1
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AbuGhanem M. Information processing at the speed of light. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2024; 17:33. [PMID: 39342550 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-024-00133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, quantum computing has made significant strides, particularly in light-based technology. The introduction of quantum photonic chips has ushered in an era marked by scalability, stability, and cost-effectiveness, paving the way for innovative possibilities within compact footprints. This article provides a comprehensive exploration of photonic quantum computing, covering key aspects such as encoding information in photons, the merits of photonic qubits, and essential photonic device components including light squeezers, quantum light sources, interferometers, photodetectors, and waveguides. The article also examines photonic quantum communication and internet, and its implications for secure systems, detailing implementations such as quantum key distribution and long-distance communication. Emerging trends in quantum communication and essential reconfigurable elements for advancing photonic quantum internet are discussed. The review further navigates the path towards establishing scalable and fault-tolerant photonic quantum computers, highlighting quantum computational advantages achieved using photons. Additionally, the discussion extends to programmable photonic circuits, integrated photonics and transformative applications. Lastly, the review addresses prospects, implications, and challenges in photonic quantum computing, offering valuable insights into current advancements and promising future directions in this technology.
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2
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Yamauchi A, Yanai N. Toward Quantum Noses: Quantum Chemosensing Based on Molecular Qubits in Metal-Organic Frameworks. Acc Chem Res 2024. [PMID: 39324781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusQuantum sensing leverages quantum properties to enhance the sensitivity and resolution of sensors beyond their classical sensing limits. Quantum sensors, such as diamond defect centers, have been developed to detect various physical properties, including magnetic fields and temperature. However, the spins of defects are buried within dense solids, making it difficult for them to strongly interact with molecular analytes. Therefore, nanoporous materials have been implemented in combination with electron spin center of molecules (molecular qubits) to produce quantum chemosensors that can distinguish various chemical substances. Molecular qubits have a uniform structure, and their properties can be precisely controlled by changing their chemical structure. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are suitable for supporting molecular qubits because of their high porosity, structural regularity, and designability. Molecular qubits can be inserted in the MOF structures or adsorbed as guest molecules. The qubits in the MOF can interact with analytes upon exposure, providing an effective and tunable sensing platform.In this Account, we review the recent progress in qubit-MOF hybrids toward the realization of room-temperature quantum chemosensing. Molecular qubits can be introduced in controlled concentrations at targeted positions by exploiting metal ions, ligands, or guests that compose the MOF. Heavy metal-free organic chromophores have several outstanding features as molecular qubits; namely, they can be initialized by light irradiation and exhibit relatively long coherence times of submicroseconds to microseconds, even at room temperature. One detection method involves monitoring the hyperfine interaction between the electron spins of the molecular qubits and the nuclear spins of the analyte incorporated in the pore. There is also an indirect detection method that relies on the motional change in molecular qubits. If the motion of the molecular qubit changes with the adsorption of the analyte, it can be detected as a change in the spin relaxation process. This mechanism is unique to qubits exposed in nanopores, not observed in conventional qubits embedded in dense solids.By maximizing the guest recognition ability of MOFs and the environmental sensitivity of qubits, quantum chemosensing that recognizes specific chemical species in a highly selective and sensitive manner may be possible. It is difficult to distinguish between diverse chemical species by employing only one combination of MOF and qubit, but by creating arrays of different qubit-MOF hybrids, it would become possible to distinguish between various analytes based on pattern recognition. Inspired by the human olfactory mechanism, we propose the use of multiple qubit-MOF hybrids and pattern recognition to identify specific molecules. This system represents a quantum version of olfaction, and thus we propose the concept of a "quantum nose." Quantum noses may be used to recognize biometabolites and biomarkers and enable new medical diagnostic technologies and olfactory digitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Yamauchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- CREST, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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3
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Kim C, Bell C, Evans JM, Greenfield J, Batson E, Berggren KK, Lewis NS, Cunnane DP. Wafer-Scale MgB 2 Superconducting Devices. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39316430 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c11001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Progress in superconducting device and detector technologies over the past decade has realized practical applications in quantum computers, detectors for far-infrared telescopes, and optical communications. Superconducting thin-film materials, however, have remained largely unchanged, with aluminum still being the material of choice for superconducting qubits and niobium compounds for high-frequency/high kinetic inductance devices. Magnesium diboride (MgB2), known for its highest transition temperature (Tc = 39 K) among metallic superconductors, is a viable material for elevated temperature and higher frequency superconducting devices moving toward THz frequencies. However, difficulty in synthesizing wafer-scale thin films has prevented implementation of MgB2 devices into the application base of superconducting electronics. Here, we report ultrasmooth (<0.5 nm root-mean-square roughness) and uniform MgB2 thin (<100 nm) films over 100 mm in diameter and present prototype devices fabricated with these films demonstrating key superconducting properties including an internal quality factor over 104 at 4.5 K and high tunable kinetic inductance in the order of tens of pH/sq in a 40 nm thick film. This advancement will enable development of elevated temperature, high-frequency superconducting quantum circuits, and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsub Kim
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Christina Bell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jake M Evans
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonathan Greenfield
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Emma Batson
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karl K Berggren
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nathan S Lewis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Daniel P Cunnane
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
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4
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Cobucci G, Tavakoli A. Detecting the dimensionality of genuine multiparticle entanglement. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadq4467. [PMID: 39303025 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adq4467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Complex forms of quantum entanglement can arise in two qualitatively different ways: either between many qubits or between two particles with higher-than-qubit dimension. While both the many-qubit frontier and the high-dimension frontier are well established, state-of-the-art quantum technology is becoming increasingly able to create and manipulate entangled states that simultaneously feature many particles and high dimension. Here, we investigate generic states that can be considered both genuinely high-dimensional and genuine multiparticle entangled. We consider a natural quantity that characterizes this key property. To detect it, we develop three different classes of criteria. These enable us both to probe the ultimate noise tolerance of this form of entanglement and to make detection schemes using sparse or even minimal measurement resources. The approach provides a simple way of benchmarking entanglement dimensionality in the multiparticle regime and general, platform-independent, detection methods that readily apply to experimental use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Cobucci
- Physics Department and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Armin Tavakoli
- Physics Department and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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5
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Van Damme J, Massar S, Acharya R, Ivanov T, Perez Lozano D, Canvel Y, Demarets M, Vangoidsenhoven D, Hermans Y, Lai JG, Vadiraj AM, Mongillo M, Wan D, De Boeck J, Potočnik A, De Greve K. Advanced CMOS manufacturing of superconducting qubits on 300 mm wafers. Nature 2024:10.1038/s41586-024-07941-9. [PMID: 39294381 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
The development of superconducting qubit technology has shown great potential for the construction of practical quantum computers1,2. As the complexity of quantum processors continues to grow, the need for stringent fabrication tolerances becomes increasingly critical3. Utilizing advanced industrial fabrication processes could facilitate the necessary level of fabrication control to support the continued scaling of quantum processors. However, at present, these industrial processes are not optimized to produce high-coherence devices, nor are they a priori compatible with the approaches commonly used to make superconducting qubits. Here we demonstrate superconducting transmon qubits manufactured in a 300 mm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) pilot line using industrial fabrication methods, with resulting relaxation and coherence times exceeding 100 μs. We show across-wafer, large-scale statistics of coherence, yield, variability and ageing that confirm the validity of our approach. The presented industry-scale fabrication process, which uses only optical lithography and reactive-ion etching, has a performance and yield in line with conventional laboratory-style techniques utilizing metal lift-off, angled evaporation and electron-beam writing4. Moreover, it offers the potential for further upscaling through three-dimensional integration5 and more process optimization. This result marks the advent of an alternative and new, large-scale, truly CMOS-compatible fabrication method for superconducting quantum computing processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Van Damme
- Imec, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M Demarets
- Imec, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J De Boeck
- Imec, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - K De Greve
