1
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Gao Y, Li Y, Yan W, Zhang K, Cai L. Photoinduced Deconstructive Alkylation Approach Enabled by Oxy-Radicals from Alcohols. J Org Chem 2024; 89:14436-14446. [PMID: 39270043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Alcohols are the most commercially abundant, synthetically versatile and operationally convenient functional groups in organic chemistry. Therefore, a strategy that utilizes hydroxy-containing compounds to develop novel bond disconnection and formation process would achieve molecular diversity. Herein, a deconstructive strategy for the generation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives has been developed from alcohol precursors via oxy-radical-induced β-fragmentation. Additionally, 1,5-HAT and deoxygenation by P(III) along with oxy-radical were demonstrated as alternative pathways for this transformation. Furthermore, with the deep-seated reorganization of a few terpenes carbon framework, a unique activity with inhibition against the growth of pathogenic fungi was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiman Gao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass Based Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yan Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass Based Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenxuan Yan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass Based Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass Based Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lingchao Cai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass Based Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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2
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Gu X, Zhang YA, Zhang S, Wang L, Ye X, Occhialini G, Barbour J, Pentelute BL, Wendlandt AE. Synthesis of non-canonical amino acids through dehydrogenative tailoring. Nature 2024; 634:352-358. [PMID: 39208846 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07988-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Amino acids are essential building blocks in biology and chemistry. Whereas nature relies on a small number of amino acid structures, chemists desire access to a vast range of structurally diverse analogues1-3. The selective modification of amino acid side-chain residues represents an efficient strategy to access non-canonical derivatives of value in chemistry and biology. While semisynthetic methods leveraging the functional groups found in polar and aromatic amino acids have been extensively explored, highly selective and general approaches to transform unactivated C-H bonds in aliphatic amino acids remain less developed4,5. Here we disclose a stepwise dehydrogenative method to convert aliphatic amino acids into structurally diverse analogues. The key to the success of this approach lies in the development of a selective catalytic acceptorless dehydrogenation method driven by photochemical irradiation, which provides access to terminal alkene intermediates for downstream functionalization. Overall, this strategy enables the rapid synthesis of new amino acid building blocks and suggests possibilities for the late-stage modification of more complex oligopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yu-An Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leon Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiyun Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gino Occhialini
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonah Barbour
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alison E Wendlandt
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Singh P, König B, Shaikh AC. Electro-photochemical Functionalization of C(sp 3)-H bonds: Synthesis toward Sustainability. JACS AU 2024; 4:3340-3357. [PMID: 39328771 PMCID: PMC11423327 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, there has been a surge of interest in harnessing the functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds due to their promising applications across various domains. Yet, traditional methodologies have heavily leaned on stoichiometric quantities of costly and often environmentally harmful metal oxidants, posing sustainability challenges for C-H activation chemistry at large. In stark contrast, the emergence of electro-photocatalytic-driven C(sp3)-H bond activation presents a transformative alternative. This approach offers a viable route for forging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. It stands out by directly engaging inert C(sp3)-H bonds, prevalent in organic compounds, without the necessity for prefunctionalization or harsh reaction conditions. Such methodology simplifies the synthesis of intricate organic compounds and facilitates the creation of novel chemical architectures with remarkable efficiency and precision. This review aims to shed light on the notable strides achieved in recent years in the realm of C(sp3)-H bond functionalization through organic electro-photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Aslam C Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India
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4
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Zhou P, Zhang Y, Ma X, Yang X, Fang X, Lu X, Shu C. Energy-Transfer Enabled Divergent Synthesis of Polycyclic γ-Sultines. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401369. [PMID: 39003675 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
A visible-light-initiated energy-transfer enabled radical cyclization for the divergent synthesis of polycyclic γ-sultine derivatives has been developed. The reaction provides an alternative and expeditious access to benzofused γ-sultine frameworks, the analogues of γ-lactones and γ-sultones, and features good functional group compatibility, mild reaction conditions and excellent diastereoselectivity. The robustness and application potential of this method have also been successfully displayed by two gram-scale reactions and the synthesis of polycyclic sultones. Mechanistic studies indicated the transformations through a possible energy-transfer enabled intramolecular radical homolytic substitution or hydrogen atom transfer process mainly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Xinyue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Xing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Xi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
| | - Chao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China
- Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology, 7 North Bingang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430083, China
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5
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Gu X, Shen J, Xu Z, Liu J, Shi M, Wei Y. Visible-Light-Mediated Activation of Remote C(sp 3)-H Bonds by Carbon-Centered Biradical via Intramolecular 1,5- or 1,6-Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202409463. [PMID: 39031578 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a novel intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction that efficiently yields azetidine, oxetane, and indoline derivatives through a mechanism resembling the carbon analogue of the Norrish-Yang reaction. This process is facilitated by excited triplet-state carbon-centered biradicals, enabling the 1,5-HAT reaction by suppressing the critical 1,4-biradical intermediates from undergoing the Norrish Type II cleavage reaction, and pioneering unprecedented 1,6-HAT reactions initiated by excited triplet-state alkenes. We demonstrate the synthetic utility and compatibility of this method across various functional groups, validated through scope evaluation, large-scale synthesis, and derivatization. Our findings are supported by control experiments, deuterium labeling, kinetic studies, cyclic voltammetry, Stern-Volmer experiments, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiahao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ziyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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6
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Pei R, Chang W, He L, Wang T, Zhao Y, Liang Y, Wang X. Main-group compounds selectively activate natural gas alkanes under room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7943. [PMID: 39261473 PMCID: PMC11391052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52185-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Most C-H bond activations of natural gas alkanes rely on transition metal complexes. Activations by using main-group systems have been reported but required heating or photo-irradiation under high atmospheric pressure with rather low regioselectivity. Here we report that Lewis acid-carbene adducts facilely undergo oxidative additions to C-H bonds of ethane, propane and n-butane with high selectivity under room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The Lewis acids can be moved by the addition of a base and the carbene-derived products can be easily converted into aldehydes. This work offers a route for main-group element compounds to selectively functionalise C-H bonds of natural gas alkanes and other small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runbo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenju Chang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liancheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- State Key laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Wang X, He J, Wang YN, Zhao Z, Jiang K, Yang W, Zhang T, Jia S, Zhong K, Niu L, Lan Y. Strategies and Mechanisms of First-Row Transition Metal-Regulated Radical C-H Functionalization. Chem Rev 2024; 124:10192-10280. [PMID: 39115179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Radical C-H functionalization represents a useful means of streamlining synthetic routes by avoiding substrate preactivation and allowing access to target molecules in fewer steps. The first-row transition metals (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) are Earth-abundant and can be employed to regulate radical C-H functionalization. The use of such metals is desirable because of the diverse interaction modes between first-row transition metal complexes and radical species including radical addition to the metal center, radical addition to the ligand of metal complexes, radical substitution of the metal complexes, single-electron transfer between radicals and metal complexes, hydrogen atom transfer between radicals and metal complexes, and noncovalent interaction between the radicals and metal complexes. Such interactions could improve the reactivity, diversity, and selectivity of radical transformations to allow for more challenging radical C-H functionalization reactions. This review examines the achievements in this promising area over the past decade, with a focus on the state-of-the-art while also discussing existing limitations and the enormous potential of high-value radical C-H functionalization regulated by these metals. The aim is to provide the reader with a detailed account of the strategies and mechanisms associated with such functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Wang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jing He
