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García-Perdomo HA, Dávila-Raigoza AM, Summers E, Billingham L, Necchi A, Griffiths G, Spiess PE. Urethral cancer: a comprehensive review endorsed by the Global Society of Rare Genitourinary Tumours. BJU Int 2024; 134:175-184. [PMID: 38587299 DOI: 10.1111/bju.16334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness and adverse effects of urethrectomy alone or as part of multimodal therapy (MMT). METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted across MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE, LILACS and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases, from their inception to the present date. The study cohort comprised individuals aged 16 years and older diagnosed with urethral tumours at any stage who underwent either isolated urethrectomy or urethrectomy as an integral component of MMT. RESULTS Ninety-two studies comprising 25 480 patients met the inclusion criteria. Surgical outcomes for urethral cancer vary considerably, with 5-year overall survival (OS) ranging from 10% to 68% based on disease extent, approach, and gender. Radiotherapy (RT) alone provides 5-year OS of approximately 40%. Combined regimens provide better outcomes compared to single modalities, including reduced recurrence and enhanced survival. However, trimodal therapy showed survival benefits only for urothelial subtypes, indicating the need to tailor management according to cancer type. MMT with neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to surgery demonstrated the most consistent survival gains. CONCLUSIONS The management of urethral cancer demands a nuanced, personalised approach, accounting for factors such as tumour location, sex, and tumour stage. MMT combining surgery, chemotherapy and RT has shown the ability to enhance outcomes in advanced disease. More extensive collaborative studies through specialised centres are imperative to advance evidence-based protocols and refine treatment in order to improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herney Andrés García-Perdomo
- UROGIV Research Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Division of Urology/Urooncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Ellie Summers
- Cancer Research U.K., Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lucinda Billingham
- Cancer Research U.K., Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea Necchi
- Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Cancer Research U.K., Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Philippe E Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology and Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- Urology and Oncology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Hegarty PK. Editorial penile cancer - Super-regional centres. Surgeon 2024:S1479-666X(24)00061-1. [PMID: 38971632 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Hegarty
- Mater Private Network, Ireland; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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3
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Elst L, Vreeburg MTA, de Vries HM, Vandermaesen K, Murphy T, Churchill J, Fallara G, Sanchez D, Falcone M, Garcia-Perdomo HA, Pettaway C, Hakenberg O, Johnstone P, Spiess PE, Muneer A, Sangar V, Parnham A, Ayres B, Watkin N, Brouwer OR, Albersen M. Corporal Skip Metastases in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Unknown and Distinct Pattern of Spread with Poor Prognosis. Eur Urol Oncol 2024; 7:478-484. [PMID: 37813746 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is characterised by stepwise lymphatic dissemination. Skip metastases (SkMs) are rare metastases in the corpus cavernosum or spongiosum without continuity to the primary tumour or its resection site. OBJECTIVE To assess the distinct pattern of spread in SkM+ patients and the effect of SkM on prognosis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with SkM+ PSCC at ten high-volume international referral centres between January 2006 and May 2022. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We evaluated histopathological data, primary lymph node (LN) staging, and metastatic spread. We included a cohort of patients matched for pT stage, LN status, and grade who did not have SkM (SkM-) to compare the SkM prognosis and predictive value for cancer-specific mortality (CSM). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Among the 63 SkM+ patients who met our inclusion criteria, the SkM diagnosis was synchronous in 54.0% and metastases were mostly located in the corpus cavernosum. SkM was symptomatic in 14% of cases, was detected on imaging in 32%, and was found incidentally on pathological examination in 27%. Fifty-one patients (81%) presented with positive LNs and 28 (44%) developed distant metastases. Seven patients (11%) presented with or developed distant metastasis without displaying any LN involvement. The 2-yr cancer-specific survival estimates were 36% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25-52%) for SkM+ and 66% (95% CI 55-80%) for matched SkM- patients (p < 0.001). On multivariable Cox regression analysis, SkM presence was an independent predictor for higher CSM (hazard ratio 2.05, 95% CI 1.06-4,12; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS PSCC-related SkM is associated with aggressive disease behaviour and poor survival outcomes. Palpation of the entire penile shaft is essential, and distant staging is recommended in patients suspected of having SkM owing to the tendency for distant metastatic spread. PATIENT SUMMARY We investigated outcomes for patients with cancer of the penis who had metastases in the tissues responsible for erection. We found that metastases in this location were associated with poor prognosis, even in the absence of more typical spread of cancer via the lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elst
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Young Academic Urologists Working Group on Penile and Testis Cancer, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Manon T A Vreeburg
- Department of Urology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hielke Martijn de Vries
- Young Academic Urologists Working Group on Penile and Testis Cancer, Arnhem, The Netherlands; Department of Urology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Titus Murphy
- Penile Cancer Centre, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - James Churchill
- Department of Urology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Giuseppe Fallara
- Young Academic Urologists Working Group on Penile and Testis Cancer, Arnhem, The Netherlands; Male Genital Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre University College London Hospitals, London, UK; Department of Urology, IRCCS European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Darren Sanchez
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marco Falcone
- Department of Urology, Molinette Hospital, University of Torino, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Herney Andres Garcia-Perdomo
- Division of Urology/Urooncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Curtis Pettaway
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Oliver Hakenberg
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Johnstone
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Urology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Philippe E Spiess
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Urology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Asif Muneer
- Male Genital Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Vijay Sangar
- Department of Urology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Arie Parnham
- Department of Urology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Benjamin Ayres
- Penile Cancer Centre, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Nick Watkin
- Penile Cancer Centre, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Oscar R Brouwer
- Department of Urology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Albersen
