1
|
Sugiyama FHC, Dietz LL, Søgaard OS. Utilizing immunotherapy towards achieving a functional cure for HIV-1. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:187-193. [PMID: 38686856 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have positively impacted the life expectancy and possibility of living a normal life for people with HIV-1. However, lifelong daily medication is necessary to prevent disease progression. To this end, immunotherapeutic strategies are being tested with the aim of developing a functional cure in which the immune system effectively controls HIV-1 in the absence of ART. RECENT FINDINGS The most promising advances in achieving sustained HIV-1 remission or cure include broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that are administered alone or in combination with other agents. Newer and more innovative approaches redirecting T cells or natural killer cells to kill HIV-1 infected cells have also shown promising results. Finally, multiple ongoing trials focus on combining bNAbs with other immune-directed therapies to enhance both innate and adaptive immunity. SUMMARY While immunotherapies as an alternative to conventional ART have generally proven to be well tolerated, these therapeutic approaches have largely been unsuccessful in inducing ART-free control of HIV-1. However, promising results from recent trials involving bNAbs that have reported durable HIV-1 control among a subset of participants, provide reason for cautious optimism that we with further optimization of these treatment strategies may be able to achieve functional cure for HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrícia Heloisa Cavicchioli Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisa Loksø Dietz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Schmeltz Søgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Foglierini M, Nortier P, Schelling R, Winiger RR, Jacquet P, O'Dell S, Demurtas D, Mpina M, Lweno O, Muller YD, Petrovas C, Daubenberger C, Perreau M, Doria-Rose NA, Gottardo R, Perez L. RAIN: machine learning-based identification for HIV-1 bNAbs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5339. [PMID: 38914562 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49676-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are promising candidates for the treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infections. Despite their critical importance, automatic detection of HIV-1 bNAbs from immune repertoires is still lacking. Here, we develop a straightforward computational method for the Rapid Automatic Identification of bNAbs (RAIN) based on machine learning methods. In contrast to other approaches, which use one-hot encoding amino acid sequences or structural alignment for prediction, RAIN uses a combination of selected sequence-based features for the accurate prediction of HIV-1 bNAbs. We demonstrate the performance of our approach on non-biased, experimentally obtained and sequenced BCR repertoires from HIV-1 immune donors. RAIN processing leads to the successful identification of distinct HIV-1 bNAbs targeting the CD4-binding site of the envelope glycoprotein. In addition, we validate the identified bNAbs using an in vitro neutralization assay and we solve the structure of one of them in complex with the soluble native-like heterotrimeric envelope glycoprotein by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Overall, we propose a method to facilitate and accelerate HIV-1 bNAbs discovery from non-selected immune repertoires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Foglierini
- Department of Medicine, Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Human Immunology, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Biomedical Data Science Centre, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Nortier
- Department of Medicine, Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Human Immunology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Schelling
- Department of Medicine, Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Human Immunology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rahel R Winiger
- Department of Medicine, Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Human Immunology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Jacquet
- Scientific Computing and Research Support Unit, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Davide Demurtas
- Interdisciplinary center of electron microscopy, CIME, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Omar Lweno
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Yannick D Muller
- Department of Medicine, Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Human Immunology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- Department of Medicine, Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Biomedical Data Science Centre, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Perez
- Department of Medicine, Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Centre for Human Immunology, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Klenchin VA, Clark NM, Keles NK, Capuano S, Mason R, Gao G, Broman A, Kose E, Immonen TT, Fennessey CM, Keele BF, Lifson JD, Roederer M, Gardner MR, Evans DT. Adeno-associated viral delivery of Env-specific antibodies prevents SIV rebound after discontinuing antiretroviral therapy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.30.593694. [PMID: 38895320 PMCID: PMC11185534 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.30.593694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
An alternative to lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) is needed to achieve durable control of HIV-1. Here we show that adeno-associated virus (AAV)-delivery of two rhesus macaque antibodies to the SIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) with potent neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity can prevent viral rebound in macaques infected with barcoded SIVmac239M after discontinuing suppressive ART. Following AAV administration, sustained antibody expression with minimal anti-drug antibody responses was achieved in all but one animal. After ART withdrawal, SIV replication rebounded within two weeks in all of the control animals but remained below the threshold of detection in plasma (<15 copies/mL) for more than a year in four of the eight animals that received AAV vectors encoding Env-specific antibodies. Viral sequences from animals with delayed rebound exhibited restricted barcode diversity and antibody escape. Thus, sustained expression of antibodies with potent antiviral activity can afford durable, ART-free containment of pathogenic SIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim A. Klenchin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Natasha M. Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Nida K. Keles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Rosemarie Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Deparment of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Aimee Broman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Emek Kose
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Taina T. Immonen
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Christine M. Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Matthew R. Gardner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - David T Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Awan SF, Pegu A, Strom L, Carter CA, Hendel CS, Holman LA, Costner PJ, Trofymenko O, Dyer R, Gordon IJ, Rothwell RSS, Hickman SP, Conan-Cibotti M, Doria-Rose NA, Lin BC, O’Connell S, Narpala SR, Almasri CG, Liu C, Ko S, Kwon YD, Namboodiri AM, Pandey JP, Arnold FJ, Carlton K, Gall JG, Kwong PD, Capparelli EV, Bailer RT, McDermott AB, Chen GL, Koup RA, Mascola JR, Coates EE, Ledgerwood JE, Gaudinski MR. Phase 1 trial evaluating safety and pharmacokinetics of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing mAbs 10E8VLS and VRC07-523LS. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e175375. [PMID: 38587079 PMCID: PMC11128198 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.175375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDBroadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) represent a promising strategy for HIV-1 immunoprophylaxis and treatment. 10E8VLS and VRC07-523LS are bNAbs that target the highly conserved membrane-proximal external region (MPER) and the CD4-binding site of the HIV-1 viral envelope glycoprotein, respectively.METHODSIn this phase 1, open-label trial, we evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics of 5 mg/kg 10E8VLS administered alone, or concurrently with 5 mg/kg VRC07-523LS, via s.c. injection to healthy non-HIV-infected individuals.RESULTSEight participants received either 10E8VLS alone (n = 6) or 10E8VLS and VRC07-523LS in combination (n = 2). Five (n = 5 of 8, 62.5%) participants who received 10E8VLS experienced moderate local reactogenicity, and 1 participant (n = 1/8, 12.5%) experienced severe local reactogenicity. Further trial enrollment was stopped, and no participant received repeat dosing. All local reactogenicity resolved without sequelae. 10E8VLS retained its neutralizing capacity, and no functional anti-drug antibodies were detected; however, a serum t1/2 of 8.1 days was shorter than expected. Therefore, the trial was voluntarily stopped per sponsor decision (Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [NIAID], NIH). Mechanistic studies performed to investigate the underlying reason for the reactogenicity suggest that multiple mechanisms may have contributed, including antibody aggregation and upregulation of local inflammatory markers.CONCLUSION10E8VLS resulted in unexpected reactogenicity and a shorter t1/2 in comparison with previously tested bNAbs. These studies may facilitate identification of nonreactogenic second-generation MPER-targeting bNAbs, which could be an effective strategy for HIV-1 immunoprophylaxis and treatment.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicaltrials.gov, accession no. NCT03565315.FUNDINGDivision of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seemal F. Awan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Larisa Strom
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cristina A. Carter
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cynthia S. Hendel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - LaSonji A. Holman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pamela J. Costner
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Olga Trofymenko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Renunda Dyer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ingelise J. Gordon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ro Shauna S. Rothwell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Somia P. Hickman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle Conan-Cibotti
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole A. Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bob C. Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah O’Connell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandeep R. Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cassandra G. Almasri
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sungyoul Ko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Young D. Kwon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aryan M. Namboodiri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Janardan P. Pandey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Frank J. Arnold
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin Carlton
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason G. Gall
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Edmund V. Capparelli
- School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Robert T. Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Grace L. Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily E. Coates
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie E. Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin R. Gaudinski
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mader K, Dustin LB. Beyond bNAbs: Uses, Risks, and Opportunities for Therapeutic Application of Non-Neutralising Antibodies in Viral Infection. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:28. [PMID: 38651408 PMCID: PMC11036282 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of antibodies generated against a virus will be non-neutralising. However, this does not denote an absence of protective capacity. Yet, within the field, there is typically a large focus on antibodies capable of directly blocking infection (neutralising antibodies, NAbs) of either specific viral strains or multiple viral strains (broadly-neutralising antibodies, bNAbs). More recently, a focus on non-neutralising antibodies (nNAbs), or neutralisation-independent effects of NAbs, has emerged. These can have additive effects on protection or, in some cases, be a major correlate of protection. As their name suggests, nNAbs do not directly neutralise infection but instead, through their Fc domains, may mediate interaction with other immune effectors to induce clearance of viral particles or virally infected cells. nNAbs may also interrupt viral replication within infected cells. Developing technologies of antibody modification and functionalisation may lead to innovative biologics that harness the activities of nNAbs for antiviral prophylaxis and therapeutics. In this review, we discuss specific examples of nNAb actions in viral infections where they have known importance. We also discuss the potential detrimental effects of such responses. Finally, we explore new technologies for nNAb functionalisation to increase efficacy or introduce favourable characteristics for their therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynn B. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Trkola A, Moore PL. Vaccinating people living with HIV: a fast track to preventive and therapeutic HIV vaccines. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:e252-e255. [PMID: 37883985 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Globally, the number of new HIV infections remains unacceptably high, and urgent new approaches are needed to advance HIV vaccine science. However, the development of a preventive HIV vaccine has proven to be an intractable scientific challenge. Recent advances in HIV immunogen design have taken the field a step closer to triggering the rare precursors of broadly neutralising antibodies, which are widely assumed to be necessary for a vaccine. Nonetheless, these same studies and previous studies in people living with HIV have also highlighted the major hurdles that must be overcome to boost the cross-reactivity and potency of these responses to sufficient levels. Here, we describe an opportunity for fast-tracking the evaluation of candidate preventive and therapeutic vaccines by immunising people with HIV who are antiretroviral therapy suppressed. We argue that such studies, unlike traditional studies of vaccines in participants not infected with HIV, will be faster and more informative and will allow the vaccine field to bypass multiple hurdles. This approach will accelerate the process of defining the capacity of immunogens to trigger relevant antibodies, currently an extremely slow and expensive pathway, and provide a quick path to creating an HIV vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Penny L Moore
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ireland J, Segura J, Shi G, Buchwald J, Roth G, Shen TJ, Wang R, Ji X, Fischer ER, Moir S, Chun TW, Sun PD. Inhibition of HIV-1 release by ADAM metalloproteinase inhibitors. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1385775. [PMID: 38572241 PMCID: PMC10987949 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1385775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 gp120 glycan binding to C-type lectin adhesion receptor L-selectin/CD62L on CD4 T cells facilitates viral attachment and entry. Paradoxically, the adhesion receptor impedes HIV-1 budding from infected T cells and the viral release requires the shedding of CD62L. To systematically investigate CD62L-shedding mediated viral release and its potential inhibition, we screened compounds specific for serine-, cysteine-, aspartyl-, and Zn-dependent proteases for CD62L shedding inhibition and found that a subclass of Zn-metalloproteinase inhibitors, including BB-94, TAPI, prinomastat, GM6001, and GI25423X, suppressed CD62L shedding. Their inhibition of HIV-1 infections correlated with enzymatic suppression of both ADAM10 and 17 activities and expressions of these ADAMs were transiently induced during the viral infection. These metalloproteinase inhibitors are distinct from the current antiretroviral drug compounds. Using immunogold labeling of CD62L, we observed association between budding HIV-1 virions and CD62L by transmission electron microscope, and the extent of CD62L-tethering of budding virions increased when the receptor shedding is inhibited. Finally, these CD62L shedding inhibitors suppressed the release of HIV-1 virions by CD4 T cells of infected individuals and their virion release inhibitions correlated with their CD62L shedding inhibitions. Our finding reveals a new therapeutic approach targeted at HIV-1 viral release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ireland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Jason Segura
