1
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Yu K, Ward TR. C-H functionalization reactions catalyzed by artificial metalloenzymes. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 258:112621. [PMID: 38852295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
CH functionalization, a promising frontier in modern organic chemistry, facilitates the direct conversion of inert CH bonds into many valuable functional groups. Despite its merits, traditional homogeneous catalysis, often faces challenges in efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability towards this transformation. In this context, artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs), resulting from the incorporation of a catalytically-competent metal cofactor within an evolvable protein scaffold, bridges the gap between the efficiency of enzymatic transformations and the versatility of transition metal catalysis. Accordingly, ArMs have emerged as attractive tools for various challenging catalytic transformations. Additionally, the coming of age of directed evolution has unlocked unprecedented avenues for optimizing enzymatic catalysis. Taking advantage of their genetically-encoded protein scaffold, ArMs have been evolved to catalyze various CH functionalization reactions. This review delves into the recent developments of ArM-catalyzed CH functionalization reactions, highlighting the benefits of engineering the second coordination sphere around a metal cofactor within a host protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland.
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2
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Chen Z, Shimabukuro K, Bacsa J, Musaev DG, Davies HML. D 4-Symmetric Dirhodium Tetrakis(binaphthylphosphate) Catalysts for Enantioselective Functionalization of Unactivated C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19460-19473. [PMID: 38959398 PMCID: PMC11258696 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Dirhodium tetrakis(2,2'-binaphthylphosphate) catalysts were successfully developed for asymmetric C-H functionalization with trichloroethyl aryldiazoacetates as the carbene precursors. The 2,2'-binaphthylphosphate (BNP) ligands were modified by introduction of aryl and/or chloro functionality at the 4,4',6,6' positions. As the BNP ligands are C2-symmetric, the resulting dirhodium tetrakis(2,2'-binaphthylphosphate) complexes were expected to be D4-symmetric, but X-ray crystallographic and computational studies revealed this is not always the case because of internal T-shaped CH-π and aryl-aryl interactions between the ligands. The optimum catalyst is Rh2(S-megaBNP)4, with 3,5-di(tert-butyl)phenyl substituents at the 4,4' positions and chloro substituents at the 6,6' positions. This catalyst adopts a D4-symmetric arrangement and is ideally suited for site-selective C-H functionalization at unactivated tertiary sites with high levels of enantioselectivity, outperforming the best dirhodium tetracarboxylate catalyst developed for this reaction. The standard reactions were conducted with a catalyst loading of 1 mol % but lower catalyst loadings can be used if desired, as illustrated in the C-H functionalization of cyclohexane in 91% ee with 0.0025 mol % catalyst loading (29,400 turnover numbers). These studies further illustrate the effectiveness of donor/acceptor carbenes in site-selective intermolecular C-H functionalization and expand the toolbox of catalysts available for catalyst-controlled C-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kristin Shimabukuro
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - John Bacsa
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Cherry
L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, 1521
Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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3
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Wei SQ, Li ZH, Wang SH, Chen H, Wang XY, Gu YZ, Zhang Y, Wang H, Ding TM, Zhang SY, Tu YQ. Asymmetric Intramolecular Amination Catalyzed with Cp*Ir-SPDO via Nitrene Transfer for Synthesis of Spiro-Quaternary Indolinone. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18841-18847. [PMID: 38975938 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
An asymmetric intramolecular spiro-amination to high steric hindering α-C-H bond of 1,3-dicarbonyl via nitrene transfer using inactive aryl azides has been carried out by developing a novel Cp*Ir(III)-SPDO (spiro-pyrrolidine oxazoline) catalyst, thereby enabling the first successful construction of structurally rigid spiro-quaternary indolinone cores with moderate to high yields and excellent enantioselectivities. DFT computations support the presence of double bridging H-F bonds between [SbF6]- and both the ligand and substrate, which favors the plane-differentiation of the enol π-bond for nitrenoid attacking. These findings open up numerous opportunities for the development of new asymmetric nitrene transfer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qiang Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontier Scientific Center of Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Minhang 200240, China
| | - Zi-Hao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontier Scientific Center of Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Minhang 200240, China
| | - Shuang-Hu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontier Scientific Center of Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Minhang 200240, China
| | - Hua Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Cent of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontier Scientific Center of Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Minhang 200240, China
| | - Yun-Zhou Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontier Scientific Center of Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Minhang 200240, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontier Scientific Center of Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Minhang 200240, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Cent of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Tong-Mei Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontier Scientific Center of Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Minhang 200240, China
| | - Shu-Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontier Scientific Center of Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Minhang 200240, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Tu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontier Scientific Center of Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Minhang 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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4
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Liu Z, Wu H, Zhang H, Wang F, Liu X, Dong S, Hong X, Feng X. Iron-Catalyzed Asymmetric Imidation of Sulfides via Sterically Biased Nitrene Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18050-18060. [PMID: 38878303 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective nitrene transfer to sulfides has emerged as one of the most powerful strategies for rapid construction of enantioenriched sulfimides. However, achieving stereocontrol over highly active earth-abundant transition-metal nitrenoid intermediates remains a formidable challenge compared with precious metals. Herein, we disclose a chiral iron(II)/N,N'-dioxide-catalyzed enantioselective imidation of dialkyl and alkyl aryl sulfides using iminoiodinanes as nitrene precursors. A series of chiral sulfimides were obtained in moderate-to-good yields with high enantioselectivities (56 examples, up to 99% yield, 98:2 e.r.). The utility of this methodology was demonstrated by late-stage modification of complex molecules and synthesis of the chiral insecticide sulfoxaflor and the intermediates of related bioactive compounds. Based on experimental studies and theoretical calculations, a water-bonded high-spin iron nitrenoid species was identified as the key intermediate. The observed stereoselectivity was original from the steric repulsion between the amide unit of the ligand in the chiral cave and the bulky substituent of sulfides. Additionally, dioxazolones proved to be suitable acylnitrene precursors in the presence of an iron(III)/N,N'-dioxide complex, resulting in the formation of enantioselectivity-reversed sulfimides (14 examples, up to 81% yield, 97:3 e.r.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hongli Wu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Helong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shunxi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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5
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Liang S, Jensen MP. [Fe(NCMe) 6](BF 4) 2 is a bifunctional catalyst for styrene aziridination by nitrene transfer and heterocycle expansion by subsequent dipolar insertion. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 256:112551. [PMID: 38678911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The solvated iron(II) salt [Fe(NCMe)6](BF4)2 (Me = methyl) is shown to be a bifunctional catalyst with respect to aziridination of styrene. The salt serves as an active catalyst for nitrene transfer from PhINTs to styrene to form 2-phenyl-N-tosylaziridine (Ph = phenyl; Ts = tosyl, -S{O}2-p-C6H4Me). The iron(II) salt also acts as a Lewis acid in non-coordinating CH2Cl2 solution, to catalyze heterolytic CN bond cleavage of the aziridine and insertion of dipolarophiles. The 1,3-zwitterionic intermediate is presumably supported by interaction of the metal dication with the anion, and by resonance stabilization of the carbocation. Nucleophilic dipolarophiles then insert to give a five-membered heterocyclic ring. The result is a two-step cycloaddition, formally [2 + 1 + 2], that is typically regiospecific, but not stereospecific. This reaction mechanism was confirmed by conducting a series of one-step, [3 + 2] additions of unsaturated molecules into pre-formed 2-phenyl-N-tosylaziridine, also catalyzed by [Fe(NCMe)6](BF4)2. Relevant substrates include styrenes, carbonyl compounds and alkynes. These yield five-membered heterocylic rings, including pyrrolidines, oxazolidines and dihydropyrroles, respectively. The reaction scope appears limited only by the barrier to formation of the dipolar intermediate, and by the nucleophilicity of the captured dipolarophile. The bifunctionality of an inexpensive, earth-abundant and non-toxic catalyst suggests a general strategy for one-pot construction of heterocyclic rings, as demonstrated specifically for pyrrolidine ring formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Michael P Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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6
