1
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Timmerman S, Stachel T, Koornneef JM, Smit KV, Harlou R, Nowell GM, Thomson AR, Kohn SC, Davies JHFL, Davies GR, Krebs MY, Zhang Q, Milne SEM, Harris JW, Kaminsky F, Zedgenizov D, Bulanova G, Smith CB, Cabral Neto I, Silveira FV, Burnham AD, Nestola F, Shirey SB, Walter MJ, Steele A, Pearson DG. Sublithospheric diamond ages and the supercontinent cycle. Nature 2023; 623:752-756. [PMID: 37853128 PMCID: PMC10665200 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Subduction related to the ancient supercontinent cycle is poorly constrained by mantle samples. Sublithospheric diamond crystallization records the release of melts from subducting oceanic lithosphere at 300-700 km depths1,2 and is especially suited to tracking the timing and effects of deep mantle processes on supercontinents. Here we show that four isotope systems (Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U-Pb and Re-Os) applied to Fe-sulfide and CaSiO3 inclusions within 13 sublithospheric diamonds from Juína (Brazil) and Kankan (Guinea) give broadly overlapping crystallization ages from around 450 to 650 million years ago. The intracratonic location of the diamond deposits on Gondwana and the ages, initial isotopic ratios, and trace element content of the inclusions indicate formation from a peri-Gondwanan subduction system. Preservation of these Neoproterozoic-Palaeozoic sublithospheric diamonds beneath Gondwana until its Cretaceous breakup, coupled with majorite geobarometry3,4, suggests that they accreted to and were retained in the lithospheric keel for more than 300 Myr during supercontinent migration. We propose that this process of lithosphere growth-with diamonds attached to the supercontinent keel by the diapiric uprise of depleted buoyant material and pieces of slab crust-could have enhanced supercontinent stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette Timmerman
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- Institute for Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Stachel
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Karen V Smit
- School of Geosciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rikke Harlou
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Geoff M Nowell
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Andrew R Thomson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon C Kohn
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Joshua H F L Davies
- Département des sciences de la Terre et de l'atmosphère, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gareth R Davies
- Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mandy Y Krebs
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah E M Milne
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeffrey W Harris
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Felix Kaminsky
- V. I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Zedgenizov
- A. N. Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Galina Bulanova
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chris B Smith
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Antony D Burnham
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Steven B Shirey
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael J Walter
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrew Steele
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Graham Pearson
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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2
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Haggerty SE. Perovskite-bearing crystal-controlled oxide-silicate mantle xenoliths: Resolution to controversial origins? SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg1910. [PMID: 37831775 PMCID: PMC10575582 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Classic lamellar clinopyroxene-ilmenite intergrowths (type 1) are extended to include discovery of olivine-ilmenite-perovskite-wüstite (type 2) and olivine-spinel-perovskite (type 3) xenoliths in kimberlites from Liberia. Low titanium solubilities in olivine, garnet, and pyroxene cannot account for exsolution-like relations. Because the oxides coexist with high-pressure perovskite-structured silicate minerals in diamond, a permissive conclusion is that type 1 to type 3 xenoliths are of super-deep origin. Phase equilibria and thermodynamic studies show that type 1 xenoliths are stable at P > 80 GPa, with type 2 and type 3 at 35 to 50 GPa consistent with an origin in anomalous large low shear velocity province bodies anchored at the core-mantle boundary. Dissociated precursor perovskite-structured Ca-Fe-Ti bridgmanite is proposed and is indirectly supported by the copresence of type II diamonds with a sublithospheric lower mantle origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Haggerty
- Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33155, USA
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3
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Liu S, Lu W, Zhang X, Song J, Lü J, Liu X, Wang Y, Chen C, Ma Y. A viable mechanism to form boron-bearing diamonds in deep Earth. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023:S2095-9273(23)00381-X. [PMID: 37353437 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Boron is considered extremely depleted inside Earth's mantle. It is therefore a great challenge to elucidate the prevalence of boron impurity seen in sublithospheric diamonds, especially in identifying the boron source and the mechanism for its incorporation into these enigmatic diamonds. Here, we unveil a pathway for the crystallization of boron-bearing diamonds via redox reactions of carbonates and borides at pressure-temperature conditions relevant to the Earth's lower mantle. We present computational results along with pertinent experimental evidence for a genesis of boron-bearing diamonds via the redox reaction of CaCO3 and FeB at 22.5 GPa and 2100 K, corresponding to the geological conditions at the top of the lower mantle. The present findings offer a viable mechanism for the formation of boron-bearing diamonds deep inside the Earth's mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wencheng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Laboratory of High Pressure Physics and Material Science, School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273100, China
| | - Jingyan Song
- Laboratory of High Pressure Physics and Material Science, School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273100, China
| | - Jian Lü
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaobing Liu
- Laboratory of High Pressure Physics and Material Science, School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273100, China.
