1
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Wang JX, Chen MQ, Zhang Y, Han B, Mou ZD, Feng X, Zhang X, Niu D. A Modified Arbuzov-Michalis Reaction for Selective Alkylation of Nucleophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202409931. [PMID: 38957113 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The alkylation of nucleophiles is among the most fundamental and well-developed transformations in chemistry. However, to achieve selective alkylation of complex substrates remains a nontrivial task. We report herein a general and selective alkylation method without using strong acids, bases, or metals. In this method, the readily available phosphinites/phosphites, in combination with ethyl acrylate, function as effective alkylating agents. Various nucleophilic groups, including alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, imides, and thiols can be alkylated. This method can be applied in the late-stage alkylation of natural products and pharmaceutical agents, achieving chemo- and site-selective modification of complex substrates. Experimental studies indicate the relative reactivity of a nucleophile depends on its acidity and its steric environment. Mechanistic studies suggest the reaction pathway resembles that of the Arbuzov-Michalis reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xi Wang
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mu-Qiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ze-Dong Mou
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xitong Feng
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
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2
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Guria S, Hassan MMM, Dey S, Singh KN, Chattopadhyay B. Sterically Controlled Lewis Acid-Base Interaction Toward para-Selective Borylation of Aromatic Aldimines and Benzylamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202409010. [PMID: 39012678 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Site-selective C-H bond functionalization of arenes at the para position remains extremely challenging primarily due to its relative inaccessibility from the catalytic site. As a consequence, it is significantly restricted to limited molecular scaffolds. Herein, we report a method for the para-C-H borylation of aromatic aldimines and benzylamines using commercially available ligands under iridium catalysis. The established method displays excellent para selectivity for variously substituted aromatic aldimines, benzylamines and bioactive molecules. Based on several control experiments, it is proposed that a Lewis acid-base interaction between the nitrogen and boron functionality guides the para selectivity via a steric shield for the aromatic aldimines, where Bpin acts as a transient directing group. However, the steric shield of the in situ generated N-Bpin moiety controlled the overall selectivity for the para borylation of benzylamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Guria
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mirja Md Mahamudul Hassan
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sayan Dey
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Nand Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Buddhadeb Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Center of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Zhang BS, Homölle SL, Bauch T, Oliveira JCA, Warratz S, Yuan B, Gou XY, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Skeletal Indole Editing via Nitrogen Atom Insertion by Sustainable Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407384. [PMID: 38959168 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal molecular editing gained considerable recent momentum and emerged as a uniquely powerful tool for late-stage diversifications. Thus far, superstoichiometric amounts of costly hypervalent iodine(III) reagents were largely required for skeletal indole editing. In contrast, we herein show that electricity enables sustainable nitrogen atom insertion reactions to give bio-relevant quinazoline scaffolds without stoichiometric chemical redox-waste product. The transition metal-free electro-editing was enabled by the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and proved robust on scale, while tolerating a variety of valuable functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Sheng Zhang
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simon L Homölle
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tristan Bauch
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Svenja Warratz
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xue-Ya Gou
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Ghosh K, Ghosh NN, Choudhury P, Bhattacharjee S, Saha R, Deb M, Biswas K. A benzimidazole-based Cu(II) complex catalyzed site-selective C-H sulfenylation of imidazo-[1,2- a]pyridines using CS 2 as a sulfur source. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:7791-7800. [PMID: 39240159 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00868e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
A new benzimidazole-based Cu(II) complex catalyzed site-selective sulfenylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with benzyl/alkyl/allyl bromides and CS2 at 100 °C in DMF : H2O is reported. The present methodology has been developed for the synthesis of 3-sulfenyl imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in good yields with a broad substrate scope. In this protocol, CS2, commonly known as a non-polar small molecule bioregulator (SMB), is converted to valuable sulfenylated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives. In addition, theoretical investigations along with experimental evidence unfold the insights into the probable mechanistic pathway of site-selective sulfenylation from S,S-dibenzyltrithiocarbonate, which is particularly formed as an intermediate during the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingkar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, India.
| | | | - Prasun Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, India.
| | | | - Rajat Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, 713340, India
| | - Mayukh Deb
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, India.
| | - Kinkar Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, India.
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5
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Tang S, Xu H, Dang Y, Yu S. Photoexcited Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylic C(sp 3)-H Acyloxylation of Acyclic Internal Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:27196-27203. [PMID: 39288447 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c11145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The functionalization of C-H bonds streamlines the synthesis of complex molecules by eliminating the need for substrate preactivation. Traditionally, the Kharasch-Sosnovsky reaction, which directly oxidizes allylic C-H bonds into allylic esters under copper catalysis, has been hampered by long reaction times, limited substrate scope, and low enantioselectivity with acyclic olefins. Herein, we present a novel, visible light-driven, copper-catalyzed asymmetric Kharasch-Sosnovsky reaction that overcomes these challenges. This method expands the substrate scope to include acyclic internal alkenes and improves reaction conditions using eco-friendly visible light catalysis. It enhances radical reactivity and achieves superior enantioselectivity and regioselectivity in producing allylic C-H acyloxylation products. This breakthrough significantly advances direct C-H functionalization techniques, offering a more efficient and sustainable approach to synthesizing chiral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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6
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Boruah A, Deb ML, Thakuria R, Baruah PK. L-Proline catalyzed multi-component synthesis of N-pyridyl-tetrahydroisoquinolines and their α-C(sp 3)-H oxygenation. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39354875 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report an effective multi-component synthesis that starts with readily available starting materials and accesses poly-substituted pyridine derivatives by using L-proline as a benign catalyst. This process uses cyclic amines, aldehydes, and malononitrile in a condensation reaction to produce a variety of pyridine derivatives under mild conditions. Furthermore, depending on the catalysts used, the selective synthesis of an amide and/or an aldehyde functionality is achieved through α-C(sp3)-H oxygenation of the tertiary amine moiety in the resultant pyridine derivatives. The pyridine ring's nitrogen atom plays a crucial role in accelerating C-H oxygenation at the α-position of the tertiary amine, highlighting the synthetic versatility and usefulness of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Boruah
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India.
| | - Mohit L Deb
- Advanced Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya-793101, India.
| | - Ranjit Thakuria
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
| | - Pranjal K Baruah
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India.