- Imec, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Śmierzchalski T, Pawłowski J, Przybysz A, Pawela Ł, Puchała Z, Koniorczyk M, Gardas B, Deffner S, Domino K. Hybrid quantum-classical computation for automatic guided vehicles scheduling. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21809. [PMID: 39294235 PMCID: PMC11410796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Motivated by recent efforts to develop quantum computing for practical, industrial-scale challenges, we demonstrate the effectiveness of state-of-the-art hybrid (not necessarily quantum) solvers in addressing the business-centric optimization problem of scheduling Automatic Guided Vehicles (AGVs). Some solvers can already leverage noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. In our study, we utilize D-Wave hybrid solvers that implement classical heuristics with potential assistance from a quantum processing unit. This hybrid methodology performs comparably to existing classical solvers. However, due to the proprietary nature of the software, the precise contribution of quantum computation remains unclear. Our analysis focuses on a practical, business-oriented scenario: scheduling AGVs within a factory constrained by limited space, simulating a realistic production setting. Our approach maps a realistic AGVs problem onto one reminiscent of railway scheduling and demonstrates that the AGVs problem is better suited to quantum computing than its railway counterpart, the latter being denser in terms of the average number of constraints per variable. The main idea here is to highlight the potential usefulness of a hybrid approach for handling AGVs scheduling problems of practical sizes. We show that a scenario involving up to 21 AGVs, significant due to possible deadlocks, can be efficiently addressed by a hybrid solver in seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Śmierzchalski
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jakub Pawłowski
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
- Quantumz.io Sp. z o.o., Puławska 12/3, 02-566, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Przybysz
- Quantumz.io Sp. z o.o., Puławska 12/3, 02-566, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Pawela
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Puchała
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mátyás Koniorczyk
- HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, 1121, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bartłomiej Gardas
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Sebastian Deffner
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
- National Quantum Laboratory, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Krzysztof Domino
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
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7
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Yalovetzky R, Minssen P, Herman D, Pistoia M. Solving linear systems on quantum hardware with hybrid HHL +. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20610. [PMID: 39256450 PMCID: PMC11387654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The limited capabilities of current quantum hardware significantly constrain the scale of experimental demonstrations of most quantum algorithmic primitives. This makes it challenging to perform benchmarking of the current hardware using useful quantum algorithms, i.e., application-oriented benchmarking. In particular, the Harrow-Hassidim-Lloyd (HHL) algorithm is a critical quantum linear algebra primitive, but the majority of the components of HHL are far out of the reach of noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, which has led to the proposal of hybrid classical-quantum variants. The goal of this work is to further bridge the gap between proposed near-term friendly implementations of HHL and the kinds of quantum circuits that can be executed on noisy hardware. Our proposal adds to the existing literature of hybrid quantum algorithms for linear algebra that are more compatible with the current scale of quantum devices. Specifically, we propose two modifications to the Hybrid HHL algorithm proposed by Lee et al., leading to our algorithm Hybrid HHL + + : (1) propose a novel algorithm for determining a scaling factor for the linear system matrix that maximizes the utility of the amount of ancillary qubits allocated to the phase estimation component of HHL, and (2) introduce a heuristic for compressing the HHL circuit. We demonstrate the efficacy of our work by running our modified Hybrid HHL on Quantinuum System Model H-series trapped-ion quantum computers to solve different problem instances of small-scale portfolio optimization problems, leading to the largest experimental demonstrations of HHL for an application to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Yalovetzky
- Global Technology Applied Research, JPMorganChase, New York, NY, 10017, USA.
| | - Pierre Minssen
- Global Technology Applied Research, JPMorganChase, New York, NY, 10017, USA
| | - Dylan Herman
- Global Technology Applied Research, JPMorganChase, New York, NY, 10017, USA
| | - Marco Pistoia
- Global Technology Applied Research, JPMorganChase, New York, NY, 10017, USA
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8
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Zhou A, Sun Z, Sun L. Stable organic radical qubits and their applications in quantum information science. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100662. [PMID: 39091459 PMCID: PMC11292369 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The past century has witnessed the flourishing of organic radical chemistry. Stable organic radicals are highly valuable for quantum technologies thanks to their inherent room temperature quantum coherence, atomic-level designability, and fine tunability. In this comprehensive review, we highlight the potential of stable organic radicals as high-temperature qubits and explore their applications in quantum information science, which remain largely underexplored. Firstly, we summarize known spin dynamic properties of stable organic radicals and examine factors that influence their electron spin relaxation and decoherence times. This examination reveals their design principles and optimal operating conditions. We further discuss their integration in solid-state materials and surface structures, and present their state-of-the-art applications in quantum computing, quantum memory, and quantum sensing. Finally, we analyze the primary challenges associated with stable organic radical qubits and provide tentative insights to future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhecheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
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9
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Yamauchi A, Fujiwara S, Kimizuka N, Asada M, Fujiwara M, Nakamura T, Pirillo J, Hijikata Y, Yanai N. Modulation of triplet quantum coherence by guest-induced structural changes in a flexible metal-organic framework. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7622. [PMID: 39231937 PMCID: PMC11375101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantum sensing has the potential to improve the sensitivity of chemical sensing by exploiting the characteristics of qubits, which are sensitive to the external environment. Modulation of quantum coherence by target analytes can be a useful tool for quantum sensing. Using molecular qubits is expected to provide excellent sensitivity due to the proximity of the sensor to the target analyte. However, many molecular qubits are used at cryogenic temperatures, and how to make molecular qubits respond to specific analytes remains unclear. Here, we propose a material design in which the coherence time changes in response to a variety of analytes at room temperature. We used the photoexcited triplet, which can be initialized at room temperature, as qubits and introduce them to a metal-organic framework that can flexibly change its pore structure in response to guest adsorption. By changing the local molecular density around the triplet qubits by adsorption of a specific analyte, the mobility of the triplet qubit can be changed, and the coherence time can be made responsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Yamauchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Saiya Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mizue Asada
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Jenny Pirillo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, and Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuh Hijikata
- Research Center for Net Zero Carbon Society, Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya university, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
- FOREST, CREST, JST, Saitama, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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10
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Pal S, Bhattacharya M, Dash S, Lee SS, Chakraborty C. Future Potential of Quantum Computing and Simulations in Biological Science. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:2201-2218. [PMID: 37717248 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The review article presents the recent progress in quantum computing and simulation within the field of biological sciences. The article is designed mainly into two portions: quantum computing and quantum simulation. In the first part, significant aspects of quantum computing was illustrated, such as quantum hardware, quantum RAM and big data, modern quantum processors, qubit, superposition effect in quantum computation, quantum interference, quantum entanglement, and quantum logic gates. Simultaneously, in the second part, vital features of the quantum simulation was illustrated, such as the quantum simulator, algorithms used in quantum simulations, and the use of quantum simulation in biological science. Finally, the review provides exceptional views to future researchers about different aspects of quantum simulation in biological science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Pal
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore, Odisha, 756020, India
| | - Snehasish Dash
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India.
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11
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Shi YH, Sun ZH, Wang YY, Wang ZA, Zhang YR, Ma WG, Liu HT, Zhao K, Song JC, Liang GH, Mei ZY, Zhang JC, Li H, Chen CT, Song X, Wang J, Xue G, Yu H, Huang K, Xiang Z, Xu K, Zheng D, Fan H. Probing spin hydrodynamics on a superconducting quantum simulator. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7573. [PMID: 39217151 PMCID: PMC11366024 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the nature of hydrodynamical transport properties in quantum dynamics provides valuable insights into the fundamental understanding of exotic non-equilibrium phases of matter. Experimentally simulating infinite-temperature transport on large-scale complex quantum systems is of considerable interest. Here, using a controllable and coherent superconducting quantum simulator, we experimentally realize the analog quantum circuit, which can efficiently prepare the Haar-random states, and probe spin transport at infinite temperature. We observe diffusive spin transport during the unitary evolution of the ladder-type quantum simulator with ergodic dynamics. Moreover, we explore the transport properties of the systems subjected to strong disorder or a tilted potential, revealing signatures of anomalous subdiffusion in accompany with the breakdown of thermalization. Our work demonstrates a scalable method of probing infinite-temperature spin transport on analog quantum simulators, which paves the way to study other intriguing out-of-equilibrium phenomena from the perspective of transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hao Shi
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Hang Sun
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Yi Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-An Wang
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-Ran Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Guo Ma
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Tian Liu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Song
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Han Liang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Mei
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Chi Zhang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chi-Tong Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Song
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jieci Wang
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangming Xue
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaixuan Huang
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhongcheng Xiang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, China.
| | - Kai Xu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, UCAS, Beijing, China.
| | - Dongning Zheng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, UCAS, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Fan
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, UCAS, Beijing, China.
