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Kim JH, Daie K, Li N. A combinatorial neural code for long-term motor memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.05.597627. [PMID: 38895416 PMCID: PMC11185691 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.05.597627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Motor skill repertoire can be stably retained over long periods, but the neural mechanism underlying stable memory storage remains poorly understood. Moreover, it is unknown how existing motor memories are maintained as new motor skills are continuously acquired. Here we tracked neural representation of learned actions throughout a significant portion of a mouse's lifespan, and we show that learned actions are stably retained in motor memory in combination with context, which protects existing memories from erasure during new motor learning. We used automated home-cage training to establish a continual learning paradigm in which mice learned to perform directional licking in different task contexts. We combined this paradigm with chronic two-photon imaging of motor cortex activity for up to 6 months. Within the same task context, activity driving directional licking was stable over time with little representational drift. When learning new task contexts, new preparatory activity emerged to drive the same licking actions. Learning created parallel new motor memories while retaining the previous memories. Re-learning to make the same actions in the previous task context re-activated the previous preparatory activity, even months later. At the same time, continual learning of new task contexts kept creating new preparatory activity patterns. Context-specific memories, as we observed in the motor system, may provide a solution for stable memory storage throughout continual learning. Learning in new contexts produces parallel new representations instead of modifying existing representations, thus protecting existing motor repertoire from erasure.
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2
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Ross CF, Laurence-Chasen JD, Li P, Orsbon C, Hatsopoulos NG. Biomechanical and Cortical Control of Tongue Movements During Chewing and Swallowing. Dysphagia 2024; 39:1-32. [PMID: 37326668 PMCID: PMC10781858 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-023-10596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tongue function is vital for chewing and swallowing and lingual dysfunction is often associated with dysphagia. Better treatment of dysphagia depends on a better understanding of hyolingual morphology, biomechanics, and neural control in humans and animal models. Recent research has revealed significant variation among animal models in morphology of the hyoid chain and suprahyoid muscles which may be associated with variation in swallowing mechanisms. The recent deployment of XROMM (X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology) to quantify 3D hyolingual kinematics has revealed new details on flexion and roll of the tongue during chewing in animal models, movements similar to those used by humans. XROMM-based studies of swallowing in macaques have falsified traditional hypotheses of mechanisms of tongue base retraction during swallowing, and literature review suggests that other animal models may employ a diversity of mechanisms of tongue base retraction. There is variation among animal models in distribution of hyolingual proprioceptors but how that might be related to lingual mechanics is unknown. In macaque monkeys, tongue kinematics-shape and movement-are strongly encoded in neural activity in orofacial primary motor cortex, giving optimism for development of brain-machine interfaces for assisting recovery of lingual function after stroke. However, more research on hyolingual biomechanics and control is needed for technologies interfacing the nervous system with the hyolingual apparatus to become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - J D Laurence-Chasen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Peishu Li
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Courtney Orsbon
- Department of Radiology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, USA
| | - Nicholas G Hatsopoulos
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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3
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Hage P, Jang IK, Looi V, Fakharian MA, Orozco SP, Pi JS, Sedaghat-Nejad E, Shadmehr R. Effort cost of harvest affects decisions and movement vigor of marmosets during foraging. eLife 2023; 12:RP87238. [PMID: 38079467 PMCID: PMC10715725 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Our decisions are guided by how we perceive the value of an option, but this evaluation also affects how we move to acquire that option. Why should economic variables such as reward and effort alter the vigor of our movements? In theory, both the option that we choose and the vigor with which we move contribute to a measure of fitness in which the objective is to maximize rewards minus efforts, divided by time. To explore this idea, we engaged marmosets in a foraging task in which on each trial they decided whether to work by making saccades to visual targets, thus accumulating food, or to harvest by licking what they had earned. We varied the effort cost of harvest by moving the food tube with respect to the mouth. Theory predicted that the subjects should respond to the increased effort costs by choosing to work longer, stockpiling food before commencing harvest, but reduce their movement vigor to conserve energy. Indeed, in response to an increased effort cost of harvest, marmosets extended their work duration, but slowed their movements. These changes in decisions and movements coincided with changes in pupil size. As the effort cost of harvest declined, work duration decreased, the pupils dilated, and the vigor of licks and saccades increased. Thus, when acquisition of reward became effortful, the pupils constricted, the decisions exhibited delayed gratification, and the movements displayed reduced vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hage
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - In Kyu Jang
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Vivian Looi
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Mohammad Amin Fakharian
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Simon P Orozco
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jay S Pi
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Ehsan Sedaghat-Nejad
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Reza Shadmehr
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
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4