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7
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Romano C, Martin R. Ni-catalysed remote C(sp 3)-H functionalization using chain-walking strategies. Nat Rev Chem 2024:10.1038/s41570-024-00649-4. [PMID: 39354168 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
The dynamic translocation of a metal catalyst along an alkyl side chain - often coined as 'chain-walking' - has opened new retrosynthetic possibilities that enable functionalization at unactivated C(sp3)-H sites. The use of nickel complexes in chain-walking strategies has recently gained considerable momentum owing to their versatility for forging sp3 architectures and their redox promiscuity that facilitates both one-electron or two-electron reaction manifolds. This Review discusses the relevance and impact that these processes might have in synthetic endeavours, including mechanistic considerations when appropriate. Particular emphasis is given to the latest discoveries that leverage the potential of Ni-catalysed chain-walking scenarios for tackling transformations that would otherwise be difficult to accomplish, including the merger of chain-walking with other new approaches such as photoredox catalysis or electrochemical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Romano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Tarragona, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Chen J, Wu L, Song Z, Wang Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhu S. Cobalt-Catalyzed Asymmetric Migratory Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:26223-26232. [PMID: 39284303 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Selective functionalization of ubiquitous C-H bonds based on 1,n-metal migration provides an attractive and sustainable route to access complex molecules from readily available precursors. Herein, we report a Co-catalyzed asymmetric reductive migratory Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi (NHK) coupling between two readily available electrophiles, aryl (pseudo)halides and aldehydes, via an unprecedented through-space aryl-to-alkenyl 1,4-cobalt/hydride shift. The judicious choice of ligands is crucial for selectivity, leading to either ipso- or migratory NHK products with exquisite control of regio-, E/Z-, and enantioselectivity. Enabled by a ligand relay catalytic strategy, this platform has been further extended to aryl-to-aryl asymmetric migratory NHK coupling. These high-value NHK adducts, including α-chiral allylic alcohols and benzyl alcohols, are readily convertible to a variety of useful synthons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lifu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhiyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhenkun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - You Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shaolin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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9
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Bone KI, Puleo TR, Delost MD, Shimizu Y, Bandar JS. Direct Benzylic C-H Etherification Enabled by Base-Promoted Halogen Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408750. [PMID: 38937258 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
We disclose a benzylic C-H oxidative coupling reaction with alcohols that proceeds through a synergistic deprotonation, halogenation and substitution sequence. The combination of tert-butoxide bases with 2-halothiophene halogen oxidants enables the first general protocol for generating and using benzyl halides through a deprotonative pathway. In contrast to existing radical-based methods for C-H functionalization, this process is guided by C-H acidity trends. This gives rise to new synthetic capabilities, including the ability to functionalize diverse methyl(hetero)arenes, tolerance of oxidizable and nucleophilic functional groups, precision site-selectivity for polyalkylarenes and use of a double C-H etherification process to controllably oxidize methylarenes to benzaldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendelyn I Bone
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO-80523, United States
| | - Thomas R Puleo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO-80523, United States
| | - Michael D Delost
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO-80523, United States
| | - Yuka Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO-80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO-80523, United States
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10
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Zhang BS, Deng BJ, Zhi YX, Guo TJ, Wang YM, Gou XY, Quan ZJ, Wang XC, Liang YM. A switch strategy for the synthesis of C4-ethylamine indole and C7-aminoindoline via controllable carbon elimination. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc05111d. [PMID: 39290589 PMCID: PMC11403580 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc05111d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Controllable β-carbon elimination to extrude norbornene remains a long-standing challenge in palladium and norbornene chemistry. Herein, this manuscript describes a switchable synthesis of biologically active C4-ethylaminoindole and C7-aminoindoline scaffolds by controlling β-carbon elimination, utilizing aziridine as a C-H ethylamination reagent through a C-N bond cleavage reaction. Furthermore, the protecting groups of the product can be easily removed, offering an unusual method for the synthesis of dopamine receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Sheng Zhang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Bao-Jie Deng
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Yuan-Xin Zhi
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Tian-Jiao Guo
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Yi-Ming Wang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Xue-Ya Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied OrganicChemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Zheng-Jun Quan
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Xi-Cun Wang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied OrganicChemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
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11
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Tang Q, Lu Y, Song J, He Z, Xu JB, Tan J, Gao F, Li X. Light-promoted stereoselective late-stage difunctionalization and anti-tumor activity of oridonin. Fitoterapia 2024; 177:106131. [PMID: 39067489 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The late-stage difunctionalization of diterpene oridonin by light-promoted direct oxyamination with various O-benzoylhydroxylamines was carried out to afford C16α-N-C17-OBz-oridonin derivatives (1-25) for the first time. Though as a radical reaction, it features high stereoselectivity to only produce C16α-N-C17-OBz-oridonins. The in vitro antiproliferative activity of these C16α-N-C17-OBz-oridonins against the human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) was evaluated by MTT assay, showing that most of the synthesized compounds possessed moderate anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell lines superior or similar to the parent compound oridonin. The derivative 25 with a N-methyl-N-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl) substitution showed better cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells (IC50 value of 11.75 μM) than oridonin (IC50 value of 17.95 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Tang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111, Erhuan Rd, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Yougan Lu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111, Erhuan Rd, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Junying Song
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111, Erhuan Rd, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Zhengyang He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111, Erhuan Rd, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Jin-Bu Xu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111, Erhuan Rd, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Jiao Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, No.82, University Town Central Road, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111, Erhuan Rd, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Xiaohuan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 111, Erhuan Rd, Chengdu 610031, PR China.
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12
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Wang Y, Bi C, Kawamata Y, Grant LN, Samp L, Richardson PF, Zhang S, Harper KC, Palkowitz MD, Vasilopoulos A, Collins MR, Oderinde MS, Tyrol CC, Chen D, LaChapelle EA, Bailey JB, Qiao JX, Baran PS. Discovery of N-X anomeric amides as electrophilic halogenation reagents. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1539-1545. [PMID: 38769366 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Electrophilic halogenation is a widely used tool employed by medicinal chemists to either pre-functionalize molecules for further diversity or incorporate a halogen atom into drugs or drug-like compounds to solve metabolic problems or modulate off-target effects. Current methods to increase the power of halogenation rely on either the invention of new reagents or activating commercially available reagents with various additives such as Lewis or Brønsted acids, Lewis bases and hydrogen-bonding activators. There is a high demand for new reagents that can halogenate otherwise unreactive compounds under mild conditions. Here we report the invention of a class of halogenating reagents based on anomeric amides, taking advantage of the energy stored in the pyramidalized nitrogen of N-X anomeric amides as a driving force. These robust halogenating methods are compatible with a variety of functional groups and heterocycles, as exemplified on over 50 compounds (including 13 gram-scale examples and 1 flow chemistry scale-up).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lauren N Grant
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lacey Samp
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Paul F Richardson
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pfizer Medicine Design, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kaid C Harper
- AbbVie Process Research and Development, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Michael R Collins
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pfizer Medicine Design, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Small Molecule Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Doris Chen
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pfizer Medicine Design, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jake B Bailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer X Qiao
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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13
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Li S, Tang J, Shi Y, Yan M, Fu Y, Su Z, Xu J, Xue W, Zheng X, Ge Y, Li R, Chen H, Fu H. C3 Selective chalcogenation and fluorination of pyridine using classic Zincke imine intermediates. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7420. [PMID: 39198410 PMCID: PMC11358504 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Regioselective C-H functionalization of pyridines remains a persistent challenge due to their inherent electronically deficient properties. In this report, we present a strategy for the selective pyridine C3-H thiolation, selenylation, and fluorination under mild conditions via classic N-2,4-dinitrophenyl Zincke imine intermediates. Radical inhibition and trapping experiments, as well as DFT theoretical calculations, indicated that the thiolation and selenylation proceeds through a radical addition-elimination pathway, whereas fluorination via a two-electron electrophilic substitution pathway. The pre-installed electron-deficient activating N-DNP group plays a crucial and positive role, with the additional benefit of recyclability. The practicability of this protocol was demonstrated in the gram-scale synthesis and the late-stage modification of pharmaceutically relevant pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
| | - Juan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
| | - Yonglin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
| | - Meixin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
| | - Yihua Fu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
| | - Weichao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
| | - Xueli Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
| | - Yicen Ge
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610059, PR China
| | - Ruixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China
| | - Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China.
| | - Haiyan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, PR China.
