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Zhu H, Gong L, Jiang L, Liu X, Hu L, Wu W, Lin D, Yang K. Green synthesis of a superhydrophobic porous organic polymer for the removal of volatile organic compounds at high humidity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174073. [PMID: 38909802 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic porous organic polymers are potential sorbents for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollution control by suppressing the competition of water molecules on their surfaces. However, the synthesis of superhydrophobic reagents usually requires large amounts of organic solvents and a long reaction time (≥ 24 h). Herein, a green mechanochemical method was developed to synthesize a superhydrophobic polymer (MSHMP-1) with the advantages of using a small amount of organic solvents (5 mL/g) and a short reaction time (2 h). Meanwhile, MSHMP-1 with a water contact angle (WCA) of 162° exhibited a dramatically rich pore structure as revealed by its specific surface area (SSA) of 1780 m2/g. The decrease in the adsorption of benzene on MSHMP-1 due to the competition of water molecules, even at relative humidity of 90 %, was nonsignificant (<10 %), indicating the great application potential of MSHMP-1 in hydrophobic adsorption. Moreover, the adsorption capacity of MSHMP-1 was maintained after at least five adsorption-desorption cycles. Therefore, MSHMP-1 can be a remarkable adsorbent for the removal of hazardous VOCs, especially at high humidity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Li Gong
- Party School of Sichuan Provincial Committee of C.P.C for Provincial Authorities, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xianyu Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Laigang Hu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Daohui Lin
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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2
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Flear EJ, Horst M, Yang J, Xia Y. Force Transduction Through Distant Force-Bearing Regioisomeric Linkages Affects the Mechanochemical Reactivity of Cyclobutane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406103. [PMID: 38818671 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of mechanochemical reactivity is important for designing new mechanophores. Besides the core structure of mechanophores, substituents on a mechanophore can affect its mechanochemical reactivity through electronic stabilization of the intermediate or effectiveness of force transduction from the polymer backbone to the mechanophore. The latter factor represents a unique mechanical effect in considering polymer mechanochemistry. Here, we show that regioisomeric linkage that is not directly adjacent to the first cleaving bond in cyclobutane can still significantly affect the mechanochemical reactivity of the mechanophore. We synthesized three non-scissile 1,2-diphenyl cyclobutanes, varying their linkage to the polymer backbone via the o, m, or p-position of the diphenyl substituents. Even though the regioisomers share the same substituted cyclobutane core structure and similar electronic stabilization of the diradical intermediate from cleaving the first C-C bond, the p isomer exhibited significantly higher mechanochemical reactivity than the o and m isomers. The observed difference in reactivity can be rationalized as the much more effective force transduction to the scissile bond through the p-position than the other two substitution positions. These findings point to the importance of considering force-bearing linkages that are more distant from the bond to be cleaved when incorporating mechanophores into polymer backbones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Flear
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford, California, 94305, United States
| | - Matías Horst
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford, California, 94305, United States
| | - Jinghui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford, California, 94305, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford, California, 94305, United States
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3
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Liu J, Yang J, Xue B, Cao Y, Cheng W, Li Y. Understanding the Mechanochemistry of Mechano-Radicals in Self-Growth Materials by Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300880. [PMID: 38705870 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Recent research on mechano-radicals has provided valuable insights into self-growth and adaptive responsive materials. Typically, mechanophores must remain inert in the absence of force but respond quickly to external tension before other linkages within the polymer network. Azo compounds exhibit promising combinations of mechanical stability and force-triggered reactivity, making them widely used as mechano-radicals in force-responsive materials. However, the activation conditions and behavior of azo compounds have yet to be quantitatively explored. In this study, we investigated the mechanical strength of three azo compounds using single-molecule force spectroscopy. Our results revealed that these compounds exhibit rupture forces ranging from ~500 to 1000 pN, at a loading rate of 3×104 pN s-1. Importantly, these mechanophores demonstrate distinct kinetic properties. Their unique mechanical attributes enable azo bond scission and free radical generation before causing major polymer backbone damage of entire material during polymer network deformation. This fundamental understanding of mechanophores holds significant promise for the development of self-growth materials and their related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Bin Xue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Oral Implantology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Yiran Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructure, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
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4
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Zhang M, Nixon R, Schaufelberger F, Pirvu L, De Bo G, Leigh DA. Mechanical scission of a knotted polymer. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1366-1372. [PMID: 38649468 PMCID: PMC11321991 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Molecular knots and entanglements form randomly and spontaneously in both biological and synthetic polymer chains. It is known that macroscopic materials, such as ropes, are substantially weakened by the presence of knots, but until now it has been unclear whether similar behaviour occurs on a molecular level. Here we show that the presence of a well-defined overhand knot in a polymer chain substantially increases the rate of scission of the polymer under tension (≥2.6× faster) in solution, because deformation of the polymer backbone induced by the tightening knot activates otherwise unreactive covalent bonds. The fragments formed upon severing of the knotted chain differ from those that arise from cleavage of a similar, but unknotted, polymer. Our solution studies provide experimental evidence that knotting can contribute to higher mechanical scission rates of polymers. It also demonstrates that entanglement design can be used to generate mechanophores that are among the most reactive described to date, providing opportunities to increase the reactivity of otherwise inert functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Lucian Pirvu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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5
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Patra S, Nandasana BN, Valsamidou V, Katayev D. Mechanochemistry Drives Alkene Difunctionalization via Radical Ligand Transfer and Electron Catalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402970. [PMID: 38829256 PMCID: PMC11304296 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
A general and modular protocol is reported for olefin difunctionalization through mechanochemistry, facilitated by cooperative radical ligand transfer (RLT) and electron catalysis. Utilizing mechanochemical force and catalytic amounts of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO), ferric nitrate can leverage nitryl radicals, transfer nitrooxy-functional group via RLT, and mediate an electron catalysis cycle under room temperature. A diverse range of activated and unactivated alkenes exhibited chemo- and regioselective 1,2-nitronitrooxylation under solvent-free or solvent-less conditions, showcasing excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies indicated a significant impact of mechanochemistry and highlighted the radical nature of this nitrative difunctionalization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Patra
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3Bern3012Switzerland
| | - Bhargav N. Nandasana
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3Bern3012Switzerland
| | - Vasiliki Valsamidou
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3Bern3012Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernFreiestrasse 3Bern3012Switzerland
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6
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Ishaqat A, Hahmann J, Lin C, Zhang X, He C, Rath WH, Habib P, Sahnoun SEM, Rahimi K, Vinokur R, Mottaghy FM, Göstl R, Bartneck M, Herrmann A. In Vivo Polymer Mechanochemistry with Polynucleotides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403752. [PMID: 38804595 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry utilizes mechanical force to activate latent functionalities in macromolecules and widely relies on ultrasonication techniques. Fundamental constraints of frequency and power intensity have prohibited the application of the polymer mechanochemistry principles in a biomedical context up to now, although medical ultrasound is a clinically established modality. Here, a universal polynucleotide framework is presented that allows the binding and release of therapeutic oligonucleotides, both DNA- and RNA-based, as cargo by biocompatible medical imaging ultrasound. It is shown that the high molar mass, colloidal assembly, and a distinct mechanochemical mechanism enable the force-induced release of cargo and subsequent activation of biological function in vitro and in vivo. Thereby, this work introduces a platform for the exploration of biological questions and therapeutics development steered by mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Ishaqat
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hahmann
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cheng Lin
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Chuanjiang He
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Rath
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Sabri E M Sahnoun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Khosrow Rahimi
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rostislav Vinokur
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, 6229 HX, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Göstl
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Matthias Bartneck
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Niu B, E S, Song Q, Xu Z, Han B, Qin Y. Physicochemical reactions in e-waste recycling. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:569-586. [PMID: 38862738 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) recycling is becoming a global concern owing to its immense quantity, hazardous character and the potential loss of valuable metals. The many processes involved in e-waste recycling stem from a mixture of physicochemical reactions, and understanding the principles of these reactions can lead to more efficient recycling methods. In this Review, we discuss the principles behind photochemistry, thermochemistry, mechanochemistry, electrochemistry and sonochemistry for metal recovery, polymer decomposition and pollutant elimination from e-waste. We also discuss how these processes induce or improve reaction rates, selectivity and controllability of e-waste recycling based on thermodynamics and kinetics, free radicals, chemical bond energy, electrical potential regulation and more. Lastly, key factors, limitations and suggestions for improvements of these physicochemical reactions for e-waste recycling are highlighted, wherein we also indicate possible research directions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Niu
- Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
| | - Shanshan E
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Qingming Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Han
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yufei Qin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Jiangxi Green Recycling Co., Ltd, Fengcheng, China
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8
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Nayek P, Mal P. Mimicking Ozonolysis via Mechanochemistry: Internal Alkynes to 1,2-Diketones using H 5IO 6. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401027. [PMID: 38634437 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Utilizing periodic acid as an environmentally benign oxidizing agent, this study introduces a novel mechanochemical method that mimics ozonolysis to convert internal alkynes into 1,2-diketones, showcasing effective emulation of ozone's reactivity. Notably, this oxidation occurs at room temperature in aerobic conditions, eliminating the need for toxic transition metals, hazardous oxidants, or expensive solvents. Through control experiments validating the mechanism, substantial evidence supports a concerted reaction pathway. This progress marks a significant stride toward cleaner and more efficient chemical synthesis, mitigating the environmental impact of conventional processes. Assessing the green chemistry metrics in both solvent-free and previously reported solvent-based methods, our eco-friendly protocol demonstrates an E-factor of 7.40, a 51.7 % atom economy, a 45.5 % atom efficiency, 100 % carbon efficiency, and 11.9 % reaction mass efficiency when solvents are not used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravat Nayek
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Prasenjit Mal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
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9