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McGarity-Shipley MR, Markovik Jantz S, Johansson RS, Wolpert DM, Flanagan JR. Fast Feedback Responses to Categorical Sensorimotor Errors That Do Not Indicate Error Magnitude Are Optimized Based on Short- and Long-Term Memory. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8525-8535. [PMID: 37884350 PMCID: PMC10711696 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1990-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Skilled motor performance depends critically on rapid corrective responses that act to preserve the goal of the movement in the face of perturbations. Although it is well established that the gain of corrective responses elicited while reaching toward objects adapts to different contexts, little is known about the adaptability of corrective responses supporting the manipulation of objects after they are grasped. Here, we investigated the adaptability of the corrective response elicited when an object being lifted is heavier than expected and fails to lift off when predicted. This response involves a monotonic increase in vertical load force triggered, within ∼90 ms, by the absence of expected sensory feedback signaling lift off and terminated when actual lift off occurs. Critically, because the actual weight of the object cannot be directly sensed at the moment the object fails to lift off, any adaptation of the corrective response would have to be based on memory from previous lifts. We show that when humans, including men and women, repeatedly lift an object that on occasional catch trials increases from a baseline weight to a fixed heavier weight, they scale the gain of the response (i.e., the rate of force increase) to the heavier weight within two to three catch trials. We also show that the gain of the response scales, on the first catch trial, with the baseline weight of the object. Thus, the gain of the lifting response can be adapted by both short- and long-term experience. Finally, we demonstrate that this adaptation preserves the efficacy of the response across contexts.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we present the first investigation of the adaptability of the corrective lifting response elicited when an object is heavier than expected and fails to lift off when predicted. A striking feature of the response, which is driven by a sensory prediction error arising from the absence of expected sensory feedback, is that the magnitude of the error is unknown. That is, the motor system only receives a categorical error indicating that the object is heavier than expected but not its actual weight. Although the error magnitude is not known at the moment the response is elicited, we show that the response can be scaled to predictions of error magnitude based on both recent and long-term memories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Markovik Jantz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Roland S Johansson
- Physiology Section, Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel M Wolpert
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - J Randall Flanagan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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5
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Kleinfeld D, Deschênes M, Economo MN, Elbaz M, Golomb D, Liao SM, O'Connor DH, Wang F. Low- and high-level coordination of orofacial motor actions. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102784. [PMID: 37757586 PMCID: PMC11034851 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial motor actions are movements that, in rodents, involve whisking of the vibrissa, deflection of the nose, licking and lapping with the tongue, and consumption through chewing. These actions, along with bobbing and turning of the head, coordinate to subserve exploration while not conflicting with life-supporting actions such as breathing and swallowing. Orofacial and head movements are comprised of two additive components: a rhythm that can be entrained by the breathing oscillator and a broadband component that directs the actuator to the region of interest. We focus on coordinating the rhythmic component of actions into a behavior. We hypothesize that the precise timing of each constituent action is continually adjusted through the merging of low-level oscillator input with sensory-derived, high-level rhythmic feedback. Supporting evidence is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Martin Deschênes
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec City, G1J 2R3 Canada
| | - Michael N Economo
- Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michaël Elbaz
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - David Golomb
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben Gurion University, Be'er-Sheba 8410501, Israel; Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University, Be'er-Sheba 8410501, Israel
| | - Song-Mao Liao
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel H O'Connor
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Zynval Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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6
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Guzulaitis R, Palmer LM. A thalamocortical pathway controlling impulsive behavior. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:1018-1024. [PMID: 37778915 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Planning and anticipating motor actions enables movements to be quickly and accurately executed. However, if anticipation is not properly controlled, it can lead to premature impulsive actions. Impulsive behavior is defined as actions that are poorly conceived and are often risky and inappropriate. Historically, impulsive behavior was thought to be primarily controlled by the frontal cortex and basal ganglia. More recently, two additional brain regions, the ventromedial (VM) thalamus and the anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM), have been shown to have an important role in mice. Here, we explore this newly discovered role of the thalamocortical pathway and suggest cellular mechanisms that may be involved in driving the cortical activity that contributes to impulsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucy M Palmer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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7
