1
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Deng Y, Yu R, Grabe V, Sommermann T, Werner M, Vallet M, Zerfaß C, Werz O, Pohnert G. Bacteria modulate microalgal aging physiology through the induction of extracellular vesicle production to remove harmful metabolites. Nat Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41564-024-01746-2. [PMID: 39143356 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The bloom and bust patterns of microalgae in aquatic systems contribute massively to global biogeochemical cycles. The decline of algal blooms is mainly caused by nutrient limitation resulting in cell death, the arrest of cell division and the aging of surviving cells. Nutrient intake can re-initiate proliferation, but the processes involved are poorly understood. Here we characterize how the bloom-forming diatom Coscinodiscus radiatus recovers from starvation after nutrient influx. Rejuvenation is mediated by extracellular vesicles that shuttle reactive oxygen species, oxylipins and other harmful metabolites out of the old cells, thereby re-enabling their proliferation. By administering nutrient pulses to aged cells and metabolomic monitoring of the response, we show that regulated pathways are centred around the methionine cycle in C. radiatus. Co-incubation experiments show that bacteria mediate aging processes and trigger vesicle production using chemical signalling. This work opens new perspectives on cellular aging and rejuvenation in complex microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Deng
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Balance of the Microverse Cluster of Excellence, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ruyi Yu
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Veit Grabe
- Imaging Platform, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Sommermann
- Department of Infection Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Werner
- Department for Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marine Vallet
- Max Planck Fellow Group Plankton Community Interaction, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Zerfaß
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department for Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
- Balance of the Microverse Cluster of Excellence, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
- Max Planck Fellow Group Plankton Community Interaction, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
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2
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Vedel S, Košmrlj A, Nunns H, Trusina A. Synergistic and antagonistic effects of deterministic and stochastic cell-cell variations. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:054404. [PMID: 38907460 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.054404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
By diversifying, cells in a clonal population can together overcome the limits of individuals. Diversity in single-cell growth rates allows the population to survive environmental stresses, such as antibiotics, and grow faster than the undiversified population. These functional cell-cell variations can arise stochastically, from noise in biochemical reactions, or deterministically, by asymmetrically distributing damaged components. While each of the mechanisms is well understood, the effect of the combined mechanisms is unclear. To evaluate the contribution of the deterministic component we developed a mathematical model by mapping the growing population to the Ising model. To analyze the combined effects of stochastic and deterministic contributions we introduced the analytical results of the Ising-mapping into an Euler-Lotka framework. Model results, confirmed by simulations and experimental data, show that deterministic cell-cell variations increase near-linearly with stress. As a consequence, we predict that the gain in population doubling time from cell-cell variations is primarily stochastic at low stress but may cross over to deterministic at higher stresses. Furthermore, we find that while the deterministic component minimizes population damage, stochastic variations antagonize this effect. Together our results may help identifying stress-tolerant pathogenic cells and thus inspire novel antibiotic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Vedel
- Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Models of Life, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrej Košmrlj
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Harry Nunns
- Center for Models of Life, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Ala Trusina
- Center for Models of Life, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Kirchweger B, Zwirchmayr J, Grienke U, Rollinger JM. The role of Caenorhabditis elegans in the discovery of natural products for healthy aging. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1849-1873. [PMID: 37585263 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00021d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2012 to 2023The human population is aging. Thus, the greatest risk factor for numerous diseases, such as diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, is increasing worldwide. Age-related diseases do not typically occur in isolation, but as a result of multi-factorial causes, which in turn require holistic approaches to identify and decipher the mode of action of potential remedies. With the advent of C. elegans as the primary model organism for aging, researchers now have a powerful in vivo tool for identifying and studying agents that effect lifespan and health span. Natural products have been focal research subjects in this respect. This review article covers key developments of the last decade (2012-2023) that have led to the discovery of natural products with healthy aging properties in C. elegans. We (i) discuss the state of knowledge on the effects of natural products on worm aging including methods, assays and involved pathways; (ii) analyze the literature on natural compounds in terms of their molecular properties and the translatability of effects on mammals; (iii) examine the literature on multi-component mixtures with special attention to the studied organisms, extraction methods and efforts regarding the characterization of their chemical composition and their bioactive components. (iv) We further propose to combine small in vivo model organisms such as C. elegans and sophisticated analytical approaches ("wormomics") to guide the way to dissect complex natural products with anti-aging properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kirchweger
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Julia Zwirchmayr
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ulrike Grienke
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Judith M Rollinger
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Wood E, Schulenburg H, Rosenstiel P, Bergmiller T, Ankrett D, Gudelj I, Beardmore R. Ribosome-binding antibiotics increase bacterial longevity and growth efficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221507120. [PMID: 37751555 PMCID: PMC10556576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221507120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics, by definition, reduce bacterial growth rates in optimal culture conditions; however, the real-world environments bacteria inhabit see rapid growth punctuated by periods of low nutrient availability. How antibiotics mediate population decline during these periods is poorly understood. Bacteria cannot optimize for all environmental conditions because a growth-longevity tradeoff predicts faster growth results in faster population decline, and since bacteriostatic antibiotics slow growth, they should also mediate longevity. We quantify how antibiotics, their targets, and resistance mechanisms influence longevity using populations of Escherichia coli and, as the tradeoff predicts, populations are maintained for longer if they encounter ribosome-binding antibiotics doxycycline and erythromycin, a finding that is not observed using antibiotics with alternative cellular targets. This tradeoff also predicts resistance mechanisms that increase growth rates during antibiotic treatment could be detrimental during nutrient stresses, and indeed, we find resistance by ribosomal protection removes benefits to longevity provided by doxycycline. We therefore liken ribosomal protection to a "Trojan horse" because it provides protection from an antibiotic but, during nutrient stresses, it promotes the demise of the bacteria. Seeking mechanisms to support these observations, we show doxycycline promotes efficient metabolism and reduces the concentration of reactive oxygen species. Seeking generality, we sought another mechanism that affects longevity and we found the number of doxycycline targets, namely, the ribosomal RNA operons, mediates growth and longevity even without antibiotics. We conclude that slow growth, as observed during antibiotic treatment, can help bacteria overcome later periods of nutrient stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Wood