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Sun J, Jiang Y, Du S, Chen L, Francisco JS, Cui S, Huang Q, Qian L. Charge Redistribution in Mechanochemical Reactions for Solid Interfaces. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6858-6864. [PMID: 38808664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemical strategies are widely used in various fields, ranging from friction and wear to mechanosynthesis, yet how the mechanical stress activates the chemical reactions at the electronic level is still open. We used first-principles density functional theory to study the rule of the stress-modified electronic states in transmitting mechanical energy to trigger chemical responses for different mechanochemical systems. The electron density redistribution among initial, transition, and final configurations is defined to correlate the energy evolution during reactions. We found that stress-induced changes in electron density redistribution are linearly related to activation energy and reaction energy, indicating the transition from mechanical work to chemical reactivity. The correlation coefficient is defined as the term "interface reactivity coefficient" to evaluate the susceptibility of chemical reactivity to mechanical action for material interfaces. The study may shed light on the electronic mechanism of the mechanochemical reactions behind the fundamental model as well as the mechanochemical phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilong Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, People's Republic of China
- School of Computer Science, China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao 266580, People's Republic of China
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Shuxun Cui
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Huang
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People's Republic of China
| | - Linmao Qian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
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10
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O'Neill RT, Boulatov R. Mechanochemical Approaches to Fundamental Studies in Soft-Matter Physics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402442. [PMID: 38404161 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Stretching a segment of a polymer beyond its contour length makes its (primarily backbone) bonds more dissociatively labile, which enables polymer mechanochemistry. Integrating some backbone bonds into suitably designed molecular moieties yields mechanistically and kinetically diverse chemistry, which is becoming increasingly exploitable. Examples include, most prominently, attempts to improve mechanical properties of bulk polymers, as well as prospective applications in drug delivery and synthesis. This review aims to highlight an emerging effort to apply the concepts and experimental tools of mechanochemistry to fundamental physical questions in soft matter. A succinct summary of the state-of-the-knowledge of the field, with emphasis on foundational concepts and generalizable observations, is followed by analysis of 3 recent examples of mechanochemistry yielding molecular-level details of elastomer failure, macromolecular chain dynamics in elongational flows and kinetic allostery. We conclude with reasons to assume that the highlighted approaches are generalizable to a broader range of physical problems than considered to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Department of Chemistry, Grove Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Department of Chemistry, Grove Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD
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11
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Xing H, Yaylayan V. Mechanochemistry of Strecker degradation: Interaction of glyoxal with amino acids. Food Chem 2024; 439:138071. [PMID: 38061296 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry is rapidly evolving into a versatile and green method for chemical synthesis. Due to its unique reaction conditions, ball milling of sugars and amino acids mainly leads to the formation of Amadori products with minimum degradation. In this study, we milled glyoxal trimer dihydrate with twenty proteogenic amino acids to demonstrate the formation of Strecker degradation products. HS-GC/MS studies indicated that Strecker degradation proceeded to selectively generate Strecker aldehyde and unsubstituted pyrazine as the major volatiles. Moreover, ESI/qToF/MS studies demonstrated for the first time the formation of the proposed key Strecker degradation intermediates, such as the condensation products and their decarboxylated products, indicating the similarity of the mechanism of Strecker reaction under ball milling to that proposed under hydrothermal reaction conditions. These studies provided supporting evidence that ball milling at ambient temperatures could be used as a novel synthetic approach to prepare precursors of aroma-active volatiles through Strecker degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Xing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Varoujan Yaylayan
- Department of Food Science & Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
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12
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Kobayashi H, Fukuoka A. Mechanochemical Hydrolysis of Polysaccharide Biomass: Scope and Mechanistic Insights. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300554. [PMID: 38224154 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical forces can affect chemical reactions in a way that thermal reactions cannot do, which may have a variety of applications. In biomass conversion, the selective conversion of cellulose and chitin is a grand challenge because they are the top two most abundant resources and recalcitrant materials that are insoluble in common solvents. However, recent works have clarified that mechanical forces enable the depolymerization of these polysaccharides, leading to the selective production of corresponding monomers and oligomers. This article reviews the mechanochemical hydrolysis of cellulose and chitin, particularly focusing on the scope and mechanisms to show a landscape of this research field and future subjects. We introduce the background of mechanochemistry and biomass conversion, followed by recent progress on the mechanochemical hydrolysis of the polysaccharides. Afterwards, a considerable space is devoted to the mechanistic consideration on the mechanochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Komaba Institute for Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, 153-8902, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukuoka
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, 001-0021, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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13
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Ardila-Fierro KJ, Hernández JG. Intermediates in Mechanochemical Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317638. [PMID: 38179857 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions offer methodological and environmental advantages for chemical synthesis, constantly attracting attention within the scientific community. Besides unmistakable sustainability advantages, the conditions under which mechanochemical reactions occur, namely solventless conditions, sometimes facilitate the isolation of otherwise labile or inaccessible products. Despite these advantages, limited knowledge exists regarding the mechanisms of these reactions and the types of intermediates involved. Nevertheless, in an expanding number of cases, ex situ and in situ monitoring techniques have allowed for the observation, characterization, and isolation of reaction intermediates in mechanochemical transformations. In this Minireview, we present a series of examples in which reactive intermediates have been detected in mechanochemical reactions spanning organic, organometallic, inorganic, and materials chemistry. Many of these intermediates were stabilized by non-covalent interactions, which played a pivotal role in guiding the chemical transformations. We believe that by uncovering and understanding such instances, the growing mechanochemistry community could find novel opportunities in catalysis and discover new mechanochemical reactions while achieving simplification in chemical reaction design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - José G Hernández
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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14
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Hu HC, Yu SY, Tsai YH, Hsieh PW, Wang HC, Chen YN, Chuang YT, Lee MY, Chang HW, Hu HC, Wu YC, Chang FR, Szatmári I, Fülöp F. Synthesis of bioactive evodiamine and rutaecarpine analogues under ball milling conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2620-2629. [PMID: 38451121 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00056k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions achieved by processes such as milling and grinding are promising alternatives to traditional solution-based chemistry. This approach not only eliminates the need for large amounts of solvents, thereby reducing waste generation, but also finds applications in chemical and materials synthesis. The focus of this study is on the synthesis of quinazolinone derivatives by ball milling, in particular evodiamine and rutaecarpine analogues. These compounds are of interest due to their diverse bioactivities, including potential anticancer properties. The study examines the reactions carried out under ball milling conditions, emphasizing their efficiency in terms of shorter reaction times and reduced environmental impact compared to conventional methods. The ball milling reaction of evodiamine and rutaecarpine analogues resulted in yields of 63-78% and 22-61%, respectively. In addition, these compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activity, and evodiamine exhibited an IC50 of 0.75 ± 0.04 μg mL-1 against the Ca9-22 cell line. At its core, this research represents a new means to synthesise these compounds, providing a more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative to traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chun Hu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and HUN-REN-Stereochemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yin Yu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Yi-Hong Tsai
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 907101, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Yan-Ning Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ting Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Sciences, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yu Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Sciences, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chun Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and HUN-REN-Stereochemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and HUN-REN-Stereochemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
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15
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Hahmann J, Ishaqat A, Lammers T, Herrmann A. Sonogenetics for Monitoring and Modulating Biomolecular Function by Ultrasound. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317112. [PMID: 38197549 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound technology, synergistically harnessed with genetic engineering and chemistry concepts, has started to open the gateway to the remarkable realm of sonogenetics-a pioneering paradigm for remotely orchestrating cellular functions at the molecular level. This fusion not only enables precisely targeted imaging and therapeutic interventions, but also advances our comprehension of mechanobiology to unparalleled depths. Sonogenetic tools harness mechanical force within small tissue volumes while preserving the integrity of the surrounding physiological environment, reaching depths of up to tens of centimeters with high spatiotemporal precision. These capabilities circumvent the inherent physical limitations of alternative in vivo control methods such as optogenetics and magnetogenetics. In this review, we first discuss mechanosensitive ion channels, the most commonly utilized sonogenetic mediators, in both mammalian and non-mammalian systems. Subsequently, we provide a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art sonogenetic approaches that leverage thermal or mechanical features of ultrasonic waves. Additionally, we explore strategies centered around the design of mechanochemically reactive macromolecular systems. Furthermore, we delve into the realm of ultrasound imaging of biomolecular function, encompassing the utilization of gas vesicles and acoustic reporter genes. Finally, we shed light on limitations and challenges of sonogenetics and present a perspective on the future of this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hahmann
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aman Ishaqat
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI), Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CBMS), RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Forckenbeckstr. 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Zuffa C, Cappuccino C, Casali L, Emmerling F, Maini L. Liquid reagents are not enough for liquid assisted grinding in the synthesis of [(AgBr)( n-pica)] n. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5010-5019. [PMID: 38258475 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04791a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanochemical reactions between AgBr 3-picolylamine and 4-picolylamine. The use of different stoichiometry ratios of the reagents allows [(AgBr)(n-pica)]n and [(AgBr)2(n-pica)]n to be obtained, and we report the new structures of [(AgBr)2(3-pica)]n and [(AgBr)2(4-pica)]n which are characterized by the presence of the following: (a) infinite inorganic chains, (b) silver atom coordinated only by bromide atoms and (c) argentophilic interactions. Furthermore, we studied the interconversion of [(AgBr)(n-pica)]n/[(AgBr)2(n-pica)]n by mechanochemical and thermal properties. The in situ experiments suggest that [(AgBr)(3-pica)]n is kinetically favoured while [(AgBr)2(3-pica)]n is converted into [(AgBr)(3-pica)]n only with a high excess of the ligand. Finally, the liquid nature of the ligands is not sufficient to assist the grinding process, and the complete reaction is observed with the addition of a small quantity of acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Zuffa
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cappuccino
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lucia Casali
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy.