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Changfeng Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
| | - Yanming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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4
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Lee SK, Yi Y, Kim YH, Kim HI, Chow P, Xiao Y, Eng P, Shen G. Imaging of the electronic bonding of diamond at pressures up to 2 million atmospheres. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg4159. [PMID: 37205753 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg4159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Diamond shows unprecedented hardness. Because hardness is a measure of resistance of chemical bonds in a material to external indentation, the electronic bonding nature of diamond beyond several million atmospheres is key to understanding the origin of hardness. However, probing the electronic structures of diamond at such extreme pressure has not been experimentally possible. The measurements on the inelastic x-ray scattering spectra for diamond up to 2 million atmospheres provide data on the evolution of its electronic structures under compression. The mapping of the observed electronic density of states allows us to obtain a two-dimensional image of the bonding transitions of diamond undergoing deformation. The spectral change near edge onset is minor beyond a million atmospheres, while its electronic structure displays marked pressure-induced electron delocalization. Such electronic responses indicate that diamond's external rigidity is supported by its ability to reconcile internal stress, providing insights into the origins of hardness in materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Keun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoosoo Yi
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyo-Im Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Paul Chow
- HPCAT, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 USA
| | - Yuming Xiao
- HPCAT, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 USA
| | - Peter Eng
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Guoyin Shen
- HPCAT, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 USA
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5
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Tsai TH. Imaging-assisted Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy for diamond jewelry identification and evaluation. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:2587-2594. [PMID: 37132807 DOI: 10.1364/ao.484366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Jewelry identification and evaluation are limited owing to interference from the surrounding metal mount and adjacent gemstones. To maintain transparency in the jewelry market, this study proposes imaging-assisted Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy for jewelry measurement. The system can automatically measure multiple gemstones on a jewelry piece sequentially, using the image as a reference for alignment. The experimental prototype demonstrates the capability of noninvasive measurement for separating natural diamonds from their laboratory-grown counterparts and diamond simulants. Furthermore, the image can be used for gemstone color evaluation and weight estimation.
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6
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Mg 3Al 2Si 3O 12 jeffbenite inclusion in super-deep diamonds is thermodynamically stable at very shallow Earth's depths. Sci Rep 2023; 13:83. [PMID: 36596860 PMCID: PMC9810743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Jeffbenite (having the same chemical composition of pyrope, ~ Mg3Al2Si3O12, and also known as TAPP phase) is a mineral inclusion only found in diamonds formed between about 300 and 1000 km depth) and is considered a stable phase in the transition zone (410-660 km depth) and/or in the shallowest regions of the lower mantle (around 660-700 km depth). This rare and enigmatic mineral is considered to be a pressure marker for super-deep diamonds and therefore it has a key role in super-deep diamond research. However, the pressure-temperature stability fields for Mg3Al2Si3O12 jeffbenite is unknown and its actual formation conditions remain unexplored. Here we have determined the thermodynamic pressure-temperature stability field for the jeffbenite Mg-end member and surprisingly discovered that it is stable at low pressure-temperature conditions, i.e., 2-4 GPa at 800 and 500 °C. Thus, Mg3Al2Si3O12 jeffbenite is not the high-pressure polymorph of pyrope and is likely a retrogressed phase formed during the late ascent stages of super-deep diamonds to the surface.