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QD, United Kingdom
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Hub for Quantitative Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hinrich Schulenburg
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel24118, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Instituts für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Dekanat der Medizinischen Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, KielD-24118, Germany
| | - Tobias Bergmiller
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Dyan Ankrett
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Ivana Gudelj
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Beardmore
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QD, United Kingdom
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Hub for Quantitative Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QJ, United Kingdom
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5
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Castro-Velázquez V, Díaz-Cervantes E, Rodríguez-González V, Cortés-García CJ. In-silico assay of a dosing vehicle based on chitosan-TiO 2 and modified benzofuran-isatin molecules against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PEERJ PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj-pchem.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A high priority of the World Health Organization (WHO) is the study of drugs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has developed antibiotic resistance. In this order, recent research is analyzing biomaterials and metal oxide nanoparticles, such as chitosan (QT) and TiO2 (NT), which can transport molecules with biological activity against bacteria, to propose them as drug carrier candidates. In the present work, 10 modified benzofuran-isatin molecules were studied through computational simulation using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking assays against Hfq and LpxC (proteins of P. aeruginosa). The results show that the ligand efficiency of commercial drugs C-CP and C-AZI against Hfq is low compared with the best-designed molecule MOL-A. However, we highlight that the influence of NT promotes a better interaction of some molecules, where MOL-E generates a better interaction by 0.219 kcal/mol when NT is introduced in Hfq, forming the system Hfq-NT (Target-NT). Similar behavior is observed in the LpxC target, in which MOL-J is better at 0.072 kcal/mol. Finally, two pharmacophoric models for Hfq and LpxC implicate hydrophobic and aromatic-hydrophobic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Castro-Velázquez
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnología, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Departamento de Alimentos, Universidad de Guanajuato, Tierra Blanca, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Erik Díaz-Cervantes
- Departamento de Alimentos, Universidad de Guanajuato, Tierra Blanca, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Vicente Rodríguez-González
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnología, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Carlos J. Cortés-García
- Laboratorio de Diseño Molecular/Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
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6
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Pikovsky A, Tsimring LS. Statistical theory of asymmetric damage segregation in clonal cell populations. Math Biosci 2023; 358:108980. [PMID: 36804386 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2023.108980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric damage segregation (ADS) is ubiquitous among unicellular organisms: After a mother cell divides, its two daughter cells receive sometimes slightly, sometimes strongly different fractions of damaged proteins accumulated in the mother cell. Previous studies demonstrated that ADS provides a selective advantage over symmetrically dividing cells by rejuvenating and perpetuating the population as a whole. In this work we focus on the statistical properties of damage in individual lineages and the overall damage distributions in growing populations for a variety of ADS models with different rules governing damage accumulation, segregation, and the lifetime dependence on damage. We show that for a large class of deterministic ADS rules the trajectories of damage along the lineages are chaotic, and the distributions of damage in cells born at a given time asymptotically becomes fractal. By exploiting the analogy of linear ADS models with the Iterated Function Systems known in chaos theory, we derive the Frobenius-Perron equation for the stationary damage density distribution and analytically compute the damage distribution moments and fractal dimensions. We also investigate nonlinear and stochastic variants of ADS models and show the robustness of the salient features of the damage distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Pikovsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Lev S Tsimring
- Synthetic Biology Institute, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0328, USA.
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7
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Correia-Melo C, Kamrad S, Tengölics R, Messner CB, Trebulle P, Townsend S, Jayasree Varma S, Freiwald A, Heineike BM, Campbell K, Herrera-Dominguez L, Kaur Aulakh S, Szyrwiel L, Yu JSL, Zelezniak A, Demichev V, Mülleder M, Papp B, Alam MT, Ralser M. Cell-cell metabolite exchange creates a pro-survival metabolic environment that extends lifespan. Cell 2023; 186:63-79.e21. [PMID: 36608659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism is deeply intertwined with aging. Effects of metabolic interventions on aging have been explained with intracellular metabolism, growth control, and signaling. Studying chronological aging in yeast, we reveal a so far overlooked metabolic property that influences aging via the exchange of metabolites. We observed that metabolites exported by young cells are re-imported by chronologically aging cells, resulting in cross-generational metabolic interactions. Then, we used self-establishing metabolically cooperating communities (SeMeCo) as a tool to increase metabolite exchange and observed significant lifespan extensions. The longevity of the SeMeCo was attributable to metabolic reconfigurations in methionine consumer cells. These obtained a more glycolytic metabolism and increased the export of protective metabolites that in turn extended the lifespan of cells that supplied them with methionine. Our results establish metabolite exchange interactions as a determinant of cellular aging and show that metabolically cooperating cells can shape the metabolic environment to extend their lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Correia-Melo
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stephan Kamrad
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Roland Tengölics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged 6726, Hungary; HCEMM-BRC Metabolic Systems Biology Lab, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Christoph B Messner
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Precision Proteomics Center, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Trebulle
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - StJohn Townsend
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anja Freiwald
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Core Facility - High Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin M Heineike
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Quantitative Gene Expression Research Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London W12 0HS, UK; Quantitative Gene Expression Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW2 2AZ, UK
| | - Kate Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Lucía Herrera-Dominguez
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Simran Kaur Aulakh
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Lukasz Szyrwiel
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason S L Yu
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Aleksej Zelezniak
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius 10257, Lithuania
| | - Vadim Demichev
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Mülleder
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK; Core Facility - High Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Balázs Papp
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged 6726, Hungary; HCEMM-BRC Metabolic Systems Biology Lab, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Mohammad Tauqeer Alam
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P.O.Box 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Markus Ralser