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Li Y, An X, Qian Y, Xu XH, Zhao S, Mohan H, Bachschmid-Romano L, Brunel N, Whishaw IQ, Huang ZJ. Cortical network and projection neuron types that articulate serial order in a skilled motor behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.25.563871. [PMID: 37961483 PMCID: PMC10634836 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.25.563871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Skilled motor behaviors require orderly coordination of multiple constituent movements with sensory cues towards achieving a goal, but the underlying brain circuit mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that target-guided reach-grasp-to-drink (RGD) in mice involves the ordering and coordination of a set of forelimb and oral actions. Cortex-wide activity imaging of multiple glutamatergic projection neuron (PN) types uncovered a network, involving the secondary motor cortex (MOs), forelimb primary motor and somatosensory cortex, that tracked RGD movements. Photo-inhibition highlighted MOs in coordinating RGD movements. Within the MOs, population neural trajectories tracked RGD progression and single neuron activities integrated across constituent movements. Notably, MOs intratelencephalic, pyramidal tract, and corticothalamic PN activities correlated with action coordination, showed distinct neural dynamics trajectories, and differentially contributed to movement coordination. Our results delineate a cortical network and key areas, PN types, and neural dynamics therein that articulate the serial order and coordination of a skilled behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 1 1724, USA
| | - Xu An
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 1 1724, USA
| | - Yongjun Qian
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 1 1724, USA
| | - X. Hermione Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shengli Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hemanth Mohan
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 1 1724, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Brunel
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ian Q. Whishaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Research, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, TIK 3M4, Canada
| | - Z. Josh Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 1 1724, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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8
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Mangin EN, Chen J, Lin J, Li N. Behavioral measurements of motor readiness in mice. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3610-3624.e4. [PMID: 37582373 PMCID: PMC10529875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Motor planning facilitates rapid and precise execution of volitional movements. Although motor planning has been classically studied in humans and monkeys, the mouse has become an increasingly popular model system to study neural mechanisms of motor planning. It remains yet untested whether mice and primates share common behavioral features of motor planning. We combined videography and a delayed response task paradigm in an autonomous behavioral system to measure motor planning in non-body-restrained mice. Motor planning resulted in both reaction time (RT) savings and increased movement accuracy, replicating classic effects in primates. We found that motor planning was reflected in task-relevant body features. Both the specific actions prepared and the degree of motor readiness could be read out online during motor planning. The online readout further revealed behavioral evidence of simultaneous preparation for multiple actions under uncertain conditions. These results validate the mouse as a model to study motor planning, demonstrate body feature movements as a powerful real-time readout of motor readiness, and offer behavioral evidence that motor planning can be a parallel process that permits rapid selection of multiple prepared actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise N Mangin
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nuo Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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9
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Majumder S, Hirokawa K, Yang Z, Paletzki R, Gerfen CR, Fontolan L, Romani S, Jain A, Yasuda R, Inagaki HK. Cell-type-specific plasticity shapes neocortical dynamics for motor learning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.09.552699. [PMID: 37609277 PMCID: PMC10441538 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.09.552699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Neocortical spiking dynamics control aspects of behavior, yet how these dynamics emerge during motor learning remains elusive. Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is likely a key mechanism, as it reconfigures network architectures that govern neural dynamics. Here, we examined how the mouse premotor cortex acquires its well-characterized neural dynamics that control movement timing, specifically lick timing. To probe the role of synaptic plasticity, we have genetically manipulated proteins essential for major forms of synaptic plasticity, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and Cofilin, in a region and cell-type-specific manner. Transient inactivation of CaMKII in the premotor cortex blocked learning of new lick timing without affecting the execution of learned action or ongoing spiking activity. Furthermore, among the major glutamatergic neurons in the premotor cortex, CaMKII and Cofilin activity in pyramidal tract (PT) neurons, but not intratelencephalic (IT) neurons, is necessary for learning. High-density electrophysiology in the premotor cortex uncovered that neural dynamics anticipating licks are progressively shaped during learning, which explains the change in lick timing. Such reconfiguration in behaviorally relevant dynamics is impeded by CaMKII manipulation in PT neurons. Altogether, the activity of plasticity-related proteins in PT neurons plays a central role in sculpting neocortical dynamics to learn new behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouvik Majumder
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Koichi Hirokawa
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Zidan Yang
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ronald Paletzki
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | | | - Lorenzo Fontolan
- Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix- Marseille University, INSERM, INMED U1249, Marseille, France
- Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn VA 20147, USA
| | - Sandro Romani
- Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn VA 20147, USA
| | - Anant Jain
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ryohei Yasuda
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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10