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Jain S, Ospina F, Hammer SC. A New Age of Biocatalysis Enabled by Generic Activation Modes. JACS AU 2024; 4:2068-2080. [PMID: 38938808 PMCID: PMC11200230 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Biocatalysis is currently undergoing a profound transformation. The field moves from relying on nature's chemical logic to a discipline that exploits generic activation modes, allowing for novel biocatalytic reactions and, in many instances, entirely new chemistry. Generic activation modes enable a wide range of reaction types and played a pivotal role in advancing the fields of organo- and photocatalysis. This perspective aims to summarize the principal activation modes harnessed in enzymes to develop new biocatalysts. Although extensively researched in the past, the highlighted activation modes, when applied within enzyme active sites, facilitate chemical transformations that have largely eluded efficient and selective catalysis. This advance is attributed to multiple tunable interactions in the substrate binding pocket that precisely control competing reaction pathways and transition states. We will highlight cases of new synthetic methodologies achieved by engineered enzymes and will provide insights into potential future developments in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephan C. Hammer
- Research Group for Organic Chemistry
and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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7
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Fu R, Xu M, Wang Y, Wu X, Bao X. Organo-Photocatalytic Anti-Markovnikov Hydroamidation of Alkenes with Sulfonyl Azides: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406069. [PMID: 38630112 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The construction of C(sp3)-N bonds via direct N-centered radical addition with olefins under benign conditions is a desirable but challenging strategy. Herein, we describe an organo-photocatalytic approach to achieve anti-Markovnikov alkene hydroamidation with sulfonyl azides in a highly efficient manner under transition-metal-free and mild conditions. A broad range of substrates, including both activated and unactivated alkenes, are suitable for this protocol, providing a convenient and practical method to construct sulfonylamide derivatives. A synergistic experimental and computational mechanistic study suggests that the additive, Hantzsch ester (HE), might undergo a triplet-triplet energy transfer manner to achieve photosensitization by the organo-photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Next, the resulted triplet excited state 3HE* could lead to a homolytic cleavage of C4-H bond, which triggers a straightforward H-atom transfer (HAT) style in converting sulfonyl azide to the corresponding key amidyl radical. Subsequently, the addition of the amidyl radical to alkene followed by HAT from p-toluenethiol could proceed to afford the desired anti-Markovnikov hydroamidation product. It is worth noting that mechanistic pathway bifurcation could be possible for this reaction. A feasible radical chain propagation mechanistic pathway is also proposed to rationalize the high efficiency of this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fu
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Mengyu Xu
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yujing Wang
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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8
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Huang Y, Zhu SY, He G, Chen G, Wang H. Synthesis of N-H Aziridines from Unactivated Olefins Using Hydroxylamine- O-Sulfonic Acids as Aminating Agent. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6263-6273. [PMID: 38652889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we presented a practical methodology for the intermolecular aziridination of alkenes, using HOSA as the aminating agent, alongside pyridine or piperidine as the base, within HFIP solvent system. Notably, this approach showcases excellent reactivity, especially with nonactivated alkenes, and facilitates the transformation of various alkenes substrates, including mono-, di-, tri, and tetra-substituted alkenes, into aziridines with moderate to excellent yield. This method presents a promising avenue for synthesizing aziridines from a wide range of alkenes, featuring the benefits of straightforward operation, mild reaction conditions, extensive substrate compatibility, and scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shi-Yang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gang He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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9
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Ahmed H, Ghosh B, Breitenlechner S, Feßner M, Merten C, Bach T. Intermolecular Enantioselective Amination Reactions Mediated by Visible Light and a Chiral Iron Porphyrin Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202407003. [PMID: 38695376 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
In the presence of 1 mol % of a chiral iron porphyrin catalyst, various 3-arylmethyl-substituted 2-quinolones and 2-pyridones underwent an enantioselective amination reaction (20 examples; 93-99 % ee). The substrates were used as the limiting reagents, and fluorinated aryl azides (1.5 equivalents) served as nitrene precursors. The reaction is triggered by visible light which allows a facile dediazotation at ambient temperature. The selectivity of the reaction is governed by a two-point hydrogen bond interaction between the ligand of the iron catalyst and the substrate. Hydrogen bonding directs the amination to a specific hydrogen atom within the substrate that is displaced by the nitrogen substituent either in a concerted fashion or by a rebound mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussayn Ahmed
- Technische Universität München, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Biki Ghosh
- Technische Universität München, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Stefan Breitenlechner
- Technische Universität München, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Malte Feßner
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801, Bochum
| | - Christian Merten
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801, Bochum
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Technische Universität München, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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10
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Paterson KJ, Dahiya A, Williams BD, Phipps RJ. Tertiary Amides as Directing Groups for Enantioselective C-H Amination using Ion-Paired Rhodium Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317489. [PMID: 38348742 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Enantioselective C-H amination at a benzylic methylene is a vital disconnection towards chiral benzylamines. Here we disclose that butyric and valeric acid-derived tertiary amides can undergo highly enantioselective benzylic amination using an achiral anionic Rh complex that is ion-paired with a Cinchona alkaloid-derived chiral cation. A broad scope of compounds can be aminated encompassing numerous arene substitutions, amides, and two different chain lengths. Excellent tolerance of ortho substituents was observed, which has not been achieved before in asymmetric intermolecular C-H amination with Rh. We speculate that the tertiary amide group of the substrate engages in hydrogen bonding interactions directly with the chiral cation, enabling a high level of organisation at the transition state for C-H amination. This is in contrast with our previous work where a substrate bearing a hydrogen bond donor was required. Control experiments led to the discovery that methyl ethers also function as proficient directing groups under the optimised conditions, potentially also acting as hydrogen bond acceptors. This finding has the promise to dramatically expand the applicability of our ion-paired chiral catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran J Paterson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Dahiya
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin D Williams
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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11
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Wang J, Luo MP, Gu YJ, Liu YY, Yin Q, Wang SG. Chiral Cp x Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Aziridination of Unactivated Terminal Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400502. [PMID: 38279683 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Chiral cyclopentadienyl-rhodium(III) Cpx Rh(III) catalysis has been demonstrated to be competent for catalyzing highly enantioselective aziridination of challenging unactivated terminal alkenes and nitrene sources. The chiral Cpx Rh(III) catalysis system exhibited outstanding catalytic performance and wide functional group tolerance, yielding synthetically important and highly valuable chiral aziridines with good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to 99 % yield, 93 % ee). This protocol presents a novel and effective strategy for synthesizing enantioenriched aziridines from simple alkenes. Various transformations were performed on the aziridine products, illustrating the versatility and synthetic potential of this protocol for constructing highly functionalized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mu-Peng Luo