- The Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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8
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Feng S, Liang W, Li J, Chen Y, Zhou D, Liang L, Lin D, Li Y, Zhao H, Du H, Dai M, Qin LN, Bai F, Doi Y, Zhong LL, Tian GB. MCR-1-dependent lipid remodelling compromises the viability of Gram-negative bacteria. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1236-1249. [PMID: 35437117 PMCID: PMC9067951 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2065934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The global dissemination of the mobilized colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, threatens human health. Recent studies by our group and others have shown that the withdrawal of colistin as a feed additive dramatically reduced the prevalence of mcr-1. Although it is accepted that the rapid reduction in mcr-1 prevalence may have resulted, to some extent, from the toxic effects of MCR-1, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. Here, we found that MCR-1 damaged the outer membrane (OM) permeability in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia and that this event was associated with MCR-1-mediated cell shrinkage and death during the stationary phase. Notably, the capacity of MCR-1-expressing cells for recovery from the stationary phase under improved conditions was reduced in a time-dependent manner. We also showed that mutations in the potential lipid-A-binding pocket of MCR-1, but not in the catalytic domain, restored OM permeability and cell viability. During the stationary phase, PbgA, a sensor of periplasmic lipid-A and LpxC production that performed the first step in lipid-A synthesis, was reduced after MCR-1 expression, suggesting that MCR-1 disrupted lipid homeostasis. Consistent with this, the overexpression of LpxC completely reversed the MCR-1-induced OM permeability defect. We propose that MCR-1 causes lipid remodelling that results in an OM permeability defect, thus compromising the viability of Gram-negative bacteria. These findings extended our understanding of the effect of MCR-1 on bacterial physiology and provided a potential strategy for eliminating drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Feng
- Program in Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanfei Liang
- Program in Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachen Li
- Program in Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianrong Zhou
- Program in Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lujie Liang
- Program in Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Daixi Lin
- Program in Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Program in Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Du
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Dai
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Qin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Bai
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yohei Doi
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Lan-Lan Zhong
- Program in Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Bao Tian
- Program in Pathobiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, People's Republic of China
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9
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Liu X, Inda ME, Lai Y, Lu TK, Zhao X. Engineered Living Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201326. [PMID: 35243704 PMCID: PMC9250645 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Living biological systems, ranging from single cells to whole organisms, can sense, process information, and actuate in response to changing environmental conditions. Inspired by living biological systems, engineered living cells and nonliving matrices are brought together, which gives rise to the technology of engineered living materials. By designing the functionalities of living cells and the structures of nonliving matrices, engineered living materials can be created to detect variability in the surrounding environment and to adjust their functions accordingly, thereby enabling applications in health monitoring, disease treatment, and environmental remediation. Hydrogels, a class of soft, wet, and biocompatible materials, have been widely used as matrices for engineered living cells, leading to the nascent field of engineered living hydrogels. Here, the interactions between hydrogel matrices and engineered living cells are described, focusing on how hydrogels influence cell behaviors and how cells affect hydrogel properties. The interactions between engineered living hydrogels and their environments, and how these interactions enable versatile applications, are also discussed. Finally, current challenges facing the field of engineered living hydrogels for their applications in clinical and environmental settings are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Maria Eugenia Inda
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yong Lai
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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10
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Kong Y, Zhao Y, Yu Y, Su W, Liu Z, Fei Y, Ma J, Mi L. Single cell sorting of young yeast based on label-free fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100344. [PMID: 34978383 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an attractive organism used in the fermentation industry and is an important model organism for virus research. The ability to sort yeast cells is important for diverse applications. Replicative aging of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae is accompanied by metabolic changes that are related to an essential coenzyme, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H). Here, a single cell sorting method based on fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) was implemented for the first time. The aging level of yeast was determined based on the FLIM by NAD(P)H, which was a label-free and noninvasive method for studying individual cells. Then, young and active yeast cells were sorted by the LIFT system at the single cell level. During the entire experiment, a sterile and humid environment was maintained to ensure the activity of cells. The high viability of sorted cells was achieved by the LIFT combining with FLIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Kong
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-precision Optical Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinping Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, The Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems (MRICS), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Su
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-precision Optical Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijia Liu
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-precision Optical Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyan Fei
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-precision Optical Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Ma
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-precision Optical Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, The Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems (MRICS), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Mi
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-precision Optical Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Abstract
Ageing, death, and potential immortality lie at the heart of biology, but two seemingly incompatible paradigms coexist in different research communities and have done since the nineteenth century. The universal senescence paradigm sees senescence as inevitable in all cells. Damage accumulates. The potential immortality paradigm sees some cells as potentially immortal, especially unicellular organisms, germ cells and cancerous cells. Recent research with animal cells, yeasts and bacteria show that damaged cell constituents do in fact build up, but can be diluted by growth and cell division, especially by asymmetric cell division. By contrast, mammalian embryonic stem cells and many cancerous and 'immortalized' cell lines divide symmetrically, and yet replicate indefinitely. How do they acquire their potential immortality? I suggest they are rejuvenated by excreting damaged cell constituents in extracellular vesicles. If so, our understanding of cellular senescence, rejuvenation and potential immortality could be brought together in a new synthesis, which I call the cellular rejuvenation hypothesis: damaged cell constituents build up in all cells, but cells can be rejuvenated either by growth and cell division or, in 'immortal' cell lines, by excreting damaged cell constituents. In electronic supplementary material, appendix, I outline nine ways in which this hypothesis could be tested.