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucia Maini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy.
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17
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Gómez S, Gómez S, Rojas-Valencia N, Hernández JG, Ardila-Fierro KJ, Gómez T, Cárdenas C, Hadad C, Cappelli C, Restrepo A. Interactions and reactivity in crystalline intermediates of mechanochemical cyclorhodation reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:2228-2241. [PMID: 38165158 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04201d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
There is experimental evidence that solid mixtures of the rhodium dimer [Cp*RhCl2]2 and benzo[h] quinoline (BHQ) produce two different polymorphic molecular cocrystals called 4α and 4β under ball milling conditions. The addition of NaOAc to the mixture leads to the formation of the rhodacycle [Cp*Rh-(BHQ)Cl], where the central Rh atom retains its tetracoordinate character. Isolate 4β reacts with NaOAc leading to the same rhodacycle while isolate 4α does not under the same conditions. We show that the puzzling difference in reactivity between the two cocrystals can be traced back to fundamental aspects of the intermolecular interactions between the BHQ and [Cp*RhCl2]2 fragments in the crystalline environment. To support this view, we report a number of descriptors of the nature and strength of chemical bonds and intermolecular interactions in the extended solids and in a cluster model. We calculate formal quantum mechanical descriptors based on electronic structure, electron density, and binding and interaction energies including an energy decomposition analysis. Without exception, all descriptors point to 4β being a transient structure higher in energy than 4α with larger local and global electrophilic and nucleophilic powers, a more favorable spatial and energetic distribution of the frontier orbitals, and a more fragile crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Classe di Scienze, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Santiago Gómez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Natalia Rojas-Valencia
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - José G Hernández
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Tatiana Gómez
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Center, Institute of Applied Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Avenida Pedro de Valdivia 425, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Cárdenas
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
- Centro para el desarrollo de las Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Av. Ecuador 3493, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cacier Hadad
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Chiara Cappelli
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Classe di Scienze, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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18
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Chang Y, Blanton SJ, Andraos R, Nguyen VS, Liotta CL, Schork FJ, Sievers C. Kinetic Phenomena in Mechanochemical Depolymerization of Poly(styrene). ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:178-191. [PMID: 38213546 PMCID: PMC10777454 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c05296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic polyolefinic plastics comprise one of the largest shares of global plastic waste, which is being targeted for chemical recycling by depolymerization to monomers and small molecules. One promising method of chemical recycling is solid-state depolymerization under ambient conditions in a ball-mill reactor. In this paper, we elucidate kinetic phenomena in the mechanochemical depolymerization of poly(styrene). Styrene is produced in this process at a constant rate and selectivity alongside minor products, including oxygenates like benzaldehyde, via mechanisms analogous to those involved in thermal and oxidative pyrolysis. Continuous monomer removal during reactor operation is critical for avoiding repolymerization, and promoting effects are exhibited by iron surfaces and molecular oxygen. Kinetic independence between depolymerization and molecular weight reduction was observed, despite both processes originating from the same driving force of mechanochemical collisions. Phenomena across multiple length scales are shown to be responsible for differences in reactivity due to differences in grinding parameters and reactant composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Chang
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sylvie J. Blanton
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ralph Andraos
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Van Son Nguyen
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Charles L. Liotta
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - F. Joseph Schork
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Carsten Sievers
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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19
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Alonso M, Bettens T, Eeckhoudt J, Geerlings P, De Proft F. Wandering through quantum-mechanochemistry: from concepts to reactivity and switches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:21-35. [PMID: 38086672 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04907h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry has experienced a renaissance in recent years witnessing, at the molecular level, a remarkable interplay between theory and experiment. Molecular mechanochemistry has welcomed a broad spectrum of quantum-chemical methods to evaluate the influence of an external mechanical force on molecular properties. In this contribution, an overview is given on recent work on quantum mechanochemistry in the Brussels Quantum Chemistry group (ALGC). The effect of an external force was scrutinized both in fundamental topics, like reactivity descriptors in Conceptual DFT, and in applied topics, such as designing molecular force probes and tuning the stereoselectivity of certain types of reactions. In the conceptual part, a brief overview of the techniques introducing mechanical forces into a quantum-mechanical description of a molecule is followed by an introduction to conceptual DFT. The evolution of the electronic chemical potential (or electronegativity), chemical hardness and electrophilicity are investigated when a chemical bond in a series of diatomics is put under mechanical stress. Its counterpart, the influence of mechanical stress on bond angles, is analyzed by varying the strain present in alkyne triple bonds by applying a bending force, taking the strain promoted alkyne-azide coupling cycloaddition as an example. The increase of reactivity of the alkyne upon bending is probed by Fukui functions and the local softness. In the applied part, a new molecular force probe is presented based on an intramolecular 6π-electrocyclization in constrained polyenes operating under thermal conditions. A cyclic process is conceived where ring opening and closure are triggered by applying or removing an external pulling force. The efficiency of mechanical activation strongly depends on the magnitude of the applied force and the distance between the pulling points. The idea of pulling point distances as a tool to identify new mechanochemical processes is then tested in [28]hexaphyrins with an intricate equilibrium between Möbius aromatic and Hückel antiaromatic topologies. A mechanical force is shown to trigger the interconversion between the two topologies, using the distance matrix as a guide to select appropriate pulling points. In a final application, the Felkin-Anh model for the addition of nucleophiles to chiral carbonyls under the presence of an external mechanical force is scrutinized. By applying a force for restricting the conformational freedom of the chiral ketone, otherwise inaccessible reaction pathways are promoted on the force-modified potential energy surfaces resulting in a diastereoselectivity different from the force-free reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Tom Bettens
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jochen Eeckhoudt
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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20
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Ogbomo E, Bhuiyan FH, Latorre CA, Martini A, Ewen JP. Effects of surface chemistry on the mechanochemical decomposition of tricresyl phosphate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:278-292. [PMID: 38059507 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05320b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The growth of protective tribofilms from lubricant antiwear additives on rubbing surfaces is initiated by mechanochemically promoted dissociation reactions. These processes are not well understood at the molecular scale for many important additives, such as tricresyl phosphate (TCP). One aspect that needs further clarification is the extent to which the surface properties affect the mechanochemical decomposition. Here, we use nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations with a reactive force field (ReaxFF) to study the decomposition of TCP molecules confined and pressurised between sliding ferrous surfaces at a range of temperatures. We compare the decomposition of TCP on native iron, iron carbide, and iron oxide surfaces. We show that the decomposition rate of TCP molecules on all the surfaces increases exponentially with temperature and shear stress, implying that this is a stress-augmented thermally activated (SATA) process. The presence of base oil molecules in the NEMD simulations decreases the shear stress, which in turn reduces the rate constant for TCP decomposition. The decomposition is much faster on iron surfaces than iron carbide, and particularly iron oxide. The activation energy, activation volume, and pre-exponential factor from the Bell model are similar on iron and iron carbide surfaces, but significantly differ for iron oxide surfaces. These findings provide new insights into the mechanochemical decomposition of TCP and have important implications for the design of novel lubricant additives for use in high-temperature and high-pressure environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egheosa Ogbomo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
- The Thomas Young Centre, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Fakhrul H Bhuiyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced 95343, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Ayestarán Latorre
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
- The Thomas Young Centre, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced 95343, CA, USA
| | - James P Ewen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
- The Thomas Young Centre, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
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21
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Cvetnić M, Šplajt R, Topić E, Rubčić M, Bregović N. Direct thermodynamic characterization of solid-state reactions by isothermal calorimetry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:67-75. [PMID: 37955204 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03933a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing importance of solid-state reactions, their thermodynamic characterization has largely remained unexplored. This is in part due to the lack of methodology for measuring the heat effects related to reactions between solid reactants. We address here this gap and report on the first direct thermodynamic study of chemical reactions between solid reactants by isothermal calorimetry. Three reaction classes, cationic host-guest complex formation, molecular co-crystallization, and Baeyer-Villiger oxidation were investigated, showcasing the versatility of the devised methodology to provide detailed insight into the enthalpy changes related to various reactions. The reliability of the method was confirmed by correlation with the values obtained via solution calorimetry using Hess's law. The thermodynamic characterization of solid-state reactions described here will enable a deeper understanding of the factors governing solid-state processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Cvetnić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac, 102/A, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