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Theory and Mechanism, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyan Zhao
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Kui Jiang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Innovation, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 451162, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Jia
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Kangbao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Linbin Niu
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Theory and Mechanism, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
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8
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Kang S, Lv J, Wang T, Wu B, Wang M, Shi Z. Transforming cyclopropanes to enamides via σ-C-C bond eliminative borylation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7380. [PMID: 39191737 PMCID: PMC11350172 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51484-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent strides in C-H borylation have significantly expanded our toolkit for the preparation of organoboronates. Nevertheless, avenues alternative to obtain these compounds via σ-C-C cleavage, thereby facilitating molecular scaffold editing, remain scarce. Several methodologies have been proposed for hydroboration of cyclopropanes by activating C-C bonds, conventionally relying on noble and hazardous metal catalysts to control reaction outcomes. Here, we present a strategy for crafting stereochemically precise γ-borylenamides through ring-opening of cyclopropanes avoiding any metallic entities. Boryl species, generated through a ternary reaction with BCl3, cyclopropanes, and a tertiary amine, selectively undergo C-C bond eliminative borylation under the directing of N-acyl group, thereby ensuring enhanced selectivity and efficiency along the reaction pathway. Such inherently stereoconvergent approach accommodates precursors of diverse geometries, including cis/trans isomeric blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tianhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingcheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
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9
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Gallego-Gamo A, Sarró P, Ji Y, Pleixats R, Molins E, Gimbert-Suriñach C, Vallribera A, Granados A. Direct Synthesis of 2-Hydroxytrifluoroethylacetophenones via Organophotoredox-Mediated Net-Neutral Radical/Polar Crossover. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11682-11692. [PMID: 39087492 PMCID: PMC11334190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Alkene difunctionalization is a very attractive tool in synthetic organic chemistry. Herein, we disclose an operationally and practically simple method to access 2-hydroxytrifluoroethylacetophenones from styrene derivatives via photoredox catalysis. This light-mediated transformation promotes the generation of the 1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbon-centered radical as key synthon, which undergoes Giese addition with styrenes followed by a Kornblum oxidation process. The presented method is not only mild and cost-effective, but also utilizes an organic photocatalyst and DMSO as oxidant. Experimental investigations support the operative mechanism via net-neutral radical/polar crossover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gallego-Gamo
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Sarró
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yingmin Ji
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Pleixats
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elies Molins
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carolina Gimbert-Suriñach
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adelina Vallribera
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Granados
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Tang DD, Wang YZ, Liu C, Xia Y, Li Y. Photoredox-Catalyzed Amino-Radical-Transfer-Mediated Three-Component Alkylarylation of Alkenes. Org Lett 2024; 26:6477-6481. [PMID: 39041703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
We herein reported a novel photoredox-catalyzed three-component alkylarylation of vinyl arenes with alkylboronic pinacol esters (APEs) and cyanoarenes via radical addition/cross-coupling to construct 1,1-diarylalkanes. In this transformation, alkyl radicals were easily available by visible-light-induced oxidative N-H cleavage of morpholine, which used APEs as a radical precursor. Furthermore, this protocol exhibited a broad substrate scope, enabling various styrenes, APEs, and cyanoarenes, as well as bioactive molecule derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Di Tang
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Zhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Chenjiang Liu
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
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11
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Wu K, Wang TZ, Zhang CP, Guan YQ, Liang YF. N-Alkoxyphthalimides as Nitrogen Electrophiles to Construct C-N Bonds via Reductive Cross-Coupling. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10004-10011. [PMID: 38935867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
N-Alkoxyphthalimides, one kind of phthalimide derivative, have great importance in synthesis, mainly used as free radical precursors. While the phthalimide unit, for a long time, was treated as part of the waste stream. Construction of C-N bonds has always been a hot spot, especially in reductive cross-coupling. Herein, a nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling reaction of N-methoxyphthalimides with alkyl halides is described, where N-methoxyphthalimides serve as nitrogen electrophiles. This tactic provides a new approach to construct C-N bonds under mild neutral conditions. Alkyl chlorides, bromides, iodides, and sulfonates are all fit to this transformation. Moreover, the reaction could tolerate a broad substrate scope, especially base-sensitive functional groups (boron or silicon groups), as well as competitive nucleophilic groups (phenols and amides), which are incompatible with traditional Gabriel synthesis under basic conditions, demonstrating a complementary role of this work to Gabriel synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chao-Peng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu-Feng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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12
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Ouyang X, Shi B, Zhao Y, Zhu Z, Li Z, Yang Y, Shu C. Synthesis of constrained bicycloalkanes through bibase-promoted brook rearrangement/radical-polar crossover cyclization. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11092-11098. [PMID: 39027277 PMCID: PMC11253123 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02532f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly constrained bicyclic scaffolds are ubiquitous and attracting increasing interest in pharmaceutical and biotechnology discoveries owing to the enhanced activities. Herein, we report a protocol to access highly substituted constrained bicycloalkanes from readily accessible α-silyl alcohols and olefins through a bibase-promoted Brook rearrangement/radical-polar crossover cyclization (RPCC) process. Of note, the practical procedure features broad substrate scope and good group tolerance under mild and operationally simple conditions, using an inexpensive organic photocatalyst. Gram-scale preparation and diverse synthetic transformations demonstrate opportunities to rapidly construct molecular complexity. Mechanistic studies have indicated that the transformation involves a bibase-promoted radical transfer rearrangement addition/radical-polar crossover cyclization relay sequence, which differs from traditional solitary RPCC reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinke Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU) 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Bingyao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU) 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU) 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Zhimin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU) 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Ziyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU) 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU) 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Chao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Engineering Research Center of Photoenergy Utilization for Pollution Control and Carbon Reduction, CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU) 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
- Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology 7 North Bingang Road Wuhan Hubei 430083 China
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13