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7
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Extreme redox variations in a superdeep diamond from a subducted slab. Nature 2023; 613:85-89. [PMID: 36600063 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of volatile-rich subducting slabs to the mantle may locally generate large redox gradients, affecting phase stability, element partitioning and volatile speciation1. Here we investigate the redox conditions of the deep mantle recorded in inclusions in a diamond from Kankan, Guinea. Enstatite (former bridgmanite), ferropericlase and a uniquely Mg-rich olivine (Mg# 99.9) inclusion indicate formation in highly variable redox conditions near the 660 km seismic discontinuity. We propose a model involving dehydration, rehydration and dehydration in the underside of a warming slab at the transition zone-lower mantle boundary. Fluid liberated by dehydration in a crumpled slab, driven by heating from the lower mantle, ascends into the cooler interior of the slab, where the H2O is sequestered in new hydrous minerals. Consequent fractionation of the remaining fluid produces extremely reducing conditions, forming Mg-end-member ringwoodite. This fractionating fluid also precipitates the host diamond. With continued heating, ringwoodite in the slab surrounding the diamond forms bridgmanite and ferropericlase, which is trapped as the diamond grows in hydrous fluids produced by dehydration of the warming slab.
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8
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Grabreck A, Flament N, Bodur ÖF. Mapping global kimberlite potential from reconstructions of mantle flow over the past billion years. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268066. [PMID: 35679269 PMCID: PMC9182341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kimberlites are the primary source of economic grade diamonds. Their geologically rapid eruptions preferentially occur near or through thick and ancient continental lithosphere. Studies combining tomographic models with tectonic reconstructions and kimberlite emplacement ages and locations have revealed spatial correlations between large low shear velocity provinces in the lowermost mantle and reconstructed global kimberlite eruption locations over the last 320 Myr. These spatial correlations assume that the lowermost mantle structure has not changed over time, which is at odds with mantle flow models that show basal thermochemical structures to be mobile features shaped by cold sinking oceanic lithosphere. Here we investigate the match to the global kimberlite record of stationary seismically slow basal mantle structures (as imaged through tomographic modelling) and mobile hot basal structures (as predicted by reconstructions of mantle flow over the past billion years). We refer to these structures as “basal mantle structures” and consider their intersection with reconstructed thick or ancient lithosphere to represent areas with a high potential for past eruptions of kimberlites, and therefore areas of potential interest for diamond exploration. We use the distance between reconstructed kimberlite eruption locations and kimberlite potential maps as an indicator of model success, and we find that mobile lowermost mantle structures are as close to reconstructed kimberlites as stationary ones. Additionally, we find that mobile lowermost mantle structures better fit major kimberlitic events, such as the South African kimberlite bloom around 100 Ma. Mobile basal structures are therefore consistent with both solid Earth dynamics and with the kimberlite record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Grabreck
- GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicolas Flament
- GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ömer F. Bodur
- GeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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9
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Liu S, Gao P, Hermann A, Yang G, Lü J, Ma Y, Mao HK, Wang Y. Stabilization of S 3O 4 at high pressure: implications for the sulfur-excess paradox. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:971-976. [PMID: 36546032 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The amount of sulfur in SO2 discharged in volcanic eruptions exceeds that available for degassing from the erupted magma. This geological conundrum, known as the "sulfur excess", has been the subject of considerable interests but remains an open question. Here, in a systematic computational investigation of sulfur-oxygen compounds under pressure, a hitherto unknown S3O4 compound containing a mixture of sulfur oxidation states +II and +IV is predicted to be stable at pressures above 79 GPa. We speculate that S3O4 may be produced via redox reactions involving subducted S-bearing minerals (e.g., sulfates and sulfides) with iron and goethite under high-pressure conditions of the deep lower mantle, decomposing to SO2 and S at shallow depths. S3O4 may thus be a key intermediate in promoting decomposition of sulfates to release SO2, offering an alternative source of excess sulfur released during explosive eruptions. These findings provide a possible resolution of the "excess sulfur degassing" paradox and a viable mechanism for the exchange of S between Earth's surface and the lower mantle in the deep sulfur cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & International Center of Computational Method and Software, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Pengyue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & International Center of Computational Method and Software, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Guochun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology and Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Jian Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & International Center of Computational Method and Software, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yanming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & International Center of Computational Method and Software, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ho-Kwang Mao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Yanchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & International Center of Computational Method and Software, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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10
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Alvaro M, Angel RJ, Nestola F. Inclusions in diamonds probe Earth's chemistry through deep time. Commun Chem 2022; 5:10. [PMID: 36697651 PMCID: PMC9814681 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Alvaro
- grid.8982.b0000 0004 1762 5736Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università di Pavia, Via A. Ferrata, 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Nestola
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via G. Gradenigo 6, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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11
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Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Fei
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington DC 20015, USA
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12
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In-situ abiogenic methane synthesis from diamond and graphite under geologically relevant conditions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6387. [PMID: 34737292 PMCID: PMC8569197 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond and graphite are fundamental sources of carbon in the upper mantle, and their reactivity with H2-rich fluids present at these depths may represent the key to unravelling deep abiotic hydrocarbon formation. We demonstrate an unexpected high reactivity between carbons' most common allotropes, diamond and graphite, with hydrogen at conditions comparable with those in the Earth's upper mantle along subduction zone thermal gradients. Between 0.5-3 GPa and at temperatures as low as 300 °C, carbon reacts readily with H2 yielding methane (CH4), whilst at higher temperatures (500 °C and above), additional light hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6) emerge. These results suggest that the interaction between deep H2-rich fluids and reduced carbon minerals may be an efficient mechanism for producing abiotic hydrocarbons at the upper mantle.
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13
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Abstract
Gemstones are minerals of gem qualities used for adornment and decoration with the attributes of beauty, durability and rarity. Traditionally, although China has been regarded as the most important source for nephrite, over the past decades, a large variety of gemstone resources have been newly discovered in China owing to continuous exploration works. The vast land with various geological and geochemical backgrounds is rich in gemstone resources with potential for new deposits discoveries. In pegmatites, gemstones are related to granitic magma events and mainly occur in pegmatitic cavities, such as tourmaline, aquamarine, spodumene, spessartine, moonstone, quartz, apatite, and topaz. The eruption of Tertiary basaltic magma provides gem-quality sapphire, spinel, olivine, garnet, and zircon. The supergene oxidation zones of some copper and iron deposits in Hubei and Anhui province host gem-quality turquoise and malachite. Moreover, the formation of the nephrite deposit in China is mostly related to the carbonatite and serpentinite rocks involved in the metamorphic-metasomatic processes. This paper comprehensively introduces the distribution of gemstones deposits, as well as the gemological and mineralogical characteristics of gemstones in China. Our present investigation provides insights into the gemstone potential of China for further exploitation.
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14
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Tsai TH, D'Haenens-Johansson UFS. Rapid gemstone screening and identification using fluorescence spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:3412-3421. [PMID: 33983246 DOI: 10.1364/ao.419885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a gemstone screening device based on fluorescence spectroscopy. The device can be used to rapidly separate colorless and near-colorless (D to J color grades) natural diamonds from laboratory grown diamonds and diamond simulants, detect multi-treated pink diamonds, and identify certain colored gemstones, such as corundum, spinel, beryl, and zoisite. The device's reflection fiber probe enables testing of both loose and mounted gemstones with exposed facet faces that are larger than 0.9 mm. The experimental prototype demonstrates high accuracy for automatic diamond gemstone screening, referring 100% of the laboratory grown diamonds and simulants tested. The pink diamond screening algorithm can detect 100% of pink multi-treated diamonds and laboratory grown diamonds. Finally, the suitability of this device for the fluorescence analysis of corundum, beryl, spinel, zoisite, garnet, and topaz was evaluated.