| | - Robert Šplajt
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac, 102/A, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
| | - Edi Topić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac, 102/A, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
| | - Mirta Rubčić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac, 102/A, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
| | - Nikola Bregović
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac, 102/A, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
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22
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Suga K, Yamakado T, Saito S. Dual Ratiometric Fluorescence Monitoring of Mechanical Polymer Chain Stretching and Subsequent Strain-Induced Crystallization. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 38051032 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Tracking the behavior of mechanochromic molecules provides valuable insights into force transmission and associated microstructural changes in soft materials under load. Herein, we report a dual ratiometric fluorescence (FL) analysis for monitoring both mechanical polymer chain stretching and strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of polymers. SIC has recently attracted renewed attention as an effective mechanism for improving the mechanical properties of polymers. A polyurethane (PU) film incorporating a trace of a dual-emissive flapping force probe (N-FLAP, 0.008 wt %) exhibited a blue-to-green FL spectral change in a low-stress region (<20 MPa), resulting from conformational planarization of the probe in mechanically stretched polymer chains. More importantly, at higher probe concentrations (∼0.65 wt %), the PU film showed a second spectral change from green to yellow during the SIC growth (20-65 MPa) due to self-absorption of scattered FL in a short wavelength region. The reversibility of these spectral changes was demonstrated by load-unload cycles. With these results in hand, the degrees of the polymer chain stretching and the SIC were quantitatively mapped and monitored by dual ratiometric imaging based on different FL ratios (I525/I470 and I525/I600). Simultaneous analysis of these two mappings revealed a spatiotemporal gap in the distribution of the polymer chain stretching and the SIC. The combinational use of the dual-emissive force probe and the ratiometric FL imaging is a universal approach for the development of soft matter physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Suga
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamakado
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shohei Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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23
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Buche MR, Rimsza JM. Modeling single-molecule stretching experiments using statistical thermodynamics. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:064503. [PMID: 38243517 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.064503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Single-molecule stretching experiments are widely utilized within the fields of physics and chemistry to characterize the mechanics of individual bonds or molecules, as well as chemical reactions. Analytic relations describing these experiments are valuable, and these relations can be obtained through the statistical thermodynamics of idealized model systems representing the experiments. Since the specific thermodynamic ensembles manifested by the experiments affect the outcome, primarily for small molecules, the stretching device must be included in the idealized model system. Though the model for the stretched molecule might be exactly solvable, including the device in the model often prevents analytic solutions. In the limit of large or small device stiffness, the isometric or isotensional ensembles can provide effective approximations, but the device effects are missing. Here a dual set of asymptotically correct statistical thermodynamic theories are applied to develop accurate approximations for the full model system that includes both the molecule and the device. The asymptotic theories are first demonstrated to be accurate using the freely jointed chain model and then using molecular dynamics calculations of a single polyethylene chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Buche
- Computational Solid Mechanics and Structural Dynamics, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Jessica M Rimsza
- Geochemistry, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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24
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Julien PA, Arhangelskis M, Germann LS, Etter M, Dinnebier RE, Morris AJ, Friščić T. Illuminating milling mechanochemistry by tandem real-time fluorescence emission and Raman spectroscopy monitoring. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12121-12132. [PMID: 37969588 PMCID: PMC10631231 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04082h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In pursuit of accessible and interpretable methods for direct and real-time observation of mechanochemical reactions, we demonstrate a tandem spectroscopic method for monitoring of ball-milling transformations combining fluorescence emission and Raman spectroscopy, accompanied by high-level molecular and periodic density-functional theory (DFT) calculations, including periodic time-dependent (TD-DFT) modelling of solid-state fluorescence spectra. This proof-of-principle report presents this readily accessible dual-spectroscopy technique as capable of observing changes to the supramolecular structure of the model pharmaceutical system indometacin during mechanochemical polymorph transformation and cocrystallisation. The observed time-resolved in situ spectroscopic and kinetic data are supported by ex situ X-ray diffraction and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements. The application of first principles (ab initio) calculations enabled the elucidation of how changes in crystalline environment, that result from mechanochemical reactions, affect vibrational and electronic excited states of molecules. The herein explored interpretation of both real-time and ex situ spectroscopic data through ab initio calculations provides an entry into developing a detailed mechanistic understanding of mechanochemical milling processes and highlights the challenges of using real-time spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Julien
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada 13 General Crerar Crescent K7K 7B4 Kingston Canada
| | - Mihails Arhangelskis
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw 1 Pasteura St. 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Luzia S Germann
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
- Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 D-70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches-Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Robert E Dinnebier
- Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 D-70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Andrew J Morris
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal Canada
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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25
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Xuan M, Fan J, Khiêm VN, Zou M, Brenske KO, Mourran A, Vinokur R, Zheng L, Itskov M, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Polymer Mechanochemistry in Microbubbles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305130. [PMID: 37494284 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry is a promising technology to convert mechanical energy into chemical functionality by breaking covalent and supramolecular bonds site-selectively. Yet, the mechanochemical reaction rates of covalent bonds in typically used ultrasonication setups lead to reasonable conversions only after comparably long sonication times. This can be accelerated by either increasing the reactivity of the mechanoresponsive moiety or by modifying the encompassing polymer topology. Here, a microbubble system with a tailored polymer shell consisting of an N2 gas core and a mechanoresponsive disulfide-containing polymer network is presented. It is found that the mechanochemical activation of the disulfides is greatly accelerated using these microbubbles compared to commensurate solid core particles or capsules filled with liquid. Aided by computational simulations, it is found that low shell thickness, low shell stiffness and crosslink density, and a size-dependent eigenfrequency close to the used ultrasound frequency maximize the mechanochemical yield over the course of the sonication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Xuan
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jilin Fan
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vu Ngoc Khiêm
- Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Eilfschornsteinstr. 18, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miancheng Zou
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kai-Oliver Brenske
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mourran
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rostislav Vinokur
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lifei Zheng
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Mikhail Itskov
- Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Eilfschornsteinstr. 18, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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26
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Yokochi H, O’Neill RT, Abe T, Aoki D, Boulatov R, Otsuka H. Sacrificial Mechanical Bond is as Effective as a Sacrificial Covalent Bond in Increasing Cross-Linked Polymer Toughness. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23794-23801. [PMID: 37851530 PMCID: PMC10623562 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Sacrificial chemical bonds have been used effectively to increase the toughness of elastomers because such bonds dissociate at forces significantly below the fracture limit of the primary load-bearing bonds, thereby dissipating local stress. This approach owes much of its success to the ability to adjust the threshold force at which the sacrificial bonds fail at the desired rate, for example, by selecting either covalent or noncovalent sacrificial bonds. Here, we report experimental and computational evidence that a mechanical bond, responsible for the structural integrity of a rotaxane or a catenane, increases the elastomer's fracture strain, stress, and energy as much as a covalent bond of comparable mechanochemical dissociation kinetics. We synthesized and studied 6 polyacrylates cross-linked by either difluorenylsuccinonitrile (DFSN), which is an established sacrificial mechanochromic moiety; a [2]rotaxane, whose stopper allows its wheel to dethread on the same subsecond time scale as DFSN dissociates when either is under tensile force of 1.5-2 nN; a structurally homologous [2]rotaxane with a much bulkier stopper that is stable at force >5.5 nN; similarly stoppered [3]rotaxanes containing DFSN in their axles; and a control polymer with aliphatic nonsacrificial cross-links. Our data suggest that mechanochemical dethreading of a rotaxane without failure of any covalent bonds may be an important, hitherto unrecognized, contributor to the toughness of some rotaxane-cross-linked polymers and that sacrificial mechanical bonds provide a mechanism to control material fracture behavior independently of the mechanochemical response of the covalent networks, due to their distinct relationships between structure and mechanochemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirogi Yokochi
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Robert T. O’Neill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Takumi Abe