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Jie Gu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ying Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qin Yin
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shou-Guo Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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12
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Brunard E, Boquet V, Saget T, Sosa Carrizo ED, Sircoglou M, Dauban P. Catalyst-Controlled Intermolecular Homobenzylic C(sp 3)-H Amination for the Synthesis of β-Arylethylamines. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5843-5854. [PMID: 38387076 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The combination of a tailored sulfamate with a C4-symmetrical rhodium(II) tetracarboxylate allows to uncover a selective intermolecular amination of unactivated homobenzylic C(sp3)-H bonds. The reaction has a broad scope (>30 examples) and proceeds with a high level of regioselectivity with homobenzylic/benzylic ratio of up to 35:1, thereby providing a direct access to β-arylethylamines that are of utmost interest in medicinal chemistry. Computational investigations evidenced a concerted mechanism, involving an asynchronous transition state. Based on a combined activation strain model and energy decomposition analysis, the regioselectivity of the reaction was found to rely mainly on the degree of orbital interaction between the [Rh2]-nitrene and the C-H bond. The latter is facilitated at the homobenzylic position due to the establishment of specific noncovalent interactions within the catalytic pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Brunard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Boquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tanguy Saget
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E Daiann Sosa Carrizo
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Marie Sircoglou
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Philippe Dauban
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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13
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Kagawa Y, Oohora K, Hayashi T. Intramolecular C-H bond amination catalyzed by myoglobin reconstituted with iron porphycene. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 252:112459. [PMID: 38181613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
C-H bond amination is an effective way to obtain nitrogen-containing products. In this work, we demonstrate that myoglobin reconstituted with iron porphycene (rMb(FePc)) catalyzes intramolecular C(sp3)-H bond amination of arylsulfonyl azides to yield corresponding sultam analogs. The total turnover number of rMb(FePc) is up to 5.7 × 104 for the C-H bond amination of 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl azide. Moreover, rMb(FePc) exhibits higher selectivity for the desired C-H bond amination than the competing azide reduction compared to native myoglobin. Kinetic studies reveal that the kcat value of rMb(FePc) is 4-fold higher than that of native myoglobin. Furthermore, H64A, H64V and H64I mutants of rMb(FePc) enhance the turnover number (TON) and enantioselectivity for the C-H bond amination of 2,4,6-triethylbenzenesulfonyl azide. The present findings indicate that iron porphycene is an attractive artificial cofactor for myoglobin toward the C-H bond amination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Oohora
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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14
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Gu L, Fraker A, Thompson NB, McSkimming A. Four-Coordinate Co(III) Imide with an Unusually Tilted Terminal Imido Ligand. Organometallics 2024; 43:341-348. [PMID: 38362485 PMCID: PMC10865434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis and characterization of a terminal Co(III) imido complex supported by an intermediate field N,N,C heteroscorpionate. This chemistry is enabled through the development of an additional member of this ligand type featuring Ph2(CH3)C- substituents, one of which weakly binds and stabilizes Co in the corresponding Co(I) precursor. The Co(III) imide is low-spin with no evidence for thermal population of open-shell excited states. Unusually, the imido ligand in this molecule tilts markedly toward the Calkyl donor. DFT calculations suggest this structural feature to be largely a result of strong Co-C covalency, underscoring the importance of M-C bonding in determining the (electronic) structure of metal centers supported by this class of ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gu
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Addison Fraker
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Niklas B. Thompson
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Alex McSkimming
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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15
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Yang YZ, Xue Q, Xiong ZQ, Li Y, Ouyang XH, Hu M, Li JH. Divergent [2 + n] Heteroannulation of β-CF 3-1,3-enynes with Alkyl Azides via Hydrogen Atom Transfer and Radical Substitution. Org Lett 2024; 26:889-894. [PMID: 38251851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A copper-promoted divergent intermolecular [2 + n] heteroannulation of β-CF3-1,3-enynes with alkyl azides via alkyl radical-driven HAT and radical substitution (C-C bond formation) to form four- to ten-membered saturated N-heterocycles is developed. This method enables the aryl-induced or kinetically controlled site selective functionalization of the remote C(sp3)-H bonds at positions 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 toward the nitrogen atom through triplet nitrene formation, radical addition across the C═C bond, HAT and radical substitution cascades, and features a broad substrate scope, excellent site selectivity, and facile late-stage derivatization of bioactive molecules. Initial deuterium-labeling and control experiments shed light on the reaction mechanism via nitrene formation and HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Qi Xue
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 475004, China
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16
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Kumar PV, Madhumitha G. Clay based heterogeneous catalysts for carbon-nitrogen bond formation: a review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:4810-4834. [PMID: 38318622 PMCID: PMC10840681 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06358e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Clay and modified clay-based catalysts are widely used in organic transformation. Owing to the interlayer ions and good ion exchange capacity of clay, replacement with another ion and incorporation of different nanomaterials can be done. Due to these significant properties of clay, it can be utilized in the synthesis of various organic compounds. Carbon-nitrogen bonded compounds possess diverse applications in different fields. These compounds are prepared using different solid acid heterogeneous catalysts. This review presents a detailed discussion on clay used for the carbon-nitrogen bond formation reaction, such as the Biginelli reaction and A3 and KA2 coupling reactions. Additionally, other C-N bond formation reactions using various clay-based catalysts such as bentonite, montmorillonite, hydrotalcite and halloysite clay with various metals, metal oxides, Kegging type heteropoly acid and various nanomaterial incorporated clay heterogeneous catalysts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vinoth Kumar
- Chemistry of Heterocycles & Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore Tamilnadu India
| | - G Madhumitha
- Chemistry of Heterocycles & Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore Tamilnadu India
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17
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Xu H, Wang DS, Zhu Z, Deb A, Zhang XP. New Mode of Asymmetric Induction for Enantioselective Radical N-Heterobicyclization via Kinetically Stable Chiral Radical Center. Chem 2024; 10:283-298. [PMID: 38313041 PMCID: PMC10836202 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Enantioselective radical N-heterobicyclization of N-allylsulfamoyl azides have been developed via metalloradical catalysis (MRC). The Co(II)-based catalytic system can homolytically activate the organic azides with varied electronic and steric properties for asymmetric radical N-heterobicyclization under mild conditions without the need of oxidants, allowing for stereoselective construction of chiral [3.1.0]-bicyclic sulfamoyl aziridines in excellent yields with high diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities. The key to achieving the enantioselective radical process relies on catalyst development through ligand design. We demonstrate that the use of new-generation D2-symmetric chiral bridged amidoporphyrin ligand HuPhyrin with judicious variation of the alkyl bridge length can dictate both reactivity and selectivity of Co(II)-based MRC. We present both experimental and computational studies that shed light on the working details of the unprecedented mode of asymmetric induction consisting of enantioface-selective radical addition and stereospecific radical substitution. We showcase the synthetic applications of the resulting enantioenriched bicyclic aziridines through a number of stereospecific transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Duo-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Arghya Deb
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - X. Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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18