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Athalye VR, Khanna P, Gowda S, Orsborn AL, Costa RM, Carmena JM. Invariant neural dynamics drive commands to control different movements. Curr Biol 2023; 33:2962-2976.e15. [PMID: 37402376 PMCID: PMC10527529 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the nervous system has the capacity to generate a wide variety of movements because it reuses some invariant code. Previous work has identified that dynamics of neural population activity are similar during different movements, where dynamics refer to how the instantaneous spatial pattern of population activity changes in time. Here, we test whether invariant dynamics of neural populations are actually used to issue the commands that direct movement. Using a brain-machine interface (BMI) that transforms rhesus macaques' motor-cortex activity into commands for a neuroprosthetic cursor, we discovered that the same command is issued with different neural-activity patterns in different movements. However, these different patterns were predictable, as we found that the transitions between activity patterns are governed by the same dynamics across movements. These invariant dynamics are low dimensional, and critically, they align with the BMI, so that they predict the specific component of neural activity that actually issues the next command. We introduce a model of optimal feedback control (OFC) that shows that invariant dynamics can help transform movement feedback into commands, reducing the input that the neural population needs to control movement. Altogether our results demonstrate that invariant dynamics drive commands to control a variety of movements and show how feedback can be integrated with invariant dynamics to issue generalizable commands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek R Athalye
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Preeya Khanna
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Suraj Gowda
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Amy L Orsborn
- Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rui M Costa
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Jose M Carmena
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; UC Berkeley-UCSF Joint Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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11
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Woo T, Liang X, Evans DA, Fernandez O, Kretschmer F, Reiter S, Laurent G. The dynamics of pattern matching in camouflaging cuttlefish. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06259-2. [PMID: 37380772 PMCID: PMC10322717 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Many cephalopods escape detection using camouflage1. This behaviour relies on a visual assessment of the surroundings, on an interpretation of visual-texture statistics2-4 and on matching these statistics using millions of skin chromatophores that are controlled by motoneurons located in the brain5-7. Analysis of cuttlefish images proposed that camouflage patterns are low dimensional and categorizable into three pattern classes, built from a small repertoire of components8-11. Behavioural experiments also indicated that, although camouflage requires vision, its execution does not require feedback5,12,13, suggesting that motion within skin-pattern space is stereotyped and lacks the possibility of correction. Here, using quantitative methods14, we studied camouflage in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis as behavioural motion towards background matching in skin-pattern space. An analysis of hundreds of thousands of images over natural and artificial backgrounds revealed that the space of skin patterns is high-dimensional and that pattern matching is not stereotyped-each search meanders through skin-pattern space, decelerating and accelerating repeatedly before stabilizing. Chromatophores could be grouped into pattern components on the basis of their covariation during camouflaging. These components varied in shapes and sizes, and overlay one another. However, their identities varied even across transitions between identical skin-pattern pairs, indicating flexibility of implementation and absence of stereotypy. Components could also be differentiated by their sensitivity to spatial frequency. Finally, we compared camouflage to blanching, a skin-lightening reaction to threatening stimuli. Pattern motion during blanching was direct and fast, consistent with open-loop motion in low-dimensional pattern space, in contrast to that observed during camouflage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosia Woo
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Xitong Liang
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Sam Reiter
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Gilles Laurent
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany.
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12
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Laurence-Chasen JD, Ross CF, Arce-McShane FI, Hatsopoulos NG. Robust cortical encoding of 3D tongue shape during feeding in macaques. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2991. [PMID: 37225708 PMCID: PMC10209084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dexterous tongue deformation underlies eating, drinking, and speaking. The orofacial sensorimotor cortex has been implicated in the control of coordinated tongue kinematics, but little is known about how the brain encodes-and ultimately drives-the tongue's 3D, soft-body deformation. Here we combine a biplanar x-ray video technology, multi-electrode cortical recordings, and machine-learning-based decoding to explore the cortical representation of lingual deformation. We trained long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks to decode various aspects of intraoral tongue deformation from cortical activity during feeding in male Rhesus monkeys. We show that both lingual movements and complex lingual shapes across a range of feeding behaviors could be decoded with high accuracy, and that the distribution of deformation-related information across cortical regions was consistent with previous studies of the arm and hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Laurence-Chasen
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Fritzie I Arce-McShane
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box #357475, Seattle, WA, 98195-7475, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195-7475, USA
| | - Nicholas G Hatsopoulos
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Program in Computational Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, 5812 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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13