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department
of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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27
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He X, Tian Y, O’Neill RT, Xu Y, Lin Y, Weng W, Boulatov R. Coumarin Dimer Is an Effective Photomechanochemical AND Gate for Small-Molecule Release. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23214-23226. [PMID: 37821455 PMCID: PMC10603814 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive gating of chemical reactions is of considerable practical and conceptual interest. For example, photocleavable protective groups and gating mechanophores allow the kinetics of purely thermally activated reactions to be controlled optically or by mechanical load by inducing the release of small-molecule reactants. Such release only in response to a sequential application of both stimuli (photomechanochemical gating) has not been demonstrated despite its unique expected benefits. Here, we describe computational and experimental evidence that coumarin dimers are highly promising moieties for realizing photomechanochemical control of small-molecule release. Such dimers are transparent and photochemically inert at wavelengths >300 nm but can be made to dissociate rapidly under tensile force. The resulting coumarins are mechanochemically and thermally stable, but rapidly release their payload upon irradiation. Our DFT calculations reveal that both strain-free and mechanochemical kinetics of dimer dissociation are highly tunable over an unusually broad range of rates by simple substitution. In head-to-head dimers, the phenyl groups act as molecular levers to allow systematic and predictable variation in the force sensitivity of the dissociation barriers by choice of the pulling axis. As a proof-of-concept, we synthesized and characterized the reactivity of one such dimer for photomechanochemically controlled release of aniline and its application for controlling bulk gelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun He
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yancong Tian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Robert T. O’Neill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
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28
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Félix G, Fabregue N, Leroy C, Métro TX, Chen CH, Laurencin D. Induction-heated ball-milling: a promising asset for mechanochemical reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23435-23447. [PMID: 37655593 PMCID: PMC10499007 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02540c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
While ball-milling is becoming one of the common tools used by synthetic chemists, an increasing number of studies highlight that it is possible to further expand the nature and number of products which can be synthesized, by heating the reaction media during mechanochemical reactions. Hence, developing set-ups enabling heating and milling to be combined is an important target, which has been looked into in both academic and industrial laboratories. Here, we report a new approach for heating up reaction media during ball-milling reactions, using induction heating (referred to as i-BM). Our set-up is attractive not only because it enables a very fast heating of the milling medium (reaching ≈80 °C in just 15 s), and that it is directly adaptable to commercially-available milling equipment, but also because it enables heating either the walls of the milling jars or the beads themselves, depending on the choice of the materials which compose them. Importantly, the possibility to heat a milling medium "from the inside" (when using for example a PMMA jar and stainless steel beads) is a unique feature compared to previously proposed systems. Through numerical simulations, we then show that it is possible to finely tune the properties of this heating system (e.g. heating rate and maximum temperature reached), by playing with the characteristics of the milling system and/or the induction heating conditions used. Lastly, examples of applications of i-BM are given, showing how it can be used to help elucidate reaction mechanisms in ball-milling, to synthesize new molecules, and to control the physical nature of milling media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Félix
- ICGM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Nicolas Fabregue
- ICGM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - César Leroy
- ICGM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Chia-Hsin Chen
- ICGM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
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29
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Lei H, Ma Q, Wang Z, Zhang D, Huang X, Qin M, Ma H, Wang W, Cao Y. Ester Bond: Chemically Labile Yet Mechanically Stable. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16870-16878. [PMID: 37646337 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to the dynamic nature of ester linkages, ester-bond-containing materials are well known for their outstanding degradability and stimuli responsiveness. However, whether ester hydrolysis is affected by mechanical forces remains unclear. Here, we develop a single-molecule assay to quantitatively study the force-dependent ester hydrolysis using an engineered circular permutant protein with a caged ester bond as a model. Our single-molecule force spectroscopy results show that the ester hydrolysis rate is surprisingly insensitive to forces, with a ∼7 s-1 dissociation rate that remains almost unchanged in the force range of 80 to 200 pN. Quantum calculations reveal that the ester hydrolysis involves an intermediate state formed by either H3O+- or OH--bonded tetrahedral intermediates. The measured ester-hydrolysis kinetics at the single-molecule level may primarily correspond to the rupture of these intermediate states. However, the rate-limiting step appears to be the formation of the tetrahedral intermediates, which cannot be quantitatively characterized in our experiments. Nonetheless, based on the quantum calculations, this step is also insensitive to applied forces. Altogether, our study suggests that the ester bond is chemically labile yet mechanically stable, serving as the basis for the design of responsive materials using ester bonds as mechanically inert units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Lei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute for Advanced Study in Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Quan Ma
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Zhangxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Meng Qin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haibo Ma
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Qingdao Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250021, China
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30
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Ditzler RAJ, King AJ, Towell SE, Ratushnyy M, Zhukhovitskiy AV. Editing of polymer backbones. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:600-615. [PMID: 37542179 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00514-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are at the epicentre of modern technological progress and the associated environmental pollution. Considerations of both polymer functionality and lifecycle are crucial in these contexts, and the polymer backbone - the core of a polymer - is at the root of these considerations. Just as the meaning of a sentence can be altered by editing its words, the function and sustainability of a polymer can also be transformed via the chemical modification of its backbone. Yet, polymer modification has primarily been focused on the polymer periphery. In this Review, we focus on the transformations of the polymer backbone by defining some concepts fundamental to this topic (for example, 'polymer backbone' and 'backbone editing') and by collecting and categorizing examples of backbone editing scattered throughout a century's worth of chemical literature, and outline critical directions for further research. In so doing, we lay the foundation for the field of polymer backbone editing and hope to accelerate its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A J Ditzler
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J King
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sydney E Towell
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maxim Ratushnyy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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31
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O'Neill RT, Boulatov R. Experimental quantitation of molecular conditions responsible for flow-induced polymer mechanochemistry. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1214-1223. [PMID: 37430105 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Fragmentation of macromolecular solutes in rapid flows is of considerable fundamental and practical importance. The sequence of molecular events preceding chain fracture is poorly understood, because such events cannot be visualized directly but must be inferred from changes in the bulk composition of the flowing solution. Here we describe how analysis of same-chain competition between fracture of a polystyrene chain and isomerization of a chromophore embedded in its backbone yields detailed characterization of the distribution of molecular geometries of mechanochemically reacting chains in sonicated solutions. In our experiments the overstretched (mechanically loaded) chain segment grew and drifted along the backbone on the same timescale as, and in competition with, the mechanochemical reactions. Consequently, only <30% of the backbone of a fragmenting chain is overstretched, with both the maximum force and the maximum reaction probabilities located away from the chain centre. We argue that quantifying intrachain competition is likely to be mechanistically informative for any flow fast enough to fracture polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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32
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Tang R, Gao W, Jia Y, Wang K, Datta BK, Zheng W, Zhang H, Xu Y, Lin Y, Weng W. Mechanochemically assisted morphing of shape shifting polymers. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9207-9212. [PMID: 37655017 PMCID: PMC10466301 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02404k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphing in creatures has inspired various synthetic polymer materials that are capable of shape shifting. The morphing of polymers generally relies on stimuli-active (typically heat and light active) units that fix the shape after a mechanical load-based shape programming. Herein, we report a strategy that uses a mechanochemically active 2,2'-bis(2-phenylindan-1,3-dione) (BPID) mechanophore as a switching unit for mechanochemical morphing. The mechanical load on the polymer triggers the dissociation of the BPID moiety into stable 2-phenylindan-1,3-dione (PID) radicals, whose subsequent spontaneous dimerization regenerates BPID and fixes the temporary shapes that can be effectively recovered to the permanent shapes by heating. A greater extent of BPID activation, through a higher BPID content or mechanical load, leads to higher mechanochemical shape fixity. By contrast, a relatively mechanochemically less active hexaarylbiimidazole (HABI) mechanophore shows a lower fixing efficiency when subjected to the same programing conditions. Another control system without a mechanophore shows a low fixing efficiency comparable to the HABI system. Additionally, the introduction of the BPID moiety also manifests remarkable mechanochromic behavior during the shape programing process, offering a visualizable indicator for the pre-evaluation of morphing efficiency. Unlike conventional mechanical mechanisms that simultaneously induce morphing, such as strain-induced plastic deformation or crystallization, our mechanochemical method allows for shape programming after the mechanical treatment. Our concept has potential for the design of mechanochemically programmable and mechanoresponsive shape shifting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Wenli Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yulin Jia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Barun Kumar Datta