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14
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Arichi N, Amano T, Wu S, Inuki S, Ohno H. Synthesis of Sulfilimines via Visible-Light-Mediated Triplet Energy Transfer to Sulfonyl Azides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401842. [PMID: 38923056 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Sulfilimines and their derivatives have garnered considerable interest in both synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Photochemical nitrene transfer to sulfides is known as a conventional synthetic approach to sulfilimines. However, the existing methods have a limited substrate scope stemming from the incompatibility of singlet nitrene intermediates with nucleophilic functional groups. Herein, we report the synthesis of N-sulfonyl sulfilimines via visible-light-mediated energy transfer to sulfonyl azides, uncovering the previously overlooked reactivity of triplet nitrenes with sulfides. This reaction features broad functional group tolerance, water compatibility, and amenability to the late-stage functionalization of drugs. Thus, this work represents an important example of energy transfer chemistry that overcomes challenges in traditional synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Arichi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Amano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuhan Wu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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15
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Lauridsen PJ, Kim YJ, Marron DP, Zhu JS, Waymouth RM, Du Bois J. Ligand Oxidation Activates a Ruthenium(II) Precatalyst for C-H Hydroxylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23067-23074. [PMID: 39134028 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
A new class of Ru-sulfonamidate precatalysts for sp3 C-H hydroxylation is described along with a versatile process for assembling unique heteroleptic Ru(II) complexes. The latter has enabled structure-performance studies to identify an optimal precatalyst, 2h, bearing one 4,4'-di-tert-butylbipyridine (dtbpy) and one pyridylsulfonamidate ligand. Single-crystal X-ray analysis confirmed the structure and stereochemistry of this adduct. Catalytic hydroxylation reactions are conveniently performed in an aqueous, biphasic solvent mixture with 1 mol % 2h and ceric ammonium nitrate as the terminal oxidant and deliver oxidized products in yields ranging from 37 to 90%. A comparative mechanistic investigation of 2h against a related homoleptic precatalyst, [Ru(dtbpy)2(MeCN)2](OTf)2, convincingly establishes that the former generates one or more surprisingly long-lived active species under the reaction conditions, thus accounting for the high turnover numbers. Structure-performance, kinetics, mass spectrometric, and electrochemical analyses reveal that ligand oxidation is a prerequisite for catalyst activation. Our findings sharply contrast a large body of prior art showing that ligand oxidation is detrimental to catalyst function. We expect these results to stimulate future innovations in C-H oxidation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Lauridsen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yeon Jung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel P Marron
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - J Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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16
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Han X, Zhang N, Li Q, Zhang Y, Das S. The efficient synthesis of three-membered rings via photo- and electrochemical strategies. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc02512a. [PMID: 39156935 PMCID: PMC11325197 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02512a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-membered rings, such as epoxides, aziridines, oxaziridines, cyclopropenes, vinyloxaziridines, and azirines, are recognized as crucial pharmacophores and building blocks in organic chemistry and drug discovery. Despite the significant advances in the synthesis of these rings through photo/electrochemical methods over the past decade, there has currently been no focused discussion and updated overviews on this topic. Therefore, we presented this review article on the efficient synthesis of three-membered rings using photo- and electrochemical strategies, covering the literature since 2015. In this study, a conceptual overview and detailed discussions were provided to illustrate the advancement of this field. Moreover, a brief discussion outlines the current challenges and opportunities in synthesizing the three-membered rings using these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Han
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Qiannan Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
| | - Shoubhik Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth Bayreuth 95447 Germany
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17
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Chen J, Tan C, Rodrigalvarez J, Zhang S, Martin R. Site-Selective Distal C(sp 3)-H Bromination of Aliphatic Amines as a Gateway for Forging Nitrogen-Containing sp 3 Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406485. [PMID: 38770612 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a new strategy that rapidly and reliably incorporates bromine atoms at distal, secondary C(sp3)-H sites in aliphatic amines with an excellent and predictable site-selectivity pattern. The resulting halogenated building blocks serve as versatile linchpins to enable a series of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-formations at remote C(sp3) sites, thus offering a new modular and unified platform that expediates the access to advanced sp3 architectures possessing valuable nitrogen-containing saturated heterocycles of interest in medicinal chemistry settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Chen
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, c/Marcel ⋅ lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Clarence Tan
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jesus Rodrigalvarez
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, c/Marcel ⋅ lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Mukherjee U, Shah JA, Musaev DG, Ngai MY. Harnessing Bromo/Acyloxy Transposition (BrAcT) and Excited-State Copper Catalysis for Styrene Difunctionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21271-21279. [PMID: 39042434 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
1,2-Difunctionalization of styrenes, adding two distinct functional groups across the C═C double bond, has emerged as a powerful tool for enhancing molecular complexity. Herein, we report the development of a regioconvergent β-acyloxylation-α-ketonylation of styrenes through bromo/acyloxy transposition (BrAcT) and excited-state copper catalysis. This approach is amenable to gram-scale synthesis and tolerates a wide range of functional groups and complex molecular frameworks, including derivatives of natural products and marketed drugs. Our experimental and computational studies suggest a unique mechanism featuring a dynamic, ionic BrAcT process and excited-state copper-catalyzed redox reactions. We anticipate that this BrAcT process could serve as a broadly applicable and versatile strategy for β-acyloxylation-α-functionalization of styrenes, creating valuable intermediates for preparing new pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Jagrut A Shah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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19
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Shi Q, Huang X, Yang R, Liu WH. Unified ionic and radical C-4 alkylation and arylation of pyridines. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12442-12450. [PMID: 39118600 PMCID: PMC11304543 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03739a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
C-H Functionalization of pyridines is an efficient strategy to access pyridine derivatives occurring in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. Nucleophilic additions to pyridiniums via both ionic and radical species have proven particularly useful. However, these reactions suffer from poor regioselectivity. By identifying an enzyme-mimic pocket-type urea activation reagent, we report a general platform for pyridine C-4 functionalization. Both ionic and radical nucleophiles can be incorporated to achieve the alkylation and arylation. Notably, the highly regioselective C-4 radical arylation is disclosed for the first time. The broad scope of nucleophiles and pyridines renders this platform applicable to the late-stage functionalization of drug-like molecules and the preparation of complex biologically important molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Shi
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Ruizhi Yang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Wenbo H Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
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20
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Trouvé J, Delahaye V, Tomasini M, Rajeshwaran P, Roisnel T, Poater A, Gramage-Doria R. Repurposing a supramolecular iridium catalyst via secondary Zn⋯O[double bond, length as m-dash]C weak interactions between the ligand and substrate leads to ortho-selective C(sp 2)-H borylation of benzamides with unusual kinetics. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11794-11806. [PMID: 39092112 PMCID: PMC11290415 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01515k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The iridium-catalyzed C-H borylation of benzamides typically leads to meta and para selectivities using state-of-the-art iridium-based N,N-chelating bipyridine ligands. However, reaching ortho selectivity patterns requires extensive trial-and-error screening via molecular design at the ligand first coordination sphere. Herein, we demonstrate that triazolylpyridines are excellent ligands for the selective iridium-catalyzed ortho C-H borylation of tertiary benzamides and, importantly, we demonstrate the almost negligible effect of the first coordination sphere in the selectivity, which is so far unprecedented in iridium C-H bond borylations. Remarkably, the activity is dramatically enhanced by exploiting a remote Zn⋯O[double bond, length as m-dash]C weak interaction between the substrate and a rationally designed molecular-recognition site in the catalyst. Kinetic studies and DFT calculations indicate that the iridium-catalyzed C-H activation step is not rate-determining, this being unique for remotely controlled C-H functionalizations. Consequently, a previously established supramolecular iridium catalyst designed for meta-borylation of pyridines is now compatible with the ortho-borylation of benzamides, a regioselectivity switch that is counter-intuitive regarding precedents in the literature. In addition, we highlight the role of the cyclohexene additive in avoiding the formation of undesired side-products as well as accelerating the HBpin release event that precedes the catalyst regeneration step, which is highly relevant for the design of powerful and selective iridium borylating catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michele Tomasini