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12
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Fifor A, Krukowski K, Honda JR. Sex, ancestry, senescence, and aging (SAnSA) are stark drivers of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2022; 26:100297. [PMID: 35059508 PMCID: PMC8760511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2022.100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pulmonary disease (PD) disproportionately affects otherwise healthy, older, Caucasian females. The reasons behind this are likely multifactorial involving several conspiring factors. A variety of factors are thought to contribute to increased susceptibility to NTM in the older adult including exposure to various environmental conditions and contaminants across the lifespan, genetic risk factors, hormonal changes, and immunodeficiency. Independent of sex and ancestry, respiratory muscle atrophy intensifies with age and an aging immune system can show functional decline of macrophages, poor lung migration and homing of dendritic cells, promotion of aberrant pro-inflammatory responses, acceleration of inflammation related to aging, and increased immunosenescence. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the current body of knowledge regarding the roles of sex, ancestry, senescence, and aging (SAnSA) in NTM acquisition and the possible mechanisms involved in NTM PD, highlighting age-related respiratory and immune system changes. We also summarize molecular tools and biomarkers of these fields and contextualize these into the study of NTM PD. Finally, we discuss the relevance of biomarkers described for senescence and aging and senolytic therapies as potentially new adjunctive strategies to reduce the burden of NTM PD.
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13
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Timmis K, Hallsworth JE. The darkest microbiome-a post-human biosphere. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:176-185. [PMID: 34843168 PMCID: PMC8719803 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial technology is exceptional among human activities and endeavours in its range of applications that benefit humanity, even exceeding those of chemistry. What is more, microbial technologists are among the most creative scientists, and the scope of the field continuously expands as new ideas and applications emerge. Notwithstanding this diversity of applications, given the dire predictions for the fate of the surface biosphere as a result of current trajectories of global warming, the future of microbial biotechnology research must have a single purpose, namely to help secure the future of life on Earth. Everything else will, by comparison, be irrelevant. Crucially, microbes themselves play pivotal roles in climate (Cavicchioli et al., Nature Revs Microbiol 17: 569-586, 2019). To enable realization of their full potential in humanity's effort to survive, development of new and transformative global warming-relevant technologies must become the lynchpin of microbial biotechnology research and development. As a consequence, microbial biotechnologists must consider constraining their usual degree of freedom, and re-orienting their focus towards planetary-biosphere exigences. And they must actively seek alliances and synergies with others to get the job done as fast as humanly possible; they need to enthusiastically embrace and join the global effort, subordinating where necessary individual aspirations to the common good (the amazing speed with which new COVID-19 diagnostics and vaccines were developed and implemented demonstrates what is possible given creativity, singleness of purpose and funding). In terms of priorities, some will be obvious, others less so, with some only becoming revealed after dedicated effort yields new insights/opens new vistas. We therefore refrain from developing a priority list here. Rather, we consider what is likely to happen to the Earth's biosphere if we (and the rest of humanity) fail to rescue it. We do so with the aim of galvanizing the formulation and implementation of strategic and financial science policy decisions that will maximally stimulate the development of relevant new microbial technologies, and maximally exploit available technologies, to repair existing environmental damage and mitigate against future deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Timmis
- Institute of MicrobiologyTechnical University of BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
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14
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Abstract
Water is the cellular milieu, drives all biochemistry within Earth's biosphere and facilitates microbe-mediated decay processes. Instead of reviewing these topics, the current article focuses on the activities of water as a preservative-its capacity to maintain the long-term integrity and viability of microbial cells-and identifies the mechanisms by which this occurs. Water provides for, and maintains, cellular structures; buffers against thermodynamic extremes, at various scales; can mitigate events that are traumatic to the cell membrane, such as desiccation-rehydration, freeze-thawing and thermal shock; prevents microbial dehydration that can otherwise exacerbate oxidative damage; mitigates against biocidal factors (in some circumstances reducing ultraviolet radiation and diluting solute stressors or toxic substances); and is effective at electrostatic screening so prevents damage to the cell by the intense electrostatic fields of some ions. In addition, the water retained in desiccated cells (historically referred to as 'bound' water) plays key roles in biomacromolecular structures and their interactions even for fully hydrated cells. Assuming that the components of the cell membrane are chemically stable or at least repairable, and the environment is fairly constant, water molecules can apparently maintain membrane geometries over very long periods provided these configurations represent thermodynamically stable states. The spores and vegetative cells of many microbes survive longer in the presence of vapour-phase water (at moderate-to-high relative humidities) than under more-arid conditions. There are several mechanisms by which large bodies of water, when cooled during subzero weather conditions remain in a liquid state thus preventing potentially dangerous (freeze-thaw) transitions for their microbiome. Microbial life can be preserved in pure water, freshwater systems, seawater, brines, ice/permafrost, sugar-rich aqueous milieux and vapour-phase water according to laboratory-based studies carried out over periods of years to decades and some natural environments that have yielded cells that are apparently thousands, or even (for hypersaline fluid inclusions of mineralized NaCl) hundreds of millions, of years old. The term preservative has often been restricted to those substances used to extend the shelf life of foods (e.g. sodium benzoate, nitrites and sulphites) or those used to conserve dead organisms, such as ethanol or formaldehyde. For living microorganisms however, the ultimate preservative may actually be water. Implications of this role are discussed with reference to the ecology of halophiles, human pathogens and other microbes; food science; biotechnology; biosignatures for life and other aspects of astrobiology; and the large-scale release/reactivation of preserved microbes caused by global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological SciencesQueen’s University Belfast19 Chlorine GardensBelfastBT9 5DLUK