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15
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Smith EM, Ni P, Shirey SB, Richardson SH, Wang W, Shahar A. Heavy iron in large gem diamonds traces deep subduction of serpentinized ocean floor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/14/eabe9773. [PMID: 33789901 PMCID: PMC8011960 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe9773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Subducting tectonic plates carry water and other surficial components into Earth's interior. Previous studies suggest that serpentinized peridotite is a key part of deep recycling, but this geochemical pathway has not been directly traced. Here, we report Fe-Ni-rich metallic inclusions in sublithospheric diamonds from a depth of 360 to 750 km with isotopically heavy iron (δ56Fe = 0.79 to 0.90‰) and unradiogenic osmium (187Os/188Os = 0.111). These iron values lie outside the range of known mantle compositions or expected reaction products at depth. This signature represents subducted iron from magnetite and/or Fe-Ni alloys precipitated during serpentinization of oceanic peridotite, a lithology known to carry unradiogenic osmium inherited from prior convection and melt depletion. These diamond-hosted inclusions trace serpentinite subduction into the mantle transition zone. We propose that iron-rich phases from serpentinite contribute a labile heavy iron component to the heterogeneous convecting mantle eventually sampled by oceanic basalts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Smith
- Gemological Institute of America, New York, NY 10036, USA.
| | - Peng Ni
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA.
| | - Steven B Shirey
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Stephen H Richardson
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Wuyi Wang
- Gemological Institute of America, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Anat Shahar
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
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16
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Fang S, Wang Y, Chen L, Lu Z, Cai Z, Fang C, Zhao Z, Ma H, Jia X. The effect of pressure on synthetic diamond crystals at high temperatures and pressures in an Fe/Ni catalyst system. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01452d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pressure is a necessary condition for the growth of natural diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Yongkui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Liangchao Chen
- School of Physics and Microelectronics
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - Zhiyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Zhenghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Chao Fang
- School of Physics and Microelectronics
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - Zhandong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Hongan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Xiaopeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
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17
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Fang S, Cai Z, Wang Y, Lu Z, Fang C, Zhao Z, Ma H, Chen L, Jia X. Growth and characterization of diamond single crystals grown in the Fe–S–C system by the temperature gradient method. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01548b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diagram of the apparatus for the HPHT diamond synthesis: (a) alloy hammer + pyrophyllite assembly block; (b) sample assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Zhenghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Yongkui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Zhiyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Chao Fang
- School of Physics and Microelectronics
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - Zhandong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Hongan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Liangchao Chen
- School of Physics and Microelectronics
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - Xiaopeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
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18
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Lu Z, Cai Z, Fang S, Zhao H, Jia H, Ma H, Chen L, Jia X. The characteristics of Ib diamond crystals synthesized in a Fe–Ni–C system with different SiC contents. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of different SiC doping contents on the synthesis of diamond crystals in the Fe–Ni–C system was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhiyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhenghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shuai Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hongsheng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Hongan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Liangchao Chen
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiaopeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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19
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Evidence for complex iron oxides in the deep mantle from FeNi(Cu) inclusions in superdeep diamond. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21088-21094. [PMID: 32817475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004269117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery in high-pressure experiments of compounds stable to 24-26 GPa with Fe4O5, Fe5O6, Fe7O9, and Fe9O11 stoichiometry has raised questions about their existence within the Earth's mantle. Incorporating both ferric and ferrous iron in their structures, these oxides if present within the Earth could also provide insight into diamond-forming processes at depth in the planet. Here we report the discovery of metallic particles, dominantly of FeNi (Fe0.71Ni0.24Cu0.05), in close spatial relation with nearly pure magnetite grains from a so-called superdeep diamond from the Earth's mantle. The microstructural relation of magnetite within a ferropericlase (Mg0.60Fe0.40)O matrix suggests exsolution of the former. Taking into account the bulk chemistry reconstructed from the FeNi(Cu) alloy, we propose that it formed by decomposition of a complex metal M oxide (M 4O5) with a stoichiometry of (Fe3+ 2.15Fe2+ 1.59Ni2+ 0.17Cu+ 0.04)Σ = 3.95O5 We further suggest a possible link between this phase and variably oxidized ferropericlase that is commonly trapped in superdeep diamond. The observation of FeNi(Cu) metal in relation to magnetite exsolved from ferropericlase is interpreted as arising from a multistage process that starts from diamond encapsulation of ferropericlase followed by decompression and cooling under oxidized conditions, leading to the formation of complex oxides such as Fe4O5 that subsequently decompose at shallower P-T conditions.