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Ward RM, Hu Y, Tu NP, Schomaker JM. Solvent Effects on the Chemo- and Site-Selectivity of Transition Metal-Catalyzed Nitrene Transfer Reactions: Alternatives to Chlorinated Solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202300964. [PMID: 37696772 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed, non-enzymatic nitrene transfer (NT) reactions to selectively transform C-H and C=C bonds to new C-N bonds are a powerful strategy to streamline the preparation of valuable amine building blocks. However, many catalysts for these reactions use environmentally unfriendly solvents that include dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane and benzene. We developed a high-throughput experimentation (HTE) protocol for heterogeneous NT reaction mixtures to enable rapid screening of a broad range of solvents for this chemistry. Coupled with the American Chemical Society Pharmaceutical Roundtable (ACSPR) solvent tool, we identified several attractive replacements for chlorinated solvents. Selected catalysts for NT were compared and contrasted using our HTE protocol, including silver supported by N-dentate ligands, dinuclear Rh complexes and Fe/Mn phthalocyanine catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Noah P Tu
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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19
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Pradhan S, Kweon J, Sahoo MK, Jung H, Heo J, Kim YB, Kim D, Park JW, Chang S. A Formal γ-C-H Functionalization of Carboxylic Acids Guided by Metal-Nitrenoids as an Unprecedented Mechanistic Motif. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:28251-28263. [PMID: 38100053 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing the key intermediates in metal-catalyzed reactions is one of the most essential strategies in the development of selective organic transformations. The nitrogen group transfer reactivity of metal-nitrenoids to ubiquitous C-H bonds allows for diverse C-N bond formation to furnish synthetically valuable aminated products. In this study, we present an unprecedented reactivity of iridium and ruthenium nitrenoids to generate remote carbocation intermediates, which subsequently undergo nucleophile incorporation, thus developing a formal γ-C-H functionalization of carboxylic acids. Mechanistic investigations elucidated a unique singlet metal-nitrenoid reactivity to initiate an abstraction of γ-hydride to form the carbocation intermediate that eventually reacts with a broad range of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen nucleophiles, as well as biorelevant molecules. Alternatively, the same intermediate can lead to deprotonation to afford β,γ-unsaturated amides in a less nucleophilic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Pradhan
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jeonguk Kweon
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Manoj Kumar Sahoo
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Hoimin Jung
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Joon Heo
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Yeong Bum Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Park
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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20
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Trinh TA, Fu Y, Hu DB, Zappia SA, Guzei IA, Liu P, Schomaker JM. Chemo- and enantioselective intramolecular silver-catalyzed aziridinations of carbamimidates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:224-227. [PMID: 38051226 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05670h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed asymmetric nitrene transfer is a powerful method to generate enantioenriched amines found in natural products and bioactive molecules. A highly chemo- and enantioselective intramolecular silver-catalysed aziridination of 2,2,2-trichloroethoxysulfonyl (Tces)-protected carbamimidates gives [4.1.0]-bicyclic aziridines in good yields and up to 99% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Anh Trinh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison WI 53706, USA.
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Derek B Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison WI 53706, USA.
| | - Soren A Zappia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison WI 53706, USA.
| | - Ilia A Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison WI 53706, USA.
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison WI 53706, USA.
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21
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Lu B, Zeng X. Phosphinidenes: Fundamental Properties and Reactivity. Chemistry 2023:e202303283. [PMID: 38108540 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphinidenes are heavy congeners of nitrenes that have been broadly used as in situ reagents in synthetic phosphorus chemistry and also serve as versatile ligands in coordination with transition metals. However, the detection of free phosphinidenes is largely challenged by their high reactivity and also the lack of suitable synthetic methods, rendering the knowledge about the fundamental properties of this class of low-valent phosphorus compounds limited. Recently, an increasing number of free phosphinidenes bearing prototype structural and bonding properties have been prepared for the first time, thus enabling the exploration of their distinct reactivity from the nitrene analogues. This Concept article will discuss the experimental approaches for the generation of the highly unstable phosphinidenes and highlight their distinct reactivity from the nitrogen analogues so as to stimuate future studies about their potential applications in phosphorus chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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22
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Yang J, Tripodi GL, Derks MTGM, Seo MS, Lee YM, Southwell KW, Shearer J, Roithová J, Nam W. Generation, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Computational Analysis of a Six-Coordinate Cobalt(III)-Imidyl Complex with an Unusual S = 3/2 Ground State that Promotes N-Group and Hydrogen Atom-Transfer Reactions with Exogenous Substrates. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26106-26121. [PMID: 37997643 PMCID: PMC11175169 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of a mononuclear nonheme cobalt(III)-imidyl complex, [Co(NTs)(TQA)(OTf)]+ (1), with an S = 3/2 spin state that is capable of facilitating exogenous substrate modifications. Complex 1 was generated from the reaction of CoII(TQA)(OTf)2 with PhINTs at -20 °C. A flow setup with ESI-MS detection was used to explore the kinetics of the formation, stability, and degradation pathway of 1 in solution by treating the Co(II) precursor with PhINTs. Co K-edge XAS data revealed a distinct shift in the Co K-edge compared to the Co(II) precursor, in agreement with the formation of a Co(III) intermediate. The unusual S = 3/2 spin state was proposed based on EPR, DFT, and CASSCF calculations and Co Kβ XES results. Co K-edge XAS and IR photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopies demonstrate that 1 is a six-coordinate species, and IRPD and resonance Raman spectroscopies are consistent with 1 being exclusively the isomer with the NT ligand occupying the vacant site trans to the TQA aliphatic amine nitrogen atom. Electronic structure calculations (broken symmetry DFT and CASSCF/NEVPT2) demonstrate an S = 3/2 oxidation state resulting from the strong antiferromagnetic coupling of an •NTs spin to the high-spin S = 2 Co(III) center. Reactivity studies of 1 with PPh3 derivatives revealed its electrophilic characteristic in the nitrene-transfer reaction. While the activation of C-H bonds by 1 was proved to be kinetically challenging, 1 could oxidize weak O-H and N-H bonds. Complex 1 is, therefore, a rare example of a Co(III)-imidyl complex capable of exogenous substrate transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindou Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Guilherme L. Tripodi
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Max T. G. M. Derks
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mi Sook Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Kendal W. Southwell
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Jason Shearer
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Jana Roithová
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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23
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Li J, Liu T, Singh N, Huang Z, Ding Y, Huang J, Sudarsanam P, Li H. Photocatalytic C-N bond construction toward high-value nitrogenous chemicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14341-14352. [PMID: 37987689 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04771g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The construction of carbon-nitrogen bonds is vital for producing versatile nitrogenous compounds for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Among developed synthetic approaches to nitrogenous chemicals, photocatalysis is particularly prominent and has become one of the emerging fields due to its unique advantages of eco-sustainable characteristics, efficient process integration, no need for high-pressure H2, and tunable synthesis methods for developing advanced photocatalytic materials. Here, the review focuses on potential photocatalytic protocols developed for the construction of robust carbon-nitrogen bonds in discrepant activation environments to produce high-value nitrogenous chemicals. The photocatalytic C-N bond construction strategies and involved reaction mechanisms are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Tengyu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Nittan Singh
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Zhuochun Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Yan Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Jinshu Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Putla Sudarsanam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, India.