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Petersen N, Adank DN, Raghavan R, Winder DG, Doyle MA. LIQ HD (Lick Instance Quantifier Home Cage Device): An Open-Source Tool for Recording Undisturbed Two-Bottle Drinking Behavior in a Home Cage Environment. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0506-22.2023. [PMID: 36997312 PMCID: PMC10112549 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0506-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigation of rodent drinking behavior has provided insight into drivers of thirst, circadian rhythms, anhedonia, and drug and ethanol consumption. Traditional methods of recording fluid intake involve weighing bottles, which is cumbersome and lacks temporal resolution. Several open-source devices have been designed to improve drink monitoring, particularly for two-bottle choice tasks. However, beam-break sensors lack the ability to detect individual licks for bout microstructure analysis. Thus, we designed LIQ HD (Lick Instance Quantifier Home cage Device) with the goal of using capacitive sensors to increase accuracy and analyze lick microstructure, building a device compatible with ventilated home cages, increasing scale with prolonged undisturbed recordings, and creating a design that is easy to build and use with an intuitive touchscreen graphical user interface. The system tracks two-bottle choice licking behavior in up to 18 rodent cages, or 36 single bottles, on a minute-to-minute timescale controlled by a single Arduino microcontroller. The data are logged to a single SD card, allowing for efficient downstream analysis. LIQ HD accuracy was validated with sucrose, quinine, and ethanol two-bottle choice tasks. The system measures preference over time and changes in bout microstructure, with undisturbed recordings tested up to 7 d. All designs and software are open-source to allow other researchers to build on the system and adapt LIQ HD to their animal home cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Petersen
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Danielle N Adank
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Ritika Raghavan
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Danny G Winder
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Marie A Doyle
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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14
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Xie T, Huang C, Zhang Y, Liu J, Yao H. Influence of Recent Trial History on Interval Timing. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:559-575. [PMID: 36209314 PMCID: PMC10073370 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00954-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interval timing is involved in a variety of cognitive behaviors such as associative learning and decision-making. While it has been shown that time estimation is adaptive to the temporal context, it remains unclear how interval timing behavior is influenced by recent trial history. Here we found that, in mice trained to perform a licking-based interval timing task, a decrease of inter-reinforcement interval in the previous trial rapidly shifted the time of anticipatory licking earlier. Optogenetic inactivation of the anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM), but not the medial prefrontal cortex, for a short time before reward delivery caused a decrease in the peak time of anticipatory licking in the next trial. Electrophysiological recordings from the ALM showed that the response profiles preceded by short and long inter-reinforcement intervals exhibited task-engagement-dependent temporal scaling. Thus, interval timing is adaptive to recent experience of the temporal interval, and ALM activity during time estimation reflects recent experience of interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taorong Xie
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Can Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haishan Yao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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15
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De La Crompe B, Schneck M, Steenbergen F, Schneider A, Diester I. FreiBox: A Versatile Open-Source Behavioral Setup for Investigating the Neuronal Correlates of Behavioral Flexibility via 1-Photon Imaging in Freely Moving Mice. eNeuro 2023; 10:10/4/ENEURO.0469-22.2023. [PMID: 37105720 PMCID: PMC10166259 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0469-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To survive in a complex and changing environment, animals must adapt their behavior. This ability is called behavioral flexibility and is classically evaluated by a reversal learning paradigm. During such a paradigm, the animals adapt their behavior according to a change of the reward contingencies. To study these complex cognitive functions (from outcome evaluation to motor adaptation), we developed a versatile, low-cost, open-source platform, allowing us to investigate the neuronal correlates of behavioral flexibility with 1-photon calcium imaging. This platform consists of FreiBox, a novel low-cost Arduino behavioral setup, as well as further open-source tools, which we developed and integrated into our framework. FreiBox is controlled by a custom Python interface and integrates a new licking sensor (strain gauge lickometer) for controlling spatial licking behavioral tasks. In addition to allowing both discriminative and serial reversal learning, the Arduino can track mouse licking behavior in real time to control task events in a submillisecond timescale. To complete our setup, we also developed and validated an affordable commutator, which is crucial for recording calcium imaging with the Miniscope V4 in freely moving mice. Further, we demonstrated that FreiBox can be associated with 1-photon imaging and other open-source initiatives (e.g., Open Ephys) to form a versatile platform for exploring the neuronal substrates of licking-based behavioral flexibility in mice. The combination of the FreiBox behavioral setup and our low-cost commutator represents a highly competitive and complementary addition to the recently emerging battery of open-source initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice De La Crompe
- Optophysiology-Optogenetics and Neurophysiology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Intelligent Machine-Brain Interfacing Technology (IMBIT)-BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Megan Schneck
- Optophysiology-Optogenetics and Neurophysiology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Intelligent Machine-Brain Interfacing Technology (IMBIT)-BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Steenbergen
- Optophysiology-Optogenetics and Neurophysiology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Intelligent Machine-Brain Interfacing Technology (IMBIT)-BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Artur Schneider
- Optophysiology-Optogenetics and Neurophysiology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Intelligent Machine-Brain Interfacing Technology (IMBIT)-BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ilka Diester
