1
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Kumar U, Fang CY, Roan HY, Hsu SC, Wang CH, Chen CH. Whole-body replacement of larval myofibers generates permanent adult myofibers in zebrafish. EMBO J 2024:10.1038/s44318-024-00136-y. [PMID: 38839992 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Drastic increases in myofiber number and size are essential to support vertebrate post-embryonic growth. However, the collective cellular behaviors that enable these increases have remained elusive. Here, we created the palmuscle myofiber tagging and tracking system for in toto monitoring of the growth and fates of ~5000 fast myofibers in developing zebrafish larvae. Through live tracking of individual myofibers within the same individuals over extended periods, we found that many larval myofibers readily dissolved during development, enabling the on-site addition of new and more myofibers. Remarkably, whole-body surveillance of multicolor-barcoded myofibers further unveiled a gradual yet extensive elimination of larval myofiber populations, resulting in near-total replacement by late juvenile stages. The subsequently emerging adult myofibers are not only long-lasting, but also morphologically and functionally distinct from the larval populations. Furthermore, we determined that the elimination-replacement process is dependent on and driven by the autophagy pathway. Altogether, we propose that the whole-body replacement of larval myofibers is an inherent yet previously unnoticed process driving organismic muscle growth during vertebrate post-embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Kumar
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Fang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yuh Roan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Hsu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Han Wang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hui Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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2
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Singh N, Zhang P, Li KJ, Gordon KL. The Rac pathway prevents cell fragmentation in a nonprotrusively migrating leader cell during C. elegans gonad organogenesis. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2387-2402.e5. [PMID: 38776905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The C. elegans hermaphrodite distal tip cell (DTC) leads gonadogenesis. Loss-of-function mutations in a C. elegans ortholog of the Rac1 GTPase (ced-10) and its GEF complex (ced-5/DOCK180, ced-2/CrkII, ced-12/ELMO) cause gonad migration defects related to directional sensing; we discovered an additional defect class of gonad bifurcation in these mutants. Using genetic approaches, tissue-specific and whole-body RNAi, and in vivo imaging of endogenously tagged proteins and marked cells, we find that loss of Rac1 or its regulators causes the DTC to fragment as it migrates. Both products of fragmentation-the now-smaller DTC and the membranous patch of cellular material-localize important stem cell niche signaling (LAG-2 ligand) and migration (INA-1/integrin subunit alpha) factors to their membranes, but only one retains the DTC nucleus and therefore the ability to maintain gene expression over time. The enucleate patch can lead a bifurcating branch off the gonad arm that grows through germ cell proliferation. Germ cells in this branch differentiate as the patch loses LAG-2 expression. While the nucleus is surprisingly dispensable for aspects of leader cell function, it is required for stem cell niche activity long term. Prior work found that Rac1-/-;Rac2-/- mouse erythrocytes fragment; in this context, our new findings support the conclusion that maintaining a cohesive but deformable cell is a conserved function of this important cytoskeletal regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Singh
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pu Zhang
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karen Jian Li
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kacy Lynn Gordon
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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3
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Marzoog BA. Autophagy Behavior in Endothelial Cell Regeneration. Curr Aging Sci 2024; 17:58-67. [PMID: 37861048 DOI: 10.2174/0118746098260689231002044435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a crucial role in maintaining endothelial cell homeostasis through the turnover of intracellular components during stress conditions in a lysosomal-dependent manner. The regeneration strategy involves several aspects, including autophagy. Autophagy is a catabolic degenerative lysosomal-dependent degradation of intracellular components. Autophagy modifies cellular and subcellular endothelial cell functions, including mitochondria stress, lysosomal stress, and endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response. Activation of common signaling pathways of autophagy and regeneration and enhancement of intracellular endothelial cell metabolism serve as the bases for the induction of endothelial regeneration. Endothelial progenitor cells include induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), embryonic stem cells, and somatic cells, such as fibroblasts. Future strategies of endothelial cell regeneration involve the induction of autophagy to minimize the metabolic degeneration of the endothelial cells and optimize the regeneration outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer Abdullah Marzoog
- World-Class Research Center «Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare», I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia
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4
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Tracey-White D, Hayes MJ. Nucleus-Mitochondria Contact Sites Are Associated With Asynthetic Fission in Zebrafish Skin. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2024; 7:25152564241239445. [PMID: 38524404 PMCID: PMC10958491 DOI: 10.1177/25152564241239445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Rapid increase in body surface area of growing zebrafish larvae (Danio rario) is partially accomplished by asynthetic fission of superficial epithelial cells (SECs) of the skin. There are two cycles of this atypical form of cell division which is unaccompanied by DNA replication; resulting in cells with a variable DNA content. Here, electron microscopy of basal epithelium cells that give rise to these SECs in zebrafish larvae shows aggregation of mitochondria around the nucleus and the formation of nucleus-mitochondria membrane contact sites. Membrane aggregates appear in the lumen of the nuclear envelope at these sites of membrane contact in some cells, suggesting lipid turnover in this vicinity. As the epithelial cells mature and stratify, the mitochondria are engulfed by extensions arising from the nuclear envelope. The mitochondrial outer membrane fragments and mitochondria fuse with the nuclear envelope and parts of the endoplasmic reticulum. Other organelles, including the Golgi apparatus, progressively localize to a central region of the cell and lose their integrity. Thus, asynthetic fission is accompanied by an atypical pattern of organelle destruction and a prelude to this is the formation of nucleus-mitochondria membrane contact sites.