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Genbin Shi
- Center for Structural Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Julianna Buchwald
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Gwynne Roth
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Thomas Juncheng Shen
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Ruipeng Wang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Xinhua Ji
- Center for Structural Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Fischer
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter D. Sun
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Joshi VR, Claiborne DT, Pack ML, Power KA, Newman RM, Batorsky R, Bean DJ, Goroff MS, Lingwood D, Seaman MS, Rosenberg E, Allen TM. A VRC13-like bNAb response is associated with complex escape pathways in HIV-1 envelope. J Virol 2024; 98:e0172023. [PMID: 38412036 PMCID: PMC10949433 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01720-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The rational design of HIV-1 immunogens to trigger the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) requires understanding the viral evolutionary pathways influencing this process. An acute HIV-1-infected individual exhibiting >50% plasma neutralization breadth developed neutralizing antibody specificities against the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) and V1V2 regions of Env gp120. Comparison of pseudoviruses derived from early and late autologous env sequences demonstrated the development of >2 log resistance to VRC13 but not to other CD4bs-specific bNAbs. Mapping studies indicated that the V3 and CD4-binding loops of Env gp120 contributed significantly to developing resistance to the autologous neutralizing response and that the CD4-binding loop (CD4BL) specifically was responsible for the developing resistance to VRC13. Tracking viral evolution during the development of this cross-neutralizing CD4bs response identified amino acid substitutions arising at only 4 of 11 known VRC13 contact sites (K282, T283, K421, and V471). However, each of these mutations was external to the V3 and CD4BL regions conferring resistance to VRC13 and was transient in nature. Rather, complete resistance to VRC13 was achieved through the cooperative expression of a cluster of single amino acid changes within and immediately adjacent to the CD4BL, including a T359I substitution, exchange of a potential N-linked glycosylation (PNLG) site to residue S362 from N363, and a P369L substitution. Collectively, our data characterize complex HIV-1 env evolution in an individual developing resistance to a VRC13-like neutralizing antibody response and identify novel VRC13-associated escape mutations that may be important to inducing VRC13-like bNAbs for lineage-based immunogens.IMPORTANCEThe pursuit of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) through vaccination and their use as therapeutics remains a significant focus in the effort to eradicate HIV-1. Key to our understanding of this approach is a more extensive understanding of bNAb contact sites and susceptible escape mutations in HIV-1 envelope (env). We identified a broad neutralizer exhibiting VRC13-like responses, a non-germline restricted class of CD4-binding site antibody distinct from the well-studied VRC01-class. Through longitudinal envelope sequencing and Env-pseudotyped neutralization assays, we characterized a complex escape pathway requiring the cooperative evolution of four amino acid changes to confer complete resistance to VRC13. This suggests that VRC13-class bNAbs may be refractory to rapid escape and attractive for therapeutic applications. Furthermore, the identification of longitudinal viral changes concomitant with the development of neutralization breadth may help identify the viral intermediates needed for the maturation of VRC13-like responses and the design of lineage-based immunogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinita R. Joshi
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel T. Claiborne
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa L. Pack
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen A. Power
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruchi M. Newman
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Batorsky
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J. Bean
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew S. Goroff
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Todd M. Allen
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zacharopoulou P, Lee M, Oliveira T, Thornhill J, Robinson N, Brown H, Kinloch S, Goulder P, Fox J, Fidler S, Ansari MA, Frater J. Prevalence of resistance-associated viral variants to the HIV-specific broadly neutralising antibody 10-1074 in a UK bNAb-naïve population. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352123. [PMID: 38562938 PMCID: PMC10982389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) targeting HIV show promise for both prevention of infection and treatment. Among these, 10-1074 has shown potential in neutralising a wide range of HIV strains. However, resistant viruses may limit the clinical efficacy of 10-1074. The prevalence of both de novo and emergent 10-1074 resistance will determine its use at a population level both to protect against HIV transmission and as an option for treatment. To help understand this further, we report the prevalence of pre-existing mutations associated with 10-1074 resistance in a bNAb-naive population of 157 individuals presenting to UK HIV centres with primary HIV infection, predominantly B clade, receiving antiretroviral treatment. Single genome analysis of HIV proviral envelope sequences showed that 29% of participants' viruses tested had at least one sequence with 10-1074 resistance-associated mutations. Mutations interfering with the glycan binding site at HIV Env position 332 accounted for 95% of all observed mutations. Subsequent analysis of a larger historic dataset of 2425 B-clade envelope sequences sampled from 1983 to 2019 revealed an increase of these mutations within the population over time. Clinical studies have shown that the presence of pre-existing bNAb mutations may predict diminished therapeutic effectiveness of 10-1074. Therefore, we emphasise the importance of screening for these mutations before initiating 10-1074 therapy, and to consider the implications of pre-existing resistance when designing prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ming Lee
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thiago Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - John Thornhill
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Robinson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Brown
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Kinloch
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Fox
- Department of Infection, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M. Azim Ansari
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford National Institute of Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
VanderVeen LA, Selzer L, Moldt B, Parvangada A, Li J, Ananworanich J, Crowell TA, Eron JJ, Daar ES, Haubrich R, Geleziunas R, Cyktor J, Mellors JW, Callebaut C. HIV-1 envelope diversity and sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies across stages of acute HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2024; 38:607-610. [PMID: 38416554 PMCID: PMC10906214 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
We studied the relationship between viral diversity and susceptibility to broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in longitudinal plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 89 people with HIV who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) during acute and early HIV-1 infection (AEHI). HIV-1 diversity and predicted bNAb susceptibility were comparable across AEHI. Diversity evolution was not observed during ART, suggesting (pro)viruses at initiation or during treatment may identify individuals with susceptible virus for bNAb interventional trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian Moldt
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
- GSK Vaccines, Rixensart, Belgium (Current)
| | | | - Jiani Li
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, and Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health & Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Trevor A. Crowell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, and The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Eric S. Daar
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Harper J, Betts MR, Lichterfeld M, Müller-Trutwin M, Margolis D, Bar KJ, Li JZ, McCune JM, Lewin SR, Kulpa D, Ávila-Ríos S, Diallo DD, Lederman MM, Paiardini M. Erratum to: Progress Note 2024: Curing HIV; Not in My Lifetime or Just Around the Corner? Pathog Immun 2024; 8:179-222. [PMID: 38505662 PMCID: PMC10949969 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v8i2.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.20411/pai.v8i2.665.].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - David Margolis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Katharine J. Bar
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- HIV Frontiers, Global Health Accelerator, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deanna Kulpa
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Santiago Ávila-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Michael M. Lederman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Feist WN, Luna SE, Ben-Efraim K, Filsinger Interrante MV, Amorin NA, Johnston NM, Bruun TUJ, Ghanim HY, Lesch BJ, Dudek AM, Porteus MH. Combining Cell-Intrinsic and -Extrinsic Resistance to HIV-1 By Engineering Hematopoietic Stem Cells for CCR5 Knockout and B Cell Secretion of Therapeutic Antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.08.583956. [PMID: 38496600 PMCID: PMC10942466 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.583956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Autologous transplantation of CCR5 null hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) is the only known cure for HIV-1 infection. However, this treatment is limited because of the rarity of CCR5 -null matched donors, the morbidities associated with allogeneic transplantation, and the prevalence of HIV-1 strains resistant to CCR5 knockout (KO) alone. Here, we propose a one-time therapy through autologous transplantation of HSPCs genetically engineered ex vivo to produce both CCR5 KO cells and long-term secretion of potent HIV-1 inhibiting antibodies from B cell progeny. CRISPR-Cas9-engineered HSPCs maintain engraftment capacity and multi-lineage potential in vivo and can be engineered to express multiple antibodies simultaneously. Human B cells engineered to express each antibody secrete neutralizing concentrations capable of inhibiting HIV-1 pseudovirus infection in vitro . This work lays the groundwork for a potential one-time functional cure for HIV-1 through combining the long-term delivery of therapeutic antibodies against HIV-1 and the known efficacy of CCR5 KO HSPC transplantation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Perez L, Foglierini M. RAIN: a Machine Learning-based identification for HIV-1 bNAbs. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4023897. [PMID: 38903123 PMCID: PMC11188109 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4023897/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are promising candidates for the treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection. Despite their critical importance, automatic detection of HIV-1 bNAbs from immune repertoire is still lacking. Here, we developed a straightforward computational method for Rapid Automatic Identification of bNAbs (RAIN) based on Machine Learning methods. In contrast to other approaches using one-hot encoding amino acid sequences or structural alignment for prediction, RAIN uses a combination of selected sequence-based features for accurate prediction of HIV-1 bNAbs. We demonstrate the performance of our approach on non-biased, experimentally obtained sequenced BCR repertoires from HIV-1 immune donors. RAIN processing leads to the successful identification of novel HIV-1 bNAbs targeting the CD4-binding site of the envelope glycoprotein. In addition, we validate the identified bNAbs using in vitro neutralization assay and we solve the structure of one of them in complex with the soluble native-like heterotrimeric envelope glycoprotein by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Overall, we propose a method to facilitate and accelerate HIV-1 bNAbs discovery from non-selected immune repertoires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Perez
- Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Foglierini
- Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Eron JJ, Little SJ, Crofoot G, Cook P, Ruane PJ, Jayaweera D, VanderVeen LA, DeJesus E, Zheng Y, Mills A, Huang H, Waldman SE, Ramgopal M, Gorgos L, Collins SE, Baeten JM, Caskey M. Safety of teropavimab and zinlirvimab with lenacapavir once every 6 months for HIV treatment: a phase 1b, randomised, proof-of-concept study. Lancet HIV 2024; 11:e146-e155. [PMID: 38307098 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(23)00293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-acting treatment for HIV has potential to improve adherence, provide durable viral suppression, and have long-term individual and public health benefits. We evaluated treatment with two antibodies that broadly and potently neutralise HIV (broadly neutralising antibodies; bNAbs), combined with lenacapavir, a long-acting capsid inhibitor, as a long-acting regimen. METHODS This ongoing, randomised, blind, phase 1b proof-of-concept study conducted at 11 HIV treatment centres in the USA included adults with a plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration below 50 copies per mL who had at least 18 months on oral antiretroviral therapy (ART), CD4 counts of at least 500 cells per μL, and protocol-defined susceptibility to bNAbs teropavimab (3BNC117-LS) and zinlirvimab (10-1074-LS). Participants stopped oral ART and were randomly assigned (1:1) to one dose of 927 mg subcutaneous lenacapavir plus an oral loading dose, 30 mg/kg intravenous teropavimab, and 10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg intravenous zinlirvimab on day 1. Investigational site personnel and participants were masked to treatment assignment throughout the randomised period. The primary endpoint was incidence of serious adverse events until week 26 in all randomly assigned participants who received one dose or more of any study drug. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04811040. FINDINGS Between June 29 and Dec 8, 2021, 21 participants were randomly assigned, ten in each group received the complete study regimen and one withdrew before completing the regimen on day 1. 18 (86%) of 21 participants were male; participants ranged in age from 25 years to 61 years and had a median CD4 cell count of 909 (IQR 687-1270) cells per μL at study entry. No serious adverse events occurred. Two grade 3 adverse events occurred (lenacapavir injection-site erythaema and injection-site cellulitis), which had both resolved. The most common adverse events were symptoms of injection-site reactions, reported in 17 (85%) of 20 participants who received subcutaneous lenacapavir; 12 (60%) of 20 were grade 1. One (10%; 95% CI 0-45) participant had viral rebound (confirmed HIV-1 RNA concentration of ≥50 copies per mL) in the zinlirvimab 10 mg/kg group, which was resuppressed on ART, and one participant in the zinlirvimab 30 mg/kg group withdrew at week 12 with HIV RNA <50 copies per mL. INTERPRETATION Lenacapavir with teropavimab and zinlirvimab 10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg was generally well tolerated with no serious adverse events. HIV-1 suppression for at least 26 weeks is feasible with this regimen at either zinlirvimab dose in selected people with HIV-1. FUNDING Gilead Sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Eron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susan J Little
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul Cook
- Division of Infectious Diseases, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | | | - Dushyantha Jayaweera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Yanan Zheng
- Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | - Hailin Huang
- Biostatistics, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Sarah E Waldman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Moti Ramgopal
- Midway Immunology and Research Center, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | | | - Sean E Collins
- Clinical Development, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA.