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | | | | | - Albert Poater
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
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21
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Huang H, Yu ZY, Han LY, Wu YQ, Jiang L, Li QZ, Huang W, Han B, Li JL. N-Heterocyclic carbene catalytic 1,2-boron migrative acylation accelerated by photocatalysis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn8401. [PMID: 39047096 PMCID: PMC11268412 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn8401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The transformation of organoboron compounds plays an important role in synthetic chemistry, and recent advancements in boron-migration reactions have garnered considerable attention. Here, we report an unprecedented 1,2-boron migrative acylation upon photocatalysis-facilitated N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis. The design of a redox-active boronic ester substrate, serving as an excellent β-boron radical precursor, is the linchpin to the success of this chemistry. With the established protocol, a wide spectrum of β-boryl ketones has been rapidly synthesized, which could further undergo various C─B bond transformations to give multifunctionalized products. The robustness of this catalytic strategy is underscored by its successful application in late-stage modification of drug-derived molecules and natural products. Preliminary mechanistic investigations, including several control experiments, photochemistry measurements, and computational studies, shed light on the catalytic radical reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Anti-infective Agent Creation Engineering Research Centre of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Zhao-Yuan Yu
- Anti-infective Agent Creation Engineering Research Centre of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Lu-Yao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Anti-infective Agent Creation Engineering Research Centre of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yi-Qi Wu
- Anti-infective Agent Creation Engineering Research Centre of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Anti-infective Agent Creation Engineering Research Centre of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Qing-Zhu Li
- Anti-infective Agent Creation Engineering Research Centre of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jun-Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Anti-infective Agent Creation Engineering Research Centre of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
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22
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Ghanbari Kudeyani M, Jafarpour M, Pourmorteza N, Rezaeifard A. Photocatalytic Tandem Protocol for the Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes using Cu-g-C 3N 4-Imine Decorated on TiO 2 Nanoparticles under Visible Light Irradiation. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:31344-31352. [PMID: 39072097 PMCID: PMC11270717 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
In this article, the visible-light-assisted photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles functionalized with Cu(II) g-C3N4-imine was exploited for aerobic oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes followed by condensation with indoles in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy to present a one-pot tandem strategy for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes (BIMs) under solvent-free conditions. The synergistic effect between the components to improve the photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared Cu-g-C3N4-imine/TiO2 nanoparticles resulting from electron-hole separation was approved by PL spectroscopy. Moreover, action spectra showed a light-dependent photocatalysis with effective visible-light responsivity of the photocatalyst. The present method includes different aspects of green chemistry: one-pot tandem synthesis of a variety of BIMs using alcohols that are less toxic, more available, more economical, and more stable than aldehydes; removing the byproducts resulting from overoxidation of alcohols and polymerization of aldehydes and indoles; the use of air as a safe oxidant; visible light as a safe energy source; and solvent-free conditions. A reusability test demonstrated that the catalyst retained its efficiency even after five runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghanbari Kudeyani
- Catalysis Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Birjand, Birjand 97179-414, Iran
| | - Maasoumeh Jafarpour
- Catalysis Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Birjand, Birjand 97179-414, Iran
| | - Narges Pourmorteza
- Catalysis Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Birjand, Birjand 97179-414, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Rezaeifard
- Catalysis Research Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Birjand, Birjand 97179-414, Iran
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23
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Bugaenko DI, Tikhanova OA, Andreychev VV, Karchava AV. Arylation of Diethyl Acetamidomalonate with Diaryliodonium Salts En Route to α-Arylglycines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9923-9928. [PMID: 38950106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Diethyl acetamidomalonate (DEAM) has been widely used for the synthesis of α-amino acids via C-alkylation under basic conditions followed by hydrolysis/decarboxylation. In contrast, the C-arylation of this reagent remains undeveloped. Herein, we report a novel strategy for the synthesis of racemic α-arylglycines based on the selective arylation of DEAM with diaryliodonium salts under mild, transition metal-free conditions. The reaction features good functional group tolerance and easy scalability and is applicable to the chemoselective C-H-modification of arenes including approved drugs, thus enabling a straightforward approach to complex α-arylglycines that would be challenging to make otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I Bugaenko
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga A Tikhanova
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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24
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Borup RM, Ree N, Jensen JH. pKalculator: A p K a predictor for C-H bonds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1614-1622. [PMID: 39076289 PMCID: PMC11285060 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Determining the pK a values of various C-H sites in organic molecules offers valuable insights for synthetic chemists in predicting reaction sites. As molecular complexity increases, this task becomes more challenging. This paper introduces pKalculator, a quantum chemistry (QM)-based workflow for automatic computations of C-H pK a values, which is used to generate a training dataset for a machine learning (ML) model. The QM workflow is benchmarked against 695 experimentally determined C-H pK a values in DMSO. The ML model is trained on a diverse dataset of 775 molecules with 3910 C-H sites. Our ML model predicts C-H pK a values with a mean absolute error (MAE) and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 1.24 and 2.15 pK a units, respectively. Furthermore, we employ our model on 1043 pK a-dependent reactions (aldol, Claisen, and Michael) and successfully indicate the reaction sites with a Matthew's correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.82.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus M Borup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Ree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Jan H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
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25
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Zachmann AKZ, Drappeau JA, Liu S, Alexanian EJ. C(sp 3)-H (N-Phenyltetrazole)thiolation as an Enabling Tool for Molecular Diversification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404879. [PMID: 38657161 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Methods enabling the broad diversification of C(sp3)-H bonds from a common intermediate are especially valuable in chemical synthesis. Herein, we report a site-selective (N-phenyltetrazole)thiolation of aliphatic and (hetero)benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds using a commercially available disulfide to access N-phenyltetrazole thioethers. The thioether products are readily elaborated in diverse fragment couplings for C-C, C-O, or C-N construction. The C-H functionalization proceeds via a radical-chain pathway involving hydrogen atom transfer by the electron-poor N-phenyltetrazolethiyl radical. Hexafluoroisopropanol was found to be essential to reactions involving aliphatic C(sp3)-H thiolation, with computational analysis consistent with dual hydrogen bonding of the N-phenyltetrazolethiyl radical imparting increased radical electrophilicity to facilitate the hydrogen atom transfer. Substrate is limiting reagent in all cases, and the reaction displays an exceptional functional group tolerance well suited to applications in late-stage diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Z Zachmann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Justine A Drappeau
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shubin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Erik J Alexanian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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26