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Wei Zheng
- College of Materials Science, Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University 443 Via Ortega, Stanford California 94305 USA
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
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33
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Xin T, Cummins CC. Mechanochemical Phosphorylation of Acetylides Using Condensed Phosphates: A Sustainable Route to Alkynyl Phosphonates. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1575-1580. [PMID: 37637745 PMCID: PMC10451036 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In pursuit of a more sustainable route to phosphorus-carbon (P-C) bond-containing chemicals, we herein report that phosphonates can be prepared by mechanochemical phosphorylation of acetylides using polyphosphates in a single step, redox-neutral process, bypassing white phosphorus (P4) and other high-energy, environmentally hazardous intermediates. Using sodium triphosphate (Na5P3O10) and acetylides, alkynyl phosphonates 1 can be isolated in yields of up to 32%, while reaction of sodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7) and sodium carbide (Na2C2) engendered, in an optimized yield of 63%, ethynyl phosphonate 2, an easily isolable compound that can be readily converted to useful organophosphorus chemicals. Highly condensed phosphates like Graham's salt and bioproduced polyphosphate were also found to be compatible after reducing the chain length by grinding with orthophosphate. These results demonstrate the possibility of accessing organophosphorus chemicals directly from condensed phosphates and may offer an opportunity to move toward a "greener" phosphorus industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansi Xin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher C. Cummins
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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34
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Yu Y, O'Neill RT, Boulatov R, Widenhoefer RA, Craig SL. Allosteric control of olefin isomerization kinetics via remote metal binding and its mechanochemical analysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5074. [PMID: 37604905 PMCID: PMC10442431 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric control of reaction thermodynamics is well understood, but the mechanisms by which changes in local geometries of receptor sites lower activation reaction barriers in electronically uncoupled, remote reaction moieties remain relatively unexplored. Here we report a molecular scaffold in which the rate of thermal E-to-Z isomerization of an alkene increases by a factor of as much as 104 in response to fast binding of a metal ion to a remote receptor site. A mechanochemical model of the olefin coupled to a compressive harmonic spring reproduces the observed acceleration quantitatively, adding the studied isomerization to the very few reactions demonstrated to be sensitive to extrinsic compressive force. The work validates experimentally the generalization of mechanochemical kinetics to compressive loads and demonstrates that the formalism of force-coupled reactivity offers a productive framework for the quantitative analysis of the molecular basis of allosteric control of reaction kinetics. Important differences in the effects of compressive vs. tensile force on the kinetic stabilities of molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Robert T O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | | | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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35
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Choudhury N, Kim A, Kim M, Kim BS. Mechanochemical Degradation of Poly(vinyl chloride) into Nontoxic Water-Soluble Products via Sequential Dechlorination, Heterolytic Oxirane Ring-Opening, and Hydrolysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304113. [PMID: 37387506 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most widely used commodity plastics, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is extensively used worldwide, yet is difficult to recycle and is often discarded immediately after use. Its end-of-life treatment often generates toxic hydrogen chloride and dioxins that pose a critical threat to ecosystems. To address this challenge, the mechanochemical degradation of PVC into water-soluble biocompatible products is presented herein. Oxirane mechanophores are strategically introduced into the polymeric backbone via sequential dechlorination followed by epoxidation. The oxirane mechanophore in the polymer backbone undergoes a force-induced heterolytic ring-opening to carbonyl ylide intermediates, which eventually generates acetals during the course of the reaction. The subsequent hydrolysis of the backbone acetals affords the scission of the polymeric chain into water-soluble low-molecular-weight fragments. Combined with its low cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity, this solvent-free mechanochemical degradation process offers a green alternative for the degradation of PVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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36
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Saha S, Bhosle AA, Chatterjee A, Banerjee M. Mechanochemical Duff Reaction in Solid Phase for Easy Access to Mono- and Di-formyl Electron-Rich Arenes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:10002-10013. [PMID: 37418632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable alternative to the century-old Duff reaction was developed by adopting a solid-phase mechanochemical route. A series of mono-formyl electron-rich arenes were prepared in high yields in silica as the solid reaction media using a combination of hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) as the formyl source and a small amount of H2SO4 in a mixer mill. The use of toxic, costly, and low-boiling trifluoroacetic acid was avoided in the new mold of the mechanochemical Duff reaction. The mono-formyl phenols were obtained with exclusive ortho-selectivity, whereas unprecedented para-formylation was observed for other electron-rich aromatics. By controlling the stoichiometry of HMTA, the method offers easy access to di-formylated phenols as well. The scalability of the reaction was validated with selected substrates at the gram-scale level. In a case study, a mechanochemical tandem reaction was explored in the synthesis of a rhodol derivative. The solvent-free, metal-free mild method of formylation, with the absence of tedious work-up steps and shorter reaction times using an inexpensive mineral acid, is a sustainable alternative to the available methods for aromatic formylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Saha
- Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B Bypass Road, Zuarinagar, Goa 403726, India
| | - Akhil A Bhosle
- Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B Bypass Road, Zuarinagar, Goa 403726, India
| | - Amrita Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B Bypass Road, Zuarinagar, Goa 403726, India
| | - Mainak Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B Bypass Road, Zuarinagar, Goa 403726, India
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37
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Lennox CB, Borchers TH, Gonnet L, Barrett CJ, Koenig SG, Nagapudi K, Friščić T. Direct mechanocatalysis by resonant acoustic mixing (RAM). Chem Sci 2023; 14:7475-7481. [PMID: 37449073 PMCID: PMC10337763 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01591b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of a metal surface to directly catalyse copper-catalysed alkyne-azide click-coupling (CuAAC) reactions under the conditions of Resonant Acoustic Mixing (RAM) - a recently introduced and scalable mechanochemical methodology that uniquely eliminates the need for bulk solvent, as well as milling media. By using a simple copper coil as a catalyst, this work shows that direct mechanocatalysis can occur in an impact-free environment, relying solely on high-speed mixing of reagents against a metal surface, without the need for specially designed milling containers and media. By introducing an experimental setup that enables real-time Raman spectroscopy monitoring of RAM processes, we demonstrate 0th-order reaction kinetics for several selected CuAAC reactions, supporting surface-based catalysis. The herein presented RAM-based direct mechanocatalysis methodology is simple, enables the effective one-pot, two-step synthesis of triazoles via a combination of benzyl azide formation and CuAAC reactions on a wide scope of reagents, provides control over reaction stoichiometry that is herein shown to be superior to that seen in solution or by using more conventional CuCl catalyst, and is applied for simple gram-scale synthesis of the anticonvulsant drug Rufinamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron B Lennox
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3H 0B8 Canada
| | - Tristan H Borchers
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3H 0B8 Canada
| | - Lori Gonnet
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3H 0B8 Canada
| | - Christopher J Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3H 0B8 Canada
| | - Stefan G Koenig
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc. One DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc. One DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H3H 0B8 Canada
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Okon GA, Louis H, Eno EA, Chukwuemeka K, Agwamba EC, Adeyinka AS. First-principle study of Cu-, Ag-, and Au-decorated Si-doped carbon quantum dots (Si@CQD) for CO 2 gas sensing efficacies. J Mol Model 2023; 29:229. [PMID: 37407799 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nanosensor materials for the trapping and sensing of CO2 gas in the ecosystem were investigated herein to elucidate the adsorption, sensibility, selectivity, conductivity, and reactivity of silicon-doped carbon quantum dot (Si@CQD) decorated with Ag, Au, and Cu metals. The gas was studied in two configurations on its O and C sites. When the metal-decorated Si@CQD interacted with the CO2 gas on the C adsorption site of the gas, there was a decrease in all the interactions with the lowest energy gap of 1.084 eV observed in CO2_C_Cu_Si@CQD followed by CO2_C_Au_Si@CQD which recorded a slightly higher energy gap of 1.094 eV, while CO2_C_Ag_Si@CQD had an energy gap of 2.109 eV. On the O adsorption sites, a decrease was observed in CO2_O_Au_Si@CQD which had the least energy gap of 1.140 eV, whereas there was a significant increase after adsorption in CO2_O_Ag_Si@CQD and CO2_O_Cu_Si@CQD with calculated ∆E values of 2.942 eV and 3.015 eV respectively. The adsorption energy alongside the basis set supposition error (BSSE) estimation reveals that CO2_C_Au_Si@CQD, CO2_C_Ag_Si@CQD, and CO2_C_Cu_Si@CQD were weakly adsorbed, while chemisorption was present in the CO2_O_Ag_Si@CQD, CO2_O_Cu_Si@CQD, and CO2_O_Au_Si@CQD interactions. Indeed, the adsorption of CO2 on the different metal-decorated quantum dots affects the Fermi level (Ef) and the work function (Φ) of each of the decorated carbon quantum dots owed to their low Ef values and high ∆Φ% which shows that they can be a prospective work function-based sensor material. METHODS Electronic structure theory method based on first-principle density functional theory (DFT) computation at the B3LYP-GD3(BJ)/Def2-SVP level of theory was utilized through the use of the Gaussian 16 and GaussView 6.0.16 software packages. Post-processing computational code such as multi-wavefunction was employed for result analysis and visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon A Okon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Clifford University, Owerrinta, Nigeria
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Hitler Louis
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India.