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Chan SC, Palone A, Bietti M, Costas M. tert-Butyl as a Functional Group: Non-Directed Catalytic Hydroxylation of Sterically Congested Primary C-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402858. [PMID: 38688859 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The tert-butyl group is a common aliphatic motif extensively employed to implement steric congestion and conformational rigidity in organic and organometallic molecules. Because of the combination of a high bond dissociation energy (~100 kcal mol-1) and limited accessibility, in the absence of directing groups, neither radical nor organometallic approaches are effective for the chemical modification of tert-butyl C-H bonds. Herein we overcome these limits by employing a highly electrophilic manganese catalyst, [Mn(CF3bpeb)(OTf)2], that operates in the strong hydrogen bond donor solvent nonafluoro-tert-butyl alcohol (NFTBA) and catalytically activates hydrogen peroxide to generate a powerful manganese-oxo species that effectively oxidizes tert-butyl C-H bonds. Leveraging on the interplay of steric, electronic, medium and torsional effects, site-selective and product chemoselective hydroxylation of the tert-butyl group is accomplished with broad reaction scope, delivering primary alcohols as largely dominant products in preparative yields. Late-stage hydroxylation at tert-butyl sites is demonstrated on 6 densely functionalized molecules of pharmaceutical interest. This work uncovers a novel disconnection approach, harnessing tert-butyl as a potential functional group in strategic synthetic planning for complex molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Chung Chan
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Palone
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata"; Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
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14
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Jiang H, Torigoe T, Kuninobu Y. Boronyl-Group-Assisted Decatungstate-Catalyzed Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Alkylation. Org Lett 2024; 26:4853-4856. [PMID: 38837750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Boronic acid synthesis primarily involves the introduction of boronyl groups. However, an alternative route that involves the functionalization of boronic acids has not received much attention. This study describes the catalytic C(sp3)-H alkylation of ortho-tolylboronic acids utilizing the interaction between a free boronyl group [-B(OH)2] and a decatungstate photocatalyst [W10O32]4-. The boronyl groups of the alkylated products could be converted without isolation of the alkylated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Takeru Torigoe
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kuninobu
- Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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15
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Koo Y, Hong S. Nickel/photoredox-catalyzed three-component silylacylation of acrylates via chlorine photoelimination. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7707-7713. [PMID: 38784747 PMCID: PMC11110154 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The extensive utility of organosilicon compounds across a wide range of disciplines has sparked significant interest in their efficient synthesis. Although catalytic 1,2-silyldifunctionalization of alkenes provides a promising method for the assembly of intricate organosilicon frameworks with atom and step economy, its advancement is hindered by the requirement of an external hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agent in photoredox catalysis. Herein, we disclose an efficient three-component silylacylation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, leveraging a synergistic nickel/photoredox catalysis with various hydrosilanes and aroyl chlorides. This method enables the direct conversion of acrylates into valuable building blocks that contain both carbonyl and silicon functionalities through a single, redox-neutral process. Key to this reaction is the precise activation of the Si-H bond, achieved through chlorine radical-induced HAT, enabled by the photoelimination of a Ni-Cl bond. Acyl chlorides serve a dual role, functioning as both acylating agents and chloride donors. Our methodology is distinguished by its mild conditions and extensive substrate adaptability, significantly enhancing the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Korea
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16
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Morton PA, Boyce AL, Pišpek A, Stewart LW, Ward DJ, Tegner BE, Macgregor SA, Mansell SM. Catalyst Design for Rh-Catalyzed Arene and Alkane C-H Borylation: The NHC Affects the Induction Period, and Indenyl is Superior to Cp. Organometallics 2024; 43:974-986. [PMID: 38756993 PMCID: PMC11094794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.4c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In order to establish design criteria for Rh C-H borylation catalysts, analogues of the successful catalyst [Rh(Ind)(SIDipp)(COE)] (Ind = η5-indenyl, SIDipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene, and COE = cis-cyclooctene) were synthesized by changing the indenyl and carbene ligands. [RhCp(SIDipp)(COE)] (1) formed alongside the C-C activated, cyclometalated byproduct [RhCp(κ2CAr,Ccarbene-SIDipp')(iPr)] (rac-2; SIDipp' = 1-(6-isopropylphenyl)-3-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene). Computational modeling of COE dissociation showed that both C-C and C-H activation of the SIDipp aryl group is thermally attainable and reversible under experimental conditions, with the C-C activation products being the more thermodynamically stable species. Oxidative addition of 1 with SiH(OEt)3 gave the Rh silyl hydride [RhCp(H){Si(OEt)3}(SIDipp)] (rac-3). [Rh(Ind)(IDipp)(COE)] (4; IDipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazole-2-ylidene), the carbonyl analogue [Rh(Ind)(IDipp)(CO)] (5; νCO = 1940 cm-1, cf. 1944 cm-1 for [Rh(Ind)(SIDipp)(COE)]), and [Rh(Ind)(IMe4)(COE)] (6; IMe4 = 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene) were also characterized, but attempts to synthesize Rh carbene complexes with fluorenyl or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrofluorenyl ligands were not successful. For the catalytic C-H borylation of benzene using B2pin2, 1 was inactive at 80 °C, and [Rh(Ind)(SIDipp)(COE)] was superior to all other complexes tested due to the shortest induction period. However, the addition of HBpin to precatalyst 4 eliminated the induction period. Catalytic n-alkane C-H borylation using [Rh(Ind)(NHC)(COE)] gave yields of up to 21% alkylBpin, but [RhCp*(C2H4)2] was the better catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Morton
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Abigayle L. Boyce
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Anamarija Pišpek
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Lennox W. Stewart
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Daniel J. Ward
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | | | | | - Stephen M. Mansell
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
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17
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Khatua B, Ghosh A, Ray AK, Banerjee N, Dey J, Paul A, Guin J. Photocatalytic Synthesis of β-Keto Primary Chlorides by Selective Chlorocarbonylation of Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402849. [PMID: 38389271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Functionalized primary alkyl chlorides are precursors to a plethora of scaffolds but their access from chemical feedstocks remains challenging. Herein, we report a concise dual Ni/photoredox catalytic protocol for regioselective chlorocarbonylation of unactivated alkenes that enables rapid access to β-keto primary chlorides. The catalytic process features an extensive substrate scope, scalability and functional group tolerance. The Ni/photocatalytic Cl⋅ generation and subsequent cross-coupling is implicated for the process based on the control experiments and DFT study. The synthetic utility of the protocol has been further corroborated through functionalization of complex substrates and modifications of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitasik Khatua
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2 A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Anjulika Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2 A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Anuj Kumar Ray
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2 A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Nayan Banerjee
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2 A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Jayanta Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2 A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Ankan Paul
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2 A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Joyram Guin
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2 A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
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18
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Ji CL, Chen H, Gao Q, Han J, Li W, Xie J. Dinuclear gold-catalyzed divergent dechlorinative radical borylation of gem-dichloroalkanes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3721. [PMID: 38698059 PMCID: PMC11066019 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The enormous and widespread use of organoboronic acids has prompted the development of innovative synthetic methodologies to meet the demands on structural diversity and functional group tolerance. The existing photoinduced defunctionalization radical borylation, typically focused on the conversion of one C-X bond (X= Br, I, or other leaving group) into only one C-B bond. Herein, we disclose a divergent radical dechloroborylation reaction enabled by dinuclear gold catalysis with visible light irradiation. A wide range of structurally diverse alkyl boronic, α-chloroboronic, and gem-diboronic esters can be synthesized in moderate to good yields (up to 92%). Its synthetic robustness is further demonstrated on a preparative scale and applied to late-stage diversification of complex molecules. The process hinges on a C-Cl bond relay activation in readily available gem-dichloroalkanes through inner-sphere electron transfer, overcoming the redox potential limits of unreactive alkyl chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Long Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Weipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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19