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Yuan CH, Wang XX, Huang K, Jiao L. Unveiling the Mechanistic Role of Chiral Palladacycles in Pd(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp 3)-H Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405062. [PMID: 38711169 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed enantioselective C(sp3)-H functionalization reactions has attracted considerable attention due to its ability for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched molecules and stimulation of novel retrosynthetic disconnections. Understanding the reaction mechanism, especially the stereochemical process of the reaction, is crucial for the rational design of more efficient catalytic systems. Previously, we developed a Pd(II)/sulfoxide-2-hydroxypridine (SOHP) catalytic system for asymmetric C(sp3)-H functionalization reactions. In this study, we focused on unraveling the chemistry of chiral palladacycles involved in the Pd(II)-catalyzed enantioselective C(sp3)-H functionalization. We have isolated key palladacycle intermediates involved in the enantioselective β-C(sp3)-H arylation of carboxylic acids catalyzed by the Pd(II)/SOHP system. These palladacycles, exhibiting ligand-induced chirality, provided a significant opportunity to investigate the stereochemical process and the ligand effect in this asymmetric C-H functionalization. Our investigation provided direct evidence for the C-H palladation step as the enantioselectivity-determining step, which forms diastereomeric palladacycles that exhibited preservation of chirality in the functionalization step. DFT calculations provided insights into the chiral induction in palladacycle formation. This work highlights the value of chiral palladacycle chemistry in offering mechanistic insights into the Pd(II)-catalyzed asymmetric C(sp3)-H functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hui Yuan
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Wang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Keyun Huang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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27
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Keerthana MS, Jeganmohan M. Palladium-catalyzed site-selective functionalization of unactivated alkenes with vinylcyclopropanes aided by weakly coordinating native amides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7347-7350. [PMID: 38916280 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we have demonstrated a palladium-catalyzed regioselective allylation of unactivated alkenes with vinylcyclopropanes assisted by weak-coordinating native amides. The reaction exhibits wide substrate scope and excellent β-selectivity. Substrate diversification was performed to demonstrate the synthetic utility of the reaction. Mechanistic investigations were carried out to provide an insight into the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masilamani Jeganmohan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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28
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Giri R, Zhilin E, Katayev D. Divergent functionalization of alkenes enabled by photoredox activation of CDFA and α-halo carboxylic acids. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10659-10667. [PMID: 38994427 PMCID: PMC11234866 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein we present our studies on the solvent-controlled difunctionalization of alkenes utilizing chlorodifluoroacetic acid (CDFA) and α-halo carboxylic acids for the synthesis of γ-lactones, γ-lactams and α,α-difluoroesters. Mechanistic insights revealed that photocatalytic reductive mesolytic cleavage of the C-X bond delivers elusive α-carboxyl alkyl radicals. In the presence of an olefin molecule, this species acts as a unique bifunctional intermediate allowing for stipulated formation of C-O, C-N and C-H bonds on Giese-type adducts via single electron transfer (SET) or hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) events. These protocols exhibit great efficiency across a broad spectrum of readily available α-halo carboxylic acids and are amenable to scalability in both batch and flow. To demonstrate the versatility of this concept, the synthesis of (±)-boivinianin A, its fluorinated analog and eupomatilone-6 natural products was successfully accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Giri
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Egor Zhilin
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
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29
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Mondal S, Jana R. Green light-mediated dual eosin Y/Pd II-catalyzed C(sp 2)-H arylation of N-H unprotected 2-arylquinazolinones. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5540-5545. [PMID: 38916115 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00779d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
We report herein an eosin Y/Pd(II) dual catalytic approach for regio- and chemoselective C(sp2)-H monoarylation of N-H unprotected 2-phenyl quinazolinone derivatives under green light irradiation with no necessity for any base/additive/external oxidant. The free N-H moiety was post-modified for quinazolinone scaffold diversification and C-H annulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvam Mondal
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranjan Jana
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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30
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Chan SC, Palone A, Bietti M, Costas M. tert-Butyl as a Functional Group: Non-Directed Catalytic Hydroxylation of Sterically Congested Primary C-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402858. [PMID: 38688859 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The tert-butyl group is a common aliphatic motif extensively employed to implement steric congestion and conformational rigidity in organic and organometallic molecules. Because of the combination of a high bond dissociation energy (~100 kcal mol-1) and limited accessibility, in the absence of directing groups, neither radical nor organometallic approaches are effective for the chemical modification of tert-butyl C-H bonds. Herein we overcome these limits by employing a highly electrophilic manganese catalyst, [Mn(CF3bpeb)(OTf)2], that operates in the strong hydrogen bond donor solvent nonafluoro-tert-butyl alcohol (NFTBA) and catalytically activates hydrogen peroxide to generate a powerful manganese-oxo species that effectively oxidizes tert-butyl C-H bonds. Leveraging on the interplay of steric, electronic, medium and torsional effects, site-selective and product chemoselective hydroxylation of the tert-butyl group is accomplished with broad reaction scope, delivering primary alcohols as largely dominant products in preparative yields. Late-stage hydroxylation at tert-butyl sites is demonstrated on 6 densely functionalized molecules of pharmaceutical interest. This work uncovers a novel disconnection approach, harnessing tert-butyl as a potential functional group in strategic synthetic planning for complex molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Chung Chan
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Palone
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata"; Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
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31
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Mondal M, Ghosh S, Lai D, Hajra A. C-H Functionalization of Heteroarenes via Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex Photoactivation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202401114. [PMID: 38975970 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
C-H Functionalization of heteroarenes stands as a potent instrument in organic synthesis, and with the incorporation of visible light, it emerged as a transformative game-changer. In this domain, electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex, formed through the pairing of an electron-rich substrate with an electron-accepting molecule, has garnered substantial consideration in recent years due to the related avoidance of the requirement of photocatalyst as well as oxidant. EDA complexes can undergo photoactivation under mild conditions and exhibit high functional group tolerance, making them potentially suitable for the functionalization of biologically relevant heteroarenes. This review article provides an overview of recent advancements in the field of C-H functionalization of heteroarenes via EDA complex photoactivation with literature coverage up to April, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Dipti Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
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32
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Guo SM, Xu P, Studer A. Meta-Selective Copper-Catalyzed C-H Arylation of Pyridines and Isoquinolines through Dearomatized Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405385. [PMID: 38634294 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
C(sp2)-H functionalization offers an efficient strategy for the synthesis of various elaborated N-containing heteroarenes. Along these lines, oxazino pyridines that can be readily prepared from pyridines, have been introduced as powerful substrates in radical- and ionic-mediated meta-C-H functionalization. However, the regioselective meta-C-H arylation of pyridines remains a great challenge. Herein, a copper-catalyzed meta-selective C-H arylation of pyridines and isoquinolines through bench-stable dearomatized intermediates is reported. Electrophilic aryl-Cu(III) species, generated from readily accessible aryl I(III) reagents, enable the efficient meta-arylation of a broad range of pyridines and isoquinolines. The method also allows the meta-selective alkenylation of these heteroarenes using the corresponding alkenyl I(III)-reagents. Late-stage arylation of drug-derived pyridines and larger-scale experiments demonstrate the potential of this synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Min Guo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Pengwei Xu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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33