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Qian S, Liu C, Zhao Y, Jin H, Li X, Zhao X. A Clinical Nomogram for Predicting Overall Survival in Patients With T1/T2 Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2024; 22:102114. [PMID: 38959838 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2024.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the overall survival (OS) and construct a nomogram to predict the OS of patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC). METHODS This retrospective study analyzed data of patients with PSCC from the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University between 2012 and 2022. R software was used to explore factors influencing OS in PSCC. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were employed for OS estimation. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to identify these factors. A nomogram was created to identify the independent prognostic factors. The model was evaluated by concordance index, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and calibration plots. RESULTS A total of 159 patients with T1/T2 PSCC were included in the analysis. Patients with T2/N2 stage, older age, larger tumor size, high preoperative systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and poor preoperative nutrition had a higher incidence of poor OS. Age, T/N stage, tumor size, and SII were identified as independent prognostic indicators. A prognostic nomogram was formulated, and its predictive accuracy for estimating OS in PSCC patients was validated through ROC curves and calibration plots. CONCLUSION The nomograms, based on age, T/N stage, tumor size, and high preoperative SII, provide a valuable tool for predicting 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS in patients with T1/T2 PSCC without distant metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shian Qian
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hengxi Jin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xianchuang Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Basile G, Necchi A, Prakash G, Oualla K, Spiess PE, Johnstone PAS. The case for centralization of care in penile cancer - respecting geographical needs. Nat Rev Urol 2024:10.1038/s41585-024-00879-7. [PMID: 38622327 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-024-00879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Basile
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Necchi
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Gagan Prakash
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Division of Urologic Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Karima Oualla
- Medical Oncology Department, Hassan II University Hospital, Fes, Morocco
| | - Philippe E Spiess
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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Bandini M, Salonia A, Montorsi F. Re: Laura Elst, Manon T.A. Vreeburg, Hielke Martijn de Vries, et al. Corporal Skip Metastases in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Unknown and Distinct Pattern of Spread with Poor Prognosis. Eur Urol Oncol. In press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euo.2023.09.005. Eur Urol Oncol 2024:S2588-9311(24)00059-2. [PMID: 38472030 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bandini
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Safa H, Mercinelli C, Spiess PE, Necchi A, Chahoud J. Insights into the management of penile squamous cell carcinoma: from conventional approaches to emerging novel therapies. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024; 25:447-465. [PMID: 38549550 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2337244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC), a rare genitourinary cancer, is associated with poor outcomes due to limited treatment effectiveness, especially in advanced stages. AREAS COVERED While chemotherapy and/or surgery remain the standard of care, emerging therapies like immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and human papillomavirus (HPV) directed therapies show promise. Key to advancing treatment is understanding the immune microenvironment to gain insights into tumor resistance mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. The scarcity of data on PSCC is a major obstacle in advancing research for this rare cancer. EXPERT OPINION Future research should prioritize collaborative efforts across various research centers and countries. Enhancing data sharing and pooling resources can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of PSCC, ultimately supporting the development of precision medicine strategies tailored to this specific cancer type. This collaborative approach is essential for making significant strides in PSCC treatment and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssein Safa
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chiara Mercinelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Philippe E Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Necchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Jad Chahoud
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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Chung E, Shin BNH, Wang J. Editorial comment on Differences in overall survival of penile cancer patients vs. population-based controls. Int J Urol 2024; 31:280. [PMID: 38348721 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chung
- The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- AndroUrology Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brian Ng Hung Shin
- The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Juan Wang
- AndroUrology Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Sarcan S, Wolff I, Lusuardi L, Kravchuk A, Wiegland J, Yakac A, Thomas C, Burger M, Gilfrich C, Lebentrau S, Ahyai S, Merseburger A, May M. The landscape of penile cancer research in Germany and Austria: a survey among professors in academic centers holding chair positions and results of a literature search. World J Urol 2024; 42:12. [PMID: 38189947 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-023-04719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on penile cancer (PeCa) is predominantly conducted in countries with centralized treatment of PeCa-patients. In Germany and Austria (G + A), no state-regulated centralization is established, and no information is available on how PeCa-research is organized. METHODS Current research competence in PeCa was assessed by a 36-item questionnaire sent to all chairholders of urological academic centers in G + A. Based on PubMed records, all scientific PeCa-articles of 2012-2022 from G + A were identified. Current research trends were assessed by dividing the literature search into two periods (P1: 2012-2017, P2: 2018-2022). A bibliometric analysis was supplemented. RESULTS Response rate of the questionnaire was 75%, a median of 13 (IQR: 9-26) PeCa-patients/center was observed in 2021. Retrospective case series were conducted by 38.9% of participating clinics, while involvement in randomized-controlled trials was stated in 8.3% and in basic/fundamental research in 19.4%. 77.8% declared an interest in future multicenter projects. 205 PeCa-articles were identified [median impact factor: 2.77 (IQR: 0.90-4.37)]. Compared to P1, P2 showed a significant increase in the median annual publication count (29 (IQR: 13-17) vs. 15 (IQR: 19-29), p < 0.001), in multicenter studies (79.1% vs. 63.6%, p = 0.018), and in multinational studies (53% vs. 28.9%, p < 0.001); the proportion of basic/fundamental research articles significantly declined (16.5% vs. 28.9%, p = 0.041). Four of the top-5 institutions publishing PeCa-articles are academic centers. Bibliometric analyses revealed author networks, primary research areas in PeCa, and dominant journals for publications. CONCLUSIONS Given the lack of centralization in G + A, this analysis highlights the need for research coordination within multicenter PeCa-projects. The decline in basic/fundamental research should be effectively addressed by the allocation of funded research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semih Sarcan
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ingmar Wolff
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lukas Lusuardi
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anton Kravchuk
- Department of Urology, St. Elisabeth Hospital Straubing, Brothers of Mercy Hospital, Straubing, Germany
| | - Jens Wiegland
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Abdulbaki Yakac
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Thomas
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maximilian Burger
- Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gilfrich
- Department of Urology, St. Elisabeth Hospital Straubing, Brothers of Mercy Hospital, Straubing, Germany
| | - Steffen Lebentrau
- Department of Urology, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Urology, Werner Forssmann Hospital, Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Sascha Ahyai
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Axel Merseburger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthias May
- Department of Urology, St. Elisabeth Hospital Straubing, Brothers of Mercy Hospital, Straubing, Germany.