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12
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Senanian A, Prabhu S, Kremenetski V, Roy S, Cao Y, Kline J, Onodera T, Wright LG, Wu X, Fatemi V, McMahon PL. Microwave signal processing using an analog quantum reservoir computer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7490. [PMID: 39214966 PMCID: PMC11364634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantum reservoir computing (QRC) has been proposed as a paradigm for performing machine learning with quantum processors where the training takes place in the classical domain, avoiding the issue of barren plateaus in parameterized-circuit quantum neural networks. It is natural to consider using a quantum processor based on microwave superconducting circuits to classify microwave signals that are analog-continuous in time. However, while there have been theoretical proposals of analog QRC, to date QRC has been implemented using the circuit model-imposing a discretization of the incoming signal in time. In this paper we show how a quantum superconducting circuit comprising an oscillator coupled to a qubit can be used as an analog quantum reservoir for a variety of classification tasks, achieving high accuracy on all of them. Our work demonstrates processing of ultra-low-power microwave signals within our superconducting circuit, a step towards achieving a quantum sensing-computational advantage on impinging microwave signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Senanian
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Sridhar Prabhu
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Saswata Roy
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yingkang Cao
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy Kline
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tatsuhiro Onodera
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- NTT Physics and Informatics Laboratories, NTT Research, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | - Logan G Wright
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- NTT Physics and Informatics Laboratories, NTT Research, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, Ithaca, CT, USA
| | - Xiaodi Wu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Valla Fatemi
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Peter L McMahon
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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13
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Fesquet F, Kronowetter F, Renger M, Yam WK, Gandorfer S, Inomata K, Nakamura Y, Marx A, Gross R, Fedorov KG. Demonstration of microwave single-shot quantum key distribution. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7544. [PMID: 39214975 PMCID: PMC11364819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Security of modern classical data encryption often relies on computationally hard problems, which can be trivialized with the advent of quantum computers. A potential remedy for this is quantum communication which takes advantage of the laws of quantum physics to provide secure exchange of information. Here, quantum key distribution (QKD) represents a powerful tool, allowing for unconditionally secure quantum communication between remote parties. At the same time, microwave quantum communication is set to play an important role in future quantum networks because of its natural frequency compatibility with superconducting quantum processors and modern near-distance communication standards. To this end, we present an experimental realization of a continuous-variable QKD protocol based on propagating displaced squeezed microwave states. We use superconducting parametric devices for generation and single-shot quadrature detection of these states. We demonstrate unconditional security in our experimental microwave QKD setting. The security performance is shown to be improved by adding finite trusted noise on the preparation side. Our results indicate feasibility of secure microwave quantum communication with the currently available technology in both open-air (up to ~ 80 m) and cryogenic (over 1000 m) conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Fesquet
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Garching, Germany.
- Physics Department, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
| | - Fabian Kronowetter
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Renger
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Wun Kwan Yam
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Simon Gandorfer
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Kunihiro Inomata
- RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), Wako, Saitama, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Nakamura
- RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Achim Marx
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Garching, Germany
| | - Rudolf Gross
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Munich, Germany
| | - Kirill G Fedorov
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Garching, Germany.
- Physics Department, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Munich, Germany.
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14
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Cattelan M, Yarkoni S. Modeling routing problems in QUBO with application to ride-hailing. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19768. [PMID: 39187613 PMCID: PMC11347610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Many emerging commercial services are based on the sharing or pooling of resources for common use with the aim of reducing costs. Businesses such as delivery-, mobility-, or transport-as-a-service have become standard in many parts of the world, fulfilling on-demand requests for customers in live settings. However, it is known that many of these problems are NP-hard, and therefore both modeling and solving them accurately is a challenge. Here we focus on one such routing problem, the Ride Pooling Problem (RPP), where multiple customers can request on-demand pickups and drop-offs from shared vehicles within a fleet. The combinatorial optimization task is to optimally pool customer requests using the limited set of vehicles, akin to a small-scale flexible bus route. In this work, we propose a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) program and introduce efficient formulation methods for the RPP to be solved using metaheuristics, and specifically emerging quantum optimization algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Cattelan
- Volkswagen Data:Lab, Volkswagen AG, Munich, 80805, Germany.
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria.
| | - Sheir Yarkoni
- Volkswagen Data:Lab, Volkswagen AG, Munich, 80805, Germany
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15
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Hakoshima H, Endo S, Yamamoto K, Matsuzaki Y, Yoshioka N. Localized Virtual Purification. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:080601. [PMID: 39241702 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.080601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Analog and digital quantum simulators can efficiently simulate quantum many-body systems that appear in natural phenomena. However, experimental limitations of near-term devices still make it challenging to perform the entire process of quantum simulation. The purification-based quantum simulation methods can alleviate the limitations in experiments such as the cooling temperature and noise from the environment, while this method has the drawback that it requires global entangled measurement with a prohibitively large number of measurements that scales exponentially with the system size. In this Letter, we propose that we can overcome these problems by restricting the entangled measurements to the vicinity of the local observables to be measured, when the locality of the system can be exploited. We provide theoretical guarantees that the global purification operation can be replaced with local operations under some conditions, in particular for the task of cooling and error mitigation. We furthermore give a numerical verification that the localized purification is valid even when conditions are not satisfied. Our method bridges the fundamental concept of locality with quantum simulators, and therefore is expected to open a path to unexplored quantum many-body phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Hakoshima
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Osaka University, 1-2 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | | | | | - Yuichiro Matsuzaki
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshioka
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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16
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Farooq O, Shahid M, Arshad S, Altaf A, Iqbal F, Vera YAM, Flores MAL, Ashraf I. An enhanced approach for predicting air pollution using quantum support vector machine. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19521. [PMID: 39187555 PMCID: PMC11347587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The essence of quantum machine learning is to optimize problem-solving by executing machine learning algorithms on quantum computers and exploiting potent laws such as superposition and entanglement. Support vector machine (SVM) is widely recognized as one of the most effective classification machine learning techniques currently available. Since, in conventional systems, the SVM kernel technique tends to sluggish down and even fail as datasets become increasingly complex or jumbled. To compare the execution time and accuracy of conventional SVM classification to that of quantum SVM classification, the appropriate quantum features for mapping need to be selected. As the dataset grows complex, the importance of selecting an appropriate feature map that outperforms or performs as well as the classification grows. This paper utilizes conventional SVM to select an optimal feature map and benchmark dataset for predicting air quality. Experimental evidence demonstrates that the precision of quantum SVM surpasses that of classical SVM for air quality assessment. Using quantum labs from IBM's quantum computer cloud, conventional and quantum computing have been compared. When applied to the same dataset, the conventional SVM achieved an accuracy of 91% and 87% respectively, whereas the quantum SVM demonstrated an accuracy of 97% and 94% respectively for air quality prediction. The study introduces the use of quantum Support Vector Machines (SVM) for predicting air quality. It emphasizes the novel method of choosing the best quantum feature maps. Through the utilization of quantum-enhanced feature mapping, our objective is to exceed the constraints of classical SVM and achieve unparalleled levels of precision and effectiveness. We conduct precise experiments utilizing IBM's state-of-the-art quantum computer cloud to compare the performance of conventional and quantum SVM algorithms on a shared dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Farooq
- Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan
| | - Maida Shahid
- Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Arshad
- Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Altaf
- Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Faiza Iqbal
- Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore, 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Yini Airet Miro Vera
- Universidad Europea del Atlantico, Isabel Torres 21, Santander, 39011, Spain
- Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana Arecibo, Puerto Rico, 00613, USA
- Universidad Internacional do Cuanza, Cuito, Bie, Angola
| | - Miguel Angel Lopez Flores
- Universidad Europea del Atlantico, Isabel Torres 21, Santander, 39011, Spain
- Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche, 24560, Mexico
- Instituto Politecnico Nacional, UPIICSA, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Imran Ashraf
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Onishchenko O, Guarnieri G, Rosillo-Rodes P, Pijn D, Hilder J, Poschinger UG, Perarnau-Llobet M, Eisert J, Schmidt-Kaler F. Probing coherent quantum thermodynamics using a trapped ion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6974. [PMID: 39143048 PMCID: PMC11324868 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantum thermodynamics is aimed at grasping thermodynamic laws as they apply to thermal machines operating in the deep quantum regime, where coherence and entanglement are expected to matter. Despite substantial progress, however, it has remained difficult to develop thermal machines in which such quantum effects are observed to be of pivotal importance. In this work, we demonstrate the possibility to experimentally measure and benchmark a genuine quantum correction, induced by quantum friction, to the classical work fluctuation-dissipation relation. This is achieved by combining laser-induced coherent Hamiltonian rotations and energy measurements on a trapped ion. Our results demonstrate that recent developments in stochastic quantum thermodynamics can be used to benchmark and unambiguously distinguish genuine quantum coherent signatures generated along driving protocols, even in presence of experimental SPAM errors and, most importantly, beyond the regimes for which theoretical predictions are available (e.g., in slow driving).