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20
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Amsellem E, Moynier F, Bertrand H, Bouyon A, Mata J, Tappe S, Day JMD. Calcium isotopic evidence for the mantle sources of carbonatites. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba3269. [PMID: 32537505 PMCID: PMC7269651 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba3269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The origin of carbonatites-igneous rocks with more than 50% of carbonate minerals-and whether they originate from a primary mantle source or from recycling of surface materials are still debated. Calcium isotopes have the potential to resolve the origin of carbonatites, since marine carbonates are enriched in the lighter isotopes of Ca compared to the mantle. Here, we report the Ca isotopic compositions for 74 carbonatites and associated silicate rocks from continental and oceanic settings, spanning from 3 billion years ago to the present day, together with O and C isotopic ratios for 37 samples. Calcium-, Mg-, and Fe-rich carbonatites have isotopically lighter Ca than mantle-derived rocks such as basalts and fall within the range of isotopically light Ca from ancient marine carbonates. This signature reflects the composition of the source, which is isotopically light and is consistent with recycling of surface carbonate materials into the mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Amsellem
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Moynier
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bertrand
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, Université Lyon 1 and Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5576, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Amaury Bouyon
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - João Mata
- Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sebastian Tappe
- Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, 2006 Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - James M. D. Day
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA
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21
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Matjuschkin V, Woodland AB, Frost DJ, Yaxley GM. Reduced methane-bearing fluids as a source for diamond. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6961. [PMID: 32332772 PMCID: PMC7181848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond formation in the Earth has been extensively discussed in recent years on the basis of geochemical analysis of natural materials, high-pressure experimental studies, or theoretical aspects. Here, we demonstrate experimentally for the first time, the spontaneous crystallization of diamond from CH4-rich fluids at pressure, temperature and redox conditions approximating those of the deeper parts of the cratonic lithospheric mantle (5–7 GPa) without using diamond seed crystals or carbides. In these experiments the fluid phase is nearly pure methane, even though the oxygen fugacity was significantly above metal saturation. We propose several previously unidentified mechanisms that may promote diamond formation under such conditions and which may also have implications for the origin of sublithospheric diamonds. These include the hydroxylation of silicate minerals like olivine and pyroxene, H2 incorporation into these phases and the “etching” of graphite by H2 and CH4 and reprecipitation as diamond. This study also serves as a demonstration of our new high-pressure experimental technique for obtaining reduced fluids, which is not only relevant for diamond synthesis, but also for investigating the metasomatic origins of diamond in the upper mantle, which has further implications for the deep carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Matjuschkin
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Alan B Woodland
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel J Frost
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gregory M Yaxley
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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22
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Nestola F. The role of elastic anisotropy in determining the depth of formation for diamonds and their inclusions. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-020-00897-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan P. Goss
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Ben L. Green
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Paul W. May
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Mark E. Newton
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Chloe V. Peaker
- Gemological Institute of America, 50 West 47th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
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24