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Brouwer OR, Rumble RB, Ayres B, Sánchez Martínez DF, Oliveira P, Spiess PE, Johnstone PAS, Crook J, Pettaway CA, Tagawa ST. Penile Cancer: EAU-ASCO Collaborative Guidelines Update Q and A. JCO Oncol Pract 2024; 20:33-37. [PMID: 37956391 DOI: 10.1200/op.23.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar R Brouwer
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Benjamin Ayres
- Department of Urology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pedro Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe E Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Peter A S Johnstone
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Juanita Crook
- University of British Columbia, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Curtis A Pettaway
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Houston, TX
| | - Scott T Tagawa
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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Janes WI, Johnston PH. A population-based analysis of the epidemiology of penile cancer in Newfoundland and Labrador. Can Urol Assoc J 2024; 18:E12-E18. [PMID: 37812793 PMCID: PMC10766332 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.8451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Penile cancers are a rare subset of carcinomas accounting for <1% of all diagnosed malignancies. There have been recent reports of increasing incidence globally; however, there is limited Canadian literature pertaining to these neoplasms. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL ) represents an important entity to study, possessing the highest national incidence of cancer, along with a plethora of relevant risk factors for penile cancer. METHODS A retrospective chart analysis of all patients with a diagnosis of penile cancer in NL between the years of 2006 and 2018 was conducted. The main outcomes included overall incidence, proportion with metastatic disease, tumor demographics, and overall survival (OS ). Incidence among the male population was calculated using Statistics Canada annual reports. RESULTS An identified 81 cases satisfied the inclusion criteria, with a median age at diagnosis of 65 (interquartile range 20) years. Crude incidence of penile cancer ranged from 1.20-4.27/100 000 males in 2007 and 2010, respectively, while the average age-standardized incidence was 2.34/100 000 males across the study timeframe. Metastatic disease was noted in 17 (21.0%) patients, with a five-year OS of 74% for all penile malignancies, decreasing to 66% in those with invasive squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of penile cancer in our population was higher than reported Western jurisdictions and showed frequent rates of metastatic spread. These observations are likely multifactorial, resultant of chronic inflammation paired with high rates of modifiable risk factors and diagnostic delays. An evident need for greater examination and improved reporting of these malignancies in the province was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.C. Ian Janes
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Paul H. Johnston
- Division of Urology, Health Sciences Centre, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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Yakac A, Lebentrau S, Lusuardi L, Sarcan S, Burger M, Merseburger AS, Wiegland J, Gilfrich C, Wolff I, Ahyai S, May M, Thomas C. Centralizing Penile Cancer Care in Germany and Austria: Just a Dream or a Fast-Approaching Reality? Results of a Survey Study among Urological Department Chairs and Modeling of Real Treatment Numbers of Penile Cancer Patients. Urol Int 2023; 107:916-923. [PMID: 37918360 DOI: 10.1159/000534089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In countries characterized by a centralization of therapy management, patients with penile cancer (PeCa) have shown improvements in guideline adherence and ultimately, improved carcinoma-specific survival. Germany and Austria (G + A) have no state-regulated centralization of PeCa management, and the perspectives of urological university department chairs (UUDCs) in these countries, who act as drivers of professional and political developments, on this topic are currently unknown. METHODS Surveys containing 36 response options, including specific questions regarding perspectives on PeCa centralization, were sent to the 48 UUDC in G + A in January 2023. In addition to analyzing the responses, closely following the CROSS checklist, a modeling of the real healthcare situation of in-house PeCa patients in G + A was conducted. RESULTS The response rate was 75% (36/48). 94% and 89% of the UUDCs considered PeCa centralization meaningful and feasible in the medium term, respectively. Among the UUDCs, 72% estimated centralization within university hospitals as appropriate, while 28% favored a geographically oriented approach. Additionally, 97% of the UUDCs emphasized the importance of bridging the gap until implementation of centralization by establishing PeCa second-opinion portals. No country-specific differences were observed. The median number of in-house PeCa cases at the university hospitals in G + A was 13 (interquartile range: 9-26). A significant positive correlation was observed between the annual number of in-house PeCa cases at a given university hospital and the perspective of the UUDCs that centralization as meaningful by its UUDC (0.024). Under assumptions permissible for modeling, the average number of in-house PeCa cases in academic hospitals in G + A was approximately 30 times higher than in nonacademic hospitals. CONCLUSION This study provides the first data on the perspectives of UUDCs in G + A concerning centralization of PeCa therapy management. Even without state-regulated centralization in G + A, there is currently a clear focusing of PeCa treatments in university hospitals. Further necessary steps toward a structured PeCa centralization are discussed in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulbaki Yakac
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Lebentrau
- Department of Urology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Urology, Werner Forssmann Hospital, Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Lukas Lusuardi
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Semih Sarcan
- Department of Urology, University Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maximilian Burger
- Department of Urology, Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Department of Urology, University Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jens Wiegland
- St. Elisabeth Hospital Straubing, Brothers of Mercy Hospital, Straubing, Germany
| | - Christian Gilfrich
- St. Elisabeth Hospital Straubing, Brothers of Mercy Hospital, Straubing, Germany
| | - Ingmar Wolff
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sascha Ahyai
- Department of Urology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias May
- St. Elisabeth Hospital Straubing, Brothers of Mercy Hospital, Straubing, Germany
| | - Christian Thomas
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Ermakov MS, Kashofer K, Regauer S. Different Mutational Landscapes in Human Papillomavirus-Induced and Human Papillomavirus-Independent Invasive Penile Squamous Cell Cancers. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100250. [PMID: 37353203 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Penile squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) are rare cancers that arise after transforming human papillomavirus (HPV) infections or independent of HPV in the background of chronic dermatoses. Limited knowledge about genetic alterations driving penile carcinogenesis comes from studies of mainly small cohorts of typically mixed etiology. In this comparative genetic study of HPV-induced and HPV-independent invasive penile SCC of 156 patients from a single institution in a low-incidence country, hotspots of 50 cancer-relevant genes were analyzed with targeted next-generation sequencing. Seventy-nine of 156 SCC were classified as HPV induced, and 77 of 156 SCC arose independent of HPV. Only 28 (35%) of 79 HPV-induced penile SCC, but 69 (90%) of 77 HPV-independent SCC carried somatic gene mutations. PIK3CA, FGFR3, and FBXW7 mutations occurred in both groups in similar numbers as seen in other human cancers. In contrast, mutations in TP53 (44/77; 57%), CDKN2A (35/77; 45%), and HRAS (13/77; 17%) genes occurred with one exception of a HIV positive patient exclusively in HPV-independent SCC with a frequent co-occurrence of TP53 and CDKN2A mutations (28/77; 42%). Mutations in multiple genes occurred in 9 (11%) of 79 HPV-induced SCC versus 47 (62%) of 77 HPV-independent SCC (χ2; P < .001). More than one mutation per gene (multi hits) was characteristic for HPV-independent SCC in 14 (18%) of 77 compared with only 3 (4%) of 79 HPV-induced SCC (χ2; P < .001). The total number of mutations in HPV-induced penile SCC (47 mutations) was significantly lower than that in HPV-independent SCC (143 mutations; Welsh test; P < .001). The presence of somatic driver gene mutations did not correlate with the age of patients, histology, or tumor stage of the primary SCC in either etiologic group, suggesting that acquisition of driver gene mutations is an early event after invasion. This large cohort analysis identified characteristic differences in mutational landscapes for the 2 etiologies. While genetic mutations in tumor suppressor genes drive HPV-independent penile carcinogenesis, oncogenic action of E6 and E7 substitute for mutations in HPV-induced SCC. A subgroup of patients with advanced SCC may be candidates for targeted therapy and clinical trials, although the majority of advanced penile SCC remain a therapeutic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Ermakov
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, MedCampus Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Kashofer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, MedCampus Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Sigrid Regauer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, MedCampus Graz, Graz, Austria.