| | - Hu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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24
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Li HH, Chen X, Kramer S. Recent developments for intermolecular enantioselective amination of non-acidic C(sp 3)-H bonds. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13278-13289. [PMID: 38033905 PMCID: PMC10686044 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04643e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enantioenriched chiral amines are of exceptional importance in the pharmaceutical industry. Recently, several new methods for the installation of these functional groups directly from non-acidic C(sp3)-H bonds by catalytic intermolecular enantioselective amination have been reported. These methods represent significant advances of the field and most of them display high levels of enantioselectivity, utilize the C(sp3)-H substrate as the limiting reagent, feature good functional group tolerance, and show compatibility with late-stage C(sp3)-H amination of advanced substrates. This perspective provides an overview of the recent developments in this rapidly advancing field and outlines possibilities and limitations, which will help identify unsolved challenges and guide future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Hui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Xuemeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Søren Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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25
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Fanourakis A, Phipps RJ. Catalytic, asymmetric carbon-nitrogen bond formation using metal nitrenoids: from metal-ligand complexes via metalloporphyrins to enzymes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12447-12476. [PMID: 38020383 PMCID: PMC10646976 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04661c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of nitrogen atoms into small molecules is of fundamental importance and it is vital that ever more efficient and selective methods for achieving this are developed. With this aim, the potential of nitrene chemistry has long been appreciated but its application has been constrained by the extreme reactivity of these labile species. This liability however can be attenuated by complexation with a transition metal and the resulting metal nitrenoids have unique and highly versatile reactivity which includes the amination of certain types of aliphatic C-H bonds as well as reactions with alkenes to afford aziridines. At least one new chiral centre is typically formed in these processes and the development of catalysts to exert control over enantioselectivity in nitrenoid-mediated amination has become a growing area of research, particularly over the past two decades. Compared with some synthetic methods, metal nitrenoid chemistry is notable in that chemists can draw from a diverse array of metals and catalysts , ranging from metal-ligand complexes, bearing a variety of ligand types, via bio-inspired metalloporphyrins, all the way through to, very recently, engineered enzymes themselves. In the latter category in particular, rapid progress is being made, the rate of which suggests that this approach may be instrumental in addressing some of the outstanding challenges in the field. This review covers key developments and strategies that have shaped the field, in addition to the latest advances, up until September 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fanourakis
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Robert J Phipps
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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Noda H, Asada Y, Shibasaki M. Examining the effects of additives and precursors on the reactivity of rhodium alkyl nitrenes generated from substituted hydroxylamines. Front Chem 2023; 11:1271896. [PMID: 38025067 PMCID: PMC10654751 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1271896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the reactivity of the alkyl nitrenes, generated from the substituted hydroxylamine precursors, was determined using the same rhodium catalyst. The results revealed that in competitive C-H insertion experiments, the regioselectivity between benzylic and tertiary C-H bonds could be modulated by adding Brønsted acids or changing the substituents on oxygen. This study enhances our understanding of the metallonitrene structures and provides valuable insights for further development of selective N-heterocycle syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Noda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Nie X, Ritter CW, Hemming M, Ivlev SI, Xie X, Chen S, Meggers E. Nitrene-Mediated Enantioselective Intramolecular Olefin Oxyamination to Access Chiral γ-Aminomethyl-γ-Lactones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202314398. [PMID: 37920926 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Attaching a nitrene precursor to an intramolecular nucleophile allows for a catalytic asymmetric intramolecular oxyamination of alkenes in which the nucleophile adds in an endocyclic position and the amine in an exocyclic fashion. Using chiral-at-ruthenium catalysts, chiral γ-aminomethyl-γ-lactones containing a quaternary carbon in γ-position are provided in high yields (up to 99 %) and with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). DFT calculations support the possibility of both a singlet (concerted oxyamination of the alkene) and triplet pathway (stepwise oxyamination) for the formation of the predominant stereoisomer. γ-Aminomethyl-γ-lactones are versatile chiral building blocks and can be converted to other heterocycles such as δ-lactams, 2-oxazolidinones, and tetrahydrofurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Nie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Clayton W Ritter
- College of Arts & Sciences, Oberlin College Science Center N381, 119 Woodland St., Oberlin, OH-44074, USA
| | - Marcel Hemming
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sergei I Ivlev
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Shuming Chen
- College of Arts & Sciences, Oberlin College Science Center N381, 119 Woodland St., Oberlin, OH-44074, USA
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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Geraci A, Stojiljković U, Antien K, Salameh N, Baudoin O. Iridium(III)-Catalyzed Intermolecular C(sp 3 )-H Amidation for the Synthesis of Chiral 1,2-Diamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309263. [PMID: 37493209 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Chiral 1,2-diamines are privileged scaffolds among bioactive natural products, active pharmaceutical ingredients, ligands for transition-metal-based asymmetric catalysis and organocatalysts. Despite this interest, the construction of chiral 1,2-diamine motifs still remains a challenge. To address this, an iridium(III)-catalyzed intermolecular C(sp3 )-H amidation reaction was developed. This method relies on the design of a new, cheap and cleavable exo-protecting/directing group derived from camphorsulfonic acid, which is directly installed from easily accessible precursors, and furnishes scalemic free 1,2-diamines upon cleavage of both nitrogen substituents. It was found applicable to both α-secondary and α-tertiary-1,2-diamines, for which a two-step protocol involving intermolecular olefin hydroamination and C(sp3 )-H amidation was developed. Kinetic and computational studies provided insights into the observed reactivity difference between pairs of diastereoisomeric substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Geraci
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uros Stojiljković
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Antien
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nihad Salameh
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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29
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Guo R, Hu C, Li Q, Liu LL, Tung CH, Kong L. BN Analogue of Butadiyne: A Platform for Dinitrogen Release and Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18767-18772. [PMID: 37582249 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of the metallomimetic chemistry of main group elements is of the utmost importance from the perspective of both fundamental research and potential applications. Here, we report the synthesis, bonding analysis, and reactivities of an isolable diiminoborane, Mes*B≡N─N≡BMes* (Mes* = 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl) (1), a BN analogue of butadiyne. This species is characterized by a conjugated B≡N─N≡B moiety, a structural feature that enables the controlled release of N2 when it is exposed to organic nitriles. Furthermore, the N2 unit in 1 could be reduced to an ammonium salt via cleavage of the BN triple bond. Our work shows a rare example of an unsaturated BN system, serving as a platform for both the release and reduction of N2. This discovery opens new pathways and holds substantial influence on the future design of functional main group N2 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qianli Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lingbing Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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30
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Kim S, Song SL, Zhang J, Kim D, Hong S, Chang S. Regio- and Enantioselective Catalytic δ-C-H Amidation of Dioxazolones Enabled by Open-Shell Copper-Nitrenoid Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16238-16248. [PMID: 37462685 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Controlling regio- and enantioselectivity in C-H functionalization reactions is of paramount importance due to their versatile synthetic utilities. Herein, we describe a new approach for the asymmetric δ-C(sp3)-H amidation catalysis of dioxazolones using a Cu(I) precursor with a chiral bisoxazoline ligand to access six-membered lactams with high to excellent regio- and enantioselectivity (up to >19:1 rr and >99:1 er). Combined experimental and computational mechanistic studies unveiled that the open-shell character of the postulated Cu-nitrenoids enables the regioselective hydrogen atom abstraction and subsequent enantio-determining radical rebound of the resulting carbon radical intermediates. The synthetic utility of this asymmetric cyclization was demonstrated in the diastereoselective introduction of additional functional groups into the chiral δ-lactam skeleton as well as in the rapid access to biorelevant azacyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Se Lin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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31