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Lin Y, Hu Q, Meng Y, Walter M, Mao HK. Evidence for the stability of ultrahydrous stishovite in Earth's lower mantle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:184-189. [PMID: 31843935 PMCID: PMC6955296 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914295117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution and transportation of water in Earth's interior depends on the stability of water-bearing phases. The transition zone in Earth's mantle is generally accepted as an important potential water reservoir because its main constituents, wadsleyite and ringwoodite, can incorporate weight percent levels of H2O in their structures at mantle temperatures. The extent to which water can be transported beyond the transition zone deeper into the mantle depends on the water carrying capacity of minerals stable in subducted lithosphere. Stishovite is one of the major mineral components in subducting oceanic crust, yet the capacity of stishovite to incorporate water beyond at lower mantle conditions remains speculative. In this study, we combine in situ laser heating with synchrotron X-ray diffraction to show that the unit cell volume of stishovite synthesized under hydrous conditions is ∼2.3 to 5.0% greater than that of anhydrous stishovite at pressures of ∼27 to 58 GPa and temperatures of 1,240 to 1,835 K. Our results indicate that stishovite, even at temperatures along a mantle geotherm, can potentially incorporate weight percent levels of H2O in its crystal structure and has the potential to be a key phase for transporting and storing water in the lower mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Lin
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015;
| | - Qingyang Hu
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China;
| | - Yue Meng
- High-Pressure Collaborative Access Team (HPCAT), X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
| | - Michael Walter
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015
| | - Ho-Kwang Mao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China;
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25
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Fang S, Ma H, Cai ZH, Wang CX, Fang C, Zhao ZD, Lu ZY, Wang YK, Chen L, Jia X. Study on the crack phenomenon of heavy FeS-doped Ib diamond crystals with {111} surface as growth surface in Fe–Ni–C system. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01759c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the characteristics of heavy FeS-doped diamond crystals were studied using a China-type large volume cubic high-pressure apparatus (CHPA) with FeNi alloy as the catalyst at 6.0–6.5 GPa and 1350–1400 °C.
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26
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Fang S, Ma H, Cai ZH, Wang CX, Fang C, Lu Z, Wang YK, Chen L, Jia X. Study on the characteristics of Ib diamond crystals synthesized with Fe 3O 4 doped in an Fe–Ni–C system. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00559b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fe3O4 is a common earth mineral, which often exists in the form of inclusions in natural diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Hongan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Zheng hao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Chun xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Chao Fang
- School of Physics and Microelectronics
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - Zhiyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Yong kui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Liangchao Chen
- School of Physics and Microelectronics
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - XiaoPeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
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27
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C- and N-bearing Species in Reduced Fluids in the Simplified C–O–H–N System and in Natural Pelite at Upper Mantle P–T Conditions. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
C- and N-bearing species in reduced fluids weree studied experimentally in C–O–H–N and muscovite–C–O–H–N systems and in natural carbonate-bearing samples at mantle P–T parameters. The experiments reproduced three types of reactions leading to formation of hydrocarbons (HCs) at 3.8–7.8 GPa and 800–1400 C and at hydrogen fugacity (fH2) buffered by the Fe–FeO (IW) + H2O or Mo–MoO2 (MMO) + H2O equilibria: (i) Thermal destruction of organic matter during its subduction into the mantle (with an example of docosane), (ii) hydrogenation of graphite upon interaction with H2‑enriched fluids, and (iii) hydrogenation of carbonates and products of their reduction in metamorphic clayey rocks. The obtained quenched fluids analyzed after the runs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and electronic ionization mass-spectrometry (HR–MS) contain CH4 and C2H6 as main carbon species. The concentrations of C2-C4 alkanes in the fluids increase as the pressure and temperature increase from 3.8 to 7.8 GPa and from 800 to 1400 C, respectively. The fluid equilibrated with the muscovite–garnet–omphacite–kyanite–rutile ± coesite assemblage consists of 50–80 rel.% H2O and 15–40 rel.% alkanes (C1 > C2 > C3 > C4). Main N-bearing species are ammonia (NH3) in the C–O–H–N and muscovite–C–O–H–N systems or methanimine (CH3N) in the fluid derived from the samples of natural pelitic rocks. Nitrogen comes either from air or melamine (C3H6N6) in model systems or from NH4+ in the runs with natural samples. The formula CH3N in the quenched fluid of the C–O–H–N system is confirmed by HR–MS. The impossibility of CH3N incorporation into K-bearing silicates because of a big CH3NH+ cation may limit the solubility of N in silicates at low fO2 and hence may substantially influence the mantle cycle of nitrogen. Thus, subduction of slabs containing carbonates, organic matter, and N-bearing minerals into strongly reduced mantle may induce the formation of fluids enriched in H2O, light alkanes, NH3, and CH3N. The presence of these species must be critical for the deep cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen.