| | - Ededet A Eno
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Kelechi Chukwuemeka
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Clifford University, Owerrinta, Nigeria
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Ernest C Agwamba
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Adedapo S Adeyinka
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Fabris F, Illner M, Repke JU, Scarso A, Schwarze M. Is Micellar Catalysis Green Chemistry? Molecules 2023; 28:4809. [PMID: 37375364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many years ago, twelve principles were defined for carrying out chemical reactions and processes from a green chemistry perspective. It is everyone's endeavor to take these points into account as far as possible when developing new processes or improving existing ones. Especially in the field of organic synthesis, a new area of research has thus been established: micellar catalysis. This review article addresses the question of whether micellar catalysis is green chemistry by applying the twelve principles to micellar reaction media. The review shows that many reactions can be transferred from an organic solvent to a micellar medium, but that the surfactant also has a crucial role as a solubilizer. Thus, the reactions can be carried out in a much more environmentally friendly manner and with less risk. Moreover, surfactants are being reformulated in their design, synthesis, and degradation to add extra advantages to micellar catalysis to match all the twelve principles of green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fabris
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Via Torino 155, Mestre, 30172 Venezia, Italy
| | - Markus Illner
- Process Dynamics and Operations Group, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. KWT9, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Repke
- Process Dynamics and Operations Group, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. KWT9, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Scarso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Via Torino 155, Mestre, 30172 Venezia, Italy
| | - Michael Schwarze
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC-08, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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40
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Das A, Datta A. Designing Site Specificity in the Mechanochemical Cargo Release of Small Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37291056 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical force can trigger the predictable and precise release of small molecules from macromolecular carriers. In this article, based on mechanochemical simulations, we show that norborn-2-en-7-one (NEO), I, and its derivatives can selectively release CO, N2, and SO2 and produce two distinctly different products, A ((3E,5Z,7E)-dimethyl-5,6-diphenyldeca-3,5,7-triene-1,10-diyl bis(2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate)) and B (4',5'-dimethyl-4',5'-dihydro-[1,1':2',1''-terphenyl]-3',6'-diyl)bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) bis(2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate). Site-specific design in the pulling points (PP) ensures that by changing the regioselectivity, either A or B can be exclusively generated. Controlling the rigidity of the NEO scaffold by replacing a 6-membered ring with an 8-membered ring and concomitantly tuning the pulling groups makes it mechanolabile toward the selective formation of B. The diradical intermediate formed during I → A is predicted to be persistent for ∼150 fs. The structural design holds the key to the trade-off between mechanochemical rigidity and lability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Das
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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41
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Zhou Y, Centeno SP, Zhang K, Zheng L, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Fracture Detection in Bio-Glues with Fluorescent-Protein-Based Optical Force Probes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210052. [PMID: 36740969 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glues are being used to bond, seal, and repair in industry and biomedicine. The improvement of gluing performance is hence important for the development of new glues with better and balanced property spaces, which in turn necessitates a mechanistic understanding of their mechanical failure. Optical force probes (OFPs) allow the observation of mechanical material damage in polymers from the macro- down to the microscale, yet have never been employed in glues. Here, the development of a series of ratiometric OFPs based on fluorescent-protein-dye and protein-protein conjugates and their incorporation into genetically engineered bio-glues is reported. The OFPs are designed to efficiently modulate Förster resonance energy transfer upon force application thereby reporting on force-induced molecular alterations independent of concentration and fluorescence intensity both spectrally and through their fluorescence lifetime. By fluorescence spectroscopy in solution and in the solid state and by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, stress concentrations are visualized and adhesive and cohesive failure in the fracture zone is differentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia P Centeno
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kuan Zhang
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lifei Zheng
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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42
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Huo Z, Arora S, Kong VA, Myrga BJ, Statt A, Laaser JE. Effect of Polymer Composition and Morphology on Mechanochemical Activation in Nanostructured Triblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2023; 56:1845-1854. [PMID: 36938512 PMCID: PMC10018773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of composition and morphology on mechanochemical activation in nanostructured block copolymers was investigated in a series of poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-poly(n-butyl acrylate)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-b-PnBA-b-PMMA) triblock copolymers containing a force-responsive spiropyran unit in the center of the rubbery PnBA midblock. Triblock copolymers with identical PnBA midblocks and varying lengths of PMMA end-blocks were synthesized from a spiropyran-containing macroinitiatior via atom transfer radical polymerization, yielding polymers with volume fractions of PMMA ranging from 0.21 to 0.50. Characterization by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the polymers self-assembled into spherical and cylindrical nanostructures. Simultaneous tensile tests and optical measurements revealed that mechanochemical activation is strongly correlated to the chemical composition and morphologies of the triblock copolymers. As the glassy (PMMA) block content is increased, the overall activation increases, and the onset of activation occurs at lower strain but higher stress, which agrees with predictions from our previous computational work. These results suggest that the self-assembly of nanostructured morphologies can play an important role in controlling mechanochemical activation in polymeric materials and provide insights into how polymer composition and morphology impact molecular-scale force distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Swati Arora
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Victoria A. Kong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Brandon J. Myrga
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Antonia Statt
- Materials
Science and Engineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Laaser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Biswas A, Bhunia A, Mandal SK. Mechanochemical solid state single electron transfer from reduced organic hydrocarbon for catalytic aryl-halide bond activation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2606-2615. [PMID: 36908958 PMCID: PMC9993847 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06119h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid-state radical generation is an attractive but underutilized methodology in the catalytic strong bond activation process, such as the aryl-halide bond. Traditionally, such a process of strong bond activation relied upon the use of transition metal complexes or strongly reducing photocatalysts in organic solvents. The generation of the aryl radical from aryl halides in the absence of transition-metal or external stimuli, such as light or cathodic current, remains an elusive process. In this study, we describe a reduced organic hydrocarbon, which can act as a super reductant in the solid state to activate strong bonds by solid-state single electron transfer (SSSET) under the influence of mechanical energy leading to a catalytic strategy based on the mechano-SSSET or mechanoredox process. Here, we investigate the solid-state synthesis of the super electron donor phenalenyl anion in a ball mill and its application as an active catalyst in strong bond (aryl halide) activation. Aryl radicals generated from aryl halides by employing this strategy are competent for various carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions under solvent-free and transition metal-free conditions. We illustrate this approach for partially soluble or insoluble polyaromatic arenes in accomplishing solid-solid C-C cross-coupling catalysis, which is otherwise difficult to achieve by traditional methods using solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Biswas
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
| | - Anup Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata Mohanpur-741246 India
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44
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Malektaj H, Drozdov AD, deClaville Christiansen J. Swelling of Homogeneous Alginate Gels with Multi-Stimuli Sensitivity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065064. [PMID: 36982139 PMCID: PMC10049665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A new two-step method is suggested for the preparation of homogeneous alginate gels. In the first step, alginate chains are weakly bonded by Ca2+ ions in an aqueous solution with a low pH. In the next step, the gel is immersed into a strong solution of CaCl2 to finalize the cross-linking process. Homogeneous alginate gels preserve their integrity in aqueous solutions with a pH ranging from 2 to 7 and ionic strength in the interval from 0 to 0.2 M, at temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 50 °C, and can be used in biomedical applications. The immersion of these gels into aqueous solutions with low pH induces the partial breakage of ionic bonds between chains (treated as gel degradation). This degradation affects the equilibrium and transient swelling of homogeneous alginate gels and makes them sensitive to the history of loading and environmental conditions (pH, ionic strength and temperature of aqueous solutions). As sensitivity to the environmental stimuli is a characteristic feature of polymer networks connected by catch bonds, homogeneous alginate gels may serve as a simple model, mimicking the behavior of more sophisticated structures in living matter.