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5
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Guild J, Juul NH, Andalon A, Taenaka H, Coffey RJ, Matthay MA, Desai TJ. Evidence for lung barrier regeneration by differentiation prior to binucleated and stem cell division. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202212088. [PMID: 37843535 PMCID: PMC10579698 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202212088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With each breath, oxygen diffuses across remarkably thin alveolar type I (AT1) cells into underlying capillaries. Interspersed cuboidal AT2 cells produce surfactant and act as stem cells. Even transient disruption of this delicate barrier can promote capillary leak. Here, we selectively ablated AT1 cells, which uncovered rapid AT2 cell flattening with near-continuous barrier preservation, culminating in AT1 differentiation. Proliferation subsequently restored depleted AT2 cells in two phases, mitosis of binucleated AT2 cells followed by replication of mononucleated AT2 cells. M phase entry of binucleated and S phase entry of mononucleated cells were both triggered by AT1-produced hbEGF signaling via EGFR to Wnt-active AT2 cells. Repeated AT1 cell killing elicited exuberant AT2 proliferation, generating aberrant daughter cells that ceased surfactant function yet failed to achieve AT1 differentiation. This hyperplasia eventually resolved, yielding normal-appearing alveoli. Overall, this specialized regenerative program confers a delicate simple epithelium with functional resiliency on par with the physical durability of thicker, pseudostratified, or stratified epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Guild
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas H. Juul
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andres Andalon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hiroki Taenaka
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael A. Matthay
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tushar J. Desai
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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6
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Singh N, Jian Li K, Lynn Gordon K. Getting there in one piece: The Rac pathway prevents cell fragmentation in a nonprotrusively migrating leader cell during organogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569642. [PMID: 38106045 PMCID: PMC10723291 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The C. elegans hermaphrodite distal tip cell (DTC) leads gonadogenesis. Loss-of-function mutations in a C. elegans ortholog of the Rac1 GTPase (ced-10) and its GEF complex (ced-5/DOCK180, ced-2/CrkII, ced-12/ELMO) cause gonad migration defects related to directional sensing; we discovered an additional defect class of gonad bifurcation in these mutants. Using genetic approaches, tissue-specific and whole-body RNAi, and in vivo imaging of endogenously tagged proteins and marked cells, we find that loss of Rac1 or its regulators causes the DTC to fragment as it migrates. Both products of fragmentation-the now-smaller DTC and the membranous patch of cellular material-localize important stem cell niche signaling (LAG-2/DSL ligand) and migration (INA-1/integrin subunit alpha) factors to their membranes, but only one retains the DTC nucleus and therefore the ability to maintain gene expression over time. The enucleate patch can lead a bifurcating branch off the gonad arm that grows through germ cell proliferation. Germ cells in this branch differentiate as the patch loses LAG-2 expression. While the nucleus is surprisingly dispensable for aspects of leader cell function, it is required for stem cell niche activity long-term. Prior work found that Rac1-/-;Rac2-/- mouse erythrocytes fragment; in this context, our new findings support the conclusion that maintaining a cohesive but deformable cell is a conserved function of this important cytoskeletal regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Singh
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Karen Jian Li
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Kacy Lynn Gordon
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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7
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Krasnyakov I, Bratsun D. Cell-Based Modeling of Tissue Developing in the Scaffold Pores of Varying Cross-Sections. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:562. [PMID: 38132501 PMCID: PMC10741956 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8080562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present a mathematical model of cell growth in the pores of a perfusion bioreactor through which a nutrient solution is pumped. We have developed a 2-D vertex model that allows us to reproduce the microscopic dynamics of the microenvironment of cells and describe the occupation of the pore space with cells. In this model, each cell is represented by a polygon; the number of vertices and shapes may change over time. The model includes mitotic cell division and intercalation. We study the impact of two factors on cell growth. On the one hand, we consider a channel of variable cross-section, which models a scaffold with a porosity gradient. On the other hand, a cluster of cells grows under the influence of a nutrient solution flow, which establishes a non-uniform distribution of shear stresses in the pore space. We present the results of numerical simulation of the tissue growth in a wavy channel. The model allows us to obtain complete microscopic information that includes the dynamics of intracellular pressure, the local elastic energy, and the characteristics of cell populations. As we showed, in a functional-graded scaffold, the distribution of the shear stresses in the pore space has a complicated structure, which implies the possibility of controlling the growth zones by varying the pore geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry Bratsun