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14
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Scheipner L, Cano Garcia C, Barletta F, Incesu RB, Morra S, Baudo A, Assad A, Tian Z, Saad F, Shariat SF, Chun FKH, Briganti A, Tilki D, Longo N, Carmignani L, Leitsmann M, Ahyai S, Karakiewicz PI. Regional differences in penile cancer patient characteristics and treatment rates across the United States. Cancer Epidemiol 2023; 86:102424. [PMID: 37506474 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2023.102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We tested for regional-specific differences in patient, tumor and treatment characteristics as well as cancer-specific mortality (CSM) of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (SCCP) patients, across the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries. METHODS The SEER database (2000-2018) was used to tabulate patient (age at diagnosis, race/ethnicity), tumor (stage, grade, N-stage) and treatment characteristics (proportions of primary tumor surgery, local lymph node surgery, systemic therapy), according to 12 SEER registries. Multinomial regression models, as well as multivariable Cox regression models tested for CSM differences, adjusting for patient, tumor and treatment characteristics. RESULTS In 5395 SCCP patients, registry-specific patient counts ranged from 2060 (38 %) to 64 (1 %). Differences across registries existed for race/ethnicity, stage, grade and N-stage. Additionally, in stage I-II SCCP patients, proportions of local tumor destruction (LTD) ranged from 19 % to 39 % and from 33 % to 61 % for partial penectomy. In stage III-IV SCCP patients, proportions of partial penectomy ranged from 40 % to 59 % and from 17 % to 50 % for radical penectomy. Local lymph node surgery ranged from 8 % to 24 % and proportions of systemic therapy ranged from 3 % to 14 %. Significant inter-registry differences remained, after adjustment for treatment proportions. Unadjusted five-year CSM ranged from 19 % to 32 %. In multivariable analyses, one registry exhibited significantly higher CSM (SEER registry 10, Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.48), relative to the largest reference registry (SEER registry 1, n = 2060). CONCLUSION Important regional differences including patient, tumor and treatment characteristics exist for SCCP patients across SEER registries. After multivariable adjustment, no differences in CSM were recorded, with the exception of one registry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Scheipner
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Cristina Cano Garcia
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Francesco Barletta
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, Gianfranco Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Reha-Baris Incesu
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Morra
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Science of Reproduction and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Baudo
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Anis Assad
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Zhe Tian
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fred Saad
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Felix K H Chun
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alberto Briganti
- Unit of Urology/Division of Oncology, Gianfranco Soldera Prostate Cancer Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Derya Tilki
- Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Urology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Urology, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nicola Longo
- Department of Neurosciences, Science of Reproduction and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Carmignani
- Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy; Department of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi - Sant'Ambrogio, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sascha Ahyai
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Pierre I Karakiewicz
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Croghan SM, Cullen IM, Raheem O. Functional outcomes and health-related quality of life following penile cancer surgery: a comprehensive review. Sex Med Rev 2023; 11:441-459. [PMID: 37204120 DOI: 10.1093/sxmrev/qead021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organ-sparing surgery (OSS) in penile cancer management aspires to maintain organ form and function and preserve health-related quality of life (HRQoL), yet there is a lack of integrated evidence exploring these outcomes. OBJECTIVES The aim sought to review HRQoL, functional, aesthetic, and psychological outcomes following OSS or radical penectomy for penile cancer. METHODS A systematic review of MEDLINE and Cochrane databases included studies reporting on function (sexual, urinary or sensory), genital appearance or HRQoL/psychological well-being following surgical treatment of primary penile cancer. English-language reports (2000-2022), incorporating patient-reported or objective clinical outcome measures, were eligible. Studies of nonsurgical treatment strategies and those in the context of metastatic disease were excluded. Data were compiled and analyzed. RESULTS Twenty-six studies were included. Sexual function was the most studied outcome (754 pooled respondents; 19 studies), most frequently with the original 15-item and abridged 5-item International Index of Erectile Function. Preservation of erectile function following OSS is generally described, with some reduction in overall sexual satisfaction cited. Heterogeneous assessment of voiding function with little preoperative evaluation render interstudy comparison difficult. Most patients appear able to void from a standing position following OSS, with spraying the most common symptom. Maintenance of some sensory function is described with both split-thickness skin grafting and urethral glanduloplasty following radical glansectomy. Limited studies suggest reasonable patient satisfaction with genital cosmesis post-OSS. A negative impact on HRQoL is described in most studies following penile cancer surgery, variably correlated with aggressiveness of penile surgery and addition of lymphadenectomy. Anxiety, depression, and reduced self-esteem have been reported in penile cancer survivors. Relationship well-being varies, with some survivors reporting this to be unchanged. CONCLUSION OSS can preserve elements of sexual, urinary, and sensory function, supporting advantages over radical penectomy for eligible patients. However, a comprehensive understanding remains limited due to small, heterogeneous patient cohorts, challenges in obtaining premorbid data, and variability in outcome measures. Standardization of patient-reported outcomes following OSS is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie M Croghan
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
- Department of Urology, Blackrock Clinic, Dublin A94 E4X7, Ireland
| | - Ivor M Cullen
- Department of Urology, Blackrock Clinic, Dublin A94 E4X7, Ireland
- Department of Urology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin D09V2N0, Ireland
| | - Omer Raheem
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
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Scornajenghi CM, Asero V, Bologna E, Basile G, De Angelis M, Moschini M, Del Giudice F. Organ-sparing treatment for T1 and T2 penile cancer: an updated literature review. Curr Opin Urol 2023; Publish Ahead of Print:00042307-990000000-00098. [PMID: 37377374 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Penile cancer (PeCa) is an orphan disease due to its rare incidence in high-income countries. Traditional surgical options for clinical T1-2 disease, including partial and total penectomy, can dramatically affect patient's quality of life and mental health status. In selected patients, organ-sparing surgery (OSS) has the potential to remove the primary tumor with comparable oncologic outcomes while maintaining penile length, sexual and urinary function. In this review, we aim to discuss the indications, advantages, and outcomes of various OSSs currently available for men diagnosed with PeCa seeking an organ-preserving option. RECENT FINDINGS Patient survival largely depends on spotting and treating lymph node metastasis at an early stage. The required surgical and radiotherapy skill sets cannot be expected to be available in all centers. Consequently, patients should be referred to high-volume centers to receive the best available treatments for PeCa. SUMMARY OSS should be used for small and localized PeCa (T1-T2) as an alternative to partial penectomy to preserve patient's quality of life while maintaining sexual and urinary function and penile aesthetics. Overall, there are different techniques that can be used with different response and recurrence rates. In case of tumor recurrence, partial penectomy or radical penectomy is feasible, without impacting overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Maria Scornajenghi
- Department of Maternal Infant and Urologic Sciences, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome
| | - Vincenzo Asero
- Department of Maternal Infant and Urologic Sciences, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome
| | - Eugenio Bologna
- Department of Maternal Infant and Urologic Sciences, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome
| | - Giuseppe Basile
- Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute
- Division of Oncology, Unit of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario De Angelis
- Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute
- Division of Oncology, Unit of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Moschini
- Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute
- Division of Oncology, Unit of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Del Giudice
- Department of Maternal Infant and Urologic Sciences, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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17
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Lebentrau S, Yakac A, Lusuardi L, Thomas C, Sarcan S, Burger M, Merseburger AS, Wiegland J, Gilfrich C, Wolff I, May M. [Are there any volume-related effects on treatment options for patients with penile cancer? Results of a survey among university hospitals in Germany and Austria]. Aktuelle Urol 2023. [PMID: 37339667 DOI: 10.1055/a-2090-5199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, 959 men in Germany and 67 in Austria are diagnosed with penile cancer each year, with an increase of approximately 20% in the last decade [RKI 2021, Statcube.at 2023]. Despite the rising incidence, the number of cases per hospital remains low. The median annual number of penile cancer cases at university hospitals in the DACH region was 7 patients (IQR 5-10) in 2017 [E-PROPS group 2021]. The compromised institutional expertise due to low case numbers is compounded with inadequate adherence to penile cancer guidelines, as shown in several studies. The centralization, which is rigorously implemented in countries such as the UK, enabled a significant increase in organ-preserving primary tumor surgery and stage-adapted lymphadenectomies, as well as improved patient survival in cases of penile cancer, resulting in a claim for a similar centralization in Germany and Austria. The aim of this study was to determine the current effects of case volume on penile cancer related treatment options at university hospitals in Germany and Austria. MATERIALS AND METHODS In January 2023, a survey was sent to the heads of 48 urological university hospitals in Germany and Austria, including questions regarding case volume in 2021 (total number of inpatient and penile cancer cases), treatment options for primary tumors and inguinal lymphadenectomy (ILAE), the availability of a designated penile cancer surgeon, and the professional responsibility for systemic therapies in penile cancer. Correlations and differences related to case volume were statistically analyzed without adjustments. RESULTS The response rate was 75% (n=36/48). In total, 626 penile cancer patients were treated at the 36 responding university hospitals in 2021, representing approximately 60% of the expected incidence in Germany and Austria. The annual median total number of cases was 2807 (IQR 1937-3653), and for penile cancer, it was 13 (IQR 9-26). There was no significant correlation between the total inpatient and penile cancer caseloads (p=0.34). The number of organ-preserving therapy procedures for the primary tumor, the availability of modern ILAE procedures, the presence of a designated penile cancer surgeon, and the responsibility for systemic therapies were not significantly influenced by the total inpatient or penile cancer case volume of the treating hospitals, regardless of whether the case volumes were dichotomized at the median or upper quartile. No significant differences between Germany and Austria were observed. CONCLUSION Despite a significant increase in the annual number of penile cancer cases at university hospitals in Germany and Austria compared to 2017, we found no case volume-related effects on structural quality with respect to penile cancer therapy. In the light of the proven benefits of centralization, we interpret this result as an argument for the necessity of establishing nationally organized penile cancer centers with even higher case volumes compared to the status quo, in light of the proven benefits of centralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Lebentrau
- Klinik für Urologie, Uroonkologie, robotergestützte und fokale Therapie, Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Urologische Klinik, GLG Werner Forssmann Klinikum Eberswalde, Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Abdulbaki Yakac
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas Lusuardi
- Urology, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversitat, Salzburg, Austria
- Universitätsklinik für Urologie und Andrologie, Uniklinikum Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Thomas
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Semih Sarcan
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Maximilian Burger
- Klinik für Urologie, Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Medizin, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Urology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jens Wiegland
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christain Gilfrich
- Urologische Klinik, St. Elisabeth-Klinikums Straubing, Straubing, Germany
| | - Ingmar Wolff
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias May
- Klinik für Urologie, St. Elisabeth Klinikum Straubing, Straubing, Germany
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18
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Prakash G, Arora A, Bandini M, Basile G, Pal M, Griffiths G, Cornes R, Zhu Y, Rodriguez A, Alberson M, Necchi A, Master V, Pettaway CA, Spiess PE. Variations in Penile Cancer Management: Results From the Global Society of Rare Genitourinary Tumors Survey. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2023; 21:376-382. [PMID: 37037737 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is paucity of evidence and consensus on various aspects of management of penile cancer (PeCa), which is intuitive considering the rarity of this disease. We present here the details of an online survey conducted by the Global Society of Rare Genito-urinary Tumors (GSRGT) with the aim of capturing the variations in PeCa care across different regions of the world. MATERIALS AND METHODS An online questionnaire was developed by experts within the GSRGT and then circulated via email in English and Spanish versions to clinicians dealing with PeCa. Respondents were allowed 8 weeks to reply. RESULTS We received 102 responses; the majority of them were from South America (37.2%) followed by North America and Asia (17.6% each). Only 11.7% of the respondents treated more than 25 patients with PeCa annually. Total penectomy is performed by 21.5% of the respondents in >50% of their patients. Less than a fifth of the experts (19.6%) responded that >50% of their patients are clinically node-negative (cN0) at presentation. For intermediate-risk cN0 patients (T1 G2 cancer), about a third of the experts chose surveillance. For invasive inguinal staging, the options of Dynamic Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (DSNB), Modified Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection (MILD), Superficial Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection (SILD), and Video-Endoscopic Inguinal Lymphadenectomy (VEIL) were chosen by 28.4%, 26.4%, 31.3%, and 13.7% of the respondents respectively. Considerable variation was seen in the worldwide use of these techniques. For clinically node-positive patients, respondents were in favor of giving adjuvant chemotherapy instead of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, except for cN3 patients. CONCLUSION The results of this questionnaire objectified the variations in global practices in the management of PeCa. This serves as the baseline information which can help prioritize research areas for multinational collaborative efforts, a key mission of the GSRGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Prakash
- Department of Uro-oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Amandeep Arora
- Department of Uro-oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Marco Bandini
- Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basile
- Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mahendra Pal
- Department of Uro-oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Clinical Trials Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Cornes
- ORCHID (Patient Advocacy Network), London, United Kingdom
| | - Yao Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Maarten Alberson
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Necchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Viraj Master
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Curtis A Pettaway
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Philippe E Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL.
