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Keating SM, Higgins BW. New technologies in therapeutic antibody development: The next frontier for treating infectious diseases. Antiviral Res 2024; 227:105902. [PMID: 38734210 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity to viral infections requires time to neutralize and clear viruses to resolve infection. Fast growing and pathogenic viruses are quickly established, are highly transmissible and cause significant disease burden making it difficult to mount effective responses, thereby prolonging infection. Antibody-based passive immunotherapies can provide initial protection during acute infection, assist in mounting an adaptive immune response, or provide protection for those who are immune suppressed or immune deficient. Historically, plasma-derived antibodies have demonstrated some success in treating diseases caused by viral pathogens; nonetheless, limitations in access to product and antibody titer reduce success of this treatment modality. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proven an effective alternative, as it is possible to manufacture highly potent and specific mAbs against viral targets on an industrial scale. As a result, innovative technologies to discover, engineer and manufacture specific and potent antibodies have become an essential part of the first line of treatment in pathogenic viral infections. However, a mAb targeting a specific epitope will allow escape variants to outgrow, causing new variant strains to become dominant and resistant to treatment with that mAb. Methods to mitigate escape have included combining mAbs into cocktails, creating bi-specific or antibody drug conjugates but these strategies have also been challenged by the potential development of escape mutations. New technologies in developing antibodies made as recombinant polyclonal drugs can integrate the strength of poly-specific antibody responses to prevent mutational escape, while also incorporating antibody engineering to prevent antibody dependent enhancement and direct adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Keating
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), 75 Shoreway Road, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA.
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2
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Van Coillie S, Prévot J, Sánchez-Ramón S, Lowe DM, Borg M, Autran B, Segundo G, Pecoraro A, Garcelon N, Boersma C, Silva SL, Drabwell J, Quinti I, Meyts I, Ali A, Burns SO, van Hagen M, Pergent M, Mahlaoui N. Charting a course for global progress in PIDs by 2030 - proceedings from the IPOPI global multi-stakeholders' summit (September 2023). Front Immunol 2024; 15:1430678. [PMID: 39055704 PMCID: PMC11270239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1430678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The International Patient Organisation for Primary Immunodeficiencies (IPOPI) held its second Global Multi-Stakeholders' Summit, an annual stimulating and forward-thinking meeting uniting experts to anticipate pivotal upcoming challenges and opportunities in the field of primary immunodeficiency (PID). The 2023 summit focused on three key identified discussion points: (i) How can immunoglobulin (Ig) therapy meet future personalized patient needs? (ii) Pandemic preparedness: what's next for public health and potential challenges for the PID community? (iii) Diagnosing PIDs in 2030: what needs to happen to diagnose better and to diagnose more? Clinician-Scientists, patient representatives and other stakeholders explored avenues to improve Ig therapy through mechanistic insights and tailored Ig preparations/products according to patient-specific needs and local exposure to infectious agents, amongst others. Urgency for pandemic preparedness was discussed, as was the threat of shortage of antibiotics and increasing antimicrobial resistance, emphasizing the need for representation of PID patients and other vulnerable populations throughout crisis and care management. Discussion also covered the complexities of PID diagnosis, addressing issues such as global diagnostic disparities, the integration of patient-reported outcome measures, and the potential of artificial intelligence to increase PID diagnosis rates and to enhance diagnostic precision. These proceedings outline the outcomes and recommendations arising from the 2023 IPOPI Global Multi-Stakeholders' Summit, offering valuable insights to inform future strategies in PID management and care. Integral to this initiative is its role in fostering collaborative efforts among stakeholders to prepare for the multiple challenges facing the global PID community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samya Van Coillie
- International Patient Organisation for Primary Immunodeficiencies (IPOPI), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johan Prévot
- International Patient Organisation for Primary Immunodeficiencies (IPOPI), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos/Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IML and IdISSC), Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - David M. Lowe
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free London National Heath System (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Borg
- Department of Infection Control & Sterile Services, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Brigitte Autran
- Sorbonne-Université, Cimi-Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1135, centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) ERL8255, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Centre de Recherche n°7 (UPMC CR7), Paris, France
| | - Gesmar Segundo
- Departamento de Pediatra, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pecoraro
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Territoriale, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Nicolas Garcelon
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Data Science Platform, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche (INSERM UMR) 1163, Paris, France
| | - Cornelis Boersma
- Health-Ecore B.V., Zeist, Netherlands
- Unit of Global Health, Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Management Sciences, Open University, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Susana L. Silva
- Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Unidade Local de Saúde de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jose Drabwell
- International Patient Organisation for Primary Immunodeficiencies (IPOPI), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabella Quinti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adli Ali
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Hospital Tunku Ampuan Besar Tuanku Aishah Rohani, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Specialist Children’s Hospital, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siobhan O. Burns
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free London National Heath System (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin van Hagen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martine Pergent
- International Patient Organisation for Primary Immunodeficiencies (IPOPI), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nizar Mahlaoui
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker-Enfants malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- French National Reference Center for Primary Immune Deficiencies (CEREDIH), Necker-Enfants malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
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3
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Maor Y, Zimhony O. Hyperimmune Globulins in COVID-19. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2024. [PMID: 38877201 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, resulting from the emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, posed unprecedented challenges to global health systems as no proven therapy was available. Initially, COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) from recovered COVID-19 patients showed promise as a therapeutic option. However, the efficacy of this approach was closely correlated with the neutralizing antibody titer in the administered plasma and thus effectiveness was not always guaranteed. In response, hyperimmune immunoglobulins (hIG) derived from CCP obtained by apheresis from recovered or vaccinated individuals emerged as a potential alternative. hIG were purified through stringent chromatographic processing from CCP units and displayed varying results in clinical trials, although it seems likely that they improved outcomes compared to placebo or CCP at day 28, particularly in unvaccinated patients. The variability in the effect of hIG likely stems from factors such as the timing of outcome assessment, the administered dose of hIG, the patients' immunological background, and the matching between the variant infecting patients and the neutralization ability of the immunoglobulin batch, which depended on the timing of the CCP collection. Despite logistical challenges and high production costs, hIG showcase advantages over CCP, offering versatility in administration routes and eliminating the need for blood matching, thus facilitating administration in the community, and allowing for variant-specific preparations. hIG appear to be of particular importance in the treatment of immunocompromised patients and patients with persistent COVID-19, although studies in these populations are lacking. Non-human alternatives, such as equine-derived hIG and recombinant hIG, may provide a solution to the logistical challenges of large-scale hIG preparation. Further study is needed to explore these avenues. Establishing the infrastructure for large-scale hIG production independent of plasma donations emerges as a strategic approach for future pandemics, justifying exploration and promotion by health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Maor
- Infectious Disease Unit, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Halochamim 62, 58100, Holon, Israel.
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Oren Zimhony
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University and Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
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Wayham NP, Niedecken AR, Simons JF, Chiang YY, Medina-Cucurella AV, Mizrahi RA, Wagner EK, Gras A, Segal I, Witte P, Enstrom A, Bountouvas A, Nelson SM, Weinberger T, Tan D, Asensio MA, Subramanian A, Lim YW, