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Liu F, Itahashi YM, Aoki S, Dong Y, Wang Z, Ogawa N, Ideue T, Iwasa Y. Superconducting diode effect under time-reversal symmetry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado1502. [PMID: 39083606 PMCID: PMC11290479 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
In noncentrosymmetric superconductors, superconducting and normal conductions can interchange on the basis of the current flow direction. This effect is termed a superconducting diode effect (SDE), which is a focal point of recent research. The broken inversion and time-reversal symmetry is believed to be the requirements of SDE, but their intrinsic role has remained elusive. Here, we report strain-controlled SDEs in a layered trigonal superconductor, PbTaSe2. The SDE was found exclusively in a strained device with its absence in an unstrained device despite that it is allowed in unstrained trigonal structure. Moreover, the zero-field or magnetic field-even (magnetic field-odd) SDE is observed when the strain and current are along armchair (zigzag) direction The results unambiguously demonstrate the intrinsic SDE under time-reversal symmetry and the critical role of strain-induced electric polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshuo Liu
- Quantum-Phase Electronics Center (QPEC) and Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuki M. Itahashi
- Quantum-Phase Electronics Center (QPEC) and Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shunta Aoki
- Quantum-Phase Electronics Center (QPEC) and Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yu Dong
- Quantum-Phase Electronics Center (QPEC) and Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ziqian Wang
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoki Ogawa
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Toshiya Ideue
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Iwasa
- Quantum-Phase Electronics Center (QPEC) and Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan
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2
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Gao YM, Xiao H, Jiang MH, Chi F, Yi ZC, Liu LM. Josephson Diode Effect in Parallel-Coupled Double-Quantum Dots Connected to Unalike Majorana Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1251. [PMID: 39120356 PMCID: PMC11314297 DOI: 10.3390/nano14151251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
We study theoretically the Josephson diode effect (JDE) when realized in a system composed of parallel-coupled double-quantum dots (DQDs) sandwiched between two semiconductor nanowires deposited on an s-wave superconductor surface. Due to the combined effects of proximity-induced superconductivity, strong Rashba spin-orbit interaction, and the Zeeman splitting inside the nanowires, a pair of Majorana bound states (MBSs) may possibly emerge at opposite ends of each nanowire. Different phase factors arising from the superconductor substrate can be generated in the coupling amplitudes between the DQDs and MBSs prepared at the left and right nanowires, and this will result in the Josephson current. We find that the critical Josephson currents in positive and negative directions are different from each other in amplitude within an oscillation period with respect to the magnetic flux penetrating through the system, a phenomenon known as the JDE. It arises from the quantum interference effect in this double-path device, and it can hardly occur in the system of one QD coupled to MBSs. Our results also show that the diode efficiency can reach up to 50%, but this depends on the overlap amplitude between the MBSs, as well as the energy levels of the DQDs adjustable by gate voltages. The present model is realizable within current nanofabrication technologies and may find practical use in the interdisciplinary field of Majorana and Josephson physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Gao
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, UEST of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528400, China; (Y.-M.G.); (Z.-C.Y.); (L.-M.L.)
| | - Hu Xiao
- Zhongshan Zhuoman Microelectronics Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528400, China;
| | - Mou-Hua Jiang
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Feng Chi
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, UEST of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528400, China; (Y.-M.G.); (Z.-C.Y.); (L.-M.L.)
| | - Zi-Chuan Yi
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, UEST of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528400, China; (Y.-M.G.); (Z.-C.Y.); (L.-M.L.)
| | - Li-Ming Liu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, UEST of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528400, China; (Y.-M.G.); (Z.-C.Y.); (L.-M.L.)
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3
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Xiong J, Xie J, Cheng B, Dai Y, Cui X, Wang L, Liu Z, Zhou J, Wang N, Xu X, Chen X, Cheong SW, Liang SJ, Miao F. Electrical switching of Ising-superconducting nonreciprocity for quantum neuronal transistor. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4953. [PMID: 38858363 PMCID: PMC11164936 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonreciprocal quantum transport effect is mainly governed by the symmetry breaking of the material systems and is gaining extensive attention in condensed matter physics. Realizing electrical switching of the polarity of the nonreciprocal transport without external magnetic field is essential to the development of nonreciprocal quantum devices. However, electrical switching of superconducting nonreciprocity remains yet to be achieved. Here, we report the observation of field-free electrical switching of nonreciprocal Ising superconductivity in Fe3GeTe2/NbSe2 van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure. By taking advantage of this electrically switchable superconducting nonreciprocity, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept nonreciprocal quantum neuronal transistor, which allows for implementing the XOR logic gate and faithfully emulating biological functionality of a cortical neuron in the brain. Our work provides a promising pathway to realize field-free and electrically switchable nonreciprocity of quantum transport and demonstrate its potential in exploring neuromorphic quantum devices with both functionality and performance beyond the traditional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Xiong
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiao Xie
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Physical Sciences, School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yudi Dai
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Cui
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizheng Wang
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Zenglin Liu
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Naizhou Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xianghan Xu
- Center for Quantum Materials Synthesis and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Xianhui Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sang-Wook Cheong
- Center for Quantum Materials Synthesis and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Shi-Jun Liang
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
| | - Feng Miao
- Institute of Brain-Inspired Intelligence, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
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4
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Suárez-Rodríguez M, Martín-García B, Skowroński W, Staszek K, Calavalle F, Fert A, Gobbi M, Casanova F, Hueso LE. Microscale Chiral Rectennas for Energy Harvesting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400729. [PMID: 38597368 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Wireless radiofrequency rectifiers have the potential to power the billions of "Internet of Things" (IoT) devices currently in use by effectively harnessing ambient electromagnetic radiation. However, the current technology relies on the implementation of rectifiers based on Schottky diodes, which exhibit limited capabilities for high-frequency and low-power applications. Consequently, they require an antenna to capture the incoming signal and amplify the input power, thereby limiting the possibility of miniaturizing devices to the millimeter scale. Here, the authors report wireless rectification at the GHz range in a microscale device built on single chiral tellurium with extremely low input powers. By studying the crystal symmetry and the temperature dependence of the rectification, the authors demonstrate that its origin is the intrinsic nonlinear conductivity of the material. Additionally, the unprecedented ability to modulate the rectification output by an electrostatic gate is shown. These results open the path to developing tuneable microscale wireless rectifiers with a single material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Martín-García
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Basque Country, 48009, Spain
| | - Witold Skowroński
- Institute of Electronics, AGH University of Krakow, Kraków, 30-059, Poland
| | - Kamil Staszek
- Institute of Electronics, AGH University of Krakow, Kraków, 30-059, Poland
| | | | - Albert Fert
- Laboratoire Albert Fert, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, 91767, France
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, 20018, Spain
- Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Univesity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, 20018, Spain
| | - Marco Gobbi
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Basque Country, 48009, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Materials Physics Center (MPC), Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, 20018, Spain
| | - Fèlix Casanova
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Basque Country, 48009, Spain
| | - Luis E Hueso
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Basque Country, 48009, Spain
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5
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Sekiguchi F, Narita H, Hirori H, Ono T, Kanemitsu Y. Anomalous behavior of critical current in a superconducting film triggered by DC plus terahertz current. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4435. [PMID: 38789464 PMCID: PMC11126563 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48738-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The critical current in a superconductor (SC) determines the performance of many SC devices, including SC diodes which have attracted recent attention. Hitherto, studies of SC diodes are limited in the DC-field measurements, and their performance under a high-frequency current remains unexplored. Here, we conduct the first investigation on the interaction between the DC and terahertz (THz) current in a SC artificial superlattice. We found that the DC critical current is sensitively modified by THz pulse excitations in a nontrivial manner. In particular, at low-frequency THz excitations below the SC gap, the critical current becomes sensitive to the THz-field polarization direction. Furthermore, we observed anomalous behavior in which a supercurrent flows with an amplitude larger than the modified critical current. Assuming that vortex depinning determines the critical current, we show that the THz-current-driven vortex dynamics reproduce the observed behavior. While the delicate nonreciprocity in the critical current is obscured by the THz pulse excitations, the interplay between the DC and THz current causes a non-monotonic SC/normal-state switching with current amplitude, which can pave a pathway to developing SC devices with novel functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Sekiguchi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Hideki Narita
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirori
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Teruo Ono
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kanemitsu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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6
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Mao Y, Yan Q, Zhuang YC, Sun QF. Universal Spin Superconducting Diode Effect from Spin-Orbit Coupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:216001. [PMID: 38856265 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.216001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
We propose a universal spin superconducting diode effect (SDE) induced by spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in systems with spin-triplet correlations, where the critical spin supercurrents in opposite directions are unequal. By analysis from both the Ginzburg-Landau theory and energy band analysis, we show that the spin-↑↑ and spin-↓↓ Cooper pairs possess opposite phase gradients and opposite momenta from the SOC, which leads to the spin SDE. Two superconductors with SOC, a p-wave superconductor as a toy model and a practical superconducting nanowire, are numerically studied and they both exhibit spin SDE. In addition, our theory also provides a unified picture for both spin and charge SDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Mao
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qing Yan
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu-Chen Zhuang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qing-Feng Sun
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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7
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Reinhardt S, Ascherl T, Costa A, Berger J, Gronin S, Gardner GC, Lindemann T, Manfra MJ, Fabian J, Kochan D, Strunk C, Paradiso N. Link between supercurrent diode and anomalous Josephson effect revealed by gate-controlled interferometry. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4413. [PMID: 38782910 PMCID: PMC11116472 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In Josephson diodes the asymmetry between positive and negative current branch of the current-phase relation leads to a polarity-dependent critical current and Josephson inductance. The supercurrent nonreciprocity can be described as a consequence of the anomalous Josephson effect -a φ0-shift of the current-phase relation- in multichannel ballistic junctions with strong spin-orbit interaction. In this work, we simultaneously investigate φ0-shift and supercurrent diode efficiency on the same Josephson junction by means of a superconducting quantum interferometer. By electrostatic gating, we reveal a direct link between φ0-shift and diode effect. Our findings show that spin-orbit interaction in combination with a Zeeman field plays an important role in determining the magnetochiral anisotropy and the supercurrent diode effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reinhardt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - T Ascherl
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Costa
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Berger
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Gronin
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - G C Gardner
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - T Lindemann
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - M J Manfra
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - J Fabian
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - D Kochan
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research and Technology (QFort), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - C Strunk
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - N Paradiso
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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8
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Krieger JA, Stolz S, Robredo I, Manna K, McFarlane EC, Date M, Pal B, Yang J, B Guedes E, Dil JH, Polley CM, Leandersson M, Shekhar C, Borrmann H, Yang Q, Lin M, Strocov VN, Caputo M, Watson MD, Kim TK, Cacho C, Mazzola F, Fujii J, Vobornik I, Parkin SSP, Bradlyn B, Felser C, Vergniory MG, Schröter NBM. Weyl spin-momentum locking in a chiral topological semimetal. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3720. [PMID: 38697958 PMCID: PMC11066003 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Spin-orbit coupling in noncentrosymmetric crystals leads to spin-momentum locking - a directional relationship between an electron's spin angular momentum and its linear momentum. Isotropic orthogonal Rashba spin-momentum locking has been studied for decades, while its counterpart, isotropic parallel Weyl spin-momentum locking has remained elusive in experiments. Theory predicts that Weyl spin-momentum locking can only be realized in structurally chiral cubic crystals in the vicinity of Kramers-Weyl or multifold fermions. Here, we use spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to evidence Weyl spin-momentum locking of multifold fermions in the chiral topological semimetal PtGa. We find that the electron spin of the Fermi arc surface states is orthogonal to their Fermi surface contour for momenta close to the projection of the bulk multifold fermion at the Γ point, which is consistent with Weyl spin-momentum locking of the latter. The direct measurement of the bulk spin texture of the multifold fermion at the R point also displays Weyl spin-momentum locking. The discovery of Weyl spin-momentum locking may lead to energy-efficient memory devices and Josephson diodes based on chiral topological semimetals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas A Krieger
- Max Planck Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Laboratory for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Stolz
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Iñigo Robredo
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018, Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Kaustuv Manna
- Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India
| | - Emily C McFarlane
- Max Planck Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Mihir Date
- Max Planck Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Banabir Pal
- Max Planck Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Jiabao Yang
- Max Planck Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Eduardo B Guedes
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Hugo Dil
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Craig M Polley
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Fotongatan 2, 22484, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Leandersson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Fotongatan 2, 22484, Lund, Sweden
| | - Chandra Shekhar
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany
| | - Horst Borrmann
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany
| | - Qun Yang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mao Lin
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Vladimir N Strocov
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Marco Caputo
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Matthew D Watson
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Timur K Kim
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Cephise Cacho
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Federico Mazzola
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Trieste, I-34149, Italy
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Jun Fujii
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivana Vobornik
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stuart S P Parkin
- Max Planck Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Barry Bradlyn
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Claudia Felser
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maia G Vergniory
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018, Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Niels B M Schröter
- Max Planck Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany.
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9
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Li C, Lyu YY, Yue WC, Huang P, Li H, Li T, Wang CG, Yuan Z, Dong Y, Ma X, Tu X, Tao T, Dong S, He L, Jia X, Sun G, Kang L, Wang H, Peeters FM, Milošević MV, Wu P, Wang YL. Unconventional Superconducting Diode Effects via Antisymmetry and Antisymmetry Breaking. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:4108-4116. [PMID: 38536003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Symmetry breaking plays a pivotal role in unlocking intriguing properties and functionalities in material systems. For example, the breaking of spatial and temporal symmetries leads to a fascinating phenomenon: the superconducting diode effect. However, generating and precisely controlling the superconducting diode effect pose significant challenges. Here, we take a novel route with the deliberate manipulation of magnetic charge potentials to realize unconventional superconducting flux-quantum diode effects. We achieve this through suitably tailored nanoengineered arrays of nanobar magnets on top of a superconducting thin film. We demonstrate the vital roles of inversion antisymmetry and its breaking in evoking unconventional superconducting effects, namely a magnetically symmetric diode effect and an odd-parity magnetotransport effect. These effects are nonvolatilely controllable through in situ magnetization switching of the nanobar magnets. Our findings promote the use of antisymmetry (breaking) for initiating unconventional superconducting properties, paving the way for exciting prospects and innovative functionalities in superconducting electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Yang-Yang Lyu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Yue
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Peiyuan Huang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haojie Li
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chen-Guang Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Zixiong Yuan
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Dong
- College of Metrology & Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Microsoft, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, Washington 98052, United States
| | - Xuecou Tu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tao Tao
- National Key Laboratory of Spintronics, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Sining Dong
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Key Laboratory of Spintronics, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Liang He
- National Key Laboratory of Spintronics, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Xiaoqing Jia
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guozhu Sun
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huabing Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Francois M Peeters
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará́, Campus do Pici, 60455-900 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Milorad V Milošević
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Peiheng Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Yong-Lei Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
- National Key Laboratory of Spintronics, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215163, China
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10
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Le T, Zhang R, Li C, Jiang R, Sheng H, Tu L, Cao X, Lyu Z, Shen J, Liu G, Liu F, Wang Z, Lu L, Qu F. Magnetic field filtering of the boundary supercurrent in unconventional metal NiTe 2-based Josephson junctions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2785. [PMID: 38555347 PMCID: PMC10981750 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Topological materials with boundary (surface/edge/hinge) states have attracted tremendous research interest. Additionally, unconventional (obstructed atomic) materials have recently drawn lots of attention owing to their obstructed boundary states. Experimentally, Josephson junctions (JJs) constructed on materials with boundary states produce the peculiar boundary supercurrent, which was utilized as a powerful diagnostic approach. Here, we report the observations of boundary supercurrent in NiTe2-based JJs. Particularly, applying an in-plane magnetic field along the Josephson current can rapidly suppress the bulk supercurrent and retain the nearly pure boundary supercurrent, namely the magnetic field filtering of supercurrent. Further systematic comparative analysis and theoretical calculations demonstrate the existence of unconventional nature and obstructed hinge states in NiTe2, which could produce hinge supercurrent that accounts for the observation. Our results reveal the probable hinge states in unconventional metal NiTe2, and demonstrate in-plane magnetic field as an efficient method to filter out the bulk contributions and thereby to highlight the hinge states hidden in topological/unconventional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Le
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changcun Li
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiyang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haohao Sheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linfeng Tu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuewei Cao
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaozheng Lyu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangtong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Fucai Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, China.
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Fanming Qu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
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11
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Coraiola M, Svetogorov AE, Haxell DZ, Sabonis D, Hinderling M, Ten Kate SC, Cheah E, Krizek F, Schott R, Wegscheider W, Cuevas JC, Belzig W, Nichele F. Flux-Tunable Josephson Diode Effect in a Hybrid Four-Terminal Josephson Junction. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9221-9231. [PMID: 38488287 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the direction-dependent switching current in a flux-tunable four-terminal Josephson junction defined in an InAs/Al two-dimensional heterostructure. The device exhibits the Josephson diode effect with switching currents that depend on the sign of the bias current. The superconducting diode efficiency, reaching a maximum of |η| ≈ 34%, is widely tunable─both in amplitude and sign─as a function of magnetic fluxes and gate voltages. Our observations are supported by a circuit model of three parallel Josephson junctions with nonsinusoidal current-phase relation. With respect to conventional Josephson interferometers, phase-tunable multiterminal Josephson junctions enable large diode efficiencies in structurally symmetric devices, where local magnetic fluxes generated on the chip break both time-reversal and spatial symmetries. Our work presents an approach for developing Josephson diodes with wide-range tunability that do not rely on exotic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Coraiola
- IBM Research Europe─Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Erik Cheah
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Filip Krizek
- IBM Research Europe─Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rüdiger Schott
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Wegscheider
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juan Carlos Cuevas
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Belzig
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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12
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Liu A, Zhang X, Liu Z, Li Y, Peng X, Li X, Qin Y, Hu C, Qiu Y, Jiang H, Wang Y, Li Y, Tang J, Liu J, Guo H, Deng T, Peng S, Tian H, Ren TL. The Roadmap of 2D Materials and Devices Toward Chips. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:119. [PMID: 38363512 PMCID: PMC10873265 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Due to the constraints imposed by physical effects and performance degradation, silicon-based chip technology is facing certain limitations in sustaining the advancement of Moore's law. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as highly promising candidates for the post-Moore era, offering significant potential in domains such as integrated circuits and next-generation computing. Here, in this review, the progress of 2D semiconductors in process engineering and various electronic applications are summarized. A careful introduction of material synthesis, transistor engineering focused on device configuration, dielectric engineering, contact engineering, and material integration are given first. Then 2D transistors for certain electronic applications including digital and analog circuits, heterogeneous integration chips, and sensing circuits are discussed. Moreover, several promising applications (artificial intelligence chips and quantum chips) based on specific mechanism devices are introduced. Finally, the challenges for 2D materials encountered in achieving circuit-level or system-level applications are analyzed, and potential development pathways or roadmaps are further speculated and outlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhan Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuning Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyang Peng
- High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits R&D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Hu
- High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits R&D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Qiu
- High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits R&D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
- School of Integrated Circuits, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Jiang
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Li
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Sensing and Precision Measurement, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Deng
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Songang Peng
- High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits R&D Center, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
- IMECAS-HKUST-Joint Laboratory of Microelectronics, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Kim JK, Jeon KR, Sivakumar PK, Jeon J, Koerner C, Woltersdorf G, Parkin SSP. Intrinsic supercurrent non-reciprocity coupled to the crystal structure of a van der Waals Josephson barrier. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1120. [PMID: 38321041 PMCID: PMC10847146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-reciprocal electronic transport in a spatially homogeneous system arises from the simultaneous breaking of inversion and time-reversal symmetries. Superconducting and Josephson diodes, a key ingredient for future non-dissipative quantum devices, have recently been realized. Only a few examples of a vertical superconducting diode effect have been reported and its mechanism, especially whether intrinsic or extrinsic, remains elusive. Here we demonstrate a substantial supercurrent non-reciprocity in a van der Waals vertical Josephson junction formed with a Td-WTe2 barrier and NbSe2 electrodes that clearly reflects the intrinsic crystal structure of Td-WTe2. The Josephson diode efficiency increases with the Td-WTe2 thickness up to critical thickness, and all junctions, irrespective of the barrier thickness, reveal magneto-chiral characteristics with respect to a mirror plane of Td-WTe2. Our results, together with the twist-angle-tuned magneto-chirality of a Td-WTe2 double-barrier junction, show that two-dimensional materials promise vertical Josephson diodes with high efficiency and tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Keun Kim
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Kun-Rok Jeon
- Department of Physics, Chung-Ang University (CAU), Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Pranava K Sivakumar
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jaechun Jeon
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Chris Koerner
- Department of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Georg Woltersdorf
- Department of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Stuart S P Parkin
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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14
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Banerjee S, Scheurer MS. Enhanced Superconducting Diode Effect due to Coexisting Phases. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:046003. [PMID: 38335356 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.046003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The superconducting diode effect refers to an asymmetry in the critical supercurrent J_{c}(n[over ^]) along opposite directions, J_{c}(n[over ^])≠J_{c}(-n[over ^]). While the basic symmetry requirements for this effect are known, it is, for junction-free systems, difficult to capture within current theoretical models the large current asymmetries J_{c}(n[over ^])/J_{c}(-n[over ^]) recently observed in experiment. We here propose and develop a theory for an enhancement mechanism of the diode effect arising from spontaneous symmetry breaking. We show-both within a phenomenological and a microscopic theory-that there is a coupling of the supercurrent and the underlying symmetry-breaking order parameter. This coupling can enhance the current asymmetry significantly. Our work might not only provide a possible explanation for recent experiments on trilayer graphene but also pave the way for future realizations of the superconducting diode effect with large current asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Banerjee
- Institute for Theoretical Physics III, University of Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany and Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Mathias S Scheurer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics III, University of Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany and Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
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15
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Aceves Rodriguez UA, Guimarães FSM, Lounis S. Superconductivity in Nb: Impact of Temperature, Dimensionality and Cooper-Pairing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:254. [PMID: 38334524 PMCID: PMC10856455 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The ability to realistically simulate the electronic structure of superconducting materials is important to understand and predict various properties emerging in both the superconducting topological and spintronics realms. We introduce a tight-binding implementation of the Bogoliubov-de Gennes method, parameterized from density functional theory, which we utilize to explore the bulk and thin films of Nb, known to host a significant superconducting gap. The latter is useful for various applications such as the exploration of trivial and topological in-gap states. Here, we focus on the simulation's aspects of superconductivity and study the impact of temperature, Cooper-pair coupling and dimensionality on the value of the superconducting pairing interactions and gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Allan Aceves Rodriguez
- Peter Grünberg Institut & Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich & JARA, D-52425 Jülich, Germany;
- Faculty of Physics & CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-47053 Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Samir Lounis
- Peter Grünberg Institut & Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich & JARA, D-52425 Jülich, Germany;
- Faculty of Physics & CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-47053 Duisburg, Germany
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16
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Chen P, Wang J, Wang G, Ye B, Zhou L, Wang L, Wang J, Zhang W, Chen W, Mei J, He H. Asymmetric edge supercurrents in MoTe 2 Josephson junctions. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:690-696. [PMID: 38235086 PMCID: PMC10791112 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00884c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the higher order topology in MoTe2, the supercurrent interference phenomena in Nb/MoTe2/Nb planar Josephson junctions have been systematically studied. By analyzing the obtained interference pattern of the critical supercurrents and performing a comparative study of the edge-touched and untouched junctions, it's found that the supercurrent is dominated by the edges, rather than the bulk or surfaces of MoTe2. An asymmetric Josephson effect with a field-tunable sign is also observed, indicating the nontrivial origin of the edge states. These results not only provide initial evidence for the hinge states in the higher order topological insulator MoTe2, but also demonstrate the potential applications of MoTe2-based Josephson junctions in rectifying the supercurrent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingbo Chen
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Gongqi Wang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Bicong Ye
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Le Wang
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jiannong Wang
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Functional Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Functional Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jiawei Mei
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Functional Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Hongtao He
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Functional Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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17
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Valentini M, Sagi O, Baghumyan L, de Gijsel T, Jung J, Calcaterra S, Ballabio A, Aguilera Servin J, Aggarwal K, Janik M, Adletzberger T, Seoane Souto R, Leijnse M, Danon J, Schrade C, Bakkers E, Chrastina D, Isella G, Katsaros G. Parity-conserving Cooper-pair transport and ideal superconducting diode in planar germanium. Nat Commun 2024; 15:169. [PMID: 38167818 PMCID: PMC10762135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Superconductor/semiconductor hybrid devices have attracted increasing interest in the past years. Superconducting electronics aims to complement semiconductor technology, while hybrid architectures are at the forefront of new ideas such as topological superconductivity and protected qubits. In this work, we engineer the induced superconductivity in two-dimensional germanium hole gas by varying the distance between the quantum well and the aluminum. We demonstrate a hard superconducting gap and realize an electrically and flux tunable superconducting diode using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). This allows to tune the current phase relation (CPR), to a regime where single Cooper pair tunneling is suppressed, creating a [Formula: see text] CPR. Shapiro experiments complement this interpretation and the microwave drive allows to create a diode with ≈ 100% efficiency. The reported results open up the path towards integration of spin qubit devices, microwave resonators and (protected) superconducting qubits on the same silicon technology compatible platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Valentini
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Oliver Sagi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Levon Baghumyan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Thijs de Gijsel
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jason Jung
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea Ballabio
- L-NESS, Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Como, Italy
| | | | - Kushagra Aggarwal
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marian Janik
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Rubén Seoane Souto
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICMM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Leijnse
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jeroen Danon
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Constantin Schrade
- Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Erik Bakkers
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Giovanni Isella
- L-NESS, Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Como, Italy
| | - Georgios Katsaros
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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18
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Zhao SYF, Cui X, Volkov PA, Yoo H, Lee S, Gardener JA, Akey AJ, Engelke R, Ronen Y, Zhong R, Gu G, Plugge S, Tummuru T, Kim M, Franz M, Pixley JH, Poccia N, Kim P. Time-reversal symmetry breaking superconductivity between twisted cuprate superconductors. Science 2023; 382:1422-1427. [PMID: 38060675 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl8371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Twisted interfaces between stacked van der Waals (vdW) cuprate crystals present a platform for engineering superconducting order parameters by adjusting stacking angles. Using a cryogenic assembly technique, we construct twisted vdW Josephson junctions (JJs) at atomically sharp interfaces between Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x crystals, with quality approaching the limit set by intrinsic JJs. Near 45° twist angle, we observe fractional Shapiro steps and Fraunhofer patterns, consistent with the existence of two degenerate Josephson ground states related by time-reversal symmetry (TRS). By programming the JJ current bias sequence, we controllably break TRS to place the JJ into either of the two ground states, realizing reversible Josephson diodes without external magnetic fields. Our results open a path to engineering topological devices at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Frank Zhao
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Xiaomeng Cui
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Pavel A Volkov
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Center for Materials Theory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Hyobin Yoo
- Department of Physics, Institute of Emergent Materials, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jules A Gardener
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Austin J Akey
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Rebecca Engelke
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yuval Ronen
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ruidan Zhong
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Genda Gu
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Stephan Plugge
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tarun Tummuru
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Marcel Franz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jedediah H Pixley
- Center for Materials Theory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Nicola Poccia
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Philip Kim
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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19
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Debbarma R, Tsintzis A, Aspegren M, Souto RS, Lehmann S, Dick K, Leijnse M, Thelander C. Josephson Junction π-0 Transition Induced by Orbital Hybridization in a Double Quantum Dot. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:256001. [PMID: 38181374 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.256001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
In this Letter, we manipulate the phase shift of a Josephson junction using a parallel double quantum dot (QD). By employing a superconducting quantum interference device, we determine how orbital hybridization and detuning affect the current-phase relation in the Coulomb blockade regime. For weak hybridization between the QDs, we find π junction characteristics if at least one QD has an unpaired electron. Notably the critical current is higher when both QDs have an odd electron occupation. By increasing the inter-QD hybridization the critical current is reduced, until eventually a π-0 transition occurs. A similar transition appears when detuning the QD levels at finite hybridization. Based on a zero-bandwidth model, we argue that both cases of phase-shift transitions can be understood considering an increased weight of states with a double occupancy in the ground state and with the Cooper pair transport dominated by local Andreev reflection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rousan Debbarma
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Athanasios Tsintzis
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Markus Aspegren
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rubén Seoane Souto
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebastian Lehmann
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kimberly Dick
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Leijnse
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Claes Thelander
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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20
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Matsuo S, Imoto T, Yokoyama T, Sato Y, Lindemann T, Gronin S, Gardner GC, Manfra MJ, Tarucha S. Phase engineering of anomalous Josephson effect derived from Andreev molecules. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj3698. [PMID: 38091387 PMCID: PMC10848717 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A Josephson junction (JJ) is a key device for developing superconducting circuits, wherein a supercurrent in the JJ is controlled by the phase difference between the two superconducting electrodes. When two JJs sharing one superconducting electrode are coherently coupled and form the Andreev molecules, a supercurrent of one JJ is expected to be nonlocally controlled by the phase difference of another JJ. Here, we evaluate the supercurrent in one of the coupled two JJs as a function of local and nonlocal phase differences. Consequently, the results exhibit that the nonlocal phase control generates a finite supercurrent even when the local phase difference is zero. In addition, an offset of the local phase difference giving the JJ ground state depends on the nonlocal phase difference. These features demonstrate the anomalous Josephson effect realized by the nonlocal phase control. Our results provide a useful concept for engineering superconducting devices such as phase batteries and dissipationless rectifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadashige Matsuo
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takaya Imoto
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yokoyama
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sato
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tyler Lindemann
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University,, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sergei Gronin
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University,, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Geoffrey C. Gardner
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University,, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michael J. Manfra
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University,, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Seigo Tarucha
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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21
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Banerjee A, Geier M, Rahman MA, Thomas C, Wang T, Manfra MJ, Flensberg K, Marcus CM. Phase Asymmetry of Andreev Spectra from Cooper-Pair Momentum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:196301. [PMID: 38000437 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.196301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In analogy to conventional semiconductor diodes, the Josephson diode exhibits superconducting properties that are asymmetric in applied bias. The effect has been investigated in a number of systems recently, and requires a combination of broken time-reversal and inversion symmetries. We demonstrate a dual of the usual Josephson diode effect, a nonreciprocal response of Andreev bound states to a superconducting phase difference across the normal region of a superconductor-normal-superconductor Josephson junction, fabricated using an epitaxial InAs/Al heterostructure. Phase asymmetry of the subgap Andreev spectrum is absent in the absence of in-plane magnetic field and reaches a maximum at 0.15 T applied in the plane of the junction transverse to the current direction. We interpret the phase diode effect in this system as resulting from finite-momentum Cooper pairing due to orbital coupling to the in-plane magnetic field. At higher magnetic fields, we observe a sign reversal of the diode effect that appears together with a reopening of the spectral gap. Within our model, the sign reversal of the diode effect at higher fields is correlated with a topological phase transition that requires Zeeman and spin-orbit interactions in addition to orbital coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Banerjee
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Max Geier
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Md Ahnaf Rahman
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Candice Thomas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Michael J Manfra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- School of Materials Engineering, and School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Karsten Flensberg
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles M Marcus
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Jo J, Peisen Y, Yang H, Mañas-Valero S, Baldoví JJ, Lu Y, Coronado E, Casanova F, Bergeret FS, Gobbi M, Hueso LE. Local control of superconductivity in a NbSe 2/CrSBr van der Waals heterostructure. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7253. [PMID: 37945570 PMCID: PMC10636142 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional magnets and superconductors are emerging as tunable building-blocks for quantum computing and superconducting spintronic devices, and have been used to fabricate all two-dimensional versions of traditional devices, such as Josephson junctions. However, novel devices enabled by unique features of two-dimensional materials have not yet been demonstrated. Here, we present NbSe2/CrSBr van der Waals superconducting spin valves that exhibit infinite magnetoresistance and nonreciprocal charge transport. These responses arise from a unique metamagnetic transition in CrSBr, which controls the presence of localized stray fields suitably oriented to suppress the NbSe2 superconductivity in nanoscale regions and to break time reversal symmetry. Moreover, by integrating different CrSBr crystals in a lateral heterostructure, we demonstrate a superconductive spin valve characterized by multiple stable resistance states. Our results show how the unique physical properties of layered materials enable the realization of high-performance quantum devices based on novel working principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyeon Jo
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Yuan Peisen
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Haozhe Yang
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Samuel Mañas-Valero
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - José J Baldoví
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - Yao Lu
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC) Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eugenio Coronado
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain
| | - Fèlix Casanova
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - F Sebastian Bergeret
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC) Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC) Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Luis E Hueso
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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23
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Costa A, Baumgartner C, Reinhardt S, Berger J, Gronin S, Gardner GC, Lindemann T, Manfra MJ, Fabian J, Kochan D, Paradiso N, Strunk C. Sign reversal of the Josephson inductance magnetochiral anisotropy and 0-π-like transitions in supercurrent diodes. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1266-1272. [PMID: 37430040 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of the intrinsic supercurrent diode effect, and its prompt observation in a rich variety of systems, has shown that non-reciprocal supercurrents naturally emerge when both space-inversion and time-inversion symmetries are broken. In Josephson junctions, non-reciprocal supercurrent can be conveniently described in terms of spin-split Andreev states. Here we demonstrate a sign reversal of the Josephson inductance magnetochiral anisotropy, a manifestation of the supercurrent diode effect. The asymmetry of the Josephson inductance as a function of the supercurrent allows us to probe the current-phase relation near equilibrium, and to probe jumps in the junction ground state. Using a minimal theoretical model, we can then link the sign reversal of the inductance magnetochiral anisotropy to the so-called 0-π-like transition, a predicted but still elusive feature of multichannel junctions. Our results demonstrate the potential of inductance measurements as sensitive probes of the fundamental properties of unconventional Josephson junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Costa
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Baumgartner
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Reinhardt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Berger
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Gronin
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - G C Gardner
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - T Lindemann
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - M J Manfra
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - J Fabian
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - D Kochan
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - N Paradiso
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - C Strunk
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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24
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Lu B, Ikegaya S, Burset P, Tanaka Y, Nagaosa N. Tunable Josephson Diode Effect on the Surface of Topological Insulators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:096001. [PMID: 37721825 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.096001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The Josephson rectification effect, where the resistance is finite in one direction while zero in the other, has been recently realized experimentally. The resulting Josephson diode has many potential applications on superconducting devices, including quantum computers. Here, we theoretically show that a superconductor-normal metal-superconductor Josephson junction diode on the two-dimensional surface of a topological insulator has large tunability. The magnitude and sign of the diode quality factor strongly depend on the external magnetic field, gate voltage, and the length of the junction. Such rich properties stem from the interplay between different current-phase relations for the multiple transverse transport channels, and can be used for designing realistic superconducting diode devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, Department of Physics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Satoshi Ikegaya
- Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Pablo Burset
- Department of Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yukio Tanaka
- Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Research Center for Crystalline Materials Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Naoto Nagaosa
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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25
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Zhou Z, Hou F, Huang X, Wang G, Fu Z, Liu W, Yuan G, Xi X, Xu J, Lin J, Gao L. Stack growth of wafer-scale van der Waals superconductor heterostructures. Nature 2023; 621:499-505. [PMID: 37674075 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures have attracted considerable attention in recent years1-5. The most widely used method of fabrication is to stack mechanically exfoliated micrometre-sized flakes6-18, but this process is not scalable for practical applications. Despite thousands of 2D materials being created, using various stacking combinations1-3,19-21, hardly any large 2D superconductors can be stacked intact into vdW heterostructures, greatly restricting the applications for such devices. Here we report a high-to-low temperature strategy for controllably growing stacks of multiple-layered vdW superconductor heterostructure (vdWSH) films at a wafer scale. The number of layers of 2D superconductors in the vdWSHs can be precisely controlled, and we have successfully grown 27 double-block, 15 triple-block, 5 four-block and 3 five-block vdWSH films (where one block represents one 2D material). Morphological, spectroscopic and atomic-scale structural analyses reveal the presence of parallel, clean and atomically sharp vdW interfaces on a large scale, with very little contamination between neighbouring layers. The intact vdW interfaces allow us to achieve proximity-induced superconductivity and superconducting Josephson junctions on a centimetre scale. Our process for making multiple-layered vdWSHs can easily be generalized to other situations involving 2D materials, potentially accelerating the design of next-generation functional devices and applications22-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjia Zhou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuchen Hou
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Quantum Functional Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Guangdong), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianlei Huang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Quantum Functional Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Guangdong), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zihao Fu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weilin Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guowen Yuan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Xi
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Junhao Lin
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Quantum Functional Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Guangdong), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Libo Gao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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26
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Hou Y, Nichele F, Chi H, Lodesani A, Wu Y, Ritter MF, Haxell DZ, Davydova M, Ilić S, Glezakou-Elbert O, Varambally A, Bergeret FS, Kamra A, Fu L, Lee PA, Moodera JS. Ubiquitous Superconducting Diode Effect in Superconductor Thin Films. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:027001. [PMID: 37505965 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.027001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The macroscopic coherence in superconductors supports dissipationless supercurrents that could play a central role in emerging quantum technologies. Accomplishing unequal supercurrents in the forward and backward directions would enable unprecedented functionalities. This nonreciprocity of critical supercurrents is called the superconducting (SC) diode effect. We demonstrate the strong SC diode effect in conventional SC thin films, such as niobium and vanadium, employing external magnetic fields as small as 1 Oe. Interfacing the SC layer with a ferromagnetic semiconductor EuS, we further accomplish the nonvolatile SC diode effect reaching a giant efficiency of 65%. By careful control experiments and theoretical modeling, we demonstrate that the critical supercurrent nonreciprocity in SC thin films could be easily accomplished with asymmetrical vortex edge and surface barriers and the universal Meissner screening current governing the critical currents. Our engineering of the SC diode effect in simple systems opens the door for novel technologies while revealing the ubiquity of the Meissner screening effect induced SC diode effect in superconducting films, and it should be eliminated with great care in the search for exotic superconducting states harboring finite-momentum Cooper pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasen Hou
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Fabrizio Nichele
- IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Hang Chi
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- U.S. Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
| | - Alessandro Lodesani
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yingying Wu
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Markus F Ritter
- IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Z Haxell
- IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Margarita Davydova
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Stefan Ilić
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC), Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, Pº Manuel de Lardizabal 5, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | | | | | - F Sebastian Bergeret
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC), Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, Pº Manuel de Lardizabal 5, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Akashdeep Kamra
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Liang Fu
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Patrick A Lee
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jagadeesh S Moodera
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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27
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Hu JX, Sun ZT, Xie YM, Law KT. Josephson Diode Effect Induced by Valley Polarization in Twisted Bilayer Graphene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:266003. [PMID: 37450809 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.266003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the Josephson diode effect (JDE), in which the superconducting critical current magnitudes differ when the currents flow in opposite directions, has attracted great interest. In particular, it was demonstrated that gate-defined Josephson junctions based on magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene showed a strong nonreciprocal effect when the weak-link region is gated to a correlated insulating state at half filling (two holes per moiré cell). However, the mechanism behind such a phenomenon is not yet understood. In this Letter, we show that the interaction-driven valley polarization, together with the trigonal warping of the Fermi surface, induce the JDE. The valley polarization, which lifts the degeneracy of the states in the two valleys, induces a relative phase difference between the first and the second harmonics of the supercurrent and results in the JDE. We further show that the nontrivial current phase relation, which is responsible for the JDE, also generates the asymmetric Shapiro steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xin Hu
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zi-Ting Sun
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Ming Xie
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - K T Law
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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28
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He JJ, Tanaka Y, Nagaosa N. The supercurrent diode effect and nonreciprocal paraconductivity due to the chiral structure of nanotubes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3330. [PMID: 37286618 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon that critical supercurrents along opposite directions become unequal is called the supercurrent diode effect (SDE). It has been observed in various systems and can often be understood by combining spin-orbit coupling and Zeeman field, which break the spatial-inversion and time-reversal symmetries, respectively. Here, we theoretically investigate another mechanism of breaking these symmetries and predict the existence of the SDE in chiral nanotubes without spin-orbit coupling. The symmetries are broken by the chiral structure and a magnetic flux through the tube. With a generalized Ginzburg-Landau theory, we obtain the main features of the SDE in its dependence on system parameters. We further show that the same Ginzburg-Landau free energy leads to another important manifestation of the nonreciprocity in superconducting systems, i.e., the nonreciprocal paraconductivity (NPC) slightly above the transition temperature. Our study suggests a new class of realistic platforms to investigate nonreciprocal properties of superconducting materials. It also provides a theoretical link between the SDE and the NPC, which were often studied separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Jun He
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, China.
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Yukio Tanaka
- Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Naoto Nagaosa
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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29
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Chiles J, Arnault EG, Chen CC, Larson TFQ, Zhao L, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Amet F, Finkelstein G. Nonreciprocal Supercurrents in a Field-Free Graphene Josephson Triode. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37191404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Superconducting diodes are proposed nonreciprocal circuit elements that should exhibit nondissipative transport in one direction while being resistive in the opposite direction. Multiple examples of such devices have emerged in the past couple of years; however, their efficiency is typically limited, and most of them require a magnetic field to function. Here we present a device that achieves efficiencies approaching 100% while operating at zero field. Our samples consist of a network of three graphene Josephson junctions linked by a common superconducting island, to which we refer as a Josephson triode. The three-terminal nature of the device inherently breaks the inversion symmetry, and the control current applied to one of the contacts breaks the time-reversal symmetry. The triode's utility is demonstrated by rectifying a small (nA scale amplitude) applied square wave. We speculate that devices of this type could be realistically employed in the modern quantum circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chiles
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - Ethan G Arnault
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - Chun-Chia Chen
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - Trevyn F Q Larson
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - Lingfei Zhao
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | | | - François Amet
- Department of Physics and Astonomy, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28607, United States
| | - Gleb Finkelstein
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
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30
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Steiner JF, Melischek L, Trahms M, Franke KJ, von Oppen F. Diode Effects in Current-Biased Josephson Junctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:177002. [PMID: 37172233 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.177002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Current-biased Josephson junctions exhibit hysteretic transitions between dissipative and superconducting states as characterized by switching and retrapping currents. Here, we develop a theory for diodelike effects in the switching and retrapping currents of weakly damped Josephson junctions. We find that while the diodelike behavior of switching currents is rooted in asymmetric current-phase relations, nonreciprocal retrapping currents originate in asymmetric quasiparticle currents. These different origins also imply distinctly different symmetry requirements. We illustrate our results by a microscopic model for junctions involving a single magnetic atom. Our theory provides significant guidance in identifying the microscopic origin of nonreciprocities in Josephson junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Steiner
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Larissa Melischek
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Trahms
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Felix von Oppen
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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31
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Vigliotti L, Cavaliere F, Passetti G, Sassetti M, Traverso Ziani N. Reconstruction-Induced φ0 Josephson Effect in Quantum Spin Hall Constrictions. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091497. [PMID: 37177040 PMCID: PMC10180432 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous breaking of time-reversal and inversion symmetry, in connection to superconductivity, leads to transport properties with disrupting scientific and technological potential. Indeed, the anomalous Josephson effect and the superconducting-diode effect hold promises to enlarge the technological applications of superconductors and nanostructures in general. In this context, the system we theoretically analyze is a Josephson junction (JJ) with coupled reconstructed topological channels as a link; such channels are at the edges of a two-dimensional topological insulator (2DTI). We find a robust φ0 Josephson effect without requiring the presence of external magnetic fields. Our results, which rely on a fully analytical analysis, are substantiated by means of symmetry arguments: Our system breaks both time-reversal symmetry and inversion symmetry. Moreover, the anomalous current increases as a function of temperature. We interpret this surprising temperature dependence by means of simple qualitative arguments based on Fermi's golden rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Vigliotti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Cavaliere
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
- CNR-SPIN, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Passetti
- Institut für Theorie der Statistischen Physik, RWTH Aachen University and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Maura Sassetti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
- CNR-SPIN, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Niccolò Traverso Ziani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
- CNR-SPIN, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
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32
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Huang Z, Xian G, Xiao X, Han X, Qian G, Shen C, Yang H, Chen H, Liu B, Wang Z, Gao HJ. Tuning Multiple Landau Quantization in Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide with Strain. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3274-3281. [PMID: 37014819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Landau quantization associated with the quantized cyclotron motion of electrons under magnetic field provides the effective way to investigate topologically protected quantum states with entangled degrees of freedom and multiple quantum numbers. Here we report the cascade of Landau quantization in a strained type-II Dirac semimetal NiTe2 with spectroscopic-imaging scanning tunneling microscopy. The uniform-height surfaces exhibit single-sequence Landau levels (LLs) at a magnetic field originating from the quantization of topological surface state (TSS) across the Fermi level. Strikingly, we reveal the multiple sequence of LLs in the strained surface regions where the rotation symmetry is broken. First-principles calculations demonstrate that the multiple LLs attest to the remarkable lifting of the valley degeneracy of TSS by the in-plane uniaxial or shear strains. Our findings pave a pathway to tune multiple degrees of freedom and quantum numbers of TMDs via strain engineering for practical applications such as high-frequency rectifiers, Josephson diode and valleytronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Huang
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Guoyu Xian
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xiangbo Xiao
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xianghe Han
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Guojian Qian
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Chengmin Shen
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Hui Chen
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Banggui Liu
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
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33
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Gutfreund A, Matsuki H, Plastovets V, Noah A, Gorzawski L, Fridman N, Yang G, Buzdin A, Millo O, Robinson JWA, Anahory Y. Direct observation of a superconducting vortex diode. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1630. [PMID: 36959184 PMCID: PMC10036628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between magnetism and superconductivity can lead to unconventional proximity and Josephson effects. A related phenomenon that has recently attracted considerable attention is the superconducting diode effect, in which a nonreciprocal critical current emerges. Although superconducting diodes based on superconductor/ferromagnet (S/F) bilayers were demonstrated more than a decade ago, the precise underlying mechanism remains unclear. While not formally linked to this effect, the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinikov (FFLO) state is a plausible mechanism due to the twofold rotational symmetry breaking caused by the finite center-of-mass-momentum of the Cooper pairs. Here, we directly observe asymmetric vortex dynamics that uncover the mechanism behind the superconducting vortex diode effect in Nb/EuS (S/F) bilayers. Based on our nanoscale SQUID-on-tip (SOT) microscope and supported by in-situ transport measurements, we propose a theoretical model that captures our key results. The key conclusion of our model is that screening currents induced by the stray fields from the F layer are responsible for the measured nonreciprocal critical current. Thus, we determine the origin of the vortex diode effect, which builds a foundation for new device concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Gutfreund
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel.
| | - Hisakazu Matsuki
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Vadim Plastovets
- LOMA UMR-CNRS 5798, University of Bordeaux, Talence, F-33405, France
| | - Avia Noah
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Laura Gorzawski
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Nofar Fridman
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Buzdin
- LOMA UMR-CNRS 5798, University of Bordeaux, Talence, F-33405, France
| | - Oded Millo
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Jason W A Robinson
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom.
| | - Yonathan Anahory
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel.