- Optophysiology-Optogenetics and Neurophysiology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Intelligent Machine-Brain Interfacing Technology (IMBIT)-BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Mangin EN, Chen J, Lin J, Li N. Behavioral measurements of motor readiness in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.03.527054. [PMID: 36778494 PMCID: PMC9915731 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.03.527054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Motor planning facilitates rapid and precise execution of volitional movements. Although motor planning has been classically studied in humans and monkeys, the mouse has become an increasingly popular model system to study neural mechanisms of motor planning. It remains yet untested whether mice and primates share common behavioral features of motor planning. We combined videography and a delayed response task paradigm in an autonomous behavioral system to measure motor planning in non-body- restrained mice. Motor planning resulted in both reaction time savings and increased movement accuracy, replicating classic effects in primates. We found that motor planning was reflected in task-relevant body features. Both the specific actions prepared and the degree of motor readiness could be read out online during motor planning. The online readout further revealed behavioral evidence of simultaneous preparation for multiple actions under uncertain conditions. These results validate the mouse as a model to study motor planning, demonstrate body feature movements as a powerful real-time readout of motor readiness, and offer behavioral evidence that motor planning can be a parallel process that permits rapid selection of multiple prepared actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Nuo Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine
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17
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Yang W, Kanodia H, Arber S. Structural and functional map for forelimb movement phases between cortex and medulla. Cell 2023; 186:162-177.e18. [PMID: 36608651 PMCID: PMC9842395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cortex influences movement by widespread top-down projections to many nervous system regions. Skilled forelimb movements require brainstem circuitry in the medulla; however, the logic of cortical interactions with these neurons remains unexplored. Here, we reveal a fine-grained anatomical and functional map between anterior cortex (AC) and medulla in mice. Distinct cortical regions generate three-dimensional synaptic columns tiling the lateral medulla, topographically matching the dorso-ventral positions of postsynaptic neurons tuned to distinct forelimb action phases. Although medial AC (MAC) terminates ventrally and connects to forelimb-reaching-tuned neurons and its silencing impairs reaching, lateral AC (LAC) influences dorsally positioned neurons tuned to food handling, and its silencing impairs handling. Cortico-medullary neurons also extend collaterals to other subcortical structures through a segregated channel interaction logic. Our findings reveal a precise alignment between cortical location, its function, and specific forelimb-action-tuned medulla neurons, thereby clarifying interaction principles between these two key structures and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuzhou Yang
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Harsh Kanodia
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Arber
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland,Corresponding author
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18
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Guzulaitis R, Godenzini L, Palmer LM. Neural basis of anticipation and premature impulsive action in the frontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1683-1692. [PMID: 36376483 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Planning motor actions can improve behavioral performance; however, it can also lead to premature actions. Although the anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) is known to be important for correct motor planning, it is currently unknown how it contributes to premature impulsive motor output. This was addressed using whole-cell voltage recordings from layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons within the ALM while mice performed a cued sensory association task. Here, a robust voltage response was evoked during the auditory cue, which was greater during incorrect premature behavior than during correct performance in the task. Optogenetically suppressing ALM during the cued sensory association task led to enhanced behavior, with fewer, and more delayed, premature responses and faster correct responses. Taken together, our findings extend the current known roles of the ALM, illustrating that ALM plays an important role in impulsive behavior by encoding and influencing premature motor output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertas Guzulaitis
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,The Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Luca Godenzini
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy Maree Palmer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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19
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Moore S, Kuchibhotla KV. Slow or sudden: Re-interpreting the learning curve for modern systems neuroscience. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:9-14. [PMID: 35669385 PMCID: PMC9163689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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20
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Prospective and retrospective values integrated in frontal cortex drive predictive choice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206067119. [PMID: 36417435 PMCID: PMC9889848 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206067119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To make a deliberate action in a volatile environment, the brain must frequently reassess the value of each action (action-value). Choice can be initially made from the experience of trial-and-errors, but once the dynamics of the environment is learned, the choice can be made from the knowledge of the environment. The action-values constructed from the experience (retrospective value) and the ones from the knowledge (prospective value) were identified in various regions of the brain. However, how and which neural circuit integrates these values and executes the chosen action remains unknown. Combining reinforcement learning and two-photon calcium imaging, we found that the preparatory activity of neurons in a part of the frontal cortex, the anterior-lateral motor (ALM) area, initially encodes retrospective value, but after extensive training, they jointly encode the retrospective and prospective value. Optogenetic inhibition of ALM preparatory activity specifically abolished the expert mice's predictive choice behavior and returned them to the novice-like state. Thus, the integrated action-value encoded in the preparatory activity of ALM plays an important role to bias the action toward the knowledge-dependent, predictive choice behavior.