| | - Jared M Baeten
- Clinical Development, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Harper J, Betts MR, Lichterfeld M, Müller-Trutwin M, Margolis D, Bar KJ, Li JZ, McCune JM, Lewin SR, Kulpa D, Ávila-Ríos S, Diallo DD, Lederman MM, Paiardini M. Progress Note 2024: Curing HIV; Not in My Lifetime or Just Around the Corner? Pathog Immun 2024; 8:115-157. [PMID: 38455668 PMCID: PMC10919397 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v8i2.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Once a death sentence, HIV is now considered a manageable chronic disease due to the development of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens with minimal toxicity and a high barrier for genetic resistance. While highly effective in arresting AIDS progression and rendering the virus untransmissible in people living with HIV (PLWH) with undetectable viremia (U=U) [1, 2]), ART alone is incapable of eradicating the "reservoir" of resting, latently infected CD4+ T cells from which virus recrudesces upon treatment cessation. As of 2022 estimates, there are 39 million PLWH, of whom 86% are aware of their status and 76% are receiving ART [3]. As of 2017, ART-treated PLWH exhibit near normalized life expectancies without adjustment for socioeconomic differences [4]. Furthermore, there is a global deceleration in the rate of new infections [3] driven by expanded access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), HIV testing in vulnerable populations, and by ART treatment [5]. Therefore, despite outstanding issues pertaining to cost and access in developing countries, there is strong enthusiasm that aggressive testing, treatment, and effective viral suppression may be able to halt the ongoing HIV epidemic (ie, UNAIDS' 95-95-95 targets) [6-8]; especially as evidenced by recent encouraging observations in Sydney [9]. Despite these promising efforts to limit further viral transmission, for PLWH, a "cure" remains elusive; whether it be to completely eradicate the viral reservoir (ie, cure) or to induce long-term viral remission in the absence of ART (ie, control; Figure 1). In a previous salon hosted by Pathogens and Immunity in 2016 [10], some researchers were optimistic that a cure was a feasible, scalable goal, albeit with no clear consensus on the best route. So, how are these cure strategies panning out? In this commentary, 8 years later, we will provide a brief overview on recent advances and failures towards identifying determinants of viral persistence and developing a scalable cure for HIV. Based on these observations, and as in the earlier salon, we have asked several prominent HIV cure researchers for their perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Harper
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - David Margolis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Katharine J. Bar
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- HIV Frontiers, Global Health Accelerator, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deanna Kulpa
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Santiago Ávila-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Michael M. Lederman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Grasberger P, Sondrini AR, Clayton KL. Harnessing immune cells to eliminate HIV reservoirs. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:62-68. [PMID: 38167784 PMCID: PMC10908255 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite decades of insights about how CD8 + T cells and natural killer (NK) cells contribute to natural control of infection, additional hurdles (mutational escape from cellular immunity, sequence diversity, and hard-to-access tissue reservoirs) will need to be overcome to develop a cure. In this review, we highlight recent findings of novel mechanisms of antiviral cellular immunity and discuss current strategies for therapeutic deisgn. RECENT FINDINGS Of note are the apparent converging roles of viral antigen-specific MHC-E-restricted CD8 + T cells and NK cells, interleukin (IL)-15 biologics to boost cytotoxicity, and broadly neutralizing antibodies in their native form or as anitbody fragments to neutralize virus and engage cellular immunity, respectively. Finally, renewed interest in myeloid cells as relevant viral reservoirs is an encouraging sign for designing inclusive therapeutic strategies. SUMMARY Several studies have shown promise in many preclinical models of disease, including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/SHIV infection in nonhuman primates and HIV infection in humanized mice. However, each model comes with its own limitations and may not fully predict human responses. We eagerly await the results of clinical trails assessing the efficacy of these strategies to achieve reductions in viral reservoirs, delay viral rebound, or ultimately elicit immune based control of infection without combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Grasberger
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
| | | | - Kiera L. Clayton
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pinzone MR, Shan L. Pharmacological approaches to promote cell death of latent HIV reservoirs. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:56-61. [PMID: 38169429 PMCID: PMC10872923 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV requires lifelong antiviral treatment due to the persistence of a reservoir of latently infected cells. Multiple strategies have been pursued to promote the death of infected cells. RECENT FINDINGS Several groups have focused on multipronged approaches to induce apoptosis of infected cells. One approach is to combine latency reversal agents with proapoptotic compounds and cytotoxic T cells to first reactivate and then clear infected cells. Other strategies include using natural killer cells or chimeric antigen receptor cells to decrease the size of the reservoir.A novel strategy is to promote cell death by pyroptosis. This mechanism relies on the activation of the caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8 (CARD8) inflammasome by the HIV protease and can be potentiated by nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. SUMMARY The achievement of a clinically significant reduction in the size of the reservoir will likely require a combination strategy since none of the approaches pursued so far has been successful on its own in clinical trials. This discrepancy between promising in vitro findings and modest in vivo results highlights the hurdles of identifying a universally effective strategy given the wide heterogeneity of the HIV reservoirs in terms of tissue location, capability to undergo latency reversal and susceptibility to cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Rita Pinzone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Matsuda K, Maeda K. HIV Reservoirs and Treatment Strategies toward Curing HIV Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2621. [PMID: 38473868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has significantly improved the prognosis of individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has transformed from a fatal disease to a treatable chronic infection. Currently, effective and safe anti-HIV drugs are available. Although cART can reduce viral production in the body of the patient to below the detection limit, it cannot eliminate the HIV provirus integrated into the host cell genome; hence, the virus will be produced again after cART discontinuation. Therefore, research into a cure (or remission) for HIV has been widely conducted. In this review, we focus on drug development targeting cells latently infected with HIV and assess the progress including our current studies, particularly in terms of the "Shock and Kill", and "Block and Lock" strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Matsuda
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mukherjee J, Rawat S, Ul Hadi S, Aggarwal P, Chakrapani V, Rath P, Manchi P, Aylur S, Malhotra S, Keane M, Gangaramany A. Understanding the Acceptability of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Prevention Among At-Risk Populations and Feasibility Considerations for Product Introduction in India: Protocol for a Qualitative Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2024; 13:e47700. [PMID: 38324364 PMCID: PMC10882480 DOI: 10.2196/47700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acceptability and preference research play a crucial role in the design, evaluation, and implementation of any new prevention product in any geographical setting. They also play a critical role in the development of clinical guidelines and policies. A wide range of acceptability studies have been conducted in diverse general and key populations for various new HIV prevention products worldwide. As clinical development strategies are being developed for clinical studies of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) as potential HIV prevention products, appropriately tailoring them to address the type of HIV epidemic at hand would be critical for efficient uptake within in-country public health systems and decrease adoption and adherence challenges. Accomplishing this will require comprehensive acceptability and feasibility studies to inform multisectoral efforts that increase access to these products and national policies supportive of access to health care for those in most need. Thus, it is both opportune and important to undertake focused efforts toward informing product development strategies. OBJECTIVE This study aims to understand preferences for product attributes and key behavioral factors influencing adoption and uptake of bNAb prevention products among end-users including female sex workers, men who have sex with men, transgender women, people who inject drugs, and adolescent girls and young women in India and understand the key health system and programmatic perspectives toward the introduction of bNAb prevention products from health service providers and policy makers in India. METHODS A multisite study will be conducted in Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai to capture the differences in perspectives among diverse end-users and key informants across the country. The study will use a multimethods design using focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, simulated behavioral experiments, and key informant interviews. A total of 30 focus group discussions, 45 in-depth interviews, 15 simulated behavioral experiments sessions, and 15 key informant interviews will be conducted across 3 sites. RESULTS The data collected and analyzed will enable insights on which specific product attributes matter the most to the populations and why some attributes are less preferred; contextual drivers of preferences and choices at individual, interpersonal, social, and structural levels; and relative positioning of bNAb products among other potential HIV prevention products. Insights from the health service providers and policy makers will provide a critical understanding of the need perception of the potential product in the existing product landscape and what additional efforts and resources are required for potential introduction, delivery, and uptake of the bNAb products in the Indian context. CONCLUSIONS Insights generated from the abovementioned objectives will represent perspectives of populations of interest across geographies in India, will provide an overview of the acceptability of bNAb products and the feasibility of their introduction in this region, and will inform product development strategies. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/47700.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saif Ul Hadi
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Gurugram, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Srikrishnan Aylur
- Yeshwant Rao Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India
| | - Shelly Malhotra
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, United States
| | - Margaret Keane
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mody A, Sohn AH, Iwuji C, Tan RKJ, Venter F, Geng EH. HIV epidemiology, prevention, treatment, and implementation strategies for public health. Lancet 2024; 403:471-492. [PMID: 38043552 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The global HIV response has made tremendous progress but is entering a new phase with additional challenges. Scientific innovations have led to multiple safe, effective, and durable options for treatment and prevention, and long-acting formulations for 2-monthly and 6-monthly dosing are becoming available with even longer dosing intervals possible on the horizon. The scientific agenda for HIV cure and remission strategies is moving forward but faces uncertain thresholds for success and acceptability. Nonetheless, innovations in prevention and treatment have often failed to reach large segments of the global population (eg, key and marginalised populations), and these major disparities in access and uptake at multiple levels have caused progress to fall short of their potential to affect public health. Moving forward, sharper epidemiologic tools based on longitudinal, person-centred data are needed to more accurately characterise remaining gaps and guide continued progress against the HIV epidemic. We should also increase prioritisation of strategies that address socio-behavioural challenges and can lead to effective and equitable implementation of existing interventions with high levels of quality that better match individual needs. We review HIV epidemiologic trends; advances in HIV prevention, treatment, and care delivery; and discuss emerging challenges for ending the HIV epidemic over the next decade that are relevant for general practitioners and others involved in HIV care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaloke Mody
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Annette H Sohn
- TREAT Asia, amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Collins Iwuji
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK; Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Rayner K J Tan
- University of North Carolina Project-China, Guangzhou, China; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Francois Venter
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Elvin H Geng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schriek AI, Aldon YLT, van Gils MJ, de Taeye SW. Next-generation bNAbs for HIV-1 cure strategies. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105788. [PMID: 38158130 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the ability to suppress viral replication using anti-retroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 remains a global public health problem. Curative strategies for HIV-1 have to target and eradicate latently infected cells across the body, i.e. the viral reservoir. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) have the capacity to neutralize virions and bind to infected cells to initiate elimination of these cells. To improve the efficacy of bNAbs in terms of viral suppression and viral reservoir eradication, next generation antibodies (Abs) are being developed that address the current limitations of Ab treatment efficacy; (1) low antigen (Env) density on (reactivated) HIV-1 infected cells, (2) high viral genetic diversity, (3) exhaustion of immune cells and (4) short half-life of Abs. In this review we summarize and discuss preclinical and clinical studies in which anti-HIV-1 Abs demonstrated potent viral control, and describe the development of engineered Abs that could address the limitations described above. Next generation Abs with optimized effector function, avidity, effector cell recruitment and immune cell activation have the potential to contribute to an HIV-1 cure or durable control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A I Schriek