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Lei Z, Wu J. Terminal-selective C(sp 3)-H borylation of unbranched alkanes enabled by intermolecular radical sampling and LMCT photocatalysis. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae105. [PMID: 38650664 PMCID: PMC11034613 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhexuan Lei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Cui J, Niu KK, Zhang RZ, Liu H, Yu S, Xing LB. Photocatalytic selective oxidation of toluene under encapsulated air conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4310-4313. [PMID: 38533635 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00915k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Benzaldehydes are indispensable building blocks in chemistry. However, the selective oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde remains an ongoing challenge due to the low oxidation potential of benzaldehyde compared to toluene. We report herein a mild protocol that combines hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) with encapsulated air conditions and suitable catalyst loading for selective oxidation of toluene with high selectivity as well as good functional-group tolerance and a broad substrate scope for the synthesis of various high-value aromatic aldehydes. Moreover, the compatibility of this reaction with toluene derivatives of bioactive molecules further demonstrated the practicality of this approach. Mechanism studies have demonstrated that the collaboration between the oxygen quantity and the HAT catalytic system has a major impact on the high selectivity of the reaction. This study not only showcases the effectiveness of HAT strategies toward selective oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde, but also provides an approach to controlling the selectivity of HAT reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Kai-Kai Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Rong-Zhen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Shengsheng Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Ling-Bao Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
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21
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Chai Z. Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Strategies for C(sp 3 )-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316444. [PMID: 38225893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Activation of ubiquitous C(sp3 )-H bonds is extremely attractive but remains a great challenge. Heterogeneous photocatalysis offers a promising and sustainable approach for C(sp3 )-H activation and has been fast developing in the past decade. This Minireview focuses on mechanism and strategies for heterogeneous photocatalytic C(sp3 )-H activation. After introducing mechanistic insights, heterogeneous photocatalytic strategies for C(sp3 )-H activation including precise design of active sites, regulation of reactive radical species, improving charge separation and reactor innovations are discussed. In addition, recent advances in C(sp3 )-H activation of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, amines and amides by heterogeneous photocatalysis are summarized. Lastly, challenges and opportunities are outlined to encourage more efforts for the development of this exciting and promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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22
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Yu IF, D'Angelo KA, Hernandez-Mejías ÁD, Cheng N, Hartwig JF. 2-Aminophenanthroline Ligands Enable Mild, Undirected, Iridium-Catalyzed Borylation of Alkyl C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7124-7129. [PMID: 38456743 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The catalytic, undirected borylation of alkyl C-H bonds typically occurs at high reaction temperatures or with excess substrate, or both, because of the low reactivity of alkyl C-H bonds. Here we report a new iridium system comprising 2-anilino-1,10-phenanthroline as the ligand that catalyzes the borylation of alkyl C-H bonds with little to no induction period and with high reaction rates. This superior activation and reactivity profile of 2-aminophenanthroline-ligated catalysts leads to broader reaction scope, including reactions of sensitive substrates, such as epoxides and glycosidic acetals, enhanced diastereoselectivity, and higher yields of borylated products. These catalysts also enable the borylation of alkanes, amines, and ethers at room temperature for the first time. Mechanistic studies imply that facile N-borylation occurs under the reaction conditions and that iridium complexes containing N-boryl aminophenanthrolines are competent precatalysts for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac F Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kyan A D'Angelo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Nanrun Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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23
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Sun H, Wang J, Du Z, Zhang K, Hu J, Jing S. Direct Synthesis of Tertiary Phosphines via Alkoxide-Mediated Deborylative Phosphination of Organoboronates. Org Lett 2024; 26:1618-1622. [PMID: 38367253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The direct transformation of alkylboron has emerged as a versatile and powerful methodology for creating carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. However, its potential application in the formation of carbon and phosphorus remains unexplored. In this study, we present an alkoxide base-promoted reaction system that enables deborylative phosphination of benzylic organoboronates and geminal bis(boronates) via selective C-B bond cleavage. This approach allows for the synthesis of valuable tertiary phosphines in good yields under mild conditions. The practicality and industrial potential of this approach are underscored by the operational simplicity, broad substrate scope, and easy scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxing Sun
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu Roads 30, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu Roads 30, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zihang Du
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu Roads 30, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu Roads 30, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jiefeng Hu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu Roads 30, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Su Jing
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu Roads 30, Nanjing 211816, China
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24
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Niu KK, Cui J, Dong RZ, Yu S, Liu H, Xing LB. Visible-light-mediated direct C3 alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones using alkanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2409-2412. [PMID: 38323602 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06285f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Due to the high C-H bond dissociation energy of alkanes, the utilization of alkanes as alkyl radical precursors for C-H functionalization of heteroarenes is synthetically captivating but practically challenging, especially under metal- and photocatalyst-free conditions. We report herein a mild and practical visible-light-mediated method for C-H alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones using trifluoroacetic acid as a hydrogen atom transfer reagent and air as an oxidant. This mild protocol was performed under metal- and photocatalyst-free circumstances and presented good functional-group tolerance as well as a broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Kai Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Rui-Zhi Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Shengsheng Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Ling-Bao Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
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25
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Wang Z, Yan CX, Liu R, Li X, Dai J, Li X, Shi D. Photo-induced versatile aliphatic C-H functionalization via electron donor-acceptor complex. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:345-353. [PMID: 38044193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to selectively introduce diverse functionality onto hydrocarbons is of substantial value in the synthesis of both small molecules and pharmaceuticals. In this endeavour, as a photocatalyst- and metal-free process, the electron donor-acceptor (EDA) strategy has not been well explored. Here we report an approach to aliphatic carbon-hydrogen bond diversification through an EDA complex constituted by HCl and SIV=O groups. As an efficient hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reagent, chlorine radical can be produced via a proton-coupled electron transfer process in this system. Based on this unusual path, a photo-promoted versatile aliphatic C-H functionalization is developed without photo- and metal-catalysts, including thiolation, arylation, alkynylation, and allylation. This conversion has concise and ambient reaction conditions, good functional group tolerance, and substrate diversity, and provides an alternative solution for the high value-added utilization of bulk light alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chao-Xian Yan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Ankang University, Ankang 725000, China
| | - Ruihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiajia Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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26
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Wang M, Huang Y, Hu P. Terminal C(sp 3)-H borylation through intermolecular radical sampling. Science 2024; 383:537-544. [PMID: 38300993 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj9258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes can overcome the strong bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of inert C(sp3)-H bonds and thereby convert feedstock alkanes into value-added fine chemicals. Nevertheless, the high reactivity of HAT reagents, coupled with the small differences among various C(sp3)-H bond strengths, renders site-selective transformations of straight-chain alkanes a great challenge. Here, we present a photocatalytic intermolecular radical sampling process for the iron-catalyzed borylation of terminal C(sp3)-H bonds in substrates with small steric hindrance, including unbranched alkanes. Mechanistic investigations have revealed that the reaction proceeds through a reversible HAT process, followed by a selective borylation of carbon radicals. A boron-sulfoxide complex may contribute to the high terminal regioselectivity observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yahao Huang