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21
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Barrett JM, Martin ME, Shepherd GMG. Manipulation-specific cortical activity as mice handle food. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4842-4853.e6. [PMID: 36243014 PMCID: PMC9691616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Food handling offers unique yet largely unexplored opportunities to investigate how cortical activity relates to forelimb movements in a natural, ethologically essential, and kinematically rich form of manual dexterity. To determine these relationships, we recorded high-speed (1,000 fps) video and multi-channel electrophysiological cortical spiking activity while mice handled food. The high temporal resolution of the video allowed us to decompose active manipulation ("oromanual") events into characteristic submovements, enabling event-aligned analysis of cortical activity. Activity in forelimb M1 was strongly modulated during food handling, generally higher during oromanual events and lower during holding intervals. Optogenetic silencing and stimulation of forelimb M1 neurons partially affected food-handling movements, exerting suppressive and activating effects, respectively. We also extended the analysis to forelimb S1 and lateral M1, finding broadly similar oromanual-related activity across all three areas. However, each area's activity displayed a distinct timing and phasic/tonic temporal profile, which was further analyzed by non-negative matrix factorization and demonstrated to be attributable to area-specific composition of activity classes. Current or future forelimb position could be accurately predicted from activity in all three regions, indicating that the cortical activity in these areas contains high information content about forelimb movements during food handling. These results thus establish that cortical activity during food handling is manipulation specific, distributed, and broadly similar across multiple sensorimotor areas while also exhibiting area- and submovement-specific relationships with the fast kinematic hallmarks of this natural form of complex free-object-handling manual dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Barrett
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Megan E Martin
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Gordon M G Shepherd
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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22
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Inagaki HK, Chen S, Daie K, Finkelstein A, Fontolan L, Romani S, Svoboda K. Neural Algorithms and Circuits for Motor Planning. Annu Rev Neurosci 2022; 45:249-271. [PMID: 35316610 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-092021-121730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The brain plans and executes volitional movements. The underlying patterns of neural population activity have been explored in the context of movements of the eyes, limbs, tongue, and head in nonhuman primates and rodents. How do networks of neurons produce the slow neural dynamics that prepare specific movements and the fast dynamics that ultimately initiate these movements? Recent work exploits rapid and calibrated perturbations of neural activity to test specific dynamical systems models that are capable of producing the observed neural activity. These joint experimental and computational studies show that cortical dynamics during motor planning reflect fixed points of neural activity (attractors). Subcortical control signals reshape and move attractors over multiple timescales, causing commitment to specific actions and rapid transitions to movement execution. Experiments in rodents are beginning to reveal how these algorithms are implemented at the level of brain-wide neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susu Chen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Kayvon Daie
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.,Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Arseny Finkelstein
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Lorenzo Fontolan
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Sandro Romani
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA.,Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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23
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Bratland V, Bondavalli D, Patton J, Esmailbeigi H. Movement of the Tongue During Target Reaching on a 2-Dimensional Surface. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:4278-4281. [PMID: 36085696 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tongue's physiological complexity and hidden location inside the oral cavity, limit our ability to quantify its fast and dynamic motions. Our team has developed a discreet wireless intraoral wearable device to study the tongue motion. In this paper, tongue movements were analyzed during functional tasks of target reaching when controlling a cursor on a computer screen. Ten healthy individuals participated in this study. Movement trajectories were compared to straight lines using the maximum perpendicular distance error. Results suggest that the tongue directs the cursor closer to a straight line when moving along the anteroposterior and mediolateral direction. We also observed that with practice the movement error along the mediolateral axis decreases more than the error for the anteroposterior and angular movements.
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24
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Halley AC, Baldwin MKL, Cooke DF, Englund M, Pineda CR, Schmid T, Yartsev MM, Krubitzer L. Coevolution of motor cortex and behavioral specializations associated with flight and echolocation in bats. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2935-2941.e3. [PMID: 35617952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bats have evolved behavioral specializations that are unique among mammals, including self-propelled flight and echolocation. However, areas of motor cortex that are critical in the generation and fine control of these unique behaviors have never been fully characterized in any bat species, despite the fact that bats compose ∼25% of extant mammalian species. Using intracortical microstimulation, we examined the organization of motor cortex in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus), a species that has evolved a novel form of tongue-based echolocation.1,2 We found that movement representations include an enlarged tongue region containing discrete subregions devoted to generating distinct tongue movement types, consistent with their behavioral specialization generating active sonar using tongue clicks. This magnification of the tongue in motor cortex is comparable to the enlargement of somatosensory representations in species with sensory specializations.3-5 We also found a novel degree of coactivation between the forelimbs and hindlimbs, both of which are involved in altering the shape and tension of wing membranes during flight. Together, these findings suggest that the organization of motor cortex has coevolved with peripheral morphology in bats to support the unique motor demands of flight and echolocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Halley
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Mary K L Baldwin
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Dylan F Cooke
- Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive E K9625, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Englund
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Carlos R Pineda
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 175 Li Ka Shing Center, MC#3370, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael M Yartsev
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 175 Li Ka Shing Center, MC#3370, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, 306 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Leah Krubitzer
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
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25