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15
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Wisnoski NI, Shoemaker LG. Seed banks alter metacommunity diversity: The interactive effects of competition, dispersal and dormancy. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:740-753. [PMID: 34965013 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal and dormancy are two common strategies allowing for species persistence and the maintenance of biodiversity in variable environments. However, theory and empirical tests of spatial diversity patterns tend to examine either mechanism in isolation. Here, we developed a stochastic, spatially explicit metacommunity model incorporating seed banks with varying germination and survival rates. We found that dormancy and dispersal had interactive, nonlinear effects on the maintenance and distribution of metacommunity diversity. Seed banks promoted local diversity when seed survival was high and maintained regional diversity through interactions with dispersal. The benefits of seed banks for regional diversity were largest when dispersal was high or intermediate, depending on whether local competition was equal or stabilising. Our study shows that classic predictions for how dispersal affects metacommunity diversity can be strongly influenced by dormancy. Together, these results emphasise the need to consider both temporal and spatial processes when predicting multi-scale patterns of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan I Wisnoski
- Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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16
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Rodrigues AMM, Gardner A. Reproductive value and the evolution of altruism. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 37:346-358. [PMID: 34949484 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Altruism is favored by natural selection provided that it delivers sufficient benefits to relatives. An altruist's valuation of her relatives depends upon the extent to which they carry copies of her genes - relatedness - and also on the extent to which they are able to transmit their own genes to future generations - reproductive value. However, although relatedness has received a great deal of attention with regard to altruism, reproductive value has been surprisingly neglected. We review how reproductive value modulates patterns of altruism in relation to individual differences in age, sex, and general condition, and discuss how social partners may manipulate each other's reproductive value to incentivize altruism. This topic presents opportunities for tight interplay between theoretical and empirical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- António M M Rodrigues
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Andy Gardner
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Greenside Place, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
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17
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Xia Q, Chen X, Liu C, Song RB, Chen Z, Zhang J, Zhu JJ. Label-Free Probing of Electron Transfer Kinetics of Single Microbial Cells on a Single-Layer Graphene via Structural Color Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7823-7830. [PMID: 34470209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies of electron transfer at the population level veil the nature of the cell itself; however, in situ probing of the electron transfer dynamics of individual cells is still challenging. Here we propose label-free structural color microscopy for this aim. We demonstrate that Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 cells show unique structural color scattering, changing with the redox state of cytochrome complexes in the outer membrane. It enables quantitatively and noninvasive studies of electron transfer in single microbial cells during bioelectrochemical activities, such as extracellular electron transfer (EET) on a transparent single-layer graphene electrode. Increasing the applied potential leads to the associated EET current, accompanied by more oxidized cytochromes. The high spatiotemporal resolution of the proposed method not only demonstrates the large diversity in EET activity among microbial cells but also reveals the subcellular asymmetric distribution of active cytochromes in a single cell. We anticipate that it provides a potential platform for further exploring the electron transfer mechanism of subcellular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Changhong Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Rong-Bin Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jianrong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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18
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Abstract
The evolutionary theory of aging has set the foundations for a comprehensive understanding of aging. The biology of aging has listed and described the "hallmarks of aging," i.e., cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in human aging. The present paper is the first to infer the order of appearance of the hallmarks of bilaterian and thereby human aging throughout evolution from their presence in progressively narrower clades. Its first result is that all organisms, even non-senescent, have to deal with at least one mechanism of aging - the progressive accumulation of misfolded or unstable proteins. Due to their cumulation, these mechanisms are called "layers of aging." A difference should be made between the first four layers of unicellular aging, present in some unicellular organisms and in all multicellular opisthokonts, that stem and strike "from the inside" of individual cells and span from increasingly abnormal protein folding to deregulated nutrient sensing, and the last four layers of metacellular aging, progressively appearing in metazoans, that strike the cells of a multicellular organism "from the outside," i.e., because of other cells, and span from transcriptional alterations to the disruption of intercellular communication. The evolution of metazoans and eumetazoans probably solved the problem of aging along with the problem of unicellular aging. However, metacellular aging originates in the mechanisms by which the effects of unicellular aging are kept under control - e.g., the exhaustion of stem cells that contribute to replace damaged somatic cells. In bilaterians, additional functions have taken a toll on generally useless potentially limited lifespan to increase the fitness of organisms at the price of a progressively less efficient containment of the damage of unicellular aging. In the end, this picture suggests that geroscience should be more efficient in targeting conditions of metacellular aging rather than unicellular aging itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Lemoine
- CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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19
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20