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45
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Bartalucci E, Schumacher C, Hendrickx L, Puccetti F, d'Anciães Almeida Silva I, Dervişoğlu R, Puttreddy R, Bolm C, Wiegand T. Disentangling the Effect of Pressure and Mixing on a Mechanochemical Bromination Reaction by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203466. [PMID: 36445819 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces, including compressive stresses, have a significant impact on chemical reactions. Besides the preparative opportunities, mechanochemical conditions benefit from the absence of any organic solvent, the possibility of a significant synthetic acceleration and unique reaction pathways. Together with an accurate characterization of ball-milling products, the development of a deeper mechanistic understanding of the occurring transformations at a molecular level is critical for fully grasping the potential of organic mechanosynthesis. We herein studied a bromination of a cyclic sulfoximine in a mixer mill and used solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for structural characterization of the reaction products. Magic-angle spinning (MAS) was applied for elucidating the product mixtures taken from the milling jar without introducing any further post-processing on the sample. Ex situ 13 C-detected NMR spectra of ball-milling products showed the formation of a crystalline solid phase with the regioselective bromination of the S-aryl group of the heterocycle in position 4. Completion is reached in less than 30 minutes as deduced from the NMR spectra. The bromination can also be achieved by magnetic stirring, but then, a longer reaction time is required. Mixing the solid educts in the NMR rotor allows to get in situ insights into the reaction and enables the detection of a reaction intermediate. The pressure alone induced in the rotor by MAS is not sufficient to lead to full conversion and the reaction occurs on slower time scales than in the ball mill, which is crucial for analysing mixtures taken from the milling jar by solid-state NMR. Our data suggest that on top of centrifugal forces, an efficient mixing of the starting materials is required for reaching a complete reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Bartalucci
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leeroy Hendrickx
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesco Puccetti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Rıza Dervişoğlu
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Rakesh Puttreddy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry P. O. Box. 35, Survontie 9B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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46
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Anggara K, Ochner H, Szilagyi S, Malavolti L, Rauschenbach S, Kern K. Landing Proteins on Graphene Trampoline Preserves Their Gas-Phase Folding on the Surface. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:151-158. [PMID: 36844500 PMCID: PMC9951278 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecule-surface collisions are known to initiate dynamics that lead to products inaccessible by thermal chemistry. These collision dynamics, however, have mostly been examined on bulk surfaces, leaving vast opportunities unexplored for molecular collisions on nanostructures, especially on those that exhibit mechanical properties radically different from those of their bulk counterparts. Probing energy-dependent dynamics on nanostructures, particularly for large molecules, has been challenging due to their fast time scales and high structural complexity. Here, by examining the dynamics of a protein impinging on a freestanding, single-atom-thick membrane, we discover molecule-on-trampoline dynamics that disperse the collision impact away from the incident protein within a few picoseconds. As a result, our experiments and ab initio calculations show that cytochrome c retains its gas-phase folded structure when it collides onto freestanding single-layer graphene at low energies (∼20 meV/atom). The molecule-on-trampoline dynamics, expected to be operative on many freestanding atomic membranes, enable reliable means to transfer gas-phase macromolecular structures onto freestanding surfaces for their single-molecule imaging, complementing many bioanalytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Anggara
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Hannah Ochner
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Sven Szilagyi
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Luigi Malavolti
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
| | - Stephan Rauschenbach
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max-Planck
Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart DE-70569, Germany
- Institut
de Physique, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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47
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Watabe T, Otsuka H. Swelling-induced Mechanochromism in Multinetwork Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216469. [PMID: 36524463 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel and versatile approach to achieving swelling-induced mechanochemistry using a multinetwork (MN) strategy that enables polymer networks to repeatedly swell with monomers and solvents. The isotropic expansion of the first network (FN) provides sufficient force to drive the mechanochemical scission of a radical-based mechanophore, difluorenylsuccinonitrile (DFSN). Although prompt recombination generally occurs in such highly mobile environments, the resulting pink radicals are kinetically stabilized in the gels, probably due to limited diffusion in the extended polymer chains. Moreover, the DFSN embedded in the isotropically strained chain exhibits increased thermal reactivity, which can be reasonably explained by an entropic contribution of the FN to the dissociation. The utility of the MN polymers is demonstrated not only in terms of swelling-force-induced network modification, but also in the context of tunable reactivity of the dissociative unit through proper design of the hierarchical network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.,Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
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48
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Bettens T, Alonso M, Geerlings P, De Proft F. Mechanochemical Felkin-Anh Model: Achieving Forbidden Reaction Outcomes with Mechanical Force. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2046-2056. [PMID: 36735279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Felkin-Anh diastereoselectivity can be achieved for nucleophilic additions to α-chiral ketones upon stretching the ketone with a mechanical pulling force. Herein, a mechanochemical Felkin-Anh model is proposed for predicting the outcome of a nucleophilic addition to an α-chiral ketone. Essentially, the fully stretched chiral ketone has one substituent shielding each side of the carbonyl, in contrast to the Felkin-Anh model, in which free rotation around a bond is required to achieve the two rotamers of the ketone. Depending on the pulling scenario, either Felkin-Anh or anti-Felkin-Anh diastereoselectivity is obtained. The model is entirely based on the distance between the pulling points, which is maximized in the anti-periplanar arrangement. The major diastereomer is associated with the approach with the least steric interactions. The intuitive model is validated by means of mechanochemical density functional theory calculations. Importantly, the ketone is fully stretched in the sub 1 nN force regime, thus minimizing the risk of undesired homolytic bond rupture. Moreover, the mechanical force is not used for lowering the reaction barriers associated with the nucleophilic addition; instead, it is solely applied for locking the conformation of a molecule and provoking otherwise inaccessible reaction pathways on the force-modified potential energy surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bettens
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050Brussels, Belgium
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49
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Zhang Q, Fan E, Lin J, Sun S, Zhang X, Chen R, Wu F, Li L. Acid-free mechanochemical process to enhance the selective recycling of spent LiFePO 4 batteries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130160. [PMID: 36283216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the large-scale application of LiFePO4 (LFP) in energy storage and electric vehicles, the recycling of spent lithium LFP batteries has gained more attention. However, recycling spent LFP is less economically feasible owing to the poor economic value of Fe products, which causes a problem for both the efficiency and economy. This work proposes a highly economical acid-free mechanochemical approach for the efficient and selective extraction of lithium (Li) from spent LFP battery cathode materials. The selective release of 98.9 % of Li from the LFP crystal structure is achieved at a reaction time of 5 h, a rotational speed of 500 rpm, and sodium citrate (Na3Cit) to LFP mass ratio of 10. Meanwhile, Fe is reserved in the form of FePO4 in the olivine structure. The use of Na3Cit as a co-milling agent ensures a pollution-free recovery process and efficient extraction of Li+. The chelation of Li+ with organic ligands (Cit3-) is the key to the efficient selective recovery of Li+ from the olivine LFP structure via the mechanochemical process. The economic analysis indicates that the method is feasible and ensures industrial viability. The acid-free mechanochemical (MC) process reported in this work provides a novel route to selectively recover Li from spent LFP efficiently and highly economically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyue Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ersha Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China.
| | - Jiao Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sisheng Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Feng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China.
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50
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Priestley I, Battilocchio C, Iosub AV, Barreteau F, Bluck GW, Ling KB, Ingram K, Ciaccia M, Leitch JA, Browne DL. Safety Considerations and Proposed Workflow for Laboratory-Scale Chemical Synthesis by Ball Milling. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Priestley
- Huddersfield Manufacturing Centre, Syngenta Ltd, Huddersfield HD2 1FF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrei V. Iosub
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Barreteau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Gavin W. Bluck
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth B. Ling
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine Ingram
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Ciaccia
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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