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Zhang T, Rabeah J, Das S. Red-light-mediated copper-catalyzed photoredox catalysis promotes regioselectivity switch in the difunctionalization of alkenes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5208. [PMID: 38890327 PMCID: PMC11189478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling regioselectivity during difunctionalization of alkenes remains a significant challenge, particularly when the installation of both functional groups involves radical processes. In this aspect, methodologies to install trifluoromethane (-CF3) via difunctionalization have been explored, due to the importance of this moiety in the pharmaceutical sectors; however, these existing reports are limited, most of which affording only the corresponding β-trifluoromethylated products. The main reason for this limitation arises from the fact that -CF3 group served as an initiator in those reactions and predominantly preferred to be installed at the terminal (β) position of an alkene. On the contrary, functionalization of the -CF3 group at the internal (α) position of alkenes would provide valuable products, but a meticulous approach is necessary to win this regioselectivity switch. Intrigued by this challenge, we here develop an efficient and regioselective strategy where the -CF3 group is installed at the α-position of an alkene. Molecular complexity is achieved via the simultaneous insertion of a sulfonyl fragment (-SO2R) at the β-position. A precisely regulated sequence of radical generation using red light-mediated photocatalysis facilitates this regioselective switch from the terminal (β) position to the internal (α) position. Furthermore, this approach demonstrates broad substrate scope and industrial potential for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Rostock, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Catalysis and Carbon Dioxide Utilization, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shoubhik Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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34
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Yang Y, Song Q, Sivaguru P, Liu Z, Shi D, Tian T, de Ruiter G, Bi X. Controllable Skeletal and Peripheral Editing of Pyrroles with Vinylcarbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401359. [PMID: 38597885 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The skeletal editing of azaarenes through insertion, deletion, or swapping of single atoms has recently gained considerable momentum in chemical synthesis. Here, we describe a practical skeletal editing strategy using vinylcarbenes in situ generated from trifluoromethyl vinyl N-triftosylhydrazones, leading to the first dearomative skeletal editing of pyrroles through carbon-atom insertion. Furthermore, depending on the used catalyst and substrate, three types of peripheral editing reactions of pyrroles are also disclosed: α- or γ-selective C-H insertion, and [3+2] cycloaddition. These controllable molecular editing reactions provide a powerful platform for accessing medicinally relevant CF3-containing N-heterocyclic frameworks, such as 2,5-dihydropyridines, piperidines, azabicyclo[3.3.0]octadienes, and allylated pyrroles from readily available pyrroles. Mechanistic insights from experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations shed light on the origin of substrate- or catalyst-controlled chemo- and regioselectivity as well as the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Qingmin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | | | - Zhaohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Dan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Graham de Ruiter
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technol-ogy Technion City, 3200008, Haifa, Israel
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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35
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Hunter Wilson R, Damodaran AR, Bhagi-Damodaran A. Machine learning guided rational design of a non-heme iron-based lysine dioxygenase improves its total turnover number. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.04.597480. [PMID: 38895203 PMCID: PMC11185610 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Highly selective C-H functionalization remains an ongoing challenge in organic synthetic methodologies. Biocatalysts are robust tools for achieving these difficult chemical transformations. Biocatalyst engineering has often required directed evolution or structure-based rational design campaigns to improve their activities. In recent years, machine learning has been integrated into these workflows to improve the discovery of beneficial enzyme variants. In this work, we combine a structure-based machine-learning algorithm with classical molecular dynamics simulations to down select mutations for rational design of a non-heme iron-dependent lysine dioxygenase, LDO. This approach consistently resulted in functional LDO mutants and circumvents the need for extensive study of mutational activity before-hand. Our rationally designed single mutants purified with up to 2-fold higher yields than WT and displayed higher total turnover numbers (TTN). Combining five such single mutations into a pentamutant variant, LPNYI LDO, leads to a 40% improvement in the TTN (218±3) as compared to WT LDO (TTN = 160±2). Overall, this work offers a low-barrier approach for those seeking to synergize machine learning algorithms with pre-existing protein engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hunter Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Anoop R Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
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36
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Liu S, Yang Y, Song Q, Liu Z, Lu Y, Wang Z, Sivaguru P, Bi X. Tunable molecular editing of indoles with fluoroalkyl carbenes. Nat Chem 2024; 16:988-997. [PMID: 38443494 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Building molecular complexity from simple feedstocks through precise peripheral and skeletal modifications is central to modern organic synthesis. Nevertheless, a controllable strategy through which both the core skeleton and the periphery of an aromatic heterocycle can be modified with a common substrate remains elusive, despite its potential to maximize structural diversity and applications. Here we report a carbene-initiated chemodivergent molecular editing of indoles that allows both skeletal and peripheral editing by trapping an electrophilic fluoroalkyl carbene generated in situ from fluoroalkyl N-triftosylhydrazones. A variety of fluorine-containing N-heterocyclic scaffolds have been efficiently achieved through tunable chemoselective editing reactions at the skeleton or periphery of indoles, including one-carbon insertion, C3 gem-difluoroolefination, tandem cyclopropanation and N1 gem-difluoroolefination, and cyclopropanation. The power of this chemodivergent molecular editing strategy has been highlighted through the modification of the skeleton or periphery of natural products in a controllable and chemoselective manner. The reaction mechanism and origins of the chemo- and regioselectivity have been probed by both experimental and theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingmin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhanjing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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37
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Huang Y, Li X, Mai BK, Tonogai EJ, Smith AJ, Hergenrother PJ, Liu P, Hoveyda AH. A catalytic process enables efficient and programmable access to precisely altered indole alkaloid scaffolds. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1003-1014. [PMID: 38374457 PMCID: PMC11328697 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
A compound's overall contour impacts its ability to elicit biological response, rendering access to distinctly shaped molecules desirable. A natural product's framework can be modified, but only if it is abundant and contains suitably modifiable functional groups. Here we introduce a programmable strategy for concise synthesis of precisely altered scaffolds of scarce bridged polycyclic alkaloids. Central to our approach is a scalable catalytic multi-component process that delivers diastereo- and enantiomerically enriched tertiary homoallylic alcohols bearing differentiable alkenyl moieties. We used one product to launch progressively divergent syntheses of a naturally occurring alkaloid and its precisely expanded, contracted and/or distorted framework analogues (average number of steps/scaffold of seven). In vitro testing showed that a skeleton expanded by one methylene in two regions is cytotoxic against four types of cancer cell line. Mechanistic and computational studies offer an account for several unanticipated selectivity trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youming Huang
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Xinghan Li
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emily J Tonogai
- Department of Chemistry, Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Amanda J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Paul J Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Amir H Hoveyda
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
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38
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Barrera Y, Anderson JSM. Does the radical GPRI strongly depend on the population scheme? A comparative study to predict radical attack on unsaturated molecules with the radical general-purpose reactivity indicator. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:1152-1159. [PMID: 38299704 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of 22 unsaturated molecules undergoing attack by a methyl radical (⋅CH3) have been elucidated using the condensed radical general-purpose reactivity indicator (condensed radical GPRI) appropriate for relatively nucleophilic or electrophilic molecules. Using the appropriate radical GPRI equation for electrophilic attack or nucleophilic radical attack, seven different population schemes were used to assign the most reactive atoms in each of the 22 molecules. The results show that the condensed radical GPRI is sensitive to the population scheme chosen, but less sensitive than the radical Fukui function. Therefore, the reliability of these methods depends on the population scheme. Our investigation indicates that the condensed radical GPRI is most accurate in predicting the dominant products of the methyl radical addition reactions on a variety of unsaturated molecules when the Hirshfeld, Merz-Singh-Kollman, or Voronoi deformation density population schemes are used. Furthermore, for all populations schemes in the majority of instances where the radical Fukui function failed the radical GPRI was able to identify the most reactive atom under certain reactivity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Barrera