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Shoemaker WR, Jones SE, Muscarella ME, Behringer MG, Lehmkuhl BK, Lennon JT. Microbial population dynamics and evolutionary outcomes under extreme energy limitation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2101691118. [PMID: 34385301 PMCID: PMC8379937 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101691118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms commonly inhabit energy-limited ecosystems where cellular maintenance and reproduction is highly constrained. To gain insight into how individuals persist under such conditions, we derived demographic parameters from a collection of 21 heterotrophic bacterial taxa by censusing 100 populations in an effectively closed system for 1,000 d. All but one taxon survived prolonged resource scarcity, yielding estimated times to extinction ranging over four orders of magnitude from 100 to 105 y. Our findings corroborate reports of long-lived bacteria recovered from ancient environmental samples, while providing insight into mechanisms of persistence. As death rates declined over time, lifespan was extended through the scavenging of dead cells. Although reproduction was suppressed in the absence of exogenous resources, populations continued to evolve. Hundreds of mutations were acquired, contributing to genome-wide signatures of purifying selection as well as molecular signals of adaptation. Consistent ecological and evolutionary dynamics indicate that distantly related bacteria respond to energy limitation in a similar and predictable manner, which likely contributes to the stability and robustness of microbial life.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Shoemaker
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405;
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Stuart E Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | | | | | - Brent K Lehmkuhl
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405
| | - Jay T Lennon
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405;
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21
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Lennon JT, den Hollander F, Wilke-Berenguer M, Blath J. Principles of seed banks and the emergence of complexity from dormancy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4807. [PMID: 34376641 PMCID: PMC8355185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Across the tree of life, populations have evolved the capacity to contend with suboptimal conditions by engaging in dormancy, whereby individuals enter a reversible state of reduced metabolic activity. The resulting seed banks are complex, storing information and imparting memory that gives rise to multi-scale structures and networks spanning collections of cells to entire ecosystems. We outline the fundamental attributes and emergent phenomena associated with dormancy and seed banks, with the vision for a unifying and mathematically based framework that can address problems in the life sciences, ranging from global change to cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay T. Lennon
- grid.411377.70000 0001 0790 959XIndiana University, Department of Biology, Bloomington, USA
| | - Frank den Hollander
- grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Universiteit Leiden, Mathematical Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maite Wilke-Berenguer
- grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Mathematics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Blath
- grid.6734.60000 0001 2292 8254Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Mathematics, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Abstract
In the current literature, the definitions of aging range from relying on certain sets of distinctive features at the molecular, organismal, populational and/or even evolutional levels/scales to declaring it a treatable disease and, moreover, to treating aging as a mental construct rather than a natural phenomenon. One reason of such a mess may be that it is common in the natural sciences to disregard philosophy of science where several categories of definitions are recognized, among which the nominal are less, and the so-called real ones are more appropriate in scientific contexts. E.g., water is, by its nominal definition, a liquid having certain observable features and, by its real definition, a specific combination (or a product of interaction) of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Noteworthy, the real definition is senseless for people ignorant of atoms. Likewise, the nominal definition of aging as a set of observable features should be supplemented, if not replaced, with its real definition. The latter is suggested here to imply that aging is the product of chemical interactions between the rapidly turning-over free metabolites and the slowly turning-over metabolites incorporated in macromolecules involved in metabolic control. The phenomenon defined in this way emerged concomitantly with metabolic pathways controlled by enzymes coded for by information-storing macromolecules and is inevitable wherever such conditions coincide. Aging research, thus, is concerned with the elucidation of the pathways and mechanisms that link aging defined as above to its hallmarks and manifestations, including those comprised by its nominal definitions. Esoteric as it may seem, defining aging is important for deciding whether aging is what should be declared as the target of interventions aimed at increasing human life and health spans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei G Golubev
- Department of Carcinogenesis and Oncogerontology, N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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23
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Steiner UK. Senescence in Bacteria and Its Underlying Mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:668915. [PMID: 34222238 PMCID: PMC8249858 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.668915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have been thought to flee senescence by dividing into two identical daughter cells, but this notion of immortality has changed over the last two decades. Asymmetry between the resulting daughter cells after binary fission is revealed in physiological function, cell growth, and survival probabilities and is expected from theoretical understanding. Since the discovery of senescence in morphologically identical but physiologically asymmetric dividing bacteria, the mechanisms of bacteria aging have been explored across levels of biological organization. Quantitative investigations are heavily biased toward Escherichia coli and on the role of inclusion bodies—clusters of misfolded proteins. Despite intensive efforts to date, it is not evident if and how inclusion bodies, a phenotype linked to the loss of proteostasis and one of the consequences of a chain of reactions triggered by reactive oxygen species, contribute to senescence in bacteria. Recent findings in bacteria question that inclusion bodies are only deleterious, illustrated by fitness advantages of cells holding inclusion bodies under varying environmental conditions. The contributions of other hallmarks of aging, identified for metazoans, remain elusive. For instance, genomic instability appears to be age independent, epigenetic alterations might be little age specific, and other hallmarks do not play a major role in bacteria systems. What is surprising is that, on the one hand, classical senescence patterns, such as an early