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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27
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Li Z, Wang M, Yang Y, Liang Y, Chen X, Zhao Y, Houk KN, Shi Z. Atroposelective hydroarylation of biaryl phosphines directed by phosphorus centres. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8509. [PMID: 38129395 PMCID: PMC10739911 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prized for their ability to generate chemical complexity rapidly, catalytic carbon-hydrogen (C-H) activation and functionalization reactions have enabled a paradigm shift in the standard logic of synthetic chemistry. Directing group strategies have been used extensively in C-H activation reactions to control regio- and enantioselectivity with transition metal catalysts. However, current methods rely heavily on coordination with nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms in molecules and have therefore been found to exhibit limited generality in asymmetric syntheses. Here, we report enantioselective C-H activation with unsaturated hydrocarbons directed by phosphorus centres to rapidly construct libraries of axially chiral phosphines through dynamic kinetic resolution. High reactivity and enantioselectivity are derived from modular assembly of an iridium catalyst with an endogenous phosphorus atom and an exogenous chiral phosphorus ligand, as confirmed by detailed experimental and computational studies. This reaction mode significantly expands the pool of enantiomerically enriched functional phosphines, some of which have shown excellent efficiency for asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexian Li
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Youqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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28
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Cao J, Zhu JL, Scheidt KA. Photoinduced cerium-catalyzed C-H acylation of unactivated alkanes. Chem Sci 2023; 15:154-159. [PMID: 38131082 PMCID: PMC10732008 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05162e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketones are ubiquitous motifs in the realm of pharmaceuticals and natural products. Traditional approaches to accessing these species involve the addition of metal reagents to carboxyl compounds under harsh conditions. Herein, we report a cerium-catalyzed acylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds using bench-stable acyl azolium reagents under mild and operationally-friendly conditions. This reaction exhibits excellent generality, accommodating a wide range of feedstock chemicals such as cycloalkanes and acyclic compounds as well as facilitating the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals. We demonstrate further applications of our strategy with a three-component radical relay reaction and an enantioselective N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and cerium dual-catalyzed reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Joshua L Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Karl A Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
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29
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Lutovsky GA, Yoon TP. Cu(II) salts as terminal oxidants in visible-light photochemical oxidation reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 22:25-36. [PMID: 38047405 PMCID: PMC10842929 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01678a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Photochemistry provides an important platform for the discovery of synthetically useful transformations. The development of new oxidative photoreactions, however, has proven to be relatively challenging. The importance of the identity of the terminal oxidant has been an underappreciated consideration in the design of these reactions. Many of the most common terminal oxidants used in ground-state catalytic methods are poorly compatible with the one-electron oxidation state changes characteristic of photoredox reactions and result in hard-to-control deleterious side reactions. As an alternative, Cu(II) salts have emerged as versatile terminal oxidants in photochemical oxidation reactions that are terrestrially abundant, cost-effective, and readily compatible with one-electron oxidation state changes. This review highlights recent reaction methods that leverage Cu(II) oxidation in combination with the photochemical activation of substrates or that use Cu(II) salts as both the active chromophore and terminal oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Lutovsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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30
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Saha A, Ali W, Werz DB, Maiti D. Highly scalable photoinduced synthesis of silanols via untraversed pathway for chlorine radical (Cl •) generation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8173. [PMID: 38071374 PMCID: PMC10710510 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of visible light-mediated synthetic transformations has transpired as a promising approach to redefine traditional organic synthesis in a sustainable way. In this genre, transition metal-mediated photoredox catalysis has led the way and recreated a plethora of organic transformations. However, the use of photochemical energy solely to initiate the reaction is underexplored. With the direct utilization of photochemical energy herein, we have established a general and practical protocol for the synthesis of diversely functionalized organosilanols, silanediols, and polymeric siloxanol engaging a wide spectrum of hydrosilanes under ambient reaction conditions. Streamlined synthesis of bio-active silanols via late-stage functionalization underscores the importance of this sustainable protocol. Interestingly, this work also reveals photoinduced non-classical chlorine radical (Cl•) generation from a readily available chlorinated solvent under aerobic conditions. The intriguing factors of the proposed mechanism involving chlorine and silyl radicals as intermediates were supported by a series of mechanistic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argha Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Wajid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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31
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Wang T, Wang ZJ, Wang M, Wu L, Fang X, Liang Y, Lv J, Shi Z. Metal-Free Stereoconvergent C-H Borylation of Enamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313205. [PMID: 37721200 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Enamides, functional derivatives of enamines, play a significant role as synthetic targets. However, the stereoselective synthesis of these molecules has posed a longstanding challenge in organic chemistry, particularly for acyclic enamides that are less thermodynamically stable. In this study, we present a general strategy for constructing β-borylenamides by C-H borylation, which provides a versatile platform for generating the stereodefined enamides. Our approach involves the utilization of metalloid borenium cation, generated through the reaction of BBr3 and enamides in the presence of two different additives, avoiding any exogenous catalyst. Importantly, the stereoconvergent nature of this methodology allows for the use of starting materials with mixed E/Z configurations, thus highlighting the unique advantage of this chemistry. Mechanistic investigations have shed light on the pivotal roles played by the two additives, the reactive boron species, and the phenomenon of stereoconvergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
- Wenzhou Key Lab of Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Leather Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Lei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Xiaowu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Jiahang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
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32
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Zhou W, Luo ZW, Xiao H, Yi J, Dai JJ. Photo-Triggered, Copper(II) Chloride-Catalyzed Radical Hydroalkylation and Hydrosilylation of Vinylboronic Esters To Access Alkylboronic Esters. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14708-14718. [PMID: 37791810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl boronic acids and their derivatives constitute vital building blocks in organic synthesis and are important motifs identified in medicinal chemistry. Herein, we present a phototriggered, CuCl2-catalyzed radical hydroalkylation and hydrosilylation of vinylboronic esters to alkylboronic esters. This approach exhibits mild reaction conditions, utilization of easily accessible reagents, and scalability up to a gram scale. Further synthetic transformations of the hydrosilylation products and mechanistic studies are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Luo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jun Yi
- Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Jian-Jun Dai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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33
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Zhong PF, Tu JL, Zhao Y, Zhong N, Yang C, Guo L, Xia W. Photoelectrochemical oxidative C(sp 3)-H borylation of unactivated hydrocarbons. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6530. [PMID: 37845202 PMCID: PMC10579347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoboron compounds are of high significance in organic synthesis due to the unique versatility of boryl substituents to access further modifications. The high demand for the incorporation of boryl moieties into molecular structures has witnessed significant progress, particularly in the C(sp3)-H borylation of hydrocarbons. Taking advantage of special characteristics of photo/electrochemistry, we herein describe the development of an oxidative C(sp3)-H borylation reaction under metal- and oxidant-free conditions, enabled by photoelectrochemical strategy. The reaction exhibits broad substrate scope (>57 examples), and includes the use of simple alkanes, halides, silanes, ketones, esters and nitriles as viable substrates. Notably, unconventional regioselectivity of C(sp3)-H borylation is achieved, with the coupling site of C(sp3)-H borylation selectively located in the distal methyl group. Our method is operationally simple and easily scalable, and offers a feasible approach for the one-step synthesis of high-value organoboron building blocks from simple hydrocarbons, which would provide ample opportunities for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Fu Zhong