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Jung H, Kweon J, Suh JM, Lim MH, Kim D, Chang S. Mechanistic snapshots of rhodium-catalyzed acylnitrene transfer reactions. Science 2023:eadh8753. [PMID: 37471480 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh8753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Rhodium acylnitrene complexes are widely implicated in catalytic C-H amidation reactions but have eluded isolation and structural characterization. To overcome this challenge, we designed a chromophoric octahedral rhodium complex with a bidentate dioxazolone ligand, in which photoinduced metal-to-ligand charge transfer initiates catalytic C-H amidation. X-ray photocrystallographic analysis of the Rh-dioxazolone complex allowed structural elucidation of the targeted Rh-acylnitrenoid and provided firm evidence that the singlet nitrenoid species is primarily responsible for acylamino transfer reactions. We also monitored in crystallo reaction of a nucleophile with the in situ generated Rh-acylnitrenoid, providing a crystallographically traceable reaction system to capture mechanistic snapshots of nitrenoid transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoimin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jeonguk Kweon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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32
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Yu K, Zou Z, Igareta NV, Tachibana R, Bechter J, Köhler V, Chen D, Ward TR. Artificial Metalloenzyme-Catalyzed Enantioselective Amidation via Nitrene Insertion in Unactivated C( sp3)-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37471698 PMCID: PMC10401721 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective C-H amidation offers attractive means to assemble C-N bonds to synthesize high-added value, nitrogen-containing molecules. In recent decades, complementary enzymatic and homogeneous-catalytic strategies for C-H amidation have been reported. Herein, we report on an artificial metalloenzyme (ArM) resulting from anchoring a biotinylated Ir-complex within streptavidin (Sav). The resulting ArM catalyzes the enantioselective amidation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds. Chemogenetic optimization of the Ir cofactor and Sav led to significant improvement in both the activity and enantioselectivity. Up to >700 TON and 92% ee for the amidation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds was achieved. The single crystal X-ray analysis of the artificial nitrene insertase (ANIase) combined with quantum mechanics-molecular mechanics (QM-MM) calculations sheds light on critical second coordination sphere contacts leading to improved catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Zhi Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Nico V Igareta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Ryo Tachibana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Julia Bechter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Köhler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Dongping Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
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Dequina HJ, Jones CL, Schomaker JM. Recent updates and future perspectives in aziridine synthesis and reactivity. Chem 2023; 9:1658-1701. [PMID: 37681216 PMCID: PMC10482075 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review, selected recent advances in the preparation and reactivity of aziridines using modern synthetic approaches are highlighted, while comparing these new strategies with more classical approaches. This critical analysis is designed to help identify current gaps in the field and is showcasing new and exciting opportunities to move the chemistry of aziridines forward in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary J. Dequina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Corey L. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 N. University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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van den Heuvel N, Mason SM, Mercado BQ, Miller SJ. Aspartyl β-Turn-Based Dirhodium(II) Metallopeptides for Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Amination: Enantioselectivity and X-ray Structural Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:12377-12385. [PMID: 37216431 PMCID: PMC10330621 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Amination of C(sp3)-H bonds is a powerful tool to introduce nitrogen into complex organic frameworks in a direct manner. Despite significant advances in catalyst design, full site- and enantiocontrol in complex molecular regimes remain elusive using established catalyst systems. To address these challenges, we herein describe a new class of peptide-based dirhodium(II) complexes derived from aspartic acid-containing β-turn-forming tetramers. This highly modular system can serve as a platform for the rapid generation of new chiral dirhodium(II) catalyst libraries, as illustrated by the facile synthesis of a series of 38 catalysts. Critically, we present the first crystal structure of a dirhodium(II) tetra-aspartate complex, which unveils retention of the β-turn conformation of the peptidyl ligand; a well-defined hydrogen-bonding network is evident, along with a near-C4 symmetry that renders the rhodium centers inequivalent. The utility of this catalyst platform is illustrated by the enantioselective amination of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds, in which state-of-the-art levels of enantioselectivity up to 95.5:4.5 er are obtained, even for substrates that present challenges with previously reported catalyst systems. Additionally, we found these complexes to be competent catalysts for the intermolecular amination of N-alkylamides via insertion into the C(sp3)-H bond α to the amide nitrogen, yielding differentially protected 1,1-diamines. Of note, this type of insertion was also observed to occur on the amide functionalities of the catalyst itself in the absence of the substrate but did not appear to be detrimental to reaction outcomes when the substrate was present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naudin van den Heuvel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Savannah M. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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Ye CX, Meggers E. Chiral-at-Ruthenium Catalysts for Nitrene-Mediated Asymmetric C-H Functionalizations. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:1128-1141. [PMID: 37071874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusAsymmetric transition metal catalysis is an indispensable tool used both in academia and industry for forging chiral molecules in an enantioselective fashion. Its advancement relies in large part on the design and discovery of new chiral catalysts. In contrast to conventional endeavors of generating chiral transition metal catalysts from carefully tailored chiral ligands, the development of chiral transition metal catalysts containing solely achiral ligands (chiral-at-metal catalysts) has been neglected. This Account presents our recent work on the synthesis and catalytic applications of a new class of C2-symmetric chiral-at-ruthenium catalysts. These octahedral ruthenium(II) complexes are constructed from two achiral bidentate N-(2-pyridyl)-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (PyNHC) ligands and two monodentate acetonitriles, and the dicationic complexes are typically complemented with two hexafluorophosphate anions. The chirality of these complexes originates from the helical cis-arrangement of the bidentate ligands, thereby generating a stereogenic metal center as the exclusive stereocenter in these complexes. The strong σ donor and π acceptor properties of the PyNHC ligands provide a strong ligand field that ensures a high constitutional and configurational inertness of the helical Ru(PyNHC)2 core, while at the same time, the trans-effect exerted by the σ-donating NHC ligands results in high lability of the MeCN ligands and, therefore, provides high catalytic activity. As a result, this chiral-at-ruthenium catalyst scaffold combines formidable structural robustness with high catalytic activity in a unique fashion. Asymmetric nitrene C-H insertion constitutes an efficient strategy for accessing chiral amines. The direct conversion of C(sp3)-H bonds into amine functionality circumvents the need for using functionalized starting materials. Our C2-symmetric chiral-at-ruthenium complexes display exceptionally high catalytic activity and excellent stereocontrol for various asymmetric nitrene C(sp3)-H insertion reactions. The ruthenium nitrene species can be generated from nitrene precursors, such as organic azides and hydroxylamine derivatives, which undergo ring-closing C-H aminations to afford chiral cyclic pyrrolidines, ureas, and carbamates in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities at low catalyst loadings. Mechanistically, the turnover-determining C-H insertion is proposed to proceed in a concerted or stepwise fashion, depending on the nature of intermediate ruthenium nitrenes (singlet or triplet). Computational studies revealed that the stereocontrol originates from a better steric fit in combination with favorable catalyst/substrate π-π stacking effects for aminations at benzylic C-H bonds. In addition, we also present our research for exploring novel reaction patterns and reactivities of intermediate transition metal nitrenes. First, we discovered a novel chiral-at-ruthenium-catalyzed 1,3-migratory nitrene C(sp3)-H insertion to convert azanyl esters into nonracemic α-amino acids. Second, we found a chiral-at-ruthenium-catalyzed intramolecular C(sp3)-H oxygenation, thereby allowing for the construction of chiral cyclic carbonates and lactones via nitrene chemistry. We expect that our research program on catalyst development and reaction discovery will inspire the creation of novel types of chiral-at-metal catalysts and drive the development of new applications for nitrene-mediated asymmetric C-H functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xi Ye