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Laurence-Chasen JD, Arce-McShane FI, Hatsopoulos NG, Ross CF. Loss of oral sensation impairs feeding performance and consistency of tongue-jaw coordination. J Oral Rehabil 2022; 49:806-816. [PMID: 35514258 PMCID: PMC9540871 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Individuals with impaired oral sensation report difficulty chewing, but little is known about the underlying changes to tongue and jaw kinematics. Methodological challenges impede the measurement of 3D tongue movement and its relationship to the gape cycle. Objective The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of loss of oral somatosensation on feeding performance, 3D tongue kinematics and tongue‐jaw coordination. Methodology XROMM (X‐ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology) was used to quantify 3D tongue and jaw kinematics during feeding in three rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) before and after an oral tactile nerve block. Feeding performance was measured using feeding sequence duration, number of manipulation cycles and swallow frequency. Coordination was measured using event‐ and correlation‐based metrics of jaw pitch, anterior tongue length, width and roll. Results In the absence of tactile sensation to the tongue and other oral structures, feeding performance decreased, and the fast open phase of the gape cycle became significantly longer, relative to the other phases (p < .05). The tongue made similar shapes in both the control and nerve block conditions, but the pattern of tongue‐jaw coordination became significantly more variable after the block (p < .05). Conclusion Disruption of oral somatosensation impacts feeding performance by introducing variability into the typically tight pattern of tongue‐jaw coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Laurence-Chasen
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Nicholas G Hatsopoulos
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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26
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Gaffield MA, Sauerbrei BA, Christie JM. Cerebellum encodes and influences the initiation, performance, and termination of discontinuous movements in mice. eLife 2022; 11:71464. [PMID: 35451957 PMCID: PMC9075950 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is hypothesized to represent timing information important for organizing salient motor events during periodically performed discontinuous movements. To provide functional evidence validating this idea, we measured and manipulated Purkinje cell (PC) activity in the lateral cerebellum of mice trained to volitionally perform periodic bouts of licking for regularly allocated water rewards. Overall, PC simple spiking modulated during task performance, mapping phasic tongue protrusions and retractions, as well as ramping prior to both lick-bout initiation and termination, two important motor events delimiting movement cycles. The ramping onset occurred earlier for the initiation of uncued exploratory licking that anticipated water availability relative to licking that was reactive to water allocation, suggesting that the cerebellum is engaged differently depending on the movement context. In a subpopulation of PCs, climbing-fiber-evoked responses also increased during lick-bout initiation, but not termination, highlighting differences in how cerebellar input pathways represent task-related information. Optogenetic perturbation of PC activity disrupted the behavior by degrading lick-bout rhythmicity in addition to initiating and terminating licking bouts confirming a causative role in movement organization. Together, these results substantiate that the cerebellum contributes to the initiation and timing of repeated motor actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Britton A Sauerbrei
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Jason M Christie
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
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27
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Networking brainstem and basal ganglia circuits for movement. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:342-360. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00581-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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28
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Inagaki HK, Chen S, Ridder MC, Sah P, Li N, Yang Z, Hasanbegovic H, Gao Z, Gerfen CR, Svoboda K. A midbrain-thalamus-cortex circuit reorganizes cortical dynamics to initiate movement. Cell 2022; 185:1065-1081.e23. [PMID: 35245431 PMCID: PMC8990337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Motor behaviors are often planned long before execution but only released after specific sensory events. Planning and execution are each associated with distinct patterns of motor cortex activity. Key questions are how these dynamic activity patterns are generated and how they relate to behavior. Here, we investigate the multi-regional neural circuits that link an auditory "Go cue" and the transition from planning to execution of directional licking. Ascending glutamatergic neurons in the midbrain reticular and pedunculopontine nuclei show short latency and phasic changes in spike rate that are selective for the Go cue. This signal is transmitted via the thalamus to the motor cortex, where it triggers a rapid reorganization of motor cortex state from planning-related activity to a motor command, which in turn drives appropriate movement. Our studies show how midbrain can control cortical dynamics via the thalamus for rapid and precise motor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko K Inagaki
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Susu Chen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Margreet C Ridder
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pankaj Sah
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Joint Center for Neuroscience and Neural Engineering, and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Nuo Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zidan Yang
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hana Hasanbegovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | | | - Karel Svoboda
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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29
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Xu D, Dong M, Chen Y, Delgado AM, Hughes NC, Zhang L, O'Connor DH. Cortical processing of flexible and context-dependent sensorimotor sequences. Nature 2022; 603:464-469. [PMID: 35264793 PMCID: PMC9109820 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The brain generates complex sequences of movements that can be flexibly configured based on behavioural context or real-time sensory feedback1, but how this occurs is not fully understood. Here we developed a 'sequence licking' task in which mice directed their tongue to a target that moved through a series of locations. Mice could rapidly branch the sequence online based on tactile feedback. Closed-loop optogenetics and electrophysiology revealed that the tongue and jaw regions of the primary somatosensory (S1TJ) and motor (M1TJ) cortices2 encoded and controlled tongue kinematics at the level of individual licks. By contrast, the tongue 'premotor' (anterolateral motor) cortex3-10 encoded latent variables including intended lick angle, sequence identity and progress towards the reward that marked successful sequence execution. Movement-nonspecific sequence branching signals occurred in the anterolateral motor cortex and M1TJ. Our results reveal a set of key cortical areas for flexible and context-informed sequence generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Xu
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Brain Science Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mingyuan Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Brain Science Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuxi Chen
- Undergraduate Studies, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angel M Delgado
- Undergraduate Studies, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Natasha C Hughes
- Undergraduate Studies, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Linghua Zhang
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Brain Science Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel H O'Connor
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Brain Science Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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