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jia-Lin Tu
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yating Zhao
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Nan Zhong
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
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34
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Yu IF, Wilson JW, Hartwig JF. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Silylation and Borylation of C-H Bonds for the Synthesis and Functionalization of Complex Molecules. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11619-11663. [PMID: 37751601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of C-H bonds in organic molecules containing functional groups has been one of the holy grails of catalysis. One synthetically important approach to the diverse functionalization of C-H bonds is the catalytic silylation or borylation of C-H bonds, which enables a broad array of downstream transformations to afford diverse structures. Advances in both undirected and directed methods for the transition-metal-catalyzed silylation and borylation of C-H bonds have led to their rapid adoption in early-, mid-, and late-stage of the synthesis of complex molecules. In this Review, we review the application of the transition-metal-catalyzed silylation and borylation of C-H bonds to the synthesis of bioactive molecules, organic materials, and ligands. Overall, we aim to provide a picture of the state of art of the silylation and borylation of C-H bonds as applied to the synthesis and modification of diverse architectures that will spur further application and development of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac F Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jake W Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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35
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Li Y, Guo S, Li QH, Zheng K. Metal-free photoinduced C(sp 3)-H/C(sp 3)-H cross-coupling to access α‑tertiary amino acid derivatives. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6225. [PMID: 37802984 PMCID: PMC10558569 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction is the most direct and efficient method for constructing α-tertiary amino acids (ATAAs), which avoids the pre-activation of C(sp3)-H substrates. However, the use of transition metals and harsh reaction conditions are still significant challenges for these reactions that urgently require solutions. This paper presents a mild, metal-free CDC reaction for the construction of ATAAs, which is compatible with various benzyl C-H substrates, functionalized C-H substrates, and alkyl substrates, with good regioselectivity. Notably, our method exhibits excellent functional group tolerance and late-stage applicability. According to mechanistic studies, the one-step synthesized and bench-stable N-alkoxyphtalimide generates a highly electrophilic trifluoro ethoxy radical that serves as a key intermediate in the reaction process and acts as a hydrogen atom transfer reagent. Therefore, our metal-free and additive-free method offers a promising strategy for the synthesis of ATAAs under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Shaopeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qing-Han Li
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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36
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Wu J, Shu C, Li Z, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Photoredox-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Bromination, Chlorination and Thiocyanation Using Inorganic Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309684. [PMID: 37522816 PMCID: PMC10952529 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Decarboxylative halogenation reactions of alkyl carboxylic acids are highly valuable reactions for the synthesis of structurally diverse alkyl halides. However, many reported protocols rely on stoichiometric strong oxidants or highly electrophilic halogenating agents. Herein, we describe visible-light photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative halogenation reactions of N-hydroxyphthalimide-activated carboxylic acids that avoid stoichiometric oxidants and use inexpensive inorganic halide salts as the halogenating agents. Bromination with lithium bromide proceeds under simple, transition-metal-free conditions using an organic photoredox catalyst and no other additives, whereas dual photoredox-copper catalysis is required for chlorination with lithium chloride. The mild conditions display excellent functional-group tolerance, which is demonstrated through the transformation of a diverse range of structurally complex carboxylic acid containing natural products into the corresponding alkyl bromides and chlorides. In addition, we show the generality of the dual photoredox-copper-catalyzed decarboxylative functionalization with inorganic salts by extension to thiocyanation with potassium thiocyanide, which was applied to the synthesis of complex alkyl thiocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
- Current address: Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringZhangjiang Institute for Advanced StudyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNo. 429, Zhangheng Road200213ShanghaiChina
| | - Chao Shu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
- Current address: National Key Laboratory of Green PesticideCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal University (CCNU)152 Luoyu Road430079WuhanHubeiChina
| | - Zhihang Li
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
| | - Adam Noble
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
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37
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He J, Cook SP. Metal-free, photoinduced remote C(sp 3)-H borylation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9476-9481. [PMID: 37712044 PMCID: PMC10498503 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03048b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a protocol for the metal-free, photo-induced borylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds distal to an O-oxalate hydroxamic ester functionality. The methodology requires only substrate and bis(catecholato)diboron under light irradiation to effect the desired transformation. A range of linear and cyclic tertiary and secondary borylation products are obtained in good yields and high site-selectivity enabling the late-stage C(sp3)-H borylation of natural product derivatives and drug-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen He
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405-7102 USA
| | - Silas P Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405-7102 USA
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38
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Ju M, Lu Z, Novaes LFT, Alvarado JIM, Lin S. Frustrated Radical Pairs in Organic Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19478-19489. [PMID: 37656899 PMCID: PMC10625356 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Frustrated radical pairs (FRPs) describe the phenomenon that two distinct radicals─which would otherwise annihilate each other to form a closed-shell covalent adduct─can coexist in solution, owing to steric repulsion or weak bonding association. FRPs are typically formed via spontaneous single-electron transfer between two sterically encumbered precursors─an oxidant and a reductant─under ambient conditions. The two components of a FRP exhibit orthogonal chemical properties and can often act in cooperativity to achieve interesting radical reactivities. Initially observed in the study of traditional frustrated Lewis pairs, FRPs have recently been shown to be capable of homolytically activating various chemical bonds. In this Perspective, we will discuss the discovery of FRPs, their fundamental reactivity in chemical bond activation, and recent developments of their use in synthetic organic chemistry, including in C-H bond functionalization. We anticipate that FRPs will provide new reaction strategies for solving challenging problems in modern organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luiz F. T. Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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39
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Sun B, Li W, Liu Q, Zhang G, Mo F. Transition metal-free visible light photoredox-catalyzed remote C(sp 3)-H borylation enabled by 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer. Commun Chem 2023; 6:156. [PMID: 37488210 PMCID: PMC10366130 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The borylation of unreactive carbon-hydrogen bonds is a valuable method for transforming feedstock chemicals into versatile building blocks. Here, we describe a transition metal-free method for the photoredox-catalyzed borylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bond, initiated by 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). The remote borylation was directed by 1,5-HAT of the amidyl radical, which was generated by photocatalytic reduction of hydroxamic acid derivatives. The method accommodates substrates with primary, secondary and tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds, yielding moderate to good product yields (up to 92%) with tolerance for various functional groups. Mechanistic studies, including radical clock experiments and DFT calculations, provided detailed insight into the 1,5-HAT borylation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiqi Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenke Li
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qianyi Liu
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Gaoge Zhang
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fanyang Mo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China.