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Sali AP, Prakash G, Murthy V, Joshi A, Shah A, Desai SB, Menon S. Updates in staging of penile cancer: the evolution, nuances, and issues. Hum Pathol 2023; 133:76-86. [PMID: 35714835 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Staging based on the tumor (T), node (N), and metastasis (M) schema of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) is usually the most important prognostic factor for any tumor type. Although a rare tumor, in penile cancers, this staging has evolved rapidly in the last two editions of the AJCC Cancer Staging manuals. These changes and updates are largely based on the advancement in our knowledge of the complex anatomy of the penis, the role of histopathological variables in disease biology, and the results of multicentric studies comprising large data sets. In this review, we present the evolution of the AJCC staging model from its inception to the present day. The evidence and data that entailed these changes are also discussed. We highlight a few issues with the current staging model and also briefly discuss the future perspectives and the road map which, with the help of global efforts, can further refine the staging models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash P Sali
- Department of Pathology, Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital (A Unit of Tata Memorial Centre), Punjab, 148001, India
| | - Gagan Prakash
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Vedang Murthy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Amit Joshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Ashish Shah
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Sangeeta B Desai
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Santosh Menon
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400012, India.
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20
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Zhu J, Wang J, Li Y. Recent advances in magnetic nanocarriers for tumor treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114227. [PMID: 36638597 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanocarriers are nano-platforms that integrate multiple moieties based on magnetic nanoparticles for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In recent years, they have become an advanced platform for tumor treatment due to their wide application in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), biocatalysis, magneto-thermal therapy (MHT), and photoresponsive therapy. Drugs loaded into magnetic nanocarriers can efficiently be directed to targeted areas by precisely reshaping their structural properties. Magnetic nanocarriers allow us to track the location of the therapeutic agent, continuously control the therapeutic process and eventually assess the efficacy of the treatment. They are typically used in synergistic therapeutic applications to achieve precise and effective tumor treatment. Here we review their latest applications in tumor treatment, including stimuli-responsive drug delivery, MHT, photoresponsive therapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and synergistic therapy. We consider reducing toxicity, improving antitumor efficacy, and the targeting accuracy of magnetic nanocarriers. The challenges of their clinical translation and prospects in cancer therapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmeng Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory of Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated Chun'an Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Clinical Laboratory of Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated Chun'an Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yiping Li
- Clinical Laboratory of Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated Chun'an Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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21
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Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management of Penile Cancer: Results from the Spanish National Registry of Penile Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030616. [PMID: 36765574 PMCID: PMC9913503 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Penile cancer (PC) is a rare malignancy with an overall incidence in Europe of 1/100,000 males/year. In Europe, few studies report the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, and treatment of PC. The aim of this study is to present an updated outlook on the aforementioned factors of PC in Spain. MATERIALS AND METHODS A multicentric, retrospective, observational epidemiological study was designed, and patients with a new diagnosis of PC in 2015 were included. Patients were anonymously identified from the Register of Specialized Care Activity of the Ministry of Health of Spain. All Spanish hospitals recruiting patients in 2015 were invited to participate in the present study. We have followed a descriptive narration of the observed data. Continuous and categorical data were reported by median (p25th-p75th range) and absolute and relative frequencies, respectively. The incidence map shows differences between Spanish regions. RESULTS The incidence of PC in Spain in 2015 was 2.55/100,000 males per year. A total of 586 patients were identified, and 228 patients from 61 hospitals were included in the analysis. A total of 54/61 (88.5%) centers reported ≤ 5 new cases. The patients accessed the urologist for visually-assessed penile lesions (60.5%), mainly localized in the glans (63.6%). Local hygiene, smoking habits, sexual habits, HPV exposure, and history of penile lesions were reported in 48.2%, 59.6%, 25%, 13.2%, and 69.7%. HPV-positive lesions were 18.1% (28.6% HPV-16). The majority of PC was squamous carcinoma (95.2%). PC was ≥cT2 in 45.2% (103/228) cases. At final pathology, PC was ≥pT2 in 51% of patients and ≥pN1 in 17% of cases. The most common local treatment was partial penectomy (46.9% cases). A total of 47/55 (85.5%) inguinal lymphadenectomies were open. Patients with ≥pN1 disease were treated with chemotherapy in 12/39 (40.8%) of cases. CONCLUSIONS PC incidence is relatively high in Spain compared to other European countries. The risk factors for PC are usually misreported. The diagnosis and management of PC are suboptimal, encouraging the identification of referral centers for PC management.