- Applied Physics Department, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 614990 Perm, Russia;
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8
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Bakshi A, Iturra FE, Alamban A, Rosas-Salvans M, Dumont S, Aydogan MG. Cytoplasmic division cycles without the nucleus and mitotic CDK/cyclin complexes. Cell 2023; 186:4694-4709.e16. [PMID: 37832525 PMCID: PMC10659773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic divisions are thought to rely on nuclear divisions and mitotic signals. We demonstrate in Drosophila embryos that cytoplasm can divide repeatedly without nuclei and mitotic CDK/cyclin complexes. Cdk1 normally slows an otherwise faster cytoplasmic division cycle, coupling it with nuclear divisions, and when uncoupled, cytoplasm starts dividing before mitosis. In developing embryos where CDK/cyclin activity can license mitotic microtubule (MT) organizers like the spindle, cytoplasmic divisions can occur without the centrosome, a principal organizer of interphase MTs. However, centrosomes become essential in the absence of CDK/cyclin activity, implying that the cytoplasm can employ either the centrosome-based interphase or CDK/cyclin-dependent mitotic MTs to facilitate its divisions. Finally, we present evidence that autonomous cytoplasmic divisions occur during unperturbed fly embryogenesis and that they may help extrude mitotically stalled nuclei during blastoderm formation. We postulate that cytoplasmic divisions occur in cycles governed by a yet-to-be-uncovered clock mechanism autonomous from CDK/cyclin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Bakshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Fabio Echegaray Iturra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Andrew Alamban
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Miquel Rosas-Salvans
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sophie Dumont
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mustafa G Aydogan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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9
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Huang D, Chen S, Xiong D, Wang H, Zhu L, Wei Y, Li Y, Zou S. Mitochondrial Dynamics: Working with the Cytoskeleton and Intracellular Organelles to Mediate Mechanotransduction. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1511-1532. [PMID: 37196113 PMCID: PMC10529762 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are constantly exposed to various mechanical environments; therefore, it is important that they are able to sense and adapt to changes. It is known that the cytoskeleton plays a critical role in mediating and generating extra- and intracellular forces and that mitochondrial dynamics are crucial for maintaining energy homeostasis. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which cells integrate mechanosensing, mechanotransduction, and metabolic reprogramming remain poorly understood. In this review, we first discuss the interaction between mitochondrial dynamics and cytoskeletal components, followed by the annotation of membranous organelles intimately related to mitochondrial dynamic events. Finally, we discuss the evidence supporting the participation of mitochondria in mechanotransduction and corresponding alterations in cellular energy conditions. Notable advances in bioenergetics and biomechanics suggest that the mechanotransduction system composed of mitochondria, the cytoskeletal system, and membranous organelles is regulated through mitochondrial dynamics, which may be a promising target for further investigation and precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shujuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Cuevas M, Terhune E, Wethey C, James M, Netsanet R, Grofova D, Monley A, Hadley Miller N. Cytoskeletal Keratins Are Overexpressed in a Zebrafish Model of Idiopathic Scoliosis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051058. [PMID: 37239418 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a three-dimensional rotation of the spine >10 degrees with an unknown etiology. Our laboratory established a late-onset IS model in zebrafish (Danio rerio) containing a deletion in kif7. A total of 25% of kif7co63/co63 zebrafish develop spinal curvatures and are otherwise developmentally normal, although the molecular mechanisms underlying the scoliosis are unknown. To define transcripts associated with scoliosis in this model, we performed bulk mRNA sequencing on 6 weeks past fertilization (wpf) kif7co63/co63 zebrafish with and without scoliosis. Additionally, we sequenced kif7co63/co63, kif7co63/+, and AB zebrafish (n = 3 per genotype). Sequencing reads were aligned to the GRCz11 genome and FPKM values were calculated. Differences between groups were calculated for each transcript by the t-test. Principal component analysis showed that transcriptomes clustered by sample age and genotype. kif7 mRNA was mildly reduced in both homozygous and heterozygous zebrafish compared to AB. Sonic hedgehog target genes were upregulated in kif7co63/co63 zebrafish over AB, but no difference was detected between scoliotic and non-scoliotic mutants. The top upregulated genes in scoliotic zebrafish were cytoskeletal keratins. Pankeratin staining of 6 wpf scoliotic and non-scoliotic kif7co63/co63 zebrafish showed increased keratin levels within the zebrafish musculature and intervertebral disc (IVD). Keratins are major components of the embryonic notochord, and aberrant keratin expression has been associated with intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) in both zebrafish and humans. The role of increased keratin accumulation as a molecular mechanism associated with the onset of scoliosis warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Cuevas