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40
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Lu Z, Ju M, Wang Y, Meinhardt JM, Martinez Alvarado JI, Villemure E, Terrett JA, Lin S. Regioselective aliphatic C-H functionalization using frustrated radical pairs. Nature 2023; 619:514-520. [PMID: 37407819 PMCID: PMC10530363 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are well documented for the activation of small molecules such as dihydrogen and carbon dioxide1-4. Although canonical FLP chemistry is heterolytic in nature, recent work has shown that certain FLPs can undergo single-electron transfer to afford radical pairs5. Owing to steric encumbrance and/or weak bonding association, these radicals do not annihilate one another, and they have thus been named frustrated radical pairs (FRPs). Notable preliminary results suggest that FRPs may be useful reagents in chemical synthesis6-8, although their applications remain limited. Here we demonstrate that the functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds can be accomplished using a class of FRPs generated from disilazide donors and an N-oxoammonium acceptor. Together, these species undergo single-electron transfer to generate a transient and persistent radical pair capable of cleaving unactivated C-H bonds to furnish aminoxylated products. By tuning the structure of the donor, it is possible to control regioselectivity and tailor reactivity towards tertiary, secondary or primary C-H bonds. Mechanistic studies lend strong support for the formation and involvement of radical pairs in the target reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Minsoo Ju
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan M Meinhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Elisia Villemure
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jack A Terrett
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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41
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Chang L, Wang S, An Q, Liu L, Wang H, Li Y, Feng K, Zuo Z. Resurgence and advancement of photochemical hydrogen atom transfer processes in selective alkane functionalizations. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6841-6859. [PMID: 37389263 PMCID: PMC10306100 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01118f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective functionalization of alkanes has long been recognized as a prominent challenge and an arduous task in organic synthesis. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes enable the direct generation of reactive alkyl radicals from feedstock alkanes and have been successfully employed in industrial applications such as the methane chlorination process, etc. Nevertheless, challenges in the regulation of radical generation and reaction pathways have created substantial obstacles in the development of diversified alkane functionalizations. In recent years, the application of photoredox catalysis has provided exciting opportunities for alkane C-H functionalization under extremely mild conditions to trigger HAT processes and achieve radical-mediated functionalizations in a more selective manner. Considerable efforts have been devoted to building more efficient and cost-effective photocatalytic systems for sustainable transformations. In this perspective, we highlight the recent development of photocatalytic systems and provide our views on current challenges and future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qing An
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Linxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yubo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Kaixuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
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42
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Bastick KA, Watson AJB. Pd-Catalyzed Organometallic-Free Homologation of Arylboronic Acids Enabled by Chemoselective Transmetalation. ACS Catal 2023; 13:7013-7018. [PMID: 37229436 PMCID: PMC10204063 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A Pd-catalyzed homologation of arylboronic acids is reported. Halomethylboronic acid pinacol esters (Bpin) undergo a remarkably facile, yet rare, oxidative addition enabled by an α-boryl effect. Simultaneous chemoselective transmetalation allows use of these metalloid reagents for formal C1 insertion to deliver benzyl Bpin products without the requirement for stoichiometric organometallic reagents. The utility of the process is demonstrated by stepwise C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling of the boronic ester products into diarylmethane pharmacophores and electrophile/nucleophile chemoselective cross-coupling. Control experiments that demonstrate the reactivity enhancement provided by the α-boryl effect are provided, along with a description of the limitations of the formal homologation process.
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43
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Yu IF, Manske JL, Diéguez-Vázquez A, Misale A, Pashenko AE, Mykhailiuk PK, Ryabukhin SV, Volochnyuk DM, Hartwig JF. Catalytic undirected borylation of tertiary C-H bonds in bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes and bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes. Nat Chem 2023; 15:685-693. [PMID: 36973434 PMCID: PMC10684141 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic borylations of sp3 C-H bonds occur with high selectivities for primary C-H bonds or secondary C-H bonds that are activated by nearby electron-withdrawing substituents. Catalytic borylation at tertiary C-H bonds has not been observed. Here we describe a broadly applicable method for the synthesis of boron-substituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes and (hetero)bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes by an iridium-catalysed borylation of the bridgehead tertiary C-H bond. This reaction is highly selective for the formation of bridgehead boronic esters and is compatible with a broad range of functional groups (>35 examples). The method is applicable to the late-stage modification of pharmaceuticals containing this substructure and the synthesis of novel bicyclic building blocks. Kinetic and computational studies suggest that C-H bond cleavage occurs with a modest barrier and that the turnover-limiting step of this reaction is an isomerization that occurs prior to reductive elimination that forms the C-B bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac F Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jenna L Manske
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander E Pashenko
- The Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- The Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergey V Ryabukhin
- The Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M Volochnyuk
- The Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine.