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34
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Sundaresh A, Väyrynen JI, Lyanda-Geller Y, Rokhinson LP. Diamagnetic mechanism of critical current non-reciprocity in multilayered superconductors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1628. [PMID: 36959191 PMCID: PMC10036566 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The suggestion that non-reciprocal critical current (NRC) may be an intrinsic property of non-centrosymmetric superconductors has generated renewed theoretical and experimental interest motivated by an analogy with the non-reciprocal resistivity due to the magnetochiral effect in uniform materials with broken spatial and time-reversal symmetry. Theoretically it has been understood that terms linear in the Cooper pair momentum do not contribute to NRC, although the role of higher-order terms remains unclear. In this work we show that critical current non-reciprocity is a generic property of multilayered superconductor structures in the presence of magnetic field-generated diamagnetic currents. In the regime of an intermediate coupling between the layers, the Josephson vortices are predicted to form at high fields and currents. Experimentally, we report the observation of NRC in nanowires fabricated from InAs/Al heterostructures. The effect is independent of the crystallographic orientation of the wire, ruling out an intrinsic origin of NRC. Non-monotonic NRC evolution with magnetic field is consistent with the generation of diamagnetic currents and formation of the Josephson vortices. This extrinsic NRC mechanism can be used to design novel devices for superconducting circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthesh Sundaresh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jukka I Väyrynen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yuli Lyanda-Geller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Leonid P Rokhinson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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35
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Trahms M, Melischek L, Steiner JF, Mahendru B, Tamir I, Bogdanoff N, Peters O, Reecht G, Winkelmann CB, von Oppen F, Franke KJ. Diode effect in Josephson junctions with a single magnetic atom. Nature 2023; 615:628-633. [PMID: 36890238 PMCID: PMC10033399 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Current flow in electronic devices can be asymmetric with bias direction, a phenomenon underlying the utility of diodes1 and known as non-reciprocal charge transport2. The promise of dissipationless electronics has recently stimulated the quest for superconducting diodes, and non-reciprocal superconducting devices have been realized in various non-centrosymmetric systems3-10. Here we investigate the ultimate limits of miniaturization by creating atomic-scale Pb-Pb Josephson junctions in a scanning tunnelling microscope. Pristine junctions stabilized by a single Pb atom exhibit hysteretic behaviour, confirming the high quality of the junctions, but no asymmetry between the bias directions. Non-reciprocal supercurrents emerge when inserting a single magnetic atom into the junction, with the preferred direction depending on the atomic species. Aided by theoretical modelling, we trace the non-reciprocity to quasiparticle currents flowing by means of electron-hole asymmetric Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states inside the superconducting energy gap and identify a new mechanism for diode behaviour in Josephson junctions. Our results open new avenues for creating atomic-scale Josephson diodes and tuning their properties through single-atom manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Trahms
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Larissa Melischek
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob F Steiner
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bharti Mahendru
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Idan Tamir
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Bogdanoff
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olof Peters
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gaël Reecht
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Felix von Oppen
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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36
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Esin VD, Shvetsov OO, Timonina AV, Kolesnikov NN, Deviatov EV. Interface Superconductivity in a Dirac Semimetal NiTe 2. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4114. [PMID: 36500737 PMCID: PMC9741339 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally investigated charge transport through a single planar junction between a NiTe2 Dirac semimetal and a normal gold lead. At milli-Kelvin temperatures, we observe non-Ohmic dV/dI(V) behavior resembling Andreev reflection at a superconductor-normal metal interface, while NiTe2 bulk remains non-superconducting. The conclusion on superconductivity is also supported by the suppression of the effect by temperature and magnetic field. In analogy with the known results for Cd3As2 Dirac semimetal, we connect this behavior with interfacial superconductivity due to the flat-band formation at the Au-NiTe2 interface. Since the flat-band and topological surface states are closely connected, the claim on the flat-band-induced superconductivity is also supported by the Josephson current through the topological surface states on the pristine NiTe2 surface. We demonstrate the pronounced Josephson diode effect, which results from the momentum shift of the topological surface states of NiTe2 under an in-plane magnetic field.
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37
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Turini B, Salimian S, Carrega M, Iorio A, Strambini E, Giazotto F, Zannier V, Sorba L, Heun S. Josephson Diode Effect in High-Mobility InSb Nanoflags. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8502-8508. [PMID: 36285780 PMCID: PMC9650771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report nonreciprocal dissipation-less transport in single ballistic InSb nanoflag Josephson junctions. Applying an in-plane magnetic field, we observe an inequality in supercurrent for the two opposite current propagation directions. Thus, these devices can work as Josephson diodes, with dissipation-less current flowing in only one direction. For small fields, the supercurrent asymmetry increases linearly with external field, and then it saturates as the Zeeman energy becomes relevant, before it finally decreases to zero at higher fields. The effect is maximum when the in-plane field is perpendicular to the current vector, which identifies Rashba spin-orbit coupling as the main symmetry-breaking mechanism. While a variation in carrier concentration in these high-quality InSb nanoflags does not significantly influence the supercurrent asymmetry, it is instead strongly suppressed by an increase in temperature. Our experimental findings are consistent with a model for ballistic short junctions and show that the diode effect is intrinsic to this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Turini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127Pisa, Italy
| | - Sedighe Salimian
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Iorio
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127Pisa, Italy
| | - Elia Strambini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Giazotto
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Zannier
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Sorba
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefan Heun
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127Pisa, Italy
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38
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Davydova M, Prembabu S, Fu L. Universal Josephson diode effect. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo0309. [PMID: 35675396 PMCID: PMC9176746 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We propose a universal mechanism for the Josephson diode effect in short Josephson junctions. The proposed mechanism is due to finite Cooper pair momentum and is a manifestation of simultaneous breaking of inversion and time-reversal symmetries. The diode efficiency is up to 40%, which corresponds to an asymmetry between the critical currents in opposite directions Ic+/Ic- ≈ 230%. We show that this arises from both the Doppler shift of the Andreev bound state energies and the phase-independent asymmetric current from the continuum. Last, we propose a simple scheme for achieving finite-momentum pairing, which does not rely on spin-orbit coupling and thus greatly expands existing platforms for the observation of supercurrent diode effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Davydova
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Saranesh Prembabu
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Liang Fu
- Corresponding author. (M.D.); (L.F.)
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