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Affiliation(s)
- O Onishchenko
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - G Guarnieri
- Department of Physics and INFN - Sezione di Pavia, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - P Rosillo-Rodes
- Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems, Campus Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122, Palma, Spain
| | - D Pijn
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Hilder
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - U G Poschinger
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Perarnau-Llobet
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J Eisert
- Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Schmidt-Kaler
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Li Z, Roy T, Lu Y, Kapit E, Schuster DI. Autonomous stabilization with programmable stabilized state. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6978. [PMID: 39143062 PMCID: PMC11324797 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Reservoir engineering is a powerful technique to autonomously stabilize a quantum state. Traditional schemes involving multi-body states typically function for discrete entangled states. In this work, we enhance the stabilization capability to a continuous manifold of states with programmable stabilized state selection using multiple continuous tuning parameters. We experimentally achieve 84.6% and 82.5% stabilization fidelity for the odd and even-parity Bell states as two special points in the manifold. We also perform fast dissipative switching between these opposite parity states within 1.8 μs and 0.9 μs by sequentially applying different stabilization drives. Our result is a precursor for new reservoir engineering-based error correction schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Li
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Tanay Roy
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Superconducting Quantum Materials and Systems Center, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL, USA
| | - Yao Lu
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Superconducting Quantum Materials and Systems Center, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL, USA
| | - Eliot Kapit
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - David I Schuster
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Durant TJS, Knight E, Nelson B, Dudgeon S, Lee SJ, Walliman D, Young HP, Ohno-Machado L, Schulz WL. A primer for quantum computing and its applications to healthcare and biomedical research. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2024; 31:1774-1784. [PMID: 38934288 PMCID: PMC11258415 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocae149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To introduce quantum computing technologies as a tool for biomedical research and highlight future applications within healthcare, focusing on its capabilities, benefits, and limitations. TARGET AUDIENCE Investigators seeking to explore quantum computing and create quantum-based applications for healthcare and biomedical research. SCOPE Quantum computing requires specialized hardware, known as quantum processing units, that use quantum bits (qubits) instead of classical bits to perform computations. This article will cover (1) proposed applications where quantum computing offers advantages to classical computing in biomedicine; (2) an introduction to how quantum computers operate, tailored for biomedical researchers; (3) recent progress that has expanded access to quantum computing; and (4) challenges, opportunities, and proposed solutions to integrate quantum computing in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J S Durant
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
- Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Elizabeth Knight
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Brent Nelson
- Newport Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN 55435, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, United States
| | - Sarah Dudgeon
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Seung J Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | | | - Hobart P Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Lucila Ohno-Machado
- Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Wade L Schulz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
- Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
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20
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Zhang C, Denker S, Asadian A, Gühne O. Analyzing Quantum Entanglement with the Schmidt Decomposition in Operator Space. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:040203. [PMID: 39121398 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
Characterizing entanglement is central for quantum information science. Special observables which indicate entanglement, so-called entanglement witnesses, are a widely used tool for this task. The construction of these witnesses typically relies on the observation that quantum states with a high fidelity to some entangled target state are entangled, too. We introduce a general method to construct entanglement witnesses based on the Schmidt decomposition of observables. The method works for two-particle and multiparticle systems and is strictly stronger than fidelity-based constructions. The resulting witnesses can also be used to quantify entanglement and to characterize its dimensionality. Finally, we present experimentally relevant examples, where our approach improves entanglement detection significantly.
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21
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Miranda ER. The advent of quantum computer music: mapping the field. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2024; 87:086001. [PMID: 38996413 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad627a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Quantum computing technology is developing at a fast pace. The impact of quantum computing on the music industry is inevitable. This paper maps the emerging field of quantum computer music. Quantum computer music investigates, and develops applications and methods to process music using quantum computing technology. The paper begins by contextualising the field. Then, it discusses significant examples of various approaches developed to date to leverage quantum computing to learn, process and generate music. The methods discussed range from rendering music using data from physical quantum mechanical systems and quantum mechanical simulations to computational quantum algorithms to generate music, including quantum AI. The ambition to develop techniques to encode audio quantumly for making sound synthesisers and audio signal processing systems is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Reck Miranda
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Computer Music Research (ICCMR), Faculty of Arts, Design and Architecture, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
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22
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Li W, Yin Z, Li X, Ma D, Yi S, Zhang Z, Zou C, Bu K, Dai M, Yue J, Chen Y, Zhang X, Zhang S. A hybrid quantum computing pipeline for real world drug discovery. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16942. [PMID: 39043787 PMCID: PMC11266395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67897-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantum computing, with its superior computational capabilities compared to classical approaches, holds the potential to revolutionize numerous scientific domains, including pharmaceuticals. However, the application of quantum computing for drug discovery has primarily been limited to proof-of-concept studies, which often fail to capture the intricacies of real-world drug development challenges. In this study, we diverge from conventional investigations by developing a hybrid quantum computing pipeline tailored to address genuine drug design problems. Our approach underscores the application of quantum computation in drug discovery and propels it towards more scalable system. We specifically construct our versatile quantum computing pipeline to address two critical tasks in drug discovery: the precise determination of Gibbs free energy profiles for prodrug activation involving covalent bond cleavage, and the accurate simulation of covalent bond interactions. This work serves as a pioneering effort in benchmarking quantum computing against veritable scenarios encountered in drug design, especially the covalent bonding issue present in both of the case studies, thereby transitioning from theoretical models to tangible applications. Our results demonstrate the potential of a quantum computing pipeline for integration into real world drug design workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitang Li
- Tencent Quantum Lab, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Zhi Yin
- AceMapAI Biotechnology, Suzhou, 215000, China.
- School of Science, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Xiaoran Li
- AceMapAI Biotechnology, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | | | - Shuang Yi
- AceMapAI Biotechnology, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | | | - Chenji Zou
- Tencent Quantum Lab, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Kunliang Bu
- Tencent Quantum Lab, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Maochun Dai
- Tencent Quantum Lab, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jie Yue
- Tencent Quantum Lab, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Yuzong Chen
- AceMapAI Joint Lab, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- AceMapAI Joint Lab, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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23
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Choi S, Loaiza I, Lang RA, Martínez-Martínez LA, Izmaylov AF. Probing Quantum Efficiency: Exploring System Hardness in Electronic Ground State Energy Estimation. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:5982-5993. [PMID: 38950444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
We consider the question of how correlated the system hardness is between classical algorithms of electronic structure theory in ground state estimation and quantum algorithms. To define the system hardness for classical algorithms, we employ empirical criterion based on the deviation of electronic energies produced by coupled cluster and configuration interaction methods from the exact ones along multiple bonds dissociation in a set of molecular systems. For quantum algorithms, we have selected the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) and Quantum Phase Estimation (QPE) methods. As characteristics of the system hardness for quantum methods, we analyzed circuit depths for the state preparation, the number of quantum measurements needed for the energy expectation value, and various cost characteristics for the Hamiltonian encodings via Trotter approximation and linear combination of unitaries (LCU). Our results show that the quantum resource requirements are mostly unaffected by classical hardness, with the only exception being the state preparation part, which contributes to both VQE and QPE algorithm costs. However, there are clear indications that constructing the initial state with a significant overlap with the true ground state is easier than obtaining the state with an energy expectation value within chemical precision. These results support optimism regarding the identification of a molecular system where a quantum algorithm excels over its classical counterpart, as quantum methods can maintain efficiency in classically challenging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghoon Choi
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ignacio Loaiza
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Zapata Computing Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario M5C 3A1, Canada
| | - Robert A Lang
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Luis A Martínez-Martínez
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Artur F Izmaylov
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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24
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Oh JS, Zaman R, Murthy AA, Bal M, Crisa F, Zhu S, Torres-Castanedo CG, Kopas CJ, Mutus JY, Jing D, Zasadzinski J, Grassellino A, Romanenko A, Hersam MC, Bedzyk MJ, Kramer M, Zhou BC, Zhou L. Structure and Formation Mechanisms in Tantalum and Niobium Oxides in Superconducting Quantum Circuits. ACS NANO 2024; 18. [PMID: 39034612 PMCID: PMC11295204 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Improving the qubit's lifetime (T1) is crucial for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Recent advancements have shown that replacing niobium (Nb) with tantalum (Ta) as the base metal significantly increases T1, likely due to a less lossy native surface oxide. However, understanding the formation mechanism and nature of both surface oxides is still limited. Using aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy, we found that Ta surface oxide has fewer suboxides than Nb oxide. We observed an abrupt oxidation state transition from Ta2O5 to Ta, as opposed to the gradual shift from Nb2O5, NbO2, and NbO to Nb, consistent with thermodynamic modeling. Additionally, amorphous Ta2O5 exhibits a closer-to-crystalline bonding nature than Nb2O5, potentially hindering H atomic diffusion toward the oxide/metal interface. Finally, we propose a loss mechanism arising from the transition between two states within the distorted octahedron in an amorphous structure, potentially causing two-level system loss. Our findings offer a deeper understanding of the differences between native amorphous Ta and Nb oxides, providing valuable insights for advancing superconducting qubits through surface oxide engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Su Oh