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Y L T Aldon
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J van Gils
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S W de Taeye
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dohadwala S, Geib MT, Politch JA, Anderson DJ. Innovations in monoclonal antibody-based multipurpose prevention technology (MPT) for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2024; 5:1337479. [PMID: 38264184 PMCID: PMC10803587 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2023.1337479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently being produced for a number of clinical applications including contraception and the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Combinations of contraceptive and anti-STI mAbs, including antibodies against HIV-1 and HSV-2, provide a powerful and flexible approach for highly potent and specific multipurpose prevention technology (MPT) products with desirable efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic profiles. MAbs can be administered systemically by injection, or mucosally via topical products (e.g., films, gels, rings) which can be tailored for vaginal, penile or rectal administration to address the needs of different populations. The MPT field has faced challenges with safety, efficacy, production and cost. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of mAb MPTs that tackle these challenges with innovative strategies in mAb engineering, manufacturing, and delivery that could usher in a new generation of safe, efficacious, cost-effective, and scalable mAb MPTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dohadwala
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew T. Geib
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph A. Politch
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deborah J. Anderson
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cossarini F, Aberg JA, Chen BK, Mehandru S. Viral Persistence in the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and Barriers to HIV Cure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2023; 40:54-65. [PMID: 37450338 PMCID: PMC10790554 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 40 years after the first reported cases of what then became known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tremendous progress has been achieved in transforming the disease from almost universally fatal to a chronic manageable condition. Nonetheless, the efforts to find a preventative vaccine or a cure for the underlying infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remain largely unsuccessful. Many challenges intrinsic to the virus characteristics and host response need to be overcome for either goal to be achieved. This article will review the obstacles to an effective HIV cure, specifically the steps involved in the generation of HIV latency, focusing on the role of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, which has received less attention compared with the peripheral blood, despite being the largest repository of lymphoid tissue in the human body, and a large site for HIV persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cossarini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judith A. Aberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin K. Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehandru
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Watson QD, Carias LL, Malachin A, Redinger KR, Bosch J, Bardelli M, Baldor L, Feufack-Donfack LB, Popovici J, Moon RW, Draper SJ, Zimmerman PA, King CL. Human monoclonal antibodies inhibit invasion of transgenic Plasmodium knowlesi expressing Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein. Malar J 2023; 22:369. [PMID: 38049801 PMCID: PMC10696754 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax has been more resistant to various control measures than Plasmodium falciparum malaria because of its greater transmissibility and ability to produce latent parasite forms. Therefore, developing P. vivax vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (humAbs) remains a high priority. The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) expressed on erythrocytes is central to P. vivax invasion of reticulocytes. P. vivax expresses a Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) on merozoites, a DARC ligand, and the DARC: PvDBP interaction is critical for P. vivax blood stage malaria. Therefore, PvDBP is a leading vaccine candidate for P. vivax and a target for therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies (humAbs). METHODS Here, the functional activity of humAbs derived from naturally exposed and vaccinated individuals are compared for the first time using easily cultured Plasmodium knowlesi (P. knowlesi) that had been genetically modified to replace its endogenous PkDBP orthologue with PvDBP to create a transgenic parasite, PkPvDBPOR. This transgenic parasite requires DARC to invade human erythrocytes but is not reticulocyte restricted. This model was used to evaluate the invasion inhibition potential of 12 humAbs (9 naturally acquired; 3 vaccine-induced) targeting PvDBP individually and in combinations using growth inhibition assays (GIAs). RESULTS The PvDBP-specific humAbs demonstrated 70-100% inhibition of PkPvDBPOR invasion with the IC50 values ranging from 51 to 338 µg/mL for the 9 naturally acquired (NA) humAbs and 33 to 99 µg/ml for the 3 vaccine-induced (VI) humAbs. To evaluate antagonistic, additive, or synergistic effects, six pairwise combinations were performed using select humAbs. Of these combinations tested, one NA/NA (099100/094083) combination demonstrated relatively strong additive inhibition between 10 and 100 µg/mL; all combinations of NA and VI humAbs showed additive inhibition at concentrations below 25 µg/mL and antagonism at higher concentrations. None of the humAb combinations showed synergy. Invasion inhibition efficacy by some mAbs shown with PkPvDBPOR was closely replicated using P. vivax clinical isolates. CONCLUSION The PkPvDBPOR transgenic model is a robust surrogate of P. vivax to assess invasion and growth inhibition of human monoclonal Abs recognizing PvDBP individually and in combination. There was no synergistic interaction for growth inhibition with the humAbs tested here that target different epitopes or subdomains of PvDBP, suggesting little benefit in clinical trials using combinations of these humAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin D Watson
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lenore L Carias
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alyssa Malachin
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Karli R Redinger
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jürgen Bosch
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Lea Baldor
- Malaria Research Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Jean Popovici
- Malaria Research Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Robert W Moon
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter A Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Paneerselvam N, Khan A, Lawson BR. Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting HIV: Progress and challenges. Clin Immunol 2023; 257:109809. [PMID: 37852345 PMCID: PMC10872707 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) offer a novel approach to treating, preventing, or curing HIV. Pre-clinical models and clinical trials involving the passive transfer of bNAbs have demonstrated that they can control viremia and potentially serve as alternatives or complement antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, antibody decay, persistent latent reservoirs, and resistance impede bNAb treatment. This review discusses recent advancements and obstacles in applying bNAbs and proposes strategies to enhance their therapeutic potential. These strategies include multi-epitope targeting, antibody half-life extension, combining with current and newer antiretrovirals, and sustained antibody secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amber Khan
- The Scintillon Research Institute, 6868 Nancy Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Brian R Lawson
- The Scintillon Research Institute, 6868 Nancy Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li S, Wang H, Guo N, Su B, Lambotte O, Zhang T. Targeting the HIV reservoir: chimeric antigen receptor therapy for HIV cure. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:2658-2667. [PMID: 37927030 PMCID: PMC10684145 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) can reduce the viral load in the plasma to undetectable levels in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, ART alone cannot completely eliminate HIV due to its integration into the host cell genome to form viral reservoirs. To achieve a functional cure for HIV infection, numerous preclinical and clinical studies are underway to develop innovative immunotherapies to eliminate HIV reservoirs in the absence of ART. Early studies have tested adoptive T-cell therapies in HIV-infected individuals, but their effectiveness was limited. In recent years, with the technological progress and great success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy in the treatment of hematological malignancies, CAR therapy has gradually shown its advantages in the field of HIV infection. Many studies have identified a variety of HIV-specific CAR structures and types of cytolytic effector cells. Therefore, CAR therapy may be beneficial for enhancing HIV immunity, achieving HIV control, and eliminating HIV reservoirs, gradually becoming a promising strategy for achieving a functional HIV cure. In this review, we provide an overview of the design of anti-HIV CAR proteins, the cell types of anti-HIV CAR (including CAR T cells, CAR natural killer cells, and CAR-encoding hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells), the clinical application of CAR therapy in HIV infection, and the prospects and challenges in anti-HIV CAR therapy for maintaining viral suppression and eliminating HIV reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Na Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Department of Internal Medicine, AP-HP, Bicêtre Hospital, UMR1184 INSERM CEA, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, University Paris Saclay, Paris 94270, France
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zehner M, Alt M, Ashurov A, Goldsmith JA, Spies R, Weiler N, Lerma J, Gieselmann L, Stöhr D, Gruell H, Schultz EP, Kreer C, Schlachter L, Janicki H, Laib Sampaio K, Stegmann C, Nemetchek MD, Dähling S, Ullrich L, Dittmer U, Witzke O, Koch M, Ryckman BJ, Lotfi R, McLellan JS, Krawczyk A, Sinzger C, Klein F. Single-cell analysis of memory B cells from top neutralizers reveals multiple sites of vulnerability within HCMV Trimer and Pentamer. Immunity 2023; 56:2602-2620.e10. [PMID: 37967532 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause severe diseases in fetuses, newborns, and immunocompromised individuals. Currently, no vaccines are approved, and treatment options are limited. Here, we analyzed the human B cell response of four HCMV top neutralizers from a cohort of 9,000 individuals. By single-cell analyses of memory B cells targeting the pentameric and trimeric HCMV surface complexes, we identified vulnerable sites on the shared gH/gL subunits as well as complex-specific subunits UL128/130/131A and gO. Using high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy, we revealed the structural basis of the neutralization mechanisms of antibodies targeting various binding sites. Moreover, we identified highly potent antibodies that neutralized a broad spectrum of HCMV strains, including primary clinical isolates, that outperform known antibodies used in clinical trials. Our study provides a deep understanding of the mechanisms of HCMV neutralization and identifies promising antibody candidates to prevent and treat HCMV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Zehner
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Mira Alt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Artem Ashurov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jory A Goldsmith
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rebecca Spies
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Nina Weiler
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Justin Lerma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dagmar Stöhr
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric P Schultz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Linda Schlachter
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanna Janicki
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Cora Stegmann
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Michelle D Nemetchek
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Sabrina Dähling
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Leon Ullrich
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Brent J Ryckman
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Ramin Lotfi
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Sinzger
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lambrechts L, Bonine N, Verstraeten R, Pardons M, Noppe Y, Rutsaert S, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Van Criekinge W, Cole B, Vandekerckhove L. HIV-PULSE: a long-read sequencing assay for high-throughput near full-length HIV-1 proviral genome characterization. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:e102. [PMID: 37819007 PMCID: PMC10639044 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A deep understanding of the composition of the HIV-1 reservoir is necessary for the development of targeted therapies and the evaluation of curative efforts. However, current near full-length (NFL) HIV-1 proviral genome sequencing assays are based on labor-intensive and costly principles of repeated PCRs at limiting dilution, restricting their scalability. To address this, we developed a high-throughput, long-read sequencing assay called HIV-PULSE (HIV Proviral UMI-mediated Long-read Sequencing). This assay uses unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) to tag individual HIV-1 genomes, allowing for the omission of the limiting dilution step and enabling long-range PCR amplification of many NFL genomes in a single PCR reaction, while simultaneously overcoming poor single-read accuracy. We optimized the assay using HIV-infected cell lines and then applied it to blood samples from 18 individuals living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy, yielding a total of 1308 distinct HIV-1 genomes. Benchmarking against the widely applied Full-Length Individual Proviral Sequencing assay revealed similar sensitivity (11 vs 18%) and overall good concordance, although at a significantly higher throughput. In conclusion, HIV-PULSE is a cost-efficient and scalable assay that allows for the characterization of the HIV-1 proviral landscape, making it an attractive method to study the HIV-1 reservoir composition and dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Lambrechts