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Mahajan M, Mondal B. Origin of the Distinctive Electronic Structure of Co- and Fe-Porphyrin-Nitrene and Its Effect on Their Nitrene Transfer Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5810-5821. [PMID: 36976917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Metal-bound nitrene species are the crucial intermediate in catalytic nitrene transfer reactions exhibited by engineered enzymes and molecular catalysts. The electronic structure of such species and its correlation with nitrene transfer reactivity have not been fully understood yet. This work presents an in-depth electronic structure analysis and nitrene transfer reactivity of two prototypical metal-nitrene species derived from CoII(TPP) and FeII(TPP) (TPP = meso-tetraphenylporphyrin) complexes and tosyl azide nitrene precursor. Parallel to the well-known "cobalt(III)-imidyl" electronic structure of the Co-porphyrin-nitrene species, the formation mechanism and electronic structure of the elusive Fe-porphyrin-nitrene have been established using density functional theory (DFT) and multiconfigurational complete active-space self-consistent field (CASSCF) calculations. Electronic structure evolution analysis for the metal-nitrene formation step and CASSCF-derived natural orbitals advocates that the electronic nature of the metal-nitrene (M-N) core of Fe(TPP) is strikingly different from that of the Co(TPP). Specifically, the "imidyl" nature of the Co-porphyrin-nitrene [(TPP)CoIII-•NTos] (Tos = tosyl) (I1Co) is contrasted by the "imido-like" character of the Fe-porphyrin-nitrene [(TPP)FeIV[Formula: see text]NTos] (I1Fe). This difference between Co- and Fe-nitrene has been attributed to the additional interactions between Fe-dπ and N-pπ orbitals in Fe-nitrene, which is further complemented by the shortened Fe-N bond length of 1.71 Å. This stronger M-N bond in Fe-nitrene compared to the Co-nitrene is also reflected in the higher exothermicity (ΔΔH = 16 kcal/mol) of the Fe-nitrene formation step. The "imido-like" character renders a relatively lower spin population on the nitrene nitrogen (+0.42) in the Fe-nitrene complex I1Fe, which undergoes the nitrene transfer to the C═C bond of styrene with a considerably higher enthalpy barrier (ΔH‡ = 10.0 kcal/mol) compared to the Co congener I1Co (ΔH‡ = 5.6 kcal/mol) possessing a higher nitrogen spin population (+0.88) and a relatively weaker M-N bond (Co-N = 1.80 Å).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Mahajan
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Bhaskar Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
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37
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Schlachta TP, Kühn FE. Cyclic iron tetra N-heterocyclic carbenes: synthesis, properties, reactivity, and catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2238-2277. [PMID: 36852959 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01064j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic iron tetracarbenes are an emerging class of macrocyclic iron N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. They can be considered as an organometallic compound class inspired by their heme analogs, however, their electronic properties differ, e.g. due to the very strong σ-donation of the four combined NHCs in equatorial coordination. The ligand framework of iron tetracarbenes can be readily modified, allowing fine-tuning of the structural and electronic properties of the complexes. The properties of iron tetracarbene complexes are discussed quantitatively and correlations are established. The electronic nature of the tetracarbene ligand allows the isolation of uncommon iron(III) and iron(IV) species and reveals a unique reactivity. Iron tetracarbenes are successfully applied in C-H activation, CO2 reduction, aziridination and epoxidation catalysis and mechanisms as well as decomposition pathways are described. This review will help researchers evaluate the structural and electronic properties of their complexes and target their catalyst properties through ligand design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Schlachta
- Technical University of Munich, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Molecular Catalysis, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Fritz E Kühn
- Technical University of Munich, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Molecular Catalysis, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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38
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Gao Y, Li H, Zhao Y, Hu XQ. Nitrene transfer reaction with hydroxylamine derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1889-1906. [PMID: 36661267 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress on catalytic nitrene transfer reactions with hydroxylamine derivatives as prevalent precursors is summarized in this highlight. The salient features of these N-O derived nitrene transfer reagents are that they are readily available, bench-stable, and can be facilely activated by a range of transition metal-catalysts under mild conditions. The application of these reagents in transition metal-catalysis has led to many new amidation or amination reactions, such as C-H insertions and aziridination of olefins. These reagents have also been applied in difunctionalisation of unsaturated bonds, dearomative amination of indoles, and formation of N-X bonds. Moreover, the recent achievements in photocatalysis and enzyme catalysis further emphasize the importance of these appealing reagents. This highlight provides an overview of these reactions reported in recent years. Challenges and potential opportunities for future developments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Jieyang 515200, China.
| | - Haixia Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yupeng Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
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39
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Wang HH, Shao H, Huang G, Fan J, To WP, Dang L, Liu Y, Che CM. Chiral Iron Porphyrins Catalyze Enantioselective Intramolecular C(sp 3 )-H Bond Amination Upon Visible-Light Irradiation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218577. [PMID: 36716145 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Iron-catalyzed asymmetric amination of C(sp3 )-H bonds is appealing for synthetic applications due to the biocompatibility and high earth abundance of iron, but examples of such reactions are sparse. Herein we describe chiral iron complexes of meso- and β-substituted-porphyrins that can catalyze asymmetric intramolecular C(sp3 )-H amination of aryl and arylsulfonyl azides to afford chiral indolines (29 examples) and benzofused cyclic sulfonamides (17 examples), respectively, with up to 93 % ee (yield: up to 99 %) using 410 nm light under mild conditions. Mechanistic studies, including DFT calculations, for the reactions of arylsulfonyl azides reveal that the Fe(NSO2 Ar) intermediate generated in situ under photochemical conditions reacts with the C(sp3 )-H bond through a stepwise hydrogen atom transfer/radical rebound mechanism, with enantioselectivity arising from cooperative noncovalent interactions between the Fe(NSO2 Ar) unit and the peripheral substituents of the chiral porphyrin scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Hua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Guanglong Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Jianqiang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Yungen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China.,Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17 W, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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40
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Liu R, Shen ML, Fan LF, Zhou XL, Wang PS, Gong LZ. Palladium-Catalyzed Branch- and Z-Selective Allylic C-H Amination with Aromatic Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211631. [PMID: 36399016 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Allylamines are important building blocks in the synthesis of bioactive compounds. The direct coupling of allylic C-H bonds and commonly available amines is a major synthetic challenge. An allylic C-H amination of 1,4-dienes has been accomplished by palladium catalysis. With aromatic amines, branch-selective allylic aminations are favored to generate thermodynamically unstable Z-allylamines. In addition, more basic aliphatic cyclic amines can also engage in the reaction, but linear dienyl allylic amines are the major products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, No.96, Jinzhai Road, Baohe District, Hefei, 230026, P. R.China
| | - Meng-Lan Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, No.96, Jinzhai Road, Baohe District, Hefei, 230026, P. R.China
| | - Lian-Feng Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, No.96, Jinzhai Road, Baohe District, Hefei, 230026, P. R.China
| | - Xiao-Le Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, No.96, Jinzhai Road, Baohe District, Hefei, 230026, P. R.China
| | - Pu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, No.96, Jinzhai Road, Baohe District, Hefei, 230026, P. R.China
| | - Liu-Zhu Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, No.96, Jinzhai Road, Baohe District, Hefei, 230026, P. R.China
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41
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Rodríguez M, M Rodríguez A, López-Resano S, Pericàs MA, Díaz-Requejo MM, Maseras F, Pérez PJ. Non-innocent Role of the Halide Ligand in the Copper-Catalyzed Olefin Aziridination Reaction. ACS Catal 2023; 13:706-713. [PMID: 37808365 PMCID: PMC10552652 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the context of copper-catalyzed nitrene transfer to olefins, many systems operate upon mixing a CuX salt (X = halide, OTf) and a polydentate N-based ligand, assuming that the X ligand is displaced from the coordination sphere toward a counterion position. Herein, we demonstrated that such general assumption should be in doubt since studies carried out with the well-defined copper(I) complexes (TTM)CuCl and [(TTM)Cu(NCMe)]PF6 (TTM = tris(triazolyl)methane ligand) demonstrate a dual behavior from a catalytic and mechanistic point of view that exclusively depends on the presence or absence of the chloride ligand bonded to the metal center. When coordinated, the turnover-limiting step corresponds to the formation of the carbon-nitrene bond, whereas in its absence, the highest barrier corresponds to the formation of the copper-nitrene intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel
R. Rodríguez
- Laboratorio
de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro
de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento
de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Anabel M Rodríguez
- Laboratorio
de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro
de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento
de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Sara López-Resano
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, The Barcelona Institute of
Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, The Barcelona Institute of
Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - M. Mar Díaz-Requejo
- Laboratorio
de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro