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Elizabeth Terhune
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cambria Wethey
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - MkpoutoAbasi James
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rahwa Netsanet
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Denisa Grofova
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anna Monley
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nancy Hadley Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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11
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Henke K, Farmer DT, Niu X, Kraus JM, Galloway JL, Youngstrom DW. Genetically engineered zebrafish as models of skeletal development and regeneration. Bone 2023; 167:116611. [PMID: 36395960 PMCID: PMC11080330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are aquatic vertebrates with significant homology to their terrestrial counterparts. While zebrafish have a centuries-long track record in developmental and regenerative biology, their utility has grown exponentially with the onset of modern genetics. This is exemplified in studies focused on skeletal development and repair. Herein, the numerous contributions of zebrafish to our understanding of the basic science of cartilage, bone, tendon/ligament, and other skeletal tissues are described, with a particular focus on applications to development and regeneration. We summarize the genetic strengths that have made the zebrafish a powerful model to understand skeletal biology. We also highlight the large body of existing tools and techniques available to understand skeletal development and repair in the zebrafish and introduce emerging methods that will aid in novel discoveries in skeletal biology. Finally, we review the unique contributions of zebrafish to our understanding of regeneration and highlight diverse routes of repair in different contexts of injury. We conclude that zebrafish will continue to fill a niche of increasing breadth and depth in the study of basic cellular mechanisms of skeletal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Henke
- Department of Orthopaedics, Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - D'Juan T Farmer
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Xubo Niu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Jessica M Kraus
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Jenna L Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Daniel W Youngstrom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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12
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Balachandra S, Sarkar S, Amodeo AA. The Nuclear-to-Cytoplasmic Ratio: Coupling DNA Content to Cell Size, Cell Cycle, and Biosynthetic Capacity. Annu Rev Genet 2022; 56:165-185. [PMID: 35977407 PMCID: PMC10165727 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-080320-030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Though cell size varies between different cells and across species, the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio is largely maintained across species and within cell types. A cell maintains a relatively constant N/C ratio by coupling DNA content, nuclear size, and cell size. We explore how cells couple cell division and growth to DNA content. In some cases, cells use DNA as a molecular yardstick to control the availability of cell cycle regulators. In other cases, DNA sets a limit for biosynthetic capacity. Developmentally programmed variations in the N/C ratio for a given cell type suggest that a specific N/C ratio is required to respond to given physiological demands. Recent observations connecting decreased N/C ratios with cellular senescence indicate that maintaining the proper N/C ratio is essential for proper cellular functioning. Together, these findings suggest a causative, not simply correlative, role for the N/C ratio in regulating cell growth and cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Balachandra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; ,
| | - Sharanya Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA;
| | - Amanda A Amodeo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; ,
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13
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Jiang Y. Contribution of Microhomology to Genome Instability: Connection between DNA Repair and Replication Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12937. [PMID: 36361724 PMCID: PMC9657218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) is a highly mutagenic pathway to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs). MMEJ was thought to be a backup pathway of homologous recombination (HR) and canonical nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ). However, it attracts more attention in cancer research due to its special function of microhomology in many different aspects of cancer. In particular, it is initiated with DNA end resection and upregulated in homologous recombination-deficient cancers. In this review, I summarize the following: (1) the recent findings and contributions of MMEJ to genome instability, including phenotypes relevant to MMEJ; (2) the interaction between MMEJ and other DNA repair pathways; (3) the proposed mechanistic model of MMEJ in DNA DSB repair and a new connection with microhomology-mediated break-induced replication (MMBIR); and (4) the potential clinical application by targeting MMEJ based on synthetic lethality for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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14