- Ames
National Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Rahim Zaman
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Akshay A. Murthy
- Superconducting
Quantum Materials and Systems Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, United States
| | - Mustafa Bal
- Superconducting
Quantum Materials and Systems Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, United States
| | - Francesco Crisa
- Superconducting
Quantum Materials and Systems Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, United States
| | - Shaojiang Zhu
- Superconducting
Quantum Materials and Systems Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, United States
| | - Carlos G. Torres-Castanedo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Joshua Y. Mutus
- Rigetti
Computing, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Dapeng Jing
- The Materials
Analysis Research Laboratory, Iowa State
University, Ames Iowa 50011, United States
| | - John Zasadzinski
- Department
of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Anna Grassellino
- Superconducting
Quantum Materials and Systems Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, United States
| | - Alex Romanenko
- Superconducting
Quantum Materials and Systems Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, United States
| | - Mark C. Hersam
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J. Bedzyk
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matt Kramer
- Ames
National Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Bi-Cheng Zhou
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Lin Zhou
- Ames
National Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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25
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Porto CM, Nome RA, Morgon NH. The influence of basis sets and ansatze building to quantum computing in chemistry. J Mol Model 2024; 30:275. [PMID: 39028362 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Quantum computing is an exciting area, which has grown at an astonishing rate in the last decade. It is especially promising for the computational and theoretical chemistry area. One algorithm has received a lot of attention lately, the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE). It is used to solve electronic structure problems and it is suitable to the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) hardware. VQE calculations require ansatze and one of the most known is the unitary coupled cluster (UCC). It uses the chosen basis set to generate a quantum computing circuit which will be iteratively minimized. The present work investigates the circuit depth and the number of gates as a function of basis sets and molecular size. It has been shown that for the current quantum devices, only the smallest molecules and basis sets are tractable. The H2 molecule with the cc-pVTZ and aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets have circuit depths in the order of 106 to 107 gates and the C2 H6 molecule with 3-21G basis set has a circuit depth of2.2 × 10 8 gates. At the same time the analysis demonstrates that the H2 molecule with STO-3G basis set, requires at least 500 shots to reduce the error and that, although error mitigation schemes can diminish the error, they were not able to completely negate it. METHODS The quantum computing and electronic structure calculations were performed using the Qiskit package from IBM and the PySCF package, respectively. The ansatze were generated using the UCCSD method as implemented in Qiskit, using the basis sets STO-3G, 3-21G, 6-311G(d,p), def2-TZVP, cc-pVDZ, aug-cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ, and aug-cc-pVTZ. The operators and the Hamiltonian were mapped using the Jordan-Wigner scheme. The classical optimizer chosen was the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA). The quantum computers used were the Nairobi and Osaka, with 7 and 127 qubits respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio M Porto
- Institute of Chemistry, Campinas State University, Campinas, 13083-861, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rene Alfonso Nome
- Institute of Chemistry, Campinas State University, Campinas, 13083-861, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Nelson H Morgon
- Institute of Chemistry, Campinas State University, Campinas, 13083-861, São Paulo, Brazil.
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26
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Bisang D, Horst Y, Thürig M, Menachery K, Koepfli SM, Kohli M, De Leo E, Destraz M, Tedaldi V, Del Medico N, Hoessbacher C, Baeuerle B, Heni W, Leuthold J. Plasmonic Modulators in Cryogenic Environment Featuring Bandwidths in Excess of 100 GHz and Reduced Plasmonic Losses. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:2691-2699. [PMID: 39036065 PMCID: PMC11258783 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Cryogenic quantum applications have a demand for an ever-higher number of interconnects and bandwidth. Photonic links are foreseen to offer data transfer with high bandwidth, low heat load, and low noise to enable the next-generation scalable quantum computing systems. However, they require high-speed and energy-efficient modulators operating at cryogenic temperatures for electro-optic signal conversion. Here, plasmonic organic electro-optic modulators operating at 4 K are demonstrated with a >100 GHz bandwidth, drive voltages as low as 96 mV, and a significant reduction in plasmonic propagation losses by over 40% compared to room temperature. Up to 160 Gbit/s and 256 Gbit/s cryogenic electro-optic signal conversion are demonstrated by performing data experiments using a plasmonic Mach-Zehnder modulator at around 1528 nm and a plasmonic ring-resonator modulator at around 1285 nm, respectively. This work shows that plasmonic modulators are ideally suited for future high-speed, scalable, and energy-efficient photonic interconnects in cryogenic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Bisang
- Institute
of Electromagnetic Fields, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yannik Horst
- Institute
of Electromagnetic Fields, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurus Thürig
- Institute
of Electromagnetic Fields, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kiran Menachery
- Institute
of Electromagnetic Fields, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan M. Koepfli
- Institute
of Electromagnetic Fields, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Kohli
- Institute
of Electromagnetic Fields, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva De Leo
- Polariton
Technologies AG, 8134 Adliswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Heni
- Polariton
Technologies AG, 8134 Adliswil, Switzerland
| | - Juerg Leuthold
- Institute
of Electromagnetic Fields, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Polariton
Technologies AG, 8134 Adliswil, Switzerland
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27
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Cho SM, Seo SH. Quantum rectangular MinRank attack on multi-layer UOV signature schemes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16340. [PMID: 39014014 PMCID: PMC11252166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent rank-based attacks have reduced the security of Rainbow, which is one of the multi-layer UOV signatures, below the NIST security requirements by speeding up iterative kernel-finding operations using classical mathematics techniques. If quantum algorithms are applied to perform these iterative operations, the rank-based attacks may be more threatening to multi-layer UOV, including Rainbow. In this paper, we propose a quantum rectangular MinRank attack called the Q-rMinRank attack, the first quantum approach to key recovery attacks on multi-layer UOV signatures. Our attack is a general model applicable to multi-layer UOV signature schemes, and in this paper, we provide examples of its application to Rainbow and the Korean TTA standard, HiMQ. We design two quantum oracle circuits to find the kernel in consideration of the depth-width trade-off of quantum circuits. One is to reduce the width of the quantum circuits using qubits as a minimum, and the other is to reduce the depth using parallelization instead of using a lot of qubits. By designing quantum circuits to find kernels with fewer quantum resources and complexity by adding mathematical techniques, we achieve quadratic speedup for the MinRank attack to recover the private keys of multi-layer UOV signatures. We also estimate quantum resources for the designed quantum circuits and analyze quantum complexity based on them. The width-optimized circuit recovers the private keys of Rainbow parameter set V with only 1089 logical qubits. The depth-optimized circuit recovers the private keys of Rainbow parameter set V with a quantum complexity of 2 174 , which is lower than the complexity of 2 221 recovering the secret key of AES-192, which provides the same security level as parameter set III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Min Cho
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Seo
- Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, 15588, South Korea.
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28
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Hangleiter D, Gullans MJ. Bell Sampling from Quantum Circuits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:020601. [PMID: 39073933 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
A central challenge in the verification of quantum computers is benchmarking their performance as a whole and demonstrating their computational capabilities. In this Letter, we find a universal model of quantum computation, Bell sampling, that can be used for both of those tasks and thus provides an ideal stepping stone toward fault tolerance. In Bell sampling, we measure two copies of a state prepared by a quantum circuit in the transversal Bell basis. We show that the Bell samples are classically intractable to produce and at the same time constitute what we call a "circuit shadow": from the Bell samples we can efficiently extract information about the quantum circuit preparing the state, as well as diagnose circuit errors. In addition to known properties that can be efficiently extracted from Bell samples, we give several new and efficient protocols: an estimator of state fidelity, an error-mitigated estimator of Pauli expectation values, a test for the depth of a circuit, and an algorithm to estimate a lower bound on the number of T gates in the circuit. With some additional measurements, the latter algorithm can be used to learn a full description of states prepared by circuits with low T count.
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29
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Chen S, Fukuda H, Inada T, Moroi T, Nitta T, Sichanugrist T. Quantum Enhancement in Dark Matter Detection with Quantum Computation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:021801. [PMID: 39073967 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.021801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
We propose a novel method to significantly enhance the signal rate in qubit-based dark matter detection experiments with the help of quantum interference. Various quantum sensors possess ideal properties for detecting wavelike dark matter, and qubits, commonly employed in quantum computers, are excellent candidates for dark matter detectors. We demonstrate that, by designing an appropriate quantum circuit to manipulate the qubits, the signal rate scales proportionally to n_{q}^{2}, with n_{q} being the number of sensor qubits, rather than linearly with n_{q}. Consequently, in the dark matter detection with a substantial number of sensor qubits, a significant increase in the signal rate can be expected. We provide a specific example of a quantum circuit that achieves this enhancement by coherently combining the phase evolution in each individual qubit due to its interaction with dark matter. We also demonstrate that the circuit is fault tolerant to dephasing noises, a critical quantum noise source in quantum computers. The enhancement mechanism proposed here is applicable to various modalities for quantum computers, provided that the quantum operations relevant to enhancing the dark matter signal can be applied to these devices.