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - James S M Anderson
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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Shi L, Liu M, Zheng L, Gao Q, Wang M, Wang X, Xiang J. Electrochemical γ-Selective Deuteration of Pyridines. Org Lett 2024; 26:4318-4322. [PMID: 38752547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we first report a γ-selective deuteration reaction of pyridines via H/D exchange without the need for preinstalled directing groups and transformable functional groups. The electrochemical process offers an attractive approach to producing γ-deuterated pyridines under gentle conditions. The broad substrate scope, excellent deuterium incorporation, and remarkable selectivity of the electrochemical method make it applicable for the late-stage modification of pharmaceutical molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Shi
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Mian Liu
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Lianyou Zheng
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Qiansong Gao
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Mingchun Wang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jinbao Xiang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China
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40
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Hou FC, Zhang JL, Wang ZR, Li ZY. Rhodium-catalyzed three-component C(sp 3)/C(sp 2)-H activation enabled by a two-fold directing group strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5634-5637. [PMID: 38716634 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00827h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Rh-catalyzed three-component C(sp3)/C(sp2)-H activation has been achieved through a two-directing group strategy. This protocol provides a convenient and efficient pathway for the construction of diverse 8-alkyl quinoline derivatives in one-pot. Furthermore, mechanistic studies revealed that the first C-H amidation was significantly faster than the sequential C-H alkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Cheng Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Jia-Le Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Zi-Rui Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Zhong-Yuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.
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41
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Liu Z, Fang S, Li H, Xiao C, Xiao K, Su Z, Wang T. Organocatalytic skeletal reorganization for enantioselective synthesis of S-stereogenic sulfinamides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4348. [PMID: 38777853 PMCID: PMC11111665 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The enantioselective synthesis of S-stereogenic sulfinamides has garnered considerable attention due to their structural and physicochemical properties. However, catalytic asymmetric synthesis of sulfinamides still remains daunting challenges, impeding their broad application in drug discovery and development. Here, we present an approach for the synthesis of S-stereogenic sulfinamides through peptide-mimic phosphonium salt-catalyzed asymmetric skeletal reorganization of simple prochiral and/or racemic sulfoximines. This methodology allows for the facile access to a diverse array of substituted sulfinamides with excellent enantioselectivities, accommodating various substituent patterns through desymmetrization or parallel kinetic resolution process. Mechanistic experiments, coupled with density functional theory calculations, clarify a stepwise pathway involving ring-opening and ring-closing processes, with the ring-opening step identified as crucial for achieving stereoselective control. Given the prevalence of S-stereogenic centers in pharmaceuticals, we anticipate that this protocol will enhance the efficient and precise synthesis of relevant chiral molecules and their analogs, thereby contributing to advancements in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanjiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Siqiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Haoze Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Chunxiu Xiao
- Precision Medicine Research Center & Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Precision Medicine Research Center & Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China.
| | - Tianli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
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42
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Zhou HY, Dong L. Synthesis of acridones via Ir(III)-catalyzed amination annulation of oxazoles with anthranils. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4036-4040. [PMID: 38698770 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00377b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
An unprecedented Ir(III)-catalyzed C-H activation/amination/annulation of 2-phenyloxazoles with anthranils for the highly selective preparation of acridone derivatives in one-pot under controlled conditions is reported. This protocol is characterized by atom economy and high regioselectivity. A wide range of anthranils with 2-phenyloxazoles were well tolerated and afforded the desired products in moderate to good yields, in which the anthranil serves as a convenient amination reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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43
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Trienes S, Xu J, Ackermann L. Photoinduced C-H arylation of 1,3-azoles via copper/photoredox dual catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7293-7299. [PMID: 38756807 PMCID: PMC11095366 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00393d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The visible light-induced C-H arylation of azoles has been accomplished by dual-catalytic system with the aid of an inexpensive ligand-free copper(i)-catalyst in combination with a suitable photoredox catalyst. An organic photoredox catalyst, 10-phenylphenothiazine (PTH), was identified as effective, cost-efficient and environmentally-benign alternative to commonly-used, expensive Ir(iii)-based complexes. The method proved applicable for the C-H arylation of various azole derivatives, including oxazoles, benzoxazoles, thiazoles, benzothiazoles as well as more challenging imidazoles and benzimidazoles. Moreover, the derivatization of complex molecules and the gram scale synthesis of the natural product balsoxin reflected the synthetic utility of the developed strategy. Mechanistic studies were indicative of a single electron transfer-based (SET) mechanism with an aryl radical as key intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Trienes
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Potsdamer Straße 58 10875 Berlin Germany
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Potsdamer Straße 58 10875 Berlin Germany
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44
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Kaplaneris N, Akdeniz M, Fillols M, Arrighi F, Raymenants F, Sanil G, Gryko DT, Noël T. Photocatalytic Functionalization of Dehydroalanine-Derived Peptides in Batch and Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403271. [PMID: 38497510 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Unnatural amino acids, and their synthesis by the late-stage functionalization (LSF) of peptides, play a crucial role in areas such as drug design and discovery. Historically, the LSF of biomolecules has predominantly utilized traditional synthetic methodologies that exploit nucleophilic residues, such as cysteine, lysine or tyrosine. Herein, we present a photocatalytic hydroarylation process targeting the electrophilic residue dehydroalanine (Dha). This residue possesses an α,β-unsaturated moiety and can be combined with various arylthianthrenium salts, both in batch and flow reactors. Notably, the flow setup proved instrumental for efficient scale-up, paving the way for the synthesis of unnatural amino acids and peptides in substantial quantities. Our photocatalytic approach, being inherently mild, permits the diversification of peptides even when they contain sensitive functional groups. The readily available arylthianthrenium salts facilitate the seamless integration of Dha-containing peptides with a wide range of arenes, drug blueprints, and natural products, culminating in the creation of unconventional phenylalanine derivatives. The synergistic effect of the high functional group tolerance and the modular characteristic of the aryl electrophile enables efficient peptide conjugation and ligation in both batch and flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merve Akdeniz
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Méritxell Fillols
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Arrighi
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gana Sanil
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Sendeku MG, Shifa TA, Dajan FT, Ibrahim KB, Wu B, Yang Y, Moretti E, Vomiero A, Wang F. Frontiers in Photoelectrochemical Catalysis: A Focus on Valuable Product Synthesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308101. [PMID: 38341618 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) catalysis provides the most promising avenue for producing value-added chemicals and consumables from renewable precursors. Over the last decades, PEC catalysis, including reduction of renewable feedstock, oxidation of organics, and activation and functionalization of C─C and C─H bonds, are extensively investigated, opening new opportunities for employing the technology in upgrading readily available resources. However, several challenges still remain unsolved, hindering the commercialization of the process. This review offers an overview of PEC catalysis targeted at the synthesis of high-value chemicals from sustainable precursors. First, the fundamentals of evaluating PEC reactions in the context of value-added product synthesis at both anode and cathode are recalled. Then, the common photoelectrode fabrication methods that have been employed to produce thin-film photoelectrodes are highlighted. Next, the advancements are systematically reviewed and discussed in the PEC conversion of various feedstocks to produce highly valued chemicals. Finally, the challenges and prospects in the field are presented. This review aims at facilitating further development of PEC technology for upgrading several renewable precursors to value-added products and other pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshet Getaye Sendeku