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- BioBix, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Noah Bonine
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- BioBix, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rita Verstraeten
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- BioBix, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marion Pardons
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ytse Noppe
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Rutsaert
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Criekinge
- BioBix, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Basiel Cole
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schober R, Brandus B, Laeremans T, Iserentant G, Rolin C, Dessilly G, Zimmer J, Moutschen M, Aerts JL, Dervillez X, Seguin-Devaux C. Multimeric immunotherapeutic complexes activating natural killer cells towards HIV-1 cure. J Transl Med 2023; 21:791. [PMID: 37936122 PMCID: PMC10631209 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04669-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has dramatically extended the life expectancy of people living with HIV-1 and improved their quality of life. There is nevertheless no cure for HIV-1 infection since HIV-1 persists in viral reservoirs of latently infected CD4+ T cells. cART does not eradicate HIV-1 reservoirs or restore cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells which are dramatically reduced by HIV-1 infection, and express the checkpoint inhibitors NKG2A or KIR2DL upregulated after HIV-1 infection. Cytotoxic NK cells expressing the homing receptor CXCR5 were recently described as key subsets controlling viral replication. METHODS We designed and evaluated the potency of "Natural killer activating Multimeric immunotherapeutic compleXes", called as NaMiX, combining multimers of the IL-15/IL-15Rα complex with an anti-NKG2A or an anti-KIR single-chain fragment variable (scFv) to kill HIV-1 infected CD4+ T cells. The oligomerization domain of the C4 binding protein was used to associate the IL-15/IL-15Rα complex to the scFv of each checkpoint inhibitor as well as to multimerize each entity into a heptamer (α form) or a dimer (β form). Each α or β form was compared in different in vitro models using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's tests before evaluation in humanized NSG tg-huIL-15 mice having functional NK cells. RESULTS All NaMiX significantly enhanced the cytolytic activity of NK and CD8+ T cells against Raji tumour cells and HIV-1+ ACH-2 cells by increasing degranulation, release of granzyme B, perforin and IFN-γ. Targeting NKG2A had a stronger effect than targeting KIR2DL due to higher expression of NKG2A on NK cells. In viral inhibition assays, NaMiX initially increased viral replication of CD4+ T cells which was subsequently inhibited by cytotoxic NK cells. Importantly, anti-NKG2A NaMiX enhanced activation, cytotoxicity, IFN-γ production and CXCR5 expression of NK cells from HIV-1 positive individuals. In humanized NSG tg-huIL-15 mice, we confirmed enhanced activation, degranulation, cytotoxicity of NK cells, and killing of HIV-1 infected cells from mice injected with the anti-NKG2A.α NaMiX, as compared to control mice, as well as decreased total HIV-1 DNA in the lung. CONCLUSIONS NK cell-mediated killing of HIV-1 infected cells by NaMiX represents a promising approach to support HIV-1 cure strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaëla Schober
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Bianca Brandus
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Thessa Laeremans
- Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy (NAVI) Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gilles Iserentant
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Camille Rolin
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Géraldine Dessilly
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, Catholic University of Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jacques Zimmer
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Michel Moutschen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Joeri L Aerts
- Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy (NAVI) Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Dervillez
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Carole Seguin-Devaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, Rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kreer C, Lupo C, Ercanoglu MS, Gieselmann L, Spisak N, Grossbach J, Schlotz M, Schommers P, Gruell H, Dold L, Beyer A, Nourmohammad A, Mora T, Walczak AM, Klein F. Probabilities of developing HIV-1 bNAb sequence features in uninfected and chronically infected individuals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7137. [PMID: 37932288 PMCID: PMC10628170 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are able to suppress viremia and prevent infection. Their induction by vaccination is therefore a major goal. However, in contrast to antibodies that neutralize other pathogens, HIV-1-specific bNAbs frequently carry uncommon molecular characteristics that might prevent their induction. Here, we perform unbiased sequence analyses of B cell receptor repertoires from 57 uninfected and 46 chronically HIV-1- or HCV-infected individuals and learn probabilistic models to predict the likelihood of bNAb development. We formally show that lower probabilities for bNAbs are predictive of higher HIV-1 neutralization activity. Moreover, ranking bNAbs by their probabilities allows to identify highly potent antibodies with superior generation probabilities as preferential targets for vaccination approaches. Importantly, we find equal bNAb probabilities across infected and uninfected individuals. This implies that chronic infection is not a prerequisite for the generation of bNAbs, fostering the hope that HIV-1 vaccines can induce bNAb development in uninfected people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cosimo Lupo
- Laboratoire de physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université Paris Cité, 75005, Paris, France
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Roma I, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Meryem S Ercanoglu
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natanael Spisak
- Laboratoire de physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université Paris Cité, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jan Grossbach
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases & Institute for Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maike Schlotz
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Schommers
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Leona Dold
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Beyer
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases & Institute for Genetics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Armita Nourmohammad
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, 3910 15th Ave Northeast, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, 4182 W Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, 85 E Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1241 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université Paris Cité, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aleksandra M Walczak
- Laboratoire de physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université Paris Cité, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Moraka NO, Choga WT, Pema MN, Chawawa MK, Gobe I, Mokomane M, Bareng OT, Bhebhe L, Kelentse N, Mulenga G, Pretorius Holme M, Mohammed T, Koofhethile CK, Makhema JM, Shapiro R, Lockman S, Moyo S, Gaseitsiwe S. Predicted resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and associated HIV-1 envelope characteristics among seroconverting adults in Botswana. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18134. [PMID: 37875518 PMCID: PMC10598268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We used HIV-1C sequences to predict (in silico) resistance to 33 known broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and evaluate the different HIV-1 Env characteristics that may affect virus neutralization. We analyzed proviral sequences from adults with documented HIV-1 seroconversion (N = 140) in Botswana (2013-2018). HIV-1 env sequences were used to predict bnAb resistance using bNAb-ReP, to determine the number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) and evaluate Env variable region characteristics (VC). We also assessed the presence of signature mutations that may affect bnAb sensitivity in vitro. We observe varied results for predicted bnAb resistance among our cohort. 3BNC117 showed high predicted resistance (72%) compared to intermediate levels of resistance to VRC01 (57%). We predict low resistance to PGDM100 and 10-1074 and no resistance to 4E10. No difference was observed in the frequency of PNGS by bNAb susceptibility patterns except for higher number of PNGs in V3 bnAb resistant strains. Associations of VC were observed for V1, V4 and V5 loop length and net charge. We also observed few mutations that have been reported to confer bnAb resistance in vitro. Our results support use of sequence data and machine learning tools to predict the best bnAbs to use within populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha O Moraka
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Bontleng, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Wonderful T Choga
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Bontleng, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Marea N Pema
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Bontleng, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Moses Kudzai Chawawa
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Bontleng, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Irene Gobe
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Margaret Mokomane
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ontlametse T Bareng
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Bontleng, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Lynette Bhebhe
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Bontleng, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Nametso Kelentse
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Bontleng, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Graceful Mulenga
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Bontleng, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Terence Mohammed
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Bontleng, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Catherine K Koofhethile
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Bontleng, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Joseph M Makhema
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Bontleng, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Roger Shapiro
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shahin Lockman
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Bontleng, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Bontleng, Private Bag BO320, Gaborone, Botswana.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yucha R, Litchford ML, Fish CS, Yaffe ZA, Richardson BA, Maleche-Obimbo E, John-Stewart G, Wamalwa D, Overbaugh J, Lehman DA. Higher HIV-1 Env gp120-Specific Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Activity Is Associated with Lower Levels of Defective HIV-1 Provirus. Viruses 2023; 15:2055. [PMID: 37896832 PMCID: PMC10611199 DOI: 10.3390/v15102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A cure for HIV-1 (HIV) remains unrealized due to a reservoir of latently infected cells that persist during antiretroviral therapy (ART), with reservoir size associated with adverse health outcomes and inversely with time to viral rebound upon ART cessation. Once established during ART, the HIV reservoir decays minimally over time; thus, understanding factors that impact the size of the HIV reservoir near its establishment is key to improving the health of people living with HIV and for the development of novel cure strategies. Yet, to date, few correlates of HIV reservoir size have been identified, particularly in pediatric populations. Here, we employed a cross-subtype intact proviral DNA assay (CS-IPDA) to quantify HIV provirus between one- and two-years post-ART initiation in a cohort of Kenyan children (n = 72), which had a median of 99 intact (range: 0-2469), 1340 defective (range: 172-3.84 × 104), and 1729 total (range: 178-5.11 × 104) HIV proviral copies per one million T cells. Additionally, pre-ART plasma was tested for HIV Env-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. We found that pre-ART gp120-specific ADCC activity inversely correlated with defective provirus levels (n = 68, r = -0.285, p = 0.0214) but not the intact reservoir (n = 68, r = -0.0321, p-value = 0.800). Pre-ART gp41-specific ADCC did not significantly correlate with either proviral population (n = 68; intact: r = -0.0512, p-value = 0.686; defective: r = -0.109, p-value = 0.389). This suggests specific host immune factors prior to ART initiation can impact proviruses that persist during ART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Yucha
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Morgan L. Litchford
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Carolyn S. Fish
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zak A. Yaffe
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Barbra A. Richardson
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 30197, Kenya
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dara A. Lehman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ringe RP, Colin P, Ozorowski G, Allen JD, Yasmeen A, Seabright GE, Lee JH, Antanasijevic A, Rantalainen K, Ketas T, Moore JP, Ward AB, Crispin M, Klasse PJ. Glycan heterogeneity as a cause of the persistent fraction in HIV-1 neutralization. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011601. [PMID: 37903160 PMCID: PMC10635575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to multiple epitopes on the HIV-1-envelope glycoprotein (Env) have been isolated from infected persons. The potency of NAbs is measured more often than the size of the persistent fraction of infectivity at maximum neutralization, which may also influence preventive efficacy of active or passive immunization and the therapeutic outcome of the latter. Many NAbs neutralize HIV-1 CZA97.012, a clone of a Clade-C isolate, to ~100%. But here NAb PGT151, directed to a fusion-peptide epitope, left a persistent fraction of 15%. NAb PGT145, ligating the Env-trimer apex, left no detectable persistent fraction. The divergence in persistent fractions was further analyzed by depletion of pseudoviral populations of the most PGT151- and PGT145-reactive virions. Thereby, neutralization by the non-depleting NAb increased, whereas neutralization by the depleting NAb decreased. Furthermore, depletion by PGT151 increased sensitivity to autologous neutralization by sera from rabbits immunized with soluble native-like CZA97.012 trimer: substantial persistent fractions were reduced. NAbs in these sera target epitopes comprising residue D411 at the V4-β19 transition in a defect of the glycan shield on CZA97.012 Env. NAb binding to affinity-fractionated soluble native-like CZA97.012 trimer differed commensurately with neutralization in analyses by ELISA and surface plasmon resonance. Glycan differences between PGT151- and PGT145-purified trimer fractions were then demonstrated by mass spectrometry, providing one explanation for the differential antigenicity. These differences were interpreted in relation to a new structure at 3.4-Å resolution of the soluble CZA97.012 trimer determined by cryo-electron microscopy. The trimer adopted a closed conformation, refuting apex opening as the cause of reduced PGT145 binding to the PGT151-purified form. The evidence suggests that differences in binding and neutralization after trimer purification or pseudovirus depletion with PGT145 or PGT151 are caused by variation in glycosylation, and that some glycan variants affect antigenicity through direct effects on antibody contacts, whereas others act allosterically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh P. Ringe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Philippe Colin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joel D. Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anila Yasmeen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gemma E. Seabright