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30
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Yao Y, Xiang L. Superconducting Quantum Simulation for Many-Body Physics beyond Equilibrium. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:592. [PMID: 39056954 PMCID: PMC11275873 DOI: 10.3390/e26070592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Quantum computing is an exciting field that uses quantum principles, such as quantum superposition and entanglement, to tackle complex computational problems. Superconducting quantum circuits, based on Josephson junctions, is one of the most promising physical realizations to achieve the long-term goal of building fault-tolerant quantum computers. The past decade has witnessed the rapid development of this field, where many intermediate-scale multi-qubit experiments emerged to simulate nonequilibrium quantum many-body dynamics that are challenging for classical computers. Here, we review the basic concepts of superconducting quantum simulation and their recent experimental progress in exploring exotic nonequilibrium quantum phenomena emerging in strongly interacting many-body systems, e.g., many-body localization, quantum many-body scars, and discrete time crystals. We further discuss the prospects of quantum simulation experiments to truly solve open problems in nonequilibrium many-body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Yao
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
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31
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Koh JM, Tai T, Lee CH. Realization of higher-order topological lattices on a quantum computer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5807. [PMID: 38987264 PMCID: PMC11237062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49648-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Programmable quantum simulators may one day outperform classical computers at certain tasks. But at present, the range of viable applications with noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices remains limited by gate errors and the number of high-quality qubits. Here, we develop an approach that places digital NISQ hardware as a versatile platform for simulating multi-dimensional condensed matter systems. Our method encodes a high-dimensional lattice in terms of many-body interactions on a reduced-dimension model, thereby taking full advantage of the exponentially large Hilbert space of the host quantum system. With circuit optimization and error mitigation techniques, we measured on IBM superconducting quantum processors the topological state dynamics and protected mid-gap spectra of higher-order topological lattices, in up to four dimensions, with high accuracy. Our projected resource requirements scale favorably with system size and lattice dimensionality compared to classical computation, suggesting a possible route to useful quantum advantage in the longer term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ming Koh
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- A*STAR Quantum Innovation Centre (Q.InC), Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tommy Tai
- Department of Physics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Ching Hua Lee
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore.
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32
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Castaldo D, Rosa M, Corni S. Fast-forwarding molecular ground state preparation with optimal control on analog quantum simulators. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:014105. [PMID: 38949276 DOI: 10.1063/5.0204618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We show that optimal control of the electron dynamics is able to prepare molecular ground states, within chemical accuracy, with evolution times approaching the bounds imposed by quantum mechanics. We propose a specific parameterization of the molecular evolution only in terms of interaction already present in the molecular Hamiltonian. Thus, the proposed method solely utilizes quantum simulation routines, retaining their favorable scalings. Due to the intimate relationships between variational quantum algorithms and optimal control, we compare, when possible, our results with state-of-the-art methods in the literature. We found that the number of parameters needed to reach chemical accuracy and algorithmic scaling is in line with compact adaptive strategies to build variational Ansätze. The algorithm, which is also suitable for quantum simulators, is implemented by emulating a digital quantum processor (up to 16 qubits) and tested on different molecules and geometries spanning different degrees of electron correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Castaldo
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Rosa
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Corni
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Padua Quantum Technologies Research Center, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
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33
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Bornet G, Emperauger G, Chen C, Machado F, Chern S, Leclerc L, Gély B, Chew YT, Barredo D, Lahaye T, Yao NY, Browaeys A. Enhancing a Many-Body Dipolar Rydberg Tweezer Array with Arbitrary Local Controls. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:263601. [PMID: 38996299 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.263601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
We implement and characterize a protocol that enables arbitrary local controls in a dipolar atom array, where the degree of freedom is encoded in a pair of Rydberg states. Our approach relies on a combination of local addressing beams and global microwave fields. Using this method, we directly prepare two different types of three-atom entangled states, including a W state and a state exhibiting finite chirality. We verify the nature of the underlying entanglement by performing quantum state tomography. Finally, leveraging our ability to measure multibasis, multibody observables, we explore the adiabatic preparation of low-energy states in a frustrated geometry consisting of a pair of triangular plaquettes. By using local addressing to tune the symmetry of the initial state, we demonstrate the ability to prepare correlated states distinguished only by correlations of their chirality (a fundamentally six-body observable). Our protocol is generic, allowing for rotations on arbitrary sub-groups of atoms within the array at arbitrary times during the experiment; this extends the scope of capabilities for quantum simulations of the dipolar XY model.
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34
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Scheurer M, Anselmetti GLR, Oumarou O, Gogolin C, Rubin NC. Tailored and Externally Corrected Coupled Cluster with Quantum Inputs. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:5068-5093. [PMID: 38829984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
We propose to use wave function overlaps obtained from a quantum computer as inputs for the classical split-amplitude techniques, tailored and externally corrected coupled cluster, to achieve balanced treatment of static and dynamic correlation effects in molecular electronic structure simulations. By combining insights from statistical properties of matchgate shadows, which are used to measure quantum trial state overlaps, with classical correlation diagnostics, we can provide quantum resource estimates well into the classically no longer exactly solvable regime. We find that rather imperfect wave functions and remarkably low shot counts are sufficient to cure qualitative failures of plain coupled cluster singles doubles and to obtain chemically precise dynamic correlation energy corrections. We provide insights into which wave function preparation schemes have a chance of yielding quantum advantage, and we test our proposed method using overlaps measured on Google's Sycamore device.
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35
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Jiménez Farías O, Demergasso A, Vaziri M, Vives Rodón S, Canessa N, Phillips E. Visualising quantum innovation: A regional case study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305140. [PMID: 38913663 PMCID: PMC11195939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
At the beginning of this century, the advent of a second generation of 'quantum technologies' was announced together with its revolutionary potential to change existing information technologies. Despite the rapidly increasing paid to quantum technological development, there has been little attention paid to the specific characteristics or relationships within emerging quantum ecosystems. The aim of this study is to visualize the innovation structures and relationships that are emerging to shape these technological developments. As these structures typically depend on specific regional features, we have specifically focused on the Spanish case, as it is potentially indicative of the differences between European innovation models and other regional patterns. This objective was achieved by researching the funding network of the ecosystem, collected from a systematic review of various official sources and relevant previous literature. The resulting dataset was framed using the Innovation Ecosystem model and broken down through network analysis theory, as well as characterized through descriptive statistics. This framework identified the significant role that projects play in European scientific and technological innovation, which work as hubs to concentrate resources and incentive cooperation between actors. This is relevant because current work on quantum technologies neglects their importance, as their analysis focuses on the quantity of institutions rather than their relations. Moreover, this paper points out the prominence of public funding to drive quantum innovation, largely stemming from the European Commission. This is another key mechanism that is missed by the existing literature. Finally, it also sheds light on the recipients of this funding, who are mostly research centres. These results allow us to conceptualize the Spanish quantum ecosystem and offer the opportunity for comparative studies with other quantum technologies ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Jiménez Farías
- Smart Society Research Group, La Salle-Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Demergasso
- Smart Society Research Group, La Salle-Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maryam Vaziri
- Smart Society Research Group, La Salle-Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Vives Rodón
- Smart Society Research Group, La Salle-Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nelly Canessa
- Smart Society Research Group, La Salle-Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eoín Phillips
- Smart Society Research Group, La Salle-Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Li S, Pan DJ, Zhu YK, Zhou JL, Liao WC, Zhang WX, Liang ZT, Lv QX, Yu H, Xue ZY, Yan H, Zhu SL. Ultrahigh-Precision Hamiltonian Parameter Estimation in a Superconducting Circuit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:250204. [PMID: 38996245 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.250204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The Hamiltonian, which determines the evolution of a quantum system, is fundamental in quantum physics. Therefore, it is crucial to implement high-precision generation and measurement of the Hamiltonian in a practical quantum system. Here, we experimentally demonstrate ultrahigh-precision Hamiltonian parameter estimation with a significant quantum advantage in a superconducting circuit via sequential control. We first observe the commutation relation for noncommuting operations determined by the system Hamiltonian, both with and without adding quantum control, verifying the commuting property of controlled noncommuting operations. Based on this control-induced commuting property, we further demonstrate Hamiltonian parameter estimation for polar and azimuth angles in superconducting circuits, achieving ultrahigh metrological gains in measurement precision exceeding the standard quantum limit by up to 16.0 and 16.1 dB at N=100, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Li
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, and School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, and Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - De-Jian Pan
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, and School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan-Ke Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, and School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia-Lang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, and School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Cui Liao
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, and School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei-Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, and School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhen-Tao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, and School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, and Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qing-Xian Lv
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, and School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, and Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Zheng-Yuan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, and School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, and Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, and School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, and Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Shi-Liang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, and School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, and Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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37
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Yi K, Hai YJ, Luo K, Chu J, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Song Y, Liu S, Yan T, Deng XH, Chen Y, Yu D. Robust Quantum Gates against Correlated Noise in Integrated Quantum Chips. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:250604. [PMID: 38996251 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.250604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