exponential increase in mortality followed by late age mortality plateaus, are found, but, on the other hand, identifying mechanisms that link to these patterns is challenging. Senescence patterns are sensitive to environmental conditions and to genetic background, even within species, which suggests diverse evolutionary selective forces on senescence that go beyond generalized expectations of classical evolutionary theories of aging. Given the molecular tool kits available in bacteria, the high control of experimental conditions, the high-throughput data collection using microfluidic systems, and the ease of life cell imaging of fluorescently marked transcription, translation, and proteomic dynamics, in combination with the simple demographics of growth, division, and mortality of bacteria, make the challenges surprising. The diversity of mechanisms and patterns revealed and their environmental dependencies not only present challenges but also open exciting opportunities for the discovery and deeper understanding of aging and its mechanisms, maybe beyond bacteria and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Karl Steiner
- Evolutionary Demography Group, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Hallsworth JE. Mars' surface is not universally biocidal. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:3345-3350. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John E. Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast 19 Chlorine Gardens Belfast BT9 7BL UK
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25
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Bosco N, Noti M. The aging gut microbiome and its impact on host immunity. Genes Immun 2021; 22:289-303. [PMID: 33875817 PMCID: PMC8054695 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome plays a fundamental role in the maturation, function, and regulation of the host-immune system from birth to old age. In return, the immune system has co-evolved a mutualistic relationship with trillions of beneficial microbes residing our bodies while mounting efficient responses to fight invading pathogens. As we age, both the immune system and the gut microbiome undergo significant changes in composition and function that correlate with increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and reduced vaccination responses. Emerging studies suggest that targeting age-related dysbiosis can improve health- and lifespan, in part through reducing systemic low-grade inflammation and immunosenescence-two hallmarks of the aging process. However-a cause and effect relationship of age-related dysbiosis and associated functional declines in immune cell functioning have yet to be demonstrated in clinical settings. This review aims to (i) give an overview on hallmarks of the aging immune system and gut microbiome, (ii) discuss the impact of age-related changes in the gut commensal community structure (introduced as microb-aging) on host-immune fitness and health, and (iii) summarize prebiotic- and probiotic clinical intervention trials aiming to reinforce age-related declines in immune cell functioning through microbiome modulation or rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Bosco
- grid.419905.00000 0001 0066 4948Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Cellular Metabolism, EPFL Innovation Park, Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mario Noti
- grid.419905.00000 0001 0066 4948Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Gastrointestinal Health, Immunology, Vers-Chez-les-Blancs, Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Abstract
Damage is an inevitable consequence of life. For unicellular organisms, this leads to a trade-off between allocating resources into damage repair or into growth coupled with segregation of damage upon cell division, i.e., aging and senescence. Few studies considered repair as an alternative to senescence. None considered biofilms, where the majority of unicellular organisms live, although fitness advantages in well-mixed systems often turn into disadvantages in spatially structured systems such as biofilms. We compared the fitness consequences of aging versus an adaptive repair mechanism based on sensing damage, using an individual-based model of a generic unicellular organism growing in biofilms. We found that senescence is not beneficial provided that growth is limited by substrate availability. Instead, it is useful as a stress response to deal with damage that failed to be repaired when (i) extrinsic mortality was high; (ii) a degree of multicellularity was present; and (iii) damage segregation was effective. The extent of senescence due to damage accumulation—or aging—is evidently evolvable as it differs hugely between species and is not universal, suggesting that its fitness advantages depend on life history and environment. In contrast, repair of damage is present in all organisms studied. Despite the fundamental trade-off between investing resources into repair or into growth, repair and segregation of damage have not always been considered alternatives. For unicellular organisms, unrepaired damage could be divided asymmetrically between daughter cells, leading to senescence of one and rejuvenation of the other. Repair of “unicells” has been predicted to be advantageous in well-mixed environments such as chemostats. Most microorganisms, however, live in spatially structured systems, such as biofilms, with gradients of environmental conditions and cellular physiology as well as a clonal population structure. To investigate whether this clonal structure might favor senescence by damage segregation (a division-of-labor strategy akin to the germline-soma division in multicellular organisms), we used an individual-based computational model and developed an adaptive repair strategy where cells respond to their current intracellular damage levels by investing into repair machinery accordingly. Our simulations showed that the new adaptive repair strategy was advantageous provided that growth was limited by substrate availability, which is typical for biofilms. Thus, biofilms do not favor a germline-soma-like division of labor between daughter cells in terms of damage segregation. We suggest that damage segregation is beneficial only when extrinsic mortality is high, a degree of multicellularity is present, and an active mechanism makes segregation effective. IMPORTANCE Damage is an inevitable consequence of life. For unicellular organisms, this leads to a trade-off between allocating resources into damage repair or into growth coupled with segregation of damage upon cell division, i.e., aging and senescence. Few studies considered repair as an alternative to senescence. None considered biofilms, where the majority of unicellular organisms live, although fitness advantages in well-mixed systems often turn into disadvantages in spatially structured systems such as biofilms. We compared the fitness consequences of aging versus an adaptive repair mechanism based on sensing damage, using an individual-based model of a generic unicellular organism growing in biofilms. We found that senescence is not beneficial provided that growth is limited by substrate availability. Instead, it is useful as a stress response to deal with damage that failed to be repaired when (i) extrinsic mortality was high; (ii) a degree of multicellularity was present; and (iii) damage segregation was effective.