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jeong Hyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Aleksandar Antanasijevic
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kimmo Rantalainen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Ketas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - P. J. Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gunst JD, Højen JF, Pahus MH, Rosás-Umbert M, Stiksrud B, McMahon JH, Denton PW, Nielsen H, Johansen IS, Benfield T, Leth S, Gerstoft J, Østergaard L, Schleimann MH, Olesen R, Støvring H, Vibholm L, Weis N, Dyrhol-Riise AM, Pedersen KBH, Lau JSY, Copertino DC, Linden N, Huynh TT, Ramos V, Jones RB, Lewin SR, Tolstrup M, Rasmussen TA, Nussenzweig MC, Caskey M, Reikvam DH, Søgaard OS. Impact of a TLR9 agonist and broadly neutralizing antibodies on HIV-1 persistence: the randomized phase 2a TITAN trial. Nat Med 2023; 29:2547-2558. [PMID: 37696935 PMCID: PMC10579101 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Inducing antiretroviral therapy (ART)-free virological control is a critical step toward a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) cure. In this phase 2a, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial, 43 people (85% males) with HIV-1 on ART were randomized to (1) placebo/placebo, (2) lefitolimod (TLR9 agonist)/placebo, (3) placebo/broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) or (4) lefitolimod/bNAb. ART interruption (ATI) started at week 3. Lefitolimod was administered once weekly for the first 8 weeks, and bNAbs were administered twice, 1 d before and 3 weeks after ATI. The primary endpoint was time to loss of virologic control after ATI. The median delay in time to loss of virologic control compared to the placebo/placebo group was 0.5 weeks (P = 0.49), 12.5 weeks (P = 0.003) and 9.5 weeks (P = 0.004) in the lefitolimod/placebo, placebo/bNAb and lefitolimod/bNAb groups, respectively. Among secondary endpoints, viral doubling time was slower for bNAb groups compared to non-bNAb groups, and the interventions were overall safe. We observed no added benefit of lefitolimod. Despite subtherapeutic plasma bNAb levels, 36% (4/11) in the placebo/bNAb group compared to 0% (0/10) in the placebo/placebo group maintained virologic control after the 25-week ATI. Although immunotherapy with lefitolimod did not lead to ART-free HIV-1 control, bNAbs may be important components in future HIV-1 curative strategies. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03837756 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper D Gunst
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jesper F Højen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie H Pahus
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Miriam Rosás-Umbert
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Stiksrud
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - James H McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul W Denton
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Henrik Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Isik S Johansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Leth
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gødstrup Hospital, Gødstrup, Denmark
| | - Jan Gerstoft
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mariane H Schleimann
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Olesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Støvring
- Department of Public Health, Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Line Vibholm
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nina Weis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne M Dyrhol-Riise
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karen B H Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jillian S Y Lau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dennis C Copertino
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Noemi Linden
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tan T Huynh
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dag Henrik Reikvam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole S Søgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Landovitz RJ, Scott H, Deeks SG. Prevention, treatment and cure of HIV infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:657-670. [PMID: 37344551 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of antiretroviral therapy for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection has been marked by a series of remarkable successes. However, the efforts to develop a vaccine have largely failed, and efforts to discover a cure are only now beginning to gain traction. In this Review, we describe recent progress on all fronts - pre-exposure prophylaxis, vaccines, treatment and cure - and we discuss the unmet needs, both current and in the coming years. We describe the emerging arsenal of drugs, biologics and strategies that will hopefully address these needs. Although HIV research has largely been siloed in the past, this is changing, as the emerging research agenda is marked by multiple cross-discipline synergies and collaborations. As the limitations of antiretroviral drugs as a means to truly end the epidemic are becoming more apparent, there is a great need for continued efforts to develop an effective preventative vaccine and a scalable cure, both of which remain formidable challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael J Landovitz
- Center for Clinical AIDS Research and Education, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hyman Scott
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Patel H, Dubé K. To prescreen or not to prescreen for broadly neutralizing antibody sensitivity in HIV cure-related trials. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100339. [PMID: 37692548 PMCID: PMC10491646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) as a cure-related research strategy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has gained attention from the scientific community. bNAbs are specialized antibodies that target HIV-1 by binding to proteins on the surface of the virus, preventing the infection of human cells. In HIV-1 clinical studies assessing the use of bNAbs, it has been common practice to prescreen potential participants for bNAb sensitivity. However, the use of pre-screening in HIV-1 bNAb clinical trials is a topic of ongoing debate, with regard to its potential benefits and limitations. In this paper, we examine the possible benefits and limitations of pre-screening for bNAb sensitivity in HIV-1 cure-related studies, and suggest alternative methods which may be more effective or efficient at saving costs and time. Ultimately, the decision to use pre-screening in HIV-1 bNAb clinical trials should be based on a careful assessment of the potential benefits and limitations of this approach, as well as the specific needs, goals, design, and population of the study in question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hursch Patel
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karine Dubé
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Babalola BA, Akinsuyi OS, Folajimi EO, Olujimi F, Otunba AA, Chikere B, Adewumagun IA, Adetobi TE. Exploring the future of SARS-CoV-2 treatment after the first two years of the pandemic: A comparative study of alternative therapeutics. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115099. [PMID: 37406505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most pressing challenges associated with SARS-CoV-2 treatment is the emergence of new variants that may be more transmissible, cause more severe disease, or be resistant to current treatments and vaccines. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has led to a global pandemic, resulting in millions of deaths worldwide. Various strategies have been employed to combat the virus, including neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), CRISPR/Cas13, and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). While vaccines and small molecules have proven to be an effective means of preventing severe COVID-19 and reducing transmission rates, the emergence of new virus variants poses a challenge to their effectiveness. Monoclonal antibodies have shown promise in treating early-stage COVID-19, but their effectiveness is limited in severe cases and the emergence of new variants may reduce their binding affinity. CRISPR/Cas13 has shown potential in targeting essential viral genes, but its efficiency, specificity, and delivery to the site of infection are major limitations. ASOs have also been shown to be effective in targeting viral RNA, but they face similar challenges to CRISPR/Cas13 in terms of delivery and potential off-target effects. In conclusion, a combination of these strategies may provide a more effective means of combating SARS-CoV-2, and future research should focus on improving their efficiency, specificity, and delivery to the site of infection. It is evident that the continued research and development of these alternative therapies will be essential in the ongoing fight against SARS-CoV-2 and its potential future variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Folakemi Olujimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Mountain Top University, Prayer-City, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Bruno Chikere
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
McMyn NF, Varriale J, Fray EJ, Zitzmann C, MacLeod H, Lai J, Singhal A, Moskovljevic M, Garcia MA, Lopez BM, Hariharan V, Rhodehouse K, Lynn K, Tebas P, Mounzer K, Montaner LJ, Benko E, Kovacs C, Hoh R, Simonetti FR, Laird GM, Deeks SG, Ribeiro RM, Perelson AS, Siliciano RF, Siliciano JM. The latent reservoir of inducible, infectious HIV-1 does not decrease despite decades of antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e171554. [PMID: 37463049 PMCID: PMC10471168 DOI: 10.1172/jci171554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 persists in a latent reservoir in resting CD4+ T cells despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). The reservoir decays slowly over the first 7 years of ART (t1/2 = 44 months). However, whether decay continues with long-term ART is unclear. Recent integration site studies indicate gradual selection against inducible, intact proviruses, raising speculation that decades of ART might allow treatment interruption without viral rebound. Therefore, we measured the reservoir in 42 people on long-term ART (mean 22 years) using a quantitative viral outgrowth assay. After 7 years of ART, there was no long-term decrease in the frequency of inducible, replication-competent proviruses but rather an increase with an estimated doubling time of 23 years. Another reservoir assay, the intact proviral DNA assay, confirmed that reservoir decay with t1/2 of 44 months did not continue with long-term ART. The lack of decay reflected proliferation of infected cells. Most inducible, replication-competent viruses (79.8%) had env sequences identical to those of other isolates from the same sample. Thus, although integration site analysis indicates changes in reservoir composition, the proliferation of CD4+ T cells counteracts decay, maintaining the frequency of inducible, replication-competent proviruses at roughly constant levels over the long term. These results reinforce the need for lifelong ART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie F. McMyn
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Varriale
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily J. Fray
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Jun Lai
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anushka Singhal
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Mauro A. Garcia
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brianna M. Lopez
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivek Hariharan
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyle Rhodehouse
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth Lynn
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pablo Tebas
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karam Mounzer
- Philadelphia Field Initiating Group for HIV-1 Trials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Moraka NO, Choga WT, Pema MN, Chawawa MK, Gobe I, Mokomane M, Bareng OT, Bhebhe L, Kelentse N, Mulenga G, Pretorius-Holme M, Mohammed T, Koofhethile CK, Makhema JM, Shapiro R, Lockman S, Moyo S, Gaseitsiwe S. Predicted broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) resistance and associated envelope characteristics of adults with HIV-1 seroconversion in Botswana. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3194948. [PMID: 37693564 PMCID: PMC10491331 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3194948/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
We used HIV-1C sequences to predict (in silico) resistance to 33 known broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and evaluate the different HIV-1 env characteristics that may affect virus neutralization. We analyzed proviral sequences from adults with documented HIV-1 seroconversion (N=140) in Botswana (2013-2018). HIV-1 env sequences were used to predict bnAb resistance using bNAb-ReP, to determine the number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) and evaluate env variable region characteristics (VC). We also assessed the presence of signature mutations that may affect bnAb sensitivity in vitro. We observe varied results for predicted bnAb resistance among our cohort. 3BNC117 showed high predicted resistance (72%) compared to intermediate levels of resistance to VRC01 (57%). We predict low resistance to PGDM100 and 10-1074 and no resistance to 4E10. No difference was observed in the frequency of PNGS by bNAb susceptibility patterns except for higher number of PNGs in V3 bnAb resistant strains. Associations of VC were observed for V1, V4 and V5 loop length and net charge. We also observed few mutations that have been reported to confer bnAb resistance in vitro. Our results support use of sequence data and machine learning tools to predict the best bnAbs to use within populations.