- Ocean Hydrogen Energy R&D Center, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Tofik Ahmed Shifa
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
| | - Fekadu Tsegaye Dajan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kassa Belay Ibrahim
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
| | - Binglan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
| | - Elisa Moretti
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
| | - Alberto Vomiero
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden
| | - Fengmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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46
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Liu DH, Pflüger PM, Outlaw A, Lückemeier L, Zhang F, Regan C, Rashidi Nodeh H, Cernak T, Ma J, Glorius F. Late-Stage Saturation of Drug Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11866-11875. [PMID: 38621677 PMCID: PMC11066876 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The available methods of chemical synthesis have arguably contributed to the prevalence of aromatic rings, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, or pyridine, in modern pharmaceuticals. Many such sp2-carbon-rich fragments are now easy to synthesize using high-quality cross-coupling reactions that click together an ever-expanding menu of commercially available building blocks, but the products are flat and lipophilic, decreasing their odds of becoming marketed drugs. Converting flat aromatic molecules into saturated analogues with a higher fraction of sp3 carbons could improve their medicinal properties and facilitate the invention of safe, efficacious, metabolically stable, and soluble medicines. In this study, we show that aromatic and heteroaromatic drugs can be readily saturated under exceptionally mild rhodium-catalyzed hydrogenation, acid-mediated reduction, or photocatalyzed-hydrogenation conditions, converting sp2 carbon atoms into sp3 carbon atoms and leading to saturated molecules with improved medicinal properties. These methods are productive in diverse pockets of chemical space, producing complex saturated pharmaceuticals bearing a variety of functional groups and three-dimensional architectures. The rhodium-catalyzed method tolerates traces of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or water, meaning that pharmaceutical compound collections, which are typically stored in wet DMSO, can finally be reformatted for use as substrates for chemical synthesis. This latter application is demonstrated through the late-stage saturation (LSS) of 768 complex and densely functionalized small-molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Hai Liu
- Frontiers
Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory
for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Philipp M. Pflüger
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andrew Outlaw
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lukas Lückemeier
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Fuhao Zhang
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Clinton Regan
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hamid Rashidi Nodeh
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tim Cernak
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jiajia Ma
- Frontiers
Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory
for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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47
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Kopp A, Oyama T, Ackermann L. Fluorescent coumarin-alkynes for labeling of amino acids and peptides via manganese(I)-catalyzed C-H alkenylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38683668 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00361f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The late-stage fluorescent labeling of structurally complex peptides bears immense potential for molecular imaging. Herein, we report on a manganese(I)-catalyzed peptide C-H alkenylation under exceedingly mild conditions with natural fluorophores as coumarin- and chromone-derivatives. The robustness and efficiency of the manganese(I) catalysis regime was reflected by a broad functional group tolerance and low catalyst loading in a resource- and atom-economical fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Kopp
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
| | - Tsuyoshi Oyama
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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48
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Balaso Mohite S, Kousin Mirza Y, Kumar V, Partap S, Baji Baba S, Alake J, Bera M, Karpoormath R. Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Olefination of Imidazo[1,2a] pyridine Carboxamide in Aqueous Ethanol under Oxygen. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304239. [PMID: 38317443 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The advancement of sustainable chemistry and changes in the economy are strongly intertwined. Reaction time, cost savings, moderate temperatures, and generation of the fewest byproducts are frequently achieved by using catalytic processes. Herein, we report the C-H olefination of imidazo[1,2a] pyridine carboxamides with various acrylates in the presence of Pd (OAc)2 with O2 as the oxidant in aqueous ethanol rather than using non-ecofriendly solvents. The C-H activation features most user-friendly reaction conditions, excellent yield as well as plenty substrate scope and applicable for C-H deuteriation of the corresponding heteroarenes with D2O. Experimental mechanistic studies indicate that C-H activation step succeeded after formation of tetra coordinated square planer Pd-substrate adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Balaso Mohite
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Yafia Kousin Mirza
- Photocatalysis & Synthetic Methodology Lab (PSML), Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies (AICCRS), Amity University, Noida, 201303, India
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sangh Partap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Shaik Baji Baba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - John Alake
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Milan Bera
- Photocatalysis & Synthetic Methodology Lab (PSML), Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies (AICCRS), Amity University, Noida, 201303, India
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
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49
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Lei J, Xu ZG. Reaction strategies for the meta-selective functionalization of pyridine through dearomatization. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10861-5. [PMID: 38647989 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The pyridine moiety is a crucial structural component in various pharmaceuticals. While the direct ortho- and para-functionalization of pyridines is relatively straightforward, the meta-selective C-H functionalization remains a significant challenge. This review highlights dearomatization strategies as a key area of interest in expanding the application of meta-C-H functionalization of pyridines. Dearomatization enables the meta-functionalization through various catalytic methods that directly generate dearomatization products, and some products can be rearomatized back to pyridine derivatives. Furthermore, this article also covers the dearomatization of multiple positions of pyridine in the synthesis of polycyclic compounds. It offers a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in dearomatization at different positions of pyridine, aiming to provide a valuable resource for researchers in this field. It also highlights the advantages and limitations of existing technologies, aiming to inform a broader audience about this important field and foster its future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lei
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China.
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50
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Guillemard L, Ackermann L, Johansson MJ. Late-stage meta-C-H alkylation of pharmaceuticals to modulate biological properties and expedite molecular optimisation in a single step. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3349. [PMID: 38637496 PMCID: PMC11026381 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Catalysed C-H activation has emerged as a transformative platform for molecular synthesis and provides new opportunities in drug discovery by late-stage functionalisation (LSF) of complex molecules. Notably, small aliphatic motifs have gained significant interest in medicinal chemistry for their beneficial properties and applications as sp3-rich functional group bioisosteres. In this context, we disclose a versatile strategy with broad applicability for the ruthenium-catalysed late-stage meta-C(sp2)-H alkylation of pharmaceuticals. This general protocol leverages numerous directing groups inherently part of bioactive scaffolds to selectivity install a variety of medicinally relevant bifunctional alkyl units within drug compounds. Our strategy enables the direct modification of unprotected lead structures to quickly generate an array of pharmaceutically useful analogues without resorting to de novo syntheses. Moreover, productive late-stage modulation of key biological characteristics of drug candidates upon remote C-H alkylation proves viable, highlighting the major benefits of our approach to offer in drug development programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Guillemard
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Magnus J Johansson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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