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27
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Schnitzer B, Borgqvist J, Cvijovic M. The synergy of damage repair and retention promotes rejuvenation and prolongs healthy lifespans in cell lineages. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008314. [PMID: 33044956 PMCID: PMC7598927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Damaged proteins are inherited asymmetrically during cell division in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, such that most damage is retained within the mother cell. The consequence is an ageing mother and a rejuvenated daughter cell with full replicative potential. Daughters of old and damaged mothers are however born with increasing levels of damage resulting in lowered replicative lifespans. Remarkably, these prematurely old daughters can give rise to rejuvenated cells with low damage levels and recovered lifespans, called second-degree rejuvenation. We aimed to investigate how damage repair and retention together can promote rejuvenation and at the same time ensure low damage levels in mother cells, reflected in longer health spans. We developed a dynamic model for damage accumulation over successive divisions in individual cells as part of a dynamically growing cell lineage. With detailed knowledge about single-cell dynamics and relationships between all cells in the lineage, we can infer how individual damage repair and retention strategies affect the propagation of damage in the population. We show that damage retention lowers damage levels in the population by reducing the variability across the lineage, and results in larger population sizes. Repairing damage efficiently in early life, as opposed to investing in repair when damage has already accumulated, counteracts accelerated ageing caused by damage retention. It prolongs the health span of individual cells which are moreover less prone to stress. In combination, damage retention and early investment in repair are beneficial for healthy ageing in yeast cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schnitzer
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johannes Borgqvist
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marija Cvijovic
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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28
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Blitvić N, Fernandez VI. Aging a little: On the optimality of limited senescence in Escherichia coli. J Theor Biol 2020; 502:110331. [PMID: 32439456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that even in the absence of extrinsic stress, the morphologically symmetrically dividing model bacteria Escherichia coli do not generate offspring with equal reproductive fitness. Instead, daughter cells exhibit asymmetric division times that converge to two distinct growth states. This represents a limited senescence/rejuvenation process derived from asymmetric division that is stable for hundreds of generations. It remains unclear why the bacteria do not continue the senescence beyond this asymptote. Although there are inherent fitness benefits for heterogeneity in population growth rates, the two growth equilibria are surprisingly similar, differing by a few percent. In this work we derive an explicit model for the growth of a bacterial population with two growth equilibria, based on a generalized Fibonacci recurrence, in order to quantify the fitness benefit of a limited senescence process and examine costs associated with asymmetry that could generate the observed behavior. We find that a simple saturating effect of asymmetric partitioning of subcellular components is sufficient to explain why two distinct but similar growth states may be optimal while providing evolutionarily significant growth advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Blitvić
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom.
| | - Vicente I Fernandez
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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29
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Locey KJ, Muscarella ME, Larsen ML, Bray SR, Jones SE, Lennon JT. Dormancy dampens the microbial distance-decay relationship. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190243. [PMID: 32200741 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of Earth's biodiversity has the capacity to engage in dormancy, a reversible state of reduced metabolic activity. By increasing resilience to unfavourable conditions, dormancy leads to the accumulation of 'seed banks'. These reservoirs of genetic and phenotypic diversity should diminish the strength of environmental filtering and increase rates of dispersal. Although prevalent among single-celled organisms, evidence that dormancy influences patterns of microbial biogeography is lacking. We constructed geographical and environmental distance-decay relationships (DDRs) for the total (DNA) and active (RNA) portions of bacterial communities in a regional-scale 16S rRNA survey of forested ponds in Indiana, USA. As predicted, total communities harboured greater diversity and exhibited weaker DDRs than active communities. These observations were robust to random resampling and different community metrics. To evaluate the processes underlying the biogeographic patterns, we developed a platform of mechanistic models that used the geographical coordinates and environmental characteristics of our study system. Based on more than 106 simulations, our models approximated the empirical DDRs when there was strong environmental filtering along with the presence of long-lived seed banks. By contrast, the inclusion of dispersal generally decreased model performance. Together, our findings support recent theoretical predictions that seed banks can influence the biogeographic patterns of microbial communities. This article is part of the theme issue 'Conceptual challenges in microbial community ecology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Locey
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - M E Muscarella
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - M L Larsen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - S R Bray
- Department of Biology, Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - S E Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, USA
| | - J T Lennon
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Moger-Reischer RZ, Snider EV, McKenzie KL, Lennon JT. Low costs of adaptation to dietary restriction. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200008. [PMID: 32208792 PMCID: PMC7115176 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) is the most successful and widespread means of extending organismal lifespan. However, the evolutionary basis of life extension under DR remains uncertain. The traditional evolutionary explanation is that when organisms experience DR, they allocate endogenous resources to survival and postpone reproduction until conditions improve. However, this life-extension strategy should be maladaptive if DR continues for multiple generations due to trade-offs between longevity and reproduction. To test this prediction, we subjected the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to 1800 generations of evolution on restricted versus non-restricted diets. Adaptation to a non-restricted diet improved reproductive fitness by 57%, but provided a much smaller (14%) advantage on a restricted diet. By contrast, adaptation to DR resulted in an approximately 35% increase in reproductive fitness on both restricted and non-restricted diets. Importantly, the life-extending effect of DR did not decrease following long-term evolution on the restricted diet. Thus, contrary to theoretical expectations, we found no evidence that the life-extending DR response became maladaptive during multigenerational DR. Together, our results suggest that the DR response has a low cost and that this phenomenon may have evolved as part of a generalist strategy that extends beyond the benefits of postponing reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jay T. Lennon
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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31
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Schramm FD, Schroeder K, Jonas K. Protein aggregation in bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:54-72. [PMID: 31633151 PMCID: PMC7053576 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation occurs as a consequence of perturbations in protein homeostasis that can be triggered by environmental and cellular stresses. The accumulation of protein aggregates has been associated with aging and other pathologies in eukaryotes, and in bacteria with changes in growth rate, stress resistance and virulence. Numerous past studies, mostly performed in Escherichia coli, have led to a detailed understanding of the functions of the bacterial protein quality control machinery in preventing and reversing protein aggregation. However, more recent research points toward unexpected diversity in how phylogenetically different bacteria utilize components of this machinery to cope with protein aggregation. Furthermore, how persistent protein aggregates localize and are passed on to progeny during cell division and how their presence impacts reproduction and the fitness of bacterial populations remains a controversial field of research. Finally, although protein aggregation is generally seen as a symptom of stress, recent work suggests that aggregation of specific proteins under certain conditions can regulate gene expression and cellular resource allocation. This review discusses recent advances in understanding the consequences of protein aggregation and how this process is dealt with in bacteria, with focus on highlighting the differences and similarities observed between phylogenetically different groups of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic D Schramm
- Science for Life Laboratory and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Kristen Schroeder
- Science for Life Laboratory and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Kristina Jonas
- Science for Life Laboratory and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
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