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O'Brien JS, McVey A, Kelly BD, Chee J, Lawrentschuk N. Recent developments in the diagnosis and management of N1 penile cancer. Curr Opin Urol 2023; 33:64-69. [PMID: 36444651 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000001058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article presents a critical review of the current literature to provide a brief update on the contemporary advances in diagnosing and managing N1 penile cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC) has evolved from being an orphan field for cancer innovation. Advances in the understanding tumour biology have enabled sophisticated diagnostics and predictive modelling to better characterize inguinal disease. Minimally invasive inguinal lymph node dissection is emerging as a technique that reduces morbidity while maintaining oncological safety. Furthermore, robust clinical trials are underway ,which will provide level one evidence to guide treatment decisions. Exciting advances in the field of immune-oncology offer promise as adjuvant therapies. International collaboration and centralisation of care will be essential to driving translational research and equitable evidence-based care. SUMMARY Improving outcomes for men with pSCC remains a global challenge. Radical inguinal lymph node dissection remains the gold standard for diagnosing and curing N1 disease. Although many promising developments are on the horizon, high-level evidence is required to guide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S O'Brien
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne
- Department of Urology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital
- Prostate Cancer Theranostics and Imaging Centre of Excellence, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
| | - Aoife McVey
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
| | - Brian D Kelly
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne
- Department of Urology, Eastern Health
| | - Justin Chee
- MURAC Health, East Melbourne
- Department of Urology, Alfred Health
| | - Nathan Lawrentschuk
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne
- Department of Urology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital
- EJ Whitten Prostate Cancer Research Centre at Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Lu Y, Wang Y, Su H, Li H. PD-L1 is associated with the prognosis of penile cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1013806. [PMID: 36530970 PMCID: PMC9748474 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1013806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have explored the role of PD-L1 in the survival outcomes of penile cancer patients with controversies existed. Thus, the meta-analysis was conducted to report and review the association between PD-L1 and survival in penile cancer patients. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science were all searched, screened, and reviewed by June 1, 2022. Hazard ratio (HR) was used to evaluate the relationship between PD-L1 and survival outcome, and odds ratio (OR) was for tumor features. RESULTS Nine retrospective studies (1,003 patients) were incorporated. The prevalence of PD-L1 in patients with penile cancer was 51.4% (95% CI = 42.1%-60.8%, I 2 = 88.5%). Higher PD-L1 on tumor cells was related to shorter cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients (HR = 1.578, 95% CI = 1.227-2.029, I 2 = 23.3%), but had no associations with overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.123, 95% CI = 0.511-2.465, I 2 = 0.0%). Subgroup analysis indicated that higher PD-L1 was related to shorter CSS in Caucasus (HR = 1.827, 95% CI = 1.355-2.465, I 2 = 0.0%) only. Furthermore, PD-L1 had associations with tumor stage (pT1 vs. pT2-4, OR = 0.480, 95% CI = 0.346-0.667, P = 0.001) and tumor grade (Well and moderate vs. Poor, OR = 0.377, 95% CI = 0.264-0.538, P < 0.001). PD-L1 positivity was also related to lymph node (LN) status (pN0/NX vs. pN1-3, OR = 0.541, 95% CI = 0.385-0.759, P = 0.001) and HPV status (Positive vs. Negative, OR = 0.510, 95% CI = 0.322-0.810, P = 0.003). A trend toward statistical significance between PD-L1 and histological types was also observed (Usual SCC vs. Others, OR = 1.754, 95% CI = 0.984-3.124, P = 0.070). CONCLUSIONS PD-L1 over-expression was related to worse survival outcomes and several clinicopathological features of penile cancer. PD-L1 expression can be applied to select appropriate treatment strategies for penile malignancies. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=343041, identifier CRD42022343041.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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24
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Yepes C, Bandini M, Joshi PM, Alrefaey AA, Bhadranavar S, Bafna S, Kulkarni SB. Pedicled dorsal penile skin tube as neourethra in total penectomy for primary male urethral carcinoma. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL UROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/20514158221136340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: The aim of this article is to present our experience of pedicled dorsal penile skin tube as neourethra after radical penectomy due to invasive primary male carcinoma of anterior urethra. Methods: This is an observational descriptive study including seven men with primary urethral carcinoma who underwent radical penectomy between 2018 and 2021. Instead of urinary derivation with suprapubic catheter, perineal urethrostomy, or bladder orthotopic/heterotopic reconstruction, patients underwent reconstruction of the anterior urethra with a pedicled dorsal penile skin tube. In brief, before corpora amputation and radical urethrectomy, the dorsal penile skin is preserved to reconstruct the neourethra. The distal end of the skin is anastomosed with the proximal urethral stump (usually membranous urethra) to assure continuity of the urinary tract, without jeopardising urinary continence. Finally, the flap is tubularized with two layers of watertight running sutures. Results: Median age was 50 (35–70) years. Histology revealed squamous cell carcinoma in all patients. Almost 100% of patients presented locally advanced (pT3–4, G3) disease and received perioperative chemotherapy (MVAC). The median follow-up was 10 (5–24) months. Median operative time was 230 min (190–315). There were not severe (Clavien–Dindo III–IV) perioperative complications. All patients were able to void in standing position through the reconstructed neourethra. No patients reported post-operative incontinence. Two patients died after 8 and 11 months from surgery. Conclusion: This new technique of using the dartos-based dorsal penile skin tube urethroplasty offers the possibility to void in standing position after radical penectomy with no need of urinary derivations. Level of evidence: Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Yepes
- Kulkarni Reconstructive Urology Center, Kulkarni Endosurgery Institute, India
| | - Marco Bandini
- Kulkarni Reconstructive Urology Center, Kulkarni Endosurgery Institute, India
- Unit of Urology, Urological Research Institute (URI), San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Italy
| | - Pankaj M Joshi
- Kulkarni Reconstructive Urology Center, Kulkarni Endosurgery Institute, India
| | - Ahmed A Alrefaey
- Kulkarni Reconstructive Urology Center, Kulkarni Endosurgery Institute, India
| | - Shreyas Bhadranavar
- Kulkarni Reconstructive Urology Center, Kulkarni Endosurgery Institute, India
| | - Sandeep Bafna
- Kulkarni Reconstructive Urology Center, Kulkarni Endosurgery Institute, India
| | - Sanjay B Kulkarni
- Kulkarni Reconstructive Urology Center, Kulkarni Endosurgery Institute, India
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Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Sub-Saharan Africa and Europe: Differential Etiopathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215284. [PMID: 36358704 PMCID: PMC9654935 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Penile squamous cell carcinomas (PSCC) are classified by the World Health Organization into two categories based on their relationship with the human papillomavirus (HPV): HPV-associated and HPV-independent. We compared a cohort of PSCC from Mozambique, a sub-Saharan country in southeast Africa with a high prevalence of HPV and HIV infection, and Spain, a country in southwestern Europe with a low prevalence of HPV and HIV, to study the distribution of the etiopathogenic categories of these tumors in both sites. A total of 79 PSCC were included in the study (28 from Mozambique and 51 from Spain). All cases underwent HPV-DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, genotyping, and immunohistochemistry for p16 and p53. Any PSCC showing either p16 overexpression or HPV-DNA in PCR analysis was considered HPV-associated. Overall, 40/79 (50.6%) tumors were classified as HPV-associated and 39 (49.4%) as HPV-independent. The two sites showed marked differences: 25/28 (89.3%) tumors from Mozambique and only 15/51 (29.4%) from Spain were HPV-associated (p < 0.001). HPV16 was the most frequent HPV type identified in 64.0% (16/25) of the HPV-associated tumors from Mozambique, and 60.0% (9/15) from Spain (p = 0.8). On average, patients from Mozambique were almost two decades younger than those from Spain (mean age 50.9 ± 14.9 and 69.2 ± 13.3, respectively [p < 0.001]). In conclusion, significant etiopathogenic differences between PSCC in Mozambique and Spain were observed, with a remarkably high prevalence of HPV-associated tumors in Mozambique and a relatively low prevalence in Spain. These data may have important consequences for primary prevention of PSCC worldwide.