As quantum circuits become more integrated and complex, additional error sources that were previously insignificant start to emerge. Consequently, the fidelity of quantum gates benchmarked under pristine conditions falls short of predicting their performance in realistic circuits. To overcome this problem, we must improve their robustness against pertinent error models besides isolated fidelity. Here, we report the experimental realization of robust quantum gates in superconducting quantum circuits based on a geometric framework for diagnosing and correcting various gate errors. Using quantum process tomography and randomized benchmarking, we demonstrate robust single-qubit gates against quasistatic noise and spatially correlated noise in a broad range of strengths, which are common sources of coherent errors in large-scale quantum circuits. We also apply our method to nonstatic noises and to realize robust two-qubit gates. Our Letter provides a versatile toolbox for achieving noise-resilient complex quantum circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuanzhen Chen
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dapeng Yu
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- International Quantum Academy (SIQA), Shenzhen 518048, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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38
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Haug T, Lee S, Kim MS. Efficient Quantum Algorithms for Stabilizer Entropies. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:240602. [PMID: 38949346 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.240602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Stabilizer entropies (SEs) are measures of nonstabilizerness or "magic" that quantify the degree to which a state is described by stabilizers. SEs are especially interesting due to their connections to scrambling, localization and property testing. However, applications have been limited so far as previously known measurement protocols for SEs scale exponentially with the number of qubits. Here, we efficiently measure SEs for integer Rényi index n>1 via Bell measurements. The SE of N-qubit quantum states can be measured with O(n) copies and O(nN) classical computational time, where for even n we additionally require the complex conjugate of the state. We provide efficient bounds of various nonstabilizerness monotones that are intractable to compute beyond a few qubits. Using the IonQ quantum computer, we measure SEs of random Clifford circuits doped with non-Clifford gates and give bounds for the stabilizer fidelity, stabilizer extent, and robustness of magic. We provide efficient algorithms to measure Clifford-averaged 4n-point out-of-time-order correlators and multifractal flatness. With these measures we study the scrambling time of doped Clifford circuits and random Hamiltonian evolution depending on nonstabilizerness. Counterintuitively, random Hamiltonian evolution becomes less scrambled at long times, which we reveal with the multifractal flatness. Our results open up the exploration of nonstabilizerness with quantum computers.
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39
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Xiang L, Chen J, Zhu Z, Song Z, Bao Z, Zhu X, Jin F, Wang K, Xu S, Zou Y, Li H, Wang Z, Song C, Yue A, Partridge J, Guo Q, Mondaini R, Wang H, Scalettar RT. Enhanced quantum state transfer by circumventing quantum chaotic behavior. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4918. [PMID: 38858357 PMCID: PMC11164980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to realize high-fidelity quantum communication is one of the many facets required to build generic quantum computing devices. In addition to quantum processing, sensing, and storage, transferring the resulting quantum states demands a careful design that finds no parallel in classical communication. Existing experimental demonstrations of quantum information transfer in solid-state quantum systems are largely confined to small chains with few qubits, often relying upon non-generic schemes. Here, by using a superconducting quantum circuit featuring thirty-six tunable qubits, accompanied by general optimization procedures deeply rooted in overcoming quantum chaotic behavior, we demonstrate a scalable protocol for transferring few-particle quantum states in a two-dimensional quantum network. These include single-qubit excitation, two-qubit entangled states, and two excitations for which many-body effects are present. Our approach, combined with the quantum circuit's versatility, paves the way to short-distance quantum communication for connecting distributed quantum processors or registers, even if hampered by inherent imperfections in actual quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xiang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Jiachen Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Zitian Zhu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Zixuan Song
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Zehang Bao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Xuhao Zhu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Feitong Jin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Shibo Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Yiren Zou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Hekang Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Chao Song
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Alexander Yue
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Justine Partridge
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Qiujiang Guo
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China.
| | - Rubem Mondaini
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA.
- Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - H Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China
| | - Richard T Scalettar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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40
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Zheng H, Cheung LY, Sangwan N, Kononov A, Haller R, Ridderbos J, Ciaccia C, Ungerer JH, Li A, Bakkers EP, Baumgartner A, Schönenberger C. Coherent Control of a Few-Channel Hole Type Gatemon Qubit. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:7173-7179. [PMID: 38848282 PMCID: PMC11194827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Gatemon qubits are the electrically tunable cousins of superconducting transmon qubits. In this work, we demonstrate the full coherent control of a gatemon qubit based on hole carriers in a Ge/Si core/shell nanowire, with the longest coherence times in group IV material gatemons to date. The key to these results is a high-quality Josephson junction obtained using a straightforward and reproducible annealing technique. We demonstrate that the transport through the narrow junction is dominated by only two quantum channels, with transparencies up to unity. This novel qubit platform holds great promise for quantum information applications, not only because it incorporates technologically relevant materials, but also because it provides new opportunities, like an ultrastrong spin-orbit coupling in the few-channel regime of Josephson junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zheng
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luk Yi Cheung
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nikunj Sangwan
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Artem Kononov
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roy Haller
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joost Ridderbos
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Ciaccia
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jann Hinnerk Ungerer
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ang Li
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erik P.A.M. Bakkers
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Baumgartner
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss
Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schönenberger
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss
Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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41
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Winnel MS, Guanzon JJ, Singh D, Ralph TC. Deterministic Preparation of Optical Squeezed Cat and Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:230602. [PMID: 38905686 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.230602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Large-amplitude squeezed cat states and high-quality Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) states are essential for effective quantum error correction, yet their optical preparation has been hindered by challenges such as low success probabilities, small amplitudes, and insufficient squeezing. Addressing these limitations, our research introduces scalable optical schemes for the deterministic preparation of large-amplitude squeezed cat states from photon-number states. Fock states have the benefit of producing consistent cat states across all measurement outcomes and intrinsically provides a degree of squeezing. Notably, these squeezed cat states facilitate the deterministic generation of high-quality approximate GKP states via "breeding," showing that GKP error correction in optics is technically feasible in near-term experiments. Our schemes allow fault-tolerant quantum computation through the use of GKP error correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Winnel
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Joshua J Guanzon
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Deepesh Singh
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy C Ralph
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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42
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Bouscher S, Panna D, Jacovi R, Jabeen F, Schneider C, Höfling S, Hayat A. Two-photon emission from a superlattice-based superconducting light-emitting structure. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:135. [PMID: 38849330 PMCID: PMC11161636 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Superconductor-semiconductor hybrid devices can bridge the gap between solid-state-based and photonics-based quantum systems, enabling new hybrid computing schemes, offering increased scalability and robustness. One example for a hybrid device is the superconducting light-emitting diode (SLED). SLEDs have been theoretically shown to emit polarization-entangled photon pairs by utilizing radiative recombination of Cooper pairs. However, the two-photon nature of the emission has not been shown experimentally before. We demonstrate two-photon emission in a GaAs/AlGaAs SLED. Measured electroluminescence spectra reveal unique two-photon superconducting features below the critical temperature (Tc), while temperature-dependent photon-pair correlation experiments (g(2)(τ,T)) demonstrate temperature-dependent time coincidences below Tc between photons emitted from the SLED. Our results pave the way for compact and efficient superconducting quantum light sources and open new directions in light-matter interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomi Bouscher
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Dmitry Panna
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Ronen Jacovi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Fauzia Jabeen
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Technische Physik, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alex Hayat
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
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43
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Vodeb J, Diego M, Vaskivskyi Y, Logaric L, Gerasimenko Y, Kabanov V, Lipovsek B, Topic M, Mihailovic D. Non-equilibrium quantum domain reconfiguration dynamics in a two-dimensional electronic crystal and a quantum annealer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4836. [PMID: 38844460 PMCID: PMC11156939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Relaxation dynamics of complex many-body quantum systems trapped into metastable states is a very active field of research from both the theoretical and experimental point of view with implications in a wide array of topics from macroscopic quantum tunnelling and nucleosynthesis to non-equilibrium superconductivity and energy-efficient memory devices. In this work, we investigate quantum domain reconfiguration dynamics in the electronic superlattice of a quantum material using time-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy and unveil a crossover from temperature to noisy quantum fluctuation dominated dynamics. The process is modeled using a programmable superconducting quantum annealer in which qubit interconnections correspond directly to the microscopic interactions between electrons in the quantum material. Crucially, the dynamics of both the experiment and quantum simulation is driven by spectrally similar pink noise. We find that the simulations reproduce the emergent time evolution and temperature dependence of the experimentally observed electronic domain dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaka Vodeb
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Institute for Advanced Simulation, Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Michele Diego
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Yevhenii Vaskivskyi
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Leonard Logaric
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Viktor Kabanov
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Benjamin Lipovsek
- Faculty for Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Topic
- Faculty for Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dragan Mihailovic
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- CENN Nanocenter, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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44
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Liu J, Ma H, Shang H, Li Z, Yang J. Quantum-centric high performance computing for quantum chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15831-15843. [PMID: 38787657 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00436a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
High performance computing (HPC) is renowned for its capacity to tackle complex problems. Meanwhile, quantum computing (QC) provides a potential way to accurately and efficiently solve quantum chemistry problems. The emerging field of quantum-centric high performance computing (QCHPC), which merges these two powerful technologies, is anticipated to enhance computational capabilities for solving challenging problems in quantum chemistry. The implementation of QCHPC for quantum chemistry requires interdisciplinary research and collaboration across multiple fields, including quantum chemistry, quantum physics, computer science and so on. This perspective provides an introduction to the quantum algorithms that are suitable for deployment in QCHPC, focusing on conceptual insights rather than technical details. Parallel strategies to implement these algorithms on quantum-centric supercomputers are discussed. We also summarize high performance quantum emulating simulators, which are considered a viable tool to explore QCHPC. We conclude with challenges and outlooks in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China.