Collapse
|
40
|
Foka FET, Mufhandu HT. Current ARTs, Virologic Failure, and Implications for AIDS Management: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1732. [PMID: 37632074 PMCID: PMC10458198 DOI: 10.3390/v15081732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) have revolutionized the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, significantly improved patient outcomes, and reduced the mortality rate and incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, despite the remarkable efficacy of ART, virologic failure remains a challenge in the long-term management of HIV-infected individuals. Virologic failure refers to the persistent detectable viral load in patients receiving ART, indicating an incomplete suppression of HIV replication. It can occur due to various factors, including poor medication adherence, drug resistance, suboptimal drug concentrations, drug interactions, and viral factors such as the emergence of drug-resistant strains. In recent years, extensive efforts have been made to understand and address virologic failure in order to optimize treatment outcomes. Strategies to prevent and manage virologic failure include improving treatment adherence through patient education, counselling, and supportive interventions. In addition, the regular monitoring of viral load and resistance testing enables the early detection of treatment failure and facilitates timely adjustments in ART regimens. Thus, the development of novel antiretroviral agents with improved potency, tolerability, and resistance profiles offers new options for patients experiencing virologic failure. However, new treatment options would also face virologic failure if not managed appropriately. A solution to virologic failure requires a comprehensive approach that combines individualized patient care, robust monitoring, and access to a range of antiretroviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Eric Tatsing Foka
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mafikeng, Private Bag, Mmabatho X2046, South Africa
| | - Hazel Tumelo Mufhandu
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mafikeng, Private Bag, Mmabatho X2046, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shapiro RL, Ajibola G, Maswabi K, Hughes M, Nelson BS, Niesar A, Holme MP, Powis KM, Sakoi M, Batlang O, Moyo S, Mohammed T, Maphorisa C, Bennett K, Hu Z, Giguel F, Reeves JD, Reeves MA, Gao C, Yu X, Ackerman ME, McDermott A, Cooper M, Caskey M, Gama L, Jean-Philippe P, Yin DE, Capparelli EV, Lockman S, Makhema J, Kuritzkes DR, Lichterfeld M. Broadly neutralizing antibody treatment maintained HIV suppression in children with favorable reservoir characteristics in Botswana. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadh0004. [PMID: 37406137 PMCID: PMC10683791 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) may provide an alternative to standard antiretroviral treatment (ART) for controlling HIV-1 replication and may have immunotherapeutic effects against HIV-1 reservoirs. We conducted a prospective clinical trial with two HIV-1 bNAbs (VRC01LS and 10-1074) in children (n = 25) who had previously initiated small-molecule ART treatment before 7 days of age and who continued treatment for at least 96 weeks. Both bNAbs were dosed intravenously every 4 weeks, overlapping with ART for at least 8 weeks and then continued for up to 24 weeks or until detectable viremia of HIV-1 RNA rose above 400 copies per milliliter in the absence of ART. Eleven (44%) children maintained HIV-1 RNA below 400 copies per milliliter through 24 weeks of bNAb-only treatment; 14 (56%) had detectable viremia above 400 copies per milliliter at a median of 4 weeks. Archived HIV-1 provirus susceptible to 10-1074, lower birth HIV-1 DNA reservoir in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, sustained viral suppression throughout early life, and combined negative qualitative HIV-1 DNA polymerase chain reaction and negative HIV-1 serology at entry were associated with maintaining suppression on bNAbs alone. This proof-of-concept study suggests that bNAbs may represent a promising treatment modality for infants and children living with HIV-1. Future studies using newer bNAb combinations with greater breadth and potency are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger L. Shapiro
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Botswana Harvard Health Partnership; Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | | | - Michael Hughes
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bryan S. Nelson
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aischa Niesar
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Molly Pretorius Holme
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Powis
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Botswana Harvard Health Partnership; Gaborone, Botswana
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Maureen Sakoi
- Botswana Harvard Health Partnership; Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Botswana Harvard Health Partnership; Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | | | - Kara Bennett
- Bennett Statistical Consulting, Inc.; Ballston Lake, NY 12019, USA
| | - Zixin Hu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francoise Giguel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Michael A. Reeves
- Labcorp-Monogram Biosciences, Inc.; South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ce Gao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xu Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Marlene Cooper
- Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation, Inc.; Amherst, NY 14226, USA
| | | | - Lucio Gama
- Vaccine Research Center; Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Patrick Jean-Philippe
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dwight E. Yin
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Edmund V. Capparelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shahin Lockman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Botswana Harvard Health Partnership; Gaborone, Botswana
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Makhema
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Botswana Harvard Health Partnership; Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Daniel R. Kuritzkes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yekani M, Azargun R, Sharifi S, Nabizadeh E, Nahand JS, Ansari NK, Memar MY, Soki J. Collateral sensitivity: An evolutionary trade-off between antibiotic resistance mechanisms, attractive for dealing with drug-resistance crisis. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1418. [PMID: 37448730 PMCID: PMC10336338 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The discovery and development of antimicrobial drugs were one of the most significant advances in medicine, but the evolution of microbial resistance limited the efficiency of these drugs. Aim This paper reviews the collateral sensitivity in bacteria and its potential and limitation as a new target for treating infections. Results and Discussion Knowledge mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial agents are useful to trace a practical approach to treat and control of resistant pathogens. The effect of a resistance mechanism to certain antibiotics on the susceptibility or resistance to other drugs is a key point that may be helpful for applying a strategy to control resistance challenges. In an evolutionary trade-off known as collateral sensitivity, the resistance mechanism to a certain drug may be mediated by the hypersensitivity to other drugs. Collateral sensitivity has been described for different drugs in various bacteria, but the molecular mechanisms affecting susceptibility are not well demonstrated. Collateral sensitivity could be studied to detect its potential in the battle against resistance crisis as well as in the treatment of pathogens adapting to antibiotics. Collateral sensitivity-based antimicrobial therapy may have the potential to limit the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Yekani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineKashan University of Medical SciencesKashanIran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Student Research CommitteeKashan University of Medical SciencesKashanIran
| | - Robab Azargun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineMaragheh University of Medical ScienceMaraghehIran
| | - Simin Sharifi
- Dental and Periodontal Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Edris Nabizadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Navideh Karimi Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Jozsef' Soki
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent‐Györgyi Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SzegedSzegedHungary
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pihlstrom N, Bournazos S. Engineering strategies of Anti-HIV antibody therapeutics in clinical development. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:184-190. [PMID: 37144557 PMCID: PMC10247531 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody-based therapeutics offer an alternative treatment option to current antiretroviral drugs. This review aims to provide an overview of the Fc- and Fab-engineering strategies that have been developed to optimize broadly neutralizing antibodies and discuss recent findings from preclinical and clinical studies. RECENT FINDINGS Multispecific antibodies, including bispecific and trispecific antibodies, DART molecules, and BiTEs, as well as Fc-optimized antibodies, have emerged as promising therapeutic candidates for the treatment of HIV. These engineered antibodies engage multiple epitopes on the HIV envelope protein and human receptors, resulting in increased potency and breadth of activity. Additionally, Fc-enhanced antibodies have demonstrated extended half-life and improved effector function. SUMMARY The development of Fc and Fab-engineered antibodies for the treatment of HIV continues to show promising progress. These novel therapies have the potential to overcome the limitations of current antiretroviral pharmacologic agents by more effectively suppressing viral load and targeting latent reservoirs in individuals living with HIV. Further studies are needed to fully understand the safety and efficacy of these therapies, but the growing body of evidence supports their potential as a new class of therapeutics for the treatment of HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pihlstrom
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Schou MD, Søgaard OS, Rasmussen TA. Clinical trials aimed at HIV cure or remission: new pathways and lessons learned. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:1227-1243. [PMID: 37856845 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2273919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The main barrier to finding a cure against HIV is the latent HIV reservoir, which persists in people living with HIV (PLWH) despite antiretroviral treatment (ART). Here, we discuss recent findings from interventional studies using mono- and combination therapies aimed at enhancing immune-mediated killing of the virus with or without activating HIV from latency. AREAS COVERED We discuss latency reversal agents (LRAs), broadly neutralizing antibodies, immunomodulatory therapies, and studies aimed at inducing apoptosis. EXPERT OPINION The landscape of clinical trials for HIV cure and remission has evolved considerably over the past 10 years. Several novel interventions such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines, and broadly neutralizing antibodies have been tested either alone or in combination with LRAs but studies have so far not shown a meaningful impact on the frequency of latently infected cells. Immunomodulatory therapies could work differently in the setting of antigen expression, that is, during active viremia, and timing of interventions could therefore, be key to future therapeutic success. Lessons learned from clinical trials aimed at HIV cure indicate that while we are still far from reaching a complete eradication cure of HIV, clinical interventions capable of inducing enhanced control of HIV replication in the absence of ART might be a more feasible goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Dyveke Schou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Schmeltz Søgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Aagaard Rasmussen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tebas P, Lynn K, Azzoni L, Cocchella G, Papasavvas E, Fair M, Karanam B, Sharma P, Reeves JD, Petropoulos CJ, Lalley-Chareczko L, Kostman JR, Short W, Mounzer K, Montaner LJ. Susceptibility to 3BNC117 and 10-1074 in ART suppressed chronically infected persons. AIDS 2023; 37:1203-1207. [PMID: 37070542 PMCID: PMC10567989 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the susceptibility of HIV to two HIV monoclonal antibodies (bnAbs), 3BNC117 and 10-1074, in individuals with chronically antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppressed HIV infection. DESIGN The susceptibility of bnAbs was determined using the PhenoSense mAb Assay, which is a cell-based infectivity assay designed to assess the susceptibility of luciferase-reporter pseudovirions. This assay is the only Clinical Laboratory Improvement Ammendment (CLIA)/College of American Pathologist (CAP) compliant screening test specifically developed for evaluating bnAb susceptibility in people with HIV infection. METHOD The susceptibility of luciferase-reporter pseudovirions, derived from HIV-1 envelope proteins obtained from peripheral bloodmononuclear cells of 61 ART-suppressed individuals, to 3BNC117 and 10-1074 bnAbs was assessed using the PhenoSense mAb assay. Susceptibility was defined as an IC 90 of <2.0 μg/ml and 1.5 μg/ml for 3BNC117 and 10-1074, respectively. RESULTS About half of the individuals who were chronically infected and virologically suppressed were found to harbor virus with reduced susceptibility to one or both of the tested bnAbs. CONCLUSIONS The reduced combined susceptibility of 3BNC117 and 10-1074 highlights a potential limitation of using only two bnAbs for pre-exposure prophylaxis or treatment. Further studies are needed to define and validate the clinical correlates of bnAb susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jay R Kostman