- Enamine Ltd, Kyiv, Ukraine.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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44
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Tan H, Zhang C, Deng Y, Zhang M, Cheng X, Wu J, Zheng D. Photoinduced Radical Sulfinylation of C(sp 3)-H Bonds with Sulfinyl Sulfones. Org Lett 2023; 25:2883-2888. [PMID: 37052454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
A direct C(sp3)-H sulfinylation reaction of alkanes with sulfinyl sulfones via decatungstate photocatalysis is reported. The sulfinyl sulfones generated in situ from sulfinates in the presence of an acylating reagent were able to trap the alkyl radicals that were produced via the photoinduced direct hydrogen atom transfer of alkanes, leading to a range of sulfoxides. This radical sulfinylation process provides an efficient and concise method for the synthesis of sulfoxides from abundant alkanes under mild conditions. Using the same strategy, aldehydes can also be transferred to the corresponding sulfoxides via decarbonylative sulfinylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Changmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yangling Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Mengxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Xiya Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering and Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Danqing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
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45
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Ke S, Liao H, Qin H, Wang Y, Li Y. Access to Benzocyclic Boronates via Light-Promoted Intramolecular Arylborylation of Alkenes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6237-6246. [PMID: 37040625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Benzocyclic boronates have attracted increasing research interest in drug chemistry and organic synthesis in recent years. Herein, we report a facile access to benzocyclic boronates through photopromoted intramolecular arylborylation of allyl aryldiazonium salts. This simple protocol features a broad scope, allowing the formation of variously functionalized borates bearing dihydrobenzofuran, dihydroindene, benzothiophene, and indoline skeletons under mild and sustainable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Ke
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Huanqing Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Hao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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46
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Chowdhury R, Elek GZ, Meana-Baamonde B, Mendoza A. Modular Synthesis of (Borylmethyl)silanes through Orthogonal Functionalization of a Carbon Atom. Org Lett 2023; 25:1935-1940. [PMID: 36898045 PMCID: PMC10043938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
(Borylmethyl)trimethylsilanes are important building blocks in organic synthesis displaying a unique reactivity. Yet, the synthesis of more advanced derivatives is limited by the advanced silicon intermediates required for their preparation. Herein, a one-pot synthesis of (borylmethyl)silanes is developed, sourced on available alkyl-, aryl-, alkoxy-, aryloxy-, and silyl-hydrosilane materials. The privileged reactivity of N-hydroxyphthalimidyl diazoacetate (NHPI-DA) in Si-H insertion and α-silyl redox-active esters in different decarboxylative borylation reactions are scrutinized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdip Chowdhury
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691-Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gábor Zoltán Elek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691-Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Beatriz Meana-Baamonde
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691-Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Molecular Science (ICMol), University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Abraham Mendoza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691-Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Molecular Science (ICMol), University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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47
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Tu JL, Hu AM, Guo L, Xia W. Iron-Catalyzed C(Sp 3)-H Borylation, Thiolation, and Sulfinylation Enabled by Photoinduced Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7600-7611. [PMID: 36958308 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic C(sp3)-H functionalization has provided enormous opportunities to construct organic molecules, facilitating the derivatization of complex pharmaceutical compounds. Within this framework, direct hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) photocatalysis becomes an appealing approach to this goal. However, the viable substrates utilized in these protocols are limited, and the site selectivity shows preference to activated and thermodynamically favored C(sp3)-H bonds. Herein, we describe the development of undirected iron-catalyzed C(sp3)-H borylation, thiolation, and sulfinylation reactions enabled by the photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process. These reactions exhibit remarkably broad substrate scope (>150 examples in total), and most importantly, all of these three reactions show unconventional regioselectivity, with the occurrence of C(sp3)-H borylation, thiolation, and sulfinylation preferentially at the distal methyl position. The procedures are operationally simple and readily scalable and provide access to high-value products from simple hydrocarbons in one step. Mechanistic studies and control experiments indicate that the afforded site selectivity is not only relevant to the HAT species but also largely affected by the use of boron- and sulfone-based radical acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Tu
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ao-Men Hu
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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48
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Roy S, Panja S, Sahoo SR, Chatterjee S, Maiti D. Enroute sustainability: metal free C-H bond functionalisation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2391-2479. [PMID: 36924227 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01466d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The term "C-H functionalisation" incorporates C-H activation followed by its transformation. In a single line, this can be defined as the conversion of carbon-hydrogen bonds into carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bonds. The catalytic functionalisation of C-H bonds using transition metals has emerged as an atom-economical technique to engender new bonds without activated precursors which can be considered as a major drawback while attempting large-scale synthesis. Replacing the transition-metal-catalysed approach with a metal-free strategy significantly offers an alternative route that is not only inexpensive but also environmentally benign to functionalize C-H bonds. Recently metal free synthetic approaches have been flourishing to functionalize C-H bonds, motivated by the search for greener, cost-effective, and non-toxic catalysts. In this review, we will highlight the comprehensive and up-to-date discussion on recent examples of ground-breaking research on green and sustainable metal-free C-H bond functionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Subir Panja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Sumeet Ranjan Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Sagnik Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India. .,Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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49
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Thakur A, Gupta SS, Dhiman AK, Sharma U. Photoredox Minisci-Type Hydroxyfluoroalkylation of Isoquinolines with N-Trifluoroethoxyphthalimide. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2314-2321. [PMID: 36705295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward photocatalytic approach has been demonstrated to incorporate a trifluoroethanol unit onto the isoquinolines. Herein, we report N-trifluoroethoxyphthalimide as a hydroxyfluoroalkyl radical precursor, enabling efficient synthesis of trifluoroethanol-substituted heteroarenes. Radical quenching experiments confirmed the involvement of a free-radical pathway under developed photocatalytic conditions. The DFT calculations confirmed the intramolecular 1,2-HAT reactivity of the O-centered trifluoroethoxy radical (generated from N-trifluoroethoxyphthalimide under photocatalytic condition) to the C-centered trifluoroethanol radical. Fluorescence quenching studies suggested that isoquinoline was responsible for the quenching of Ir-photocatalyst emission. A catalytic cycle involving trifluoroethanol radical reaction with isoquinolines has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Thakur
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource and Technology, Palampur 176061, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shiv Shankar Gupta
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource and Technology, Palampur 176061, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Dhiman
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource and Technology, Palampur 176061, India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource and Technology, Palampur 176061, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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50
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Pan ZT, Shen LM, Dagnaw FW, Zhong JJ, Jian JX, Tong QX. Minisci reaction of heteroarenes and unactivated C(sp 3)-H alkanes via a photogenerated chlorine radical. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1637-1640. [PMID: 36683529 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06486c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, an efficient Minisci reaction of heteroarenes and unactivated C(sp3)-H alkanes was achieved using an inexpensive FeCl3 as a photocatalyst. The photogenerated chlorine radical contributed to the HAT of C-H and subsequently initiated this reaction. Surprisingly, salt water and even seawater can act as a chlorine radical source, which provided an enlightening idea for future organic synthesis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Tong Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
| | - Li-Miao Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
| | - Fentahun Wondu Dagnaw
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
| | - Jian-Ji Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
| | - Jing-Xin Jian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
| | - Qing-Xiao Tong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
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