| | - Huan Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China.
| | - Honghui Shang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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45
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Eaves JD. Multielectron Dynamics in the Condensed Phase: Quantum Structure-Function Relationships. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:437-456. [PMID: 38941526 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-042018-052515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Quantum information promises dramatic advances in computing last seen in the digital revolution, but quantum hardware is fragile, noisy, and resource intensive. Chemistry has a role in developing new materials for quantum information that are robust to noise, scalable, and operable in ambient conditions. While molecular structure is the foundation for understanding mechanism and reactivity, molecular structure/quantum function relationships remain mostly undiscovered. Using singlet fission as a specific example of a multielectron process capable of producing long-lived spin-entangled electronic states at high temperatures, I describe how to exploit molecular structure and symmetry to gain quantum function and how some principles learned from singlet fission apply more broadly to quantum science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Eaves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA;
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46
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Guo SA, Wu YK, Ye J, Zhang L, Lian WQ, Yao R, Wang Y, Yan RY, Yi YJ, Xu YL, Li BW, Hou YH, Xu YZ, Guo WX, Zhang C, Qi BX, Zhou ZC, He L, Duan LM. A site-resolved two-dimensional quantum simulator with hundreds of trapped ions. Nature 2024; 630:613-618. [PMID: 38811737 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
A large qubit capacity and an individual readout capability are two crucial requirements for large-scale quantum computing and simulation1. As one of the leading physical platforms for quantum information processing, the ion trap has achieved a quantum simulation of tens of ions with site-resolved readout in a one-dimensional Paul trap2-4 and of hundreds of ions with global observables in a two-dimensional (2D) Penning trap5,6. However, integrating these two features into a single system is still very challenging. Here we report the stable trapping of 512 ions in a 2D Wigner crystal and the sideband cooling of their transverse motion. We demonstrate the quantum simulation of long-range quantum Ising models with tunable coupling strengths and patterns, with or without frustration, using 300 ions. Enabled by the site resolution in the single-shot measurement, we observe rich spatial correlation patterns in the quasi-adiabatically prepared ground states, which allows us to verify quantum simulation results by comparing the measured two-spin correlations with the calculated collective phonon modes and with classical simulated annealing. We further probe the quench dynamics of the Ising model in a transverse field to demonstrate quantum sampling tasks. Our work paves the way for simulating classically intractable quantum dynamics and for running noisy intermediate-scale quantum algorithms7,8 using 2D ion trap quantum simulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-A Guo
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y-K Wu
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - J Ye
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - L Zhang
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - W-Q Lian
- HYQ Co., Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - R Yao
- HYQ Co., Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y Wang
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
- HYQ Co., Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - R-Y Yan
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y-J Yi
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y-L Xu
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - B-W Li
- HYQ Co., Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y-H Hou
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y-Z Xu
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - W-X Guo
- HYQ Co., Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - C Zhang
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - B-X Qi
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Z-C Zhou
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - L He
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - L-M Duan
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, P.R. China.
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Beijing, P.R. China.
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Makihara T, Lee N, Guo Y, Guan W, Safavi-Naeini A. A parametrically programmable delay line for microwave photons. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4640. [PMID: 38821933 PMCID: PMC11143279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Delay lines that store quantum information are crucial for advancing quantum repeaters and hardware efficient quantum computers. Traditionally, they are realized as extended systems that support wave propagation but provide limited control over the propagating fields. Here, we introduce a parametrically addressed delay line for microwave photons that provides a high level of control over the stored pulses. By parametrically driving a three-wave mixing circuit element that is weakly hybridized with an ensemble of resonators, we engineer a spectral response that simulates that of a physical delay line, while providing fast control over the delay line's properties. We demonstrate this novel degree of control by choosing which photon echo to emit, translating pulses in time, and even swapping two pulses, all with pulse energies on the order of a single photon. We also measure the noise added from our parametric interactions and find it is much less than one photon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Makihara
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
| | - Nathan Lee
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yudan Guo
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wenyan Guan
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Amir Safavi-Naeini
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
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48
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Olarte Hernandez R, Champagne B, Soldera A. Simulating Vibronic Spectra by Direct Application of Doktorov Formulas on a Superconducting Quantum Simulator. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4369-4377. [PMID: 38751235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a direct quantum implementation of the Doktorov formulas for calculating the vibronic spectrum of molecules under the harmonic approximation is presented. It is applied to the three-atom molecules H2O, SO2, ClO2, HS2, and ZnOH. The method solves the classically hard problem of estimating the Franck-Condon (FC) factors by using the Duschinsky matrices as the only input via the Doktorov quantum circuit. This has the advantage of avoiding basis changes, artificial squeezing parameters, and symmetry dependencies. In other words, it is a general method for three-atom molecules that can easily be generalized to bigger molecules. The results are compared with other quantum algorithms and classical anharmonic algorithms. Furthermore, the circuit requirements are studied in order to estimate its applicability on real superconducting quantum hardware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Olarte Hernandez
- Theoretical Chemistry Lab, Unit of Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Matter, Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Theoretical Chemistry Lab, Unit of Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Armand Soldera
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Matter, Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
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Kale SS, Kais S. Simulation of Chemical Reactions on a Quantum Computer. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5633-5642. [PMID: 38759104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Studying chemical reactions, particularly in the gas phase, relies heavily on computing scattering matrix elements. These elements are essential for characterizing molecular reactions and accurately determining reaction probabilities. However, the intricate nature of quantum interactions poses challenges, necessitating the use of advanced mathematical models and computational approaches to tackle the inherent complexities. In this study, we develop and apply a quantum computing algorithm for the calculation of scattering matrix elements. In our approach, we employ the time-dependent method based on the Møller operator formulation where the S-matrix element between the respective reactant and product channels is determined through the time correlation function of the reactant and product Møller wavepackets. We successfully apply our quantum algorithm to calculate scattering matrix elements for 1D semi-infinite square well potential and on the colinear hydrogen exchange reaction. As we navigate the complexities of quantum interactions, this quantum algorithm is general and emerges as a promising avenue, shedding light on new possibilities for simulating chemical reactions on quantum computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Suresh Kale
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sabre Kais
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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50
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Turkeshi X, Sierant P. Hilbert Space Delocalization under Random Unitary Circuits. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:471. [PMID: 38920480 PMCID: PMC11203098 DOI: 10.3390/e26060471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The unitary dynamics of a quantum system initialized in a selected basis state yield, generically, a state that is a superposition of all the basis states. This process, associated with the quantum information scrambling and intimately tied to the resource theory of coherence, may be viewed as a gradual delocalization of the system's state in the Hilbert space. This work analyzes the Hilbert space delocalization under the dynamics of random quantum circuits, which serve as a minimal model of the chaotic dynamics of quantum many-body systems. We employ analytical methods based on the replica trick and Weingarten calculus to investigate the time evolution of the participation entropies which quantify the Hilbert space delocalization. We demonstrate that the participation entropies approach, up to a fixed accuracy, their long-time saturation value in times that scale logarithmically with the system size. Exact numerical simulations and tensor network techniques corroborate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xhek Turkeshi
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Strasse 77a, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Piotr Sierant
- ICFO—Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain;
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