de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento
de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, The Barcelona Institute of
Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Pérez
- Laboratorio
de Catálisis Homogénea, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, CIQSO-Centro
de Investigación en Química Sostenible and Departamento
de Química, Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
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42
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Wu Z, He H, Chen M, Zhu L, Zheng W, Cao Y, Antilla JC. Asymmetric Reductive Amination with Pinacolborane Catalyzed by Chiral SPINOL Borophosphates. Org Lett 2022; 24:9436-9441. [PMID: 36519791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic asymmetric reductive amination of ketones with pinacolborane employing chiral SPINOL-derived borophosphates as catalysts has been realized. A series of chiral amine derivatives bearing multiple functional groups were obtained in good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to 97% yield, 98% ee) under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, the synthetic applicability of the established method has been demonstrated by the asymmetric synthesis of (R)-Fendiline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Hualing He
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Minglei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Linfei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Weitao Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Yang Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu222005, P. R. China
| | - Jon C Antilla
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
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43
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Choi I, Trenerry MJ, Lee KS, King N, Berry JF, Schomaker JM. Divergent C-H Amidations and Imidations by Tuning Electrochemical Reaction Potentials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201662. [PMID: 36166327 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical C-H functionalizations are attractive transformations, as they are capable of avoiding the use of transition metals, pre-oxidized precursors, or suprastoichiometric amounts of terminal oxidants. Herein an electrochemically tunable method was developed that enabled the divergent formation of cyclic amines or imines by applying different reaction potentials. Detailed cyclic voltammetry analyses, coupled with chronopotentiometry experiments, were carried out to provide insight into the mechanism, while atom economy was assessed through a paired electrolysis. Selective C-H amidations and imidations were achieved to afford five- to seven-membered sulfonamide motifs that could be employed for late-stage modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
- Present address, Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael J Trenerry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Ken S Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Nicholas King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - John F Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
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44
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Mahato SK, Zhang T, Chatani N. Ir(III)-Catalyzed C(sp 2)–H Amidation of 2-Aroylimidazoles with 2,2,2-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl Azide (TrocN 3). J Org Chem 2022; 87:16390-16398. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit K. Mahato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Chemistry At CreAgro (Discovery), PI Industries Ltd., Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India
| | - Tianhao Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, 2-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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45
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Wang J, Lin Z, Zheng Z, Xiao R, Zheng K. Theoretical Study on Ir-Catalyzed α-Amidation of 2-Acylimidazoles: Mechanism and Insertion Selectivity. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zijie Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjie Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Rongxing Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Kangcheng Zheng
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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46
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Yang B, Liu X, Yu A, Yang Q, Wang Y. Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Allylic 1,3-Diamination. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beiqi Yang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aiwen Yu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuanhua Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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47
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Dong X, Shang M, Chen S, Zhang T, Jalani HB, Lu H. Carbonyl-Assisted Iridium-Catalyzed C-H Amination Using 2,2,2-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl Azide. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13990-14004. [PMID: 36190135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The carbonyl-directed, mono C-H amination of arenes has been achieved using [Cp*Ir(III)Cl2]2 as the catalyst and 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) azide as an aminating reagent. The amination proceeds smoothly with a variety of arylcarbonyl compounds, including alkyl and vinyl arylketones, secondary and tertiary aryl amides, and acetyl indoles. The resulting ortho-TrocNH arylcarbonyl compounds are easily transformed to the corresponding free arylamines, aryl carbamates, or aryl ureas. Taking advantage of the electrophilic nature of both Troc and carbonyl groups in ortho-TrocNH arylcarbonyl compounds, the subsequent cyclization with dinucleophilic reagents has also been demonstrated. This provides an efficient strategy for the construction of aryl-fused N-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunqing Dong
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhou Shang
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Shuguang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Hitesh B Jalani
- Smart BioPharm, 310-Pilotplant, Incheon Techno-Park, 12-Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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48
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Yang X, Hong K, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Zhou S, Huang J, Xu X, Hu W. Asymmetric Three-Component Reaction of Two Diazo Compounds and Hyrdroxylamine Derivatives for the Access to Chiral α-Alkoxy-β-amino-carboxylates. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangji Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kemiao Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sujie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhijing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Su Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinfang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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49
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Boquet V, Nasrallah A, Dana AL, Brunard E, Di Chenna PH, Duran FJ, Retailleau P, Darses B, Sircoglou M, Dauban P. Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Intermolecular Aziridination of Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17156-17164. [PMID: 36094904 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
C4-Symmetrical dirhodium(II) tetracarboxylates are highly efficient catalysts for the asymmetric intermolecular aziridination of substituted alkenes with sulfamates. The reaction proceeds with high levels of efficiency and chemoselectivity to afford aziridines with excellent yields of up to 95% and enantiomeric excesses of up to 99%. The scope of the alkene aziridination includes mono-, di-, and trisubstituted olefins as well as the late-stage functionalization of complex substrates. The reaction can be performed on a gram-scale with a catalyst loading of 0.1 mol %. Our DFT study led us to propose a two-spin-state mechanism, involving a triplet Rh-nitrene species as key intermediate to drive the stereocontrolled approach and activation of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Boquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ali Nasrallah
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alejandro L Dana
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, UMYMFOR, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Erwan Brunard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pablo H Di Chenna
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, UMYMFOR, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Fernando J Duran
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, UMYMFOR, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Marie Sircoglou
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Philippe Dauban
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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50
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Wang B, Seo CSG, Zhang C, Chu J, Szymczak NK. A Borane Lewis Acid in the Secondary Coordination Sphere of a Ni(II) Imido Imparts Distinct C-H Activation Selectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15793-15802. [PMID: 35973127 PMCID: PMC10276360 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two borane-functionalized bidentate phosphine ligands that vary in tether length have been prepared to examine cooperative metal-substrate interactions. Ni(0) complexes react with aryl azides at low temperatures to form structurally unusual κ2-(N,N)-N3Ar adducts. Warming these adducts affords products of N2 extrusion and in one case, a Ni-imido compound that is capped by the appended borane. Reactions with 1-azidoadamantane (AdN3) provide a distinct outcome, where a proposed nickel imido intermediate activates the sp2 C-H bonds of arenes, even in the presence of benzylic C-H sites. Combined experimental and computational mechanistic studies demonstrate that the unique reactivity is a consequence of Lewis-acid-induced polarization of the Ni-NR bond, potentially providing a synthetic strategy for chemoselective reaction engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolu Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, P. R. China
| | - Chris S. G. Seo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Cuijuan Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxiang Chu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, P. R. China
| | - Nathaniel K. Szymczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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