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28
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Abstract
A hidden carbon cycle exists inside Earth. Every year, megatons of carbon disappear into subduction zones, affecting atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen over Earth's history. Here we discuss the processes that move carbon towards subduction zones and transform it into fluids, magmas, volcanic gases and diamonds. The carbon dioxide emitted from arc volcanoes is largely recycled from subducted microfossils, organic remains and carbonate precipitates. The type of carbon input and the efficiency with which carbon is remobilized in the subduction zone vary greatly around the globe, with every convergent margin providing a natural laboratory for tracing subducting carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Plank
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.
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29
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Wenz MD, Jacobsen SD, Zhang D, Regier M, Bausch HJ, Dera PK, Rivers M, Eng P, Shirey SB, Pearson DG. Fast identification of mineral inclusions in diamond at GSECARS using synchrotron X-ray microtomography, radiography and diffraction. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1763-1768. [PMID: 31490168 PMCID: PMC6730627 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519006854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mineral inclusions in natural diamond are widely studied for the insight that they provide into the geochemistry and dynamics of the Earth's interior. A major challenge in achieving thorough yet high rates of analysis of mineral inclusions in diamond derives from the micrometre-scale of most inclusions, often requiring synchrotron radiation sources for diffraction. Centering microinclusions for diffraction with a highly focused synchrotron beam cannot be achieved optically because of the very high index of refraction of diamond. A fast, high-throughput method for identification of micromineral inclusions in diamond has been developed at the GeoSoilEnviro Center for Advanced Radiation Sources (GSECARS), Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, USA. Diamonds and their inclusions are imaged using synchrotron 3D computed X-ray microtomography on beamline 13-BM-D of GSECARS. The location of every inclusion is then pinpointed onto the coordinate system of the six-circle goniometer of the single-crystal diffractometer on beamline 13-BM-C. Because the bending magnet branch 13-BM is divided and delivered into 13-BM-C and 13-BM-D stations simultaneously, numerous diamonds can be examined during coordinated runs. The fast, high-throughput capability of the methodology is demonstrated by collecting 3D diffraction data on 53 diamond inclusions from Juína, Brazil, within a total of about 72 h of beam time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D. Wenz
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Technological Institute, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Steven D. Jacobsen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Technological Institute, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Dongzhou Zhang
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Margo Regier
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, USA
| | - Hannah J. Bausch
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Technological Institute, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Przemyslaw K. Dera
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Mark Rivers
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Peter Eng
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Steven B. Shirey
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington DC 20015, USA
| | - D. Graham Pearson
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, USA
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30
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Reply to: Evidence for two blue (type IIb) diamond populations. Nature 2019; 570:E28-E29. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Moore AE, Helmstaedt H. Evidence for two blue (type IIb) diamond populations. Nature 2019; 570:E26-E27. [PMID: 31190010 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andy E Moore
- Department of Geology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. .,School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Herwart Helmstaedt
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Spiga R, Barbieri C, Bertini I, Lazzarin M, Nestola F. The origin of water on Earth: stars or diamonds? RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-018-0753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Fang S, Ma H, Wang Z, Yang Z, Cai ZH, Ding L, Miao X, Chen L, Jia X. Study on growth characteristics of Ib-type diamond in an Fe–Ni–C–S system. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01194c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
FeS is the main sulfur-containing compound in natural diamond inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Hongan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Zhanke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Zheng-hao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Luyao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Xinyuan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Liangchao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics of Ministry of Education
- and School of Physical and Engineering Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450052
- China
| | - XiaoPeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
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