. We discuss key advances in our understanding of the evolution of Salmonella within the host, inferred from (i) the process of host adaptation of Salmonella pathovars in the past, and (ii) direct observation of the generation of variation and selection of beneficial traits during single infections. Salmonella is a bacterial pathogen with remarkable diversity in its host range and pathogenicity due to past within-host evolution in vertebrate species that modified ancestral mechanisms of pathogenesis. Variation arising during infection includes point mutations, new genes acquired through horizontal gene transfer (HGT), deletions, and genomic rearrangements. Beneficial mutations increase in frequency within the host and, if they retain the ability to be transmitted to subsequent hosts, may become fixed in the population. Whole-genome sequencing of sequential isolates from clinical infections reveals within-host HGT and point mutations that impact therapy and clinical management. HGT is the primary mechanism for evolution in prokaryotes and is synergised by complex networks of transfer involving the microbiome. Within-host evolution of Salmonella, resulting in new pathovars, can proceed in the absence of HGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Tanner
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, UK
| | - Robert A Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, UK.
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29
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Paul A, Padler-Karavani V. Evolution of sialic acids: Implications in xenotransplant biology. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12424. [PMID: 29932472 PMCID: PMC6756921 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All living cells are covered with a dense “sugar-coat” of carbohydrate chains (glycans) conjugated to proteins and lipids. The cell surface glycome is determined by a non-template driven process related to the collection of enzymes that assemble glycans in a sequential manner. In mammals, many of these glycans are topped with sialic acids (Sia), a large family of acidic sugars. The “Sialome” is highly diverse owing to various Sia types, linkage to underlying glycans, range of carriers, and complex spatial organization. Presented at the front of cells, Sia play a major role in immunity and recognition of “self” versus “non-self,” largely mediated by the siglecs family of Sia-binding host receptors. Albeit many mammalian pathogens have evolved to hijack this recognition system to avoid host immune attack, presenting a fascinating host-pathogen evolutionary arms race. Similarly, cancer cells exploit Sia for their own survival and propagation. As part of this ongoing fitness, humans lost the ability to synthesize the Sia type N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), in contrast to other mammals. While this loss had provided an advantage against certain pathogens, humans are continuously exposed to Neu5Gc through mammalian-derived diet (eg, red meat), consequently generating a complex immune response against it. Circulating anti-Neu5Gc antibodies together with Neu5Gc on some human tissues mediate chronic inflammation “xenosialitis” that exacerbate various human diseases (eg, cancer and atherosclerosis). Similarly, Neu5Gc-containing xenografts are exposed to human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies with implications to sustainability. This review aimed to provide a glimpse into the evolution of Sia and their implications to xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Paul
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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30
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Hiyoshi H, Tiffany CR, Bronner DN, Bäumler AJ. Typhoidal Salmonella serovars: ecological opportunity and the evolution of a new pathovar. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:527-541. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Hiyoshi
- Department of Medial Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Connor R Tiffany
- Department of Medial Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Denise N Bronner
- Department of Medial Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medial Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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31
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The Typhoid Toxin Produced by the Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica Serotype Javiana Is Required for Induction of a DNA Damage Response In Vitro and Systemic Spread In Vivo. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.00467-18. [PMID: 29588404 PMCID: PMC5874915 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00467-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella cytolethal distending toxin (S-CDT), first described as the “typhoid toxin” in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhi, induces DNA damage in eukaryotic cells. Recent studies have shown that more than 40 nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serotypes carry genes that encode S-CDT, yet very little is known about the activity, function, and role of S-CDT in NTS. Here we show that deletion of genes encoding the binding subunit (pltB) and a bacteriophage muramidase predicted to play a role in toxin export (ttsA) does not abolish toxin activity in the S-CDT-positive NTS Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Javiana. However, S. Javiana strains harboring deletions of both pltB and its homolog artB, had a complete loss of S-CDT activity, suggesting that S. Javiana carries genes encoding two variants of the binding subunit. S-CDT-mediated DNA damage, as determined by phosphorylation of histone 2AX (H2AX), producing phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX), was restricted to epithelial cells in S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle and did not result in apoptosis or cell death. Compared to mice infected with a ΔcdtB strain, mice infected with wild-type S. Javiana had significantly higher levels of S. Javiana in the liver, but not in the spleen, ileum, or cecum. Overall, we show that production of active S-CDT by NTS serotype S. Javiana requires different genes (cdtB, pltA, and either pltB or artB) for expression of biologically active toxin than those reported for S-CDT production by S. Typhi (cdtB, pltA, pltB, and ttsA). However, as in S. Typhi, NTS S-CDT influences the outcome of infection both in vitro and in vivo. Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) are a major cause of bacterial food-borne illness worldwide; however, our understanding of virulence mechanisms that determine the outcome and severity of nontyphoidal salmonellosis is incompletely understood. Here we show that S-CDT produced by NTS plays a significant role in the outcome of infection both in vitro and in vivo, highlighting S-CDT as an important virulence factor for nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes. Our data also contribute novel information about the function of S-CDT, as S-CDT-mediated DNA damage occurs only during certain phases of the cell cycle, and the resulting damage does not induce cell death as assessed using a propidium iodide exclusion assay. Importantly, our data support that, despite having genetically similar S-CDT operons, NTS serotype S. Javiana has different genetic requirements than S. Typhi, for the production and export of active S-CDT.
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