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Caviglia S, Unterweger IA, Gasiūnaitė A, Vanoosthuyse AE, Cutrale F, Trinh LA, Fraser SE, Neuhauss SCF, Ober EA. FRaeppli: a multispectral imaging toolbox for cell tracing and dense tissue analysis in zebrafish. Development 2022; 149:276363. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.199615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Visualizing cell shapes and interactions of differentiating cells is instrumental for understanding organ development and repair. Across species, strategies for stochastic multicolour labelling have greatly facilitated in vivo cell tracking and mapping neuronal connectivity. Yet integrating multi-fluorophore information into the context of developing zebrafish tissues is challenging given their cytoplasmic localization and spectral incompatibility with common fluorescent markers. Inspired by Drosophila Raeppli, we developed FRaeppli (Fish-Raeppli) by expressing bright membrane- or nuclear-targeted fluorescent proteins for efficient cell shape analysis and tracking. High spatiotemporal activation flexibility is provided by the Gal4/UAS system together with Cre/lox and/or PhiC31 integrase. The distinct spectra of the FRaeppli fluorescent proteins allow simultaneous imaging with GFP and infrared subcellular reporters or tissue landmarks. We demonstrate the suitability of FRaeppli for live imaging of complex internal organs, such as the liver, and have tailored hyperspectral protocols for time-efficient acquisition. Combining FRaeppli with polarity markers revealed previously unknown canalicular topologies between differentiating hepatocytes, reminiscent of the mammalian liver, suggesting common developmental mechanisms. The multispectral FRaeppli toolbox thus enables the comprehensive analysis of intricate cellular morphologies, topologies and lineages at single-cell resolution in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Caviglia
- University of Copenhagen, NNF Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem) 1 , Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N , Denmark
- University of Zurich 2 , Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Iris A. Unterweger
- University of Copenhagen, NNF Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem) 1 , Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N , Denmark
| | - Akvilė Gasiūnaitė
- University of Copenhagen, NNF Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem) 1 , Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N , Denmark
| | - Alexandre E. Vanoosthuyse
- University of Copenhagen, NNF Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem) 1 , Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N , Denmark
| | - Francesco Cutrale
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California 3 , 1002 West Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 , USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California 4 , 1002 West Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 , USA
| | - Le A. Trinh
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California 3 , 1002 West Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 , USA
- University of Southern California 5 Molecular and Computational Biology , , 1002 West Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 , USA
| | - Scott E. Fraser
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California 3 , 1002 West Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 , USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California 4 , 1002 West Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 , USA
- University of Southern California 5 Molecular and Computational Biology , , 1002 West Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 , USA
| | - Stephan C. F. Neuhauss
- University of Zurich 2 , Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Elke A. Ober
- University of Copenhagen, NNF Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem) 1 , Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N , Denmark
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15
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Hou R, Kim JE, Plikus MV. Keratinocytes cut corners on the cell cycle for the sake of skin barrier integrity. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1437-1438. [PMID: 35728520 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Epidermis can grow its surface by activating mitotic division in basal stem cells. In a recent issue of Nature,Chan et al. (2022) show that under high demand for new skin, differentiated epidermal cells in zebrafish divide without DNA synthesis, forming cells in the new surface with reduced and abnormal genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzhi Hou
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Dermatology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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16
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Stretched skin cells divide without DNA replication. Nature 2022; 605:31-32. [PMID: 35478018 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-00790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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