- John Bell Health Center, Philadelphia Field Initiating Group for HIV-1 Trials, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Joshi LR, Gálvez NM, Ghosh S, Weiner DB, Balazs AB. Delivery platforms for broadly neutralizing antibodies. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:191-208. [PMID: 37265268 PMCID: PMC10247185 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Passive administration of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is being evaluated as a therapeutic approach to prevent or treat HIV infections. However, a number of challenges face the widespread implementation of passive transfer for HIV. To reduce the need of recurrent administrations of bNAbs, gene-based delivery approaches have been developed which overcome the limitations of passive transfer. RECENT FINDINGS The use of DNA and mRNA for the delivery of bNAbs has made significant progress. DNA-encoded monoclonal antibodies (DMAbs) have shown great promise in animal models of disease and the underlying DNA-based technology is now being tested in vaccine trials for a variety of indications. The COVID-19 pandemic greatly accelerated the development of mRNA-based technology to induce protective immunity. These advances are now being successfully applied to the delivery of monoclonal antibodies using mRNA in animal models. Delivery of bNAbs using viral vectors, primarily adeno-associated virus (AAV), has shown great promise in preclinical animal models and more recently in human studies. Most recently, advances in genome editing techniques have led to engineering of monoclonal antibody expression from B cells. These efforts aim to turn B cells into a source of evolving antibodies that can improve through repeated exposure to the respective antigen. SUMMARY The use of these different platforms for antibody delivery has been demonstrated across a wide range of animal models and disease indications, including HIV. Although each approach has unique strengths and weaknesses, additional advances in efficiency of gene delivery and reduced immunogenicity will be necessary to drive widespread implementation of these technologies. Considering the mounting clinical evidence of the potential of bNAbs for HIV treatment and prevention, overcoming the remaining technical challenges for gene-based bNAb delivery represents a relatively straightforward path towards practical interventions against HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lok R. Joshi
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicolás M.S. Gálvez
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sukanya Ghosh
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - David B. Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alejandro B. Balazs
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lynch RM, Bar KJ. Development of screening assays for use of broadly neutralizing antibodies in people with HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:171-177. [PMID: 37265260 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Treatment with combinations of complementary broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) has increased the proportion of participants for whom bnAbs can maintain virus suppression upon cessation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). There remains, however, a population of trial participants who experience virus rebound despite high plasma concentrations of bnAbs. Thus, baseline resistance remains a critical barrier to the efficacy of bnAbs for use in the treatment and cure of HIV, and the development of a screening assay to guide bnAb selection is a high priority. RECENT FINDINGS There are two conceptual approaches to assess the putative rebound-competent HIV-1 reservoir for bnAb sensitivity: to assess neutralization sensitivity of reactivated virus in outgrowth assays and sequence-based approaches that include a selection for intact genomes and assessment of known resistance mutations within the env gene. Currently, the only phenotypic assay for bnAb screening that is clinical laboratory improvement amendments certified (CLIA certified) and available for clinical trial use is Monogram Biosciences' PhenoSense HIV Neutralizing Antibody Assay. SUMMARY Several new approaches for screening are currently under development and future screening methods must address three issues. First, complete sampling of the reservoir may be impossible, and determination of the relevance of partial sampling is needed. Second, multiple lines of evidence indicate that in vitro neutralization measures are at least one correlate of in vivo bnAb activity that should be included in screening, but more research is needed on how to use in vitro neutralization assays and other measures of antibody functions and measures of other antibody features. Third, the feasibility of screening assays must be a priority. A feasible, predictive bnAb screening assay will remain relevant until a time when bnAb combinations are substantially more broad and potent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Lynch
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Frattari GS, Caskey M, Søgaard OS. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV treatment and cure approaches. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:157-163. [PMID: 37144579 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years, clinical trials have explored broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) as treatment and cure of HIV. Here, we summarize the current knowledge, review the latest clinical studies, and reflect on the potential role of bNAbs in future applications in HIV treatment and cure strategies. RECENT FINDINGS In most individuals who switch from standard antiretroviral therapy to bNAb treatment, combinations of at least two bNAbs effectively suppress viremia. However, sensitivity of archived proviruses to bNAb neutralization and maintaining adequate bNAb plasma levels are key determinants of the therapeutic effect. Combinations of bNAbs with injectable small-molecule antiretrovirals are being developed as long-acting treatment regimens that may require as little as two annual administrations to maintain virological suppression. Further, interventions that combine bNAbs with immune modulators or therapeutic vaccines are under investigation as HIV curative strategies. Interestingly, administration of bNAbs during the early or viremic stage of infection appears to enhance host immune responses against HIV. SUMMARY While accurately predicting archived resistant mutations has been a significant challenge for bNAb-based treatments, combinations of potent bNAbs against nonoverlapping epitopes may help overcome this issue. As a result, multiple long-acting HIV treatment and cure strategies involving bNAbs are now being investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Schmidt Frattari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ole Schmeltz Søgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ajibola G, Masheto G, Shapiro R. Antibody interventions in HIV: broadly neutralizing mAbs in children. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:217-224. [PMID: 37278286 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Treatment strategies for children with HIV are evolving, with considerations beyond plasma viremic control that raise the possibility of reducing or eliminating latent reservoirs to achieve posttreatment control. Novel strategies that maintain HIV viral suppression and allow time off small molecule antiretroviral therapy (ART) are of high priority. Trials with broadly neutralizing mAbs (bNAbs) have begun in children and may become a viable alternative treatment option. Recent bNAb treatment studies in adults indicate that bNAbs may be associated with a reduction in viral reservoirs, providing optimism that these agents may provide a pathway towards posttreatment control that rarely occurs with small molecule ART. RECENT FINDINGS Children with HIV provide an ideal opportunity to study bNAbs as an alternative treatment strategy that reduces direct ART toxicities during critical periods of growth and development, allows time off ART and takes advantage of the distinct features of the developing immune system in children that could facilitate induction of more potent autologous cellular and humoral immune responses against HIV-1. To date, paediatric bNAb studies with reported results include IMPAACT P1112, IMPAACT 2008, IMPAACT P1115 and the Tatelo study, and these results will be reviewed. SUMMARY In this review, we summarize the current and planned paediatric bNAb studies, with an emphasis on trial results available to date. We highlight the potential benefits of immune-based therapies for the maintenance of viral suppression and its potential for achieving viral remission in children living with HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaerolwe Masheto
- Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roger Shapiro
- Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Colin P, Ringe RP, Yasmeen A, Ozorowski G, Ketas TJ, Lee WH, Ward AB, Moore JP, Klasse PJ. Conformational antigenic heterogeneity as a cause of the persistent fraction in HIV-1 neutralization. Retrovirology 2023; 20:9. [PMID: 37244989 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-023-00624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) protect against HIV-1 acquisition in animal models and show promise in treatment of infection. They act by binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), thereby blocking its receptor interactions and fusogenic function. The potency of neutralization is largely determined by affinity. Less well explained is the persistent fraction, the plateau of remaining infectivity at the highest antibody concentrations. RESULTS We observed different persistent fractions for neutralization of pseudovirus derived from two Tier-2 isolates of HIV-1, BG505 (Clade A) and B41 (Clade B): it was pronounced for B41 but not BG505 neutralization by NAb PGT151, directed to the interface between the outer and transmembrane subunits of Env, and negligible for either virus by NAb PGT145 to an apical epitope. Autologous neutralization by poly- and monoclonal NAbs from rabbits immunized with soluble native-like B41 trimer also left substantial persistent fractions. These NAbs largely target a cluster of epitopes lining a hole in the dense glycan shield of Env around residue 289. We partially depleted B41-virion populations by incubating them with PGT145- or PGT151-conjugated beads. Each depletion reduced the sensitivity to the depleting NAb and enhanced it to the other. Autologous neutralization by the rabbit NAbs was decreased for PGT145-depleted and enhanced for PGT151-depleted B41 pseudovirus. Those changes in sensitivity encompassed both potency and the persistent fraction. We then compared soluble native-like BG505 and B41 Env trimers affinity-purified by each of three NAbs: 2G12, PGT145, or PGT151. Surface plasmon resonance showed differences among the fractions in antigenicity, including kinetics and stoichiometry, congruently with the differential neutralization. The large persistent fraction after PGT151 neutralization of B41 was attributable to low stoichiometry, which we explained structurally by clashes that the conformational plasticity of B41 Env causes. CONCLUSION Distinct antigenic forms even of clonal HIV-1 Env, detectable among soluble native-like trimer molecules, are distributed over virions and may profoundly mold neutralization of certain isolates by certain NAbs. Affinity purifications with some antibodies may yield immunogens that preferentially expose epitopes for broadly active NAbs, shielding less cross-reactive ones. NAbs reactive with multiple conformers will together reduce the persistent fraction after passive and active immunization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Colin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, 62 , New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Rajesh P Ringe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, 62 , New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Virology Unit, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Anila Yasmeen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, 62 , New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Consortium for HIV Vaccine 14 Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Thomas J Ketas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, 62 , New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Consortium for HIV Vaccine 14 Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Consortium for HIV Vaccine 14 Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, 62 , New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, 62 , New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|