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Santos RDS, Hirth CG, Pinheiro DP, Bezerra MJB, Silva-Fernandes IJDL, Paula DSD, Alves APNN, Moraes Filho MOD, Moura ADAA, Lima MVA, Pessoa CDÓ, Furtado CLM. HPV infection and 5mC/5hmC epigenetic markers in penile squamous cell carcinoma: new insights into prognostics. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:133. [PMID: 36284309 PMCID: PMC9597985 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penile cancer is one of the most aggressive male tumors. Although it is preventable, the main etiologic causes are lifestyle behaviors and viral infection, such as human papillomavirus (HPV). Long-term epigenetic changes due to environmental factors change cell fate and promote carcinogenesis, being an important marker of prognosis. We evaluated epidemiological aspects of penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and the prevalence of HPV infection using high-risk HPV (hrHPV) and p16INK4A expression of 224 participants. Global DNA methylation was evaluated through 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). RESULTS The incidence of HPV was 53.2% for hrHPV and 22.32% for p16INK4a. hrHPV was not related to systemic or lymph node metastasis and locoregional recurrence, nor influenced the survival rate. P16INK4a seems to be a protective factor for death, which does not affect metastasis or tumor recurrence. Lymph node and systemic metastases and locoregional recurrence increase the risk of death. An increased 5mC mark was observed in penile SCC regardless of HPV infection. However, there is a reduction of the 5hmC mark for p16INK4a + (P = 0.024). Increased 5mC/5hmC ratio (> 1) was observed in 94.2% of penile SCC, irrespective of HPV infection. Despite the increase in 5mC, it seems not to affect the survival rate (HR = 1.06; 95% CI 0.33-3.38). CONCLUSIONS P16INK4a seems to be a good prognosis marker for penile SCC and the increase in 5mC, an epigenetic mark of genomic stability, may support tumor progression leading to poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan da Silva Santos
- grid.8395.70000 0001 2160 0329Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Pascoalino Pinheiro
- grid.8395.70000 0001 2160 0329Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dayrine Silveira de Paula
- grid.8395.70000 0001 2160 0329Department of Dental Clinic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Negreiros Nunes Alves
- grid.8395.70000 0001 2160 0329Drug Research and Development Center, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil ,grid.8395.70000 0001 2160 0329Department of Dental Clinic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes Filho
- grid.8395.70000 0001 2160 0329Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil ,grid.8395.70000 0001 2160 0329Drug Research and Development Center, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Venício Alves Lima
- Laboratory of Pathology, Cancer Institute of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil ,Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cancer Institute of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Claudia do Ó Pessoa
- grid.8395.70000 0001 2160 0329Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Libardi Miranda Furtado
- grid.8395.70000 0001 2160 0329Drug Research and Development Center, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil ,grid.412275.70000 0004 4687 5259Experimental Biology Center, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Spiess PE, Necchi A. Advancing the field of rare genitourinary tumors: Challenges and opportunities. Asian J Urol 2022; 9:347-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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28
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Arenas-Gallo C, Owiredu J, Weinstein I, Lewicki P, Basourakos SP, Vince R, Al Hussein Al Awamlh B, Schumacher FR, Spratt DE, Barbieri CE, Shoag JE. Race and prostate cancer: genomic landscape. Nat Rev Urol 2022; 19:547-561. [PMID: 35945369 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the past 20 years, new insights into the genomic pathogenesis of prostate cancer have been provided. Large-scale integrative genomics approaches enabled researchers to characterize the genetic and epigenetic landscape of prostate cancer and to define different molecular subclasses based on the combination of genetic alterations, gene expression patterns and methylation profiles. Several molecular drivers of prostate cancer have been identified, some of which are different in men of different races. However, the extent to which genomics can explain racial disparities in prostate cancer outcomes is unclear. Future collaborative genomic studies overcoming the underrepresentation of non-white patients and other minority populations are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Arenas-Gallo
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jude Owiredu
- Department of Urology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilon Weinstein
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Patrick Lewicki
- Department of Urology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Spyridon P Basourakos
- Department of Urology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randy Vince
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bashir Al Hussein Al Awamlh
- Department of Urology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel E Spratt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christopher E Barbieri
- Department of Urology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan E Shoag
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Urology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Arora A, Rodriguez A, Necchi A, Albersen M, Zhu Y, Spiess PE, Prakash G. Global Implications in Caring for Penile Cancer: Similarities and Divergences. Semin Oncol Nurs 2022; 38:151283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2022.151283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Chu S, Shi X, Tian Y, Gao F. pH-Responsive Polymer Nanomaterials for Tumor Therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:855019. [PMID: 35392227 PMCID: PMC8980858 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.855019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the tumor microenvironment presents significant challenges to cancer therapy, while providing opportunities for targeted drug delivery. Using characteristic signals of the tumor microenvironment, various stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems can be constructed for targeted drug delivery to tumor sites. Among these, the pH is frequently utilized, owing to the pH of the tumor microenvironment being lower than that of blood and healthy tissues. pH-responsive polymer carriers can improve the efficiency of drug delivery in vivo, allow targeted drug delivery, and reduce adverse drug reactions, enabling multifunctional and personalized treatment. pH-responsive polymers have gained increasing interest due to their advantageous properties and potential for applicability in tumor therapy. In this review, recent advances in, and common applications of, pH-responsive polymer nanomaterials for drug delivery in cancer therapy are summarized, with a focus on the different types of pH-responsive polymers. Moreover, the challenges and future applications in this field are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Chu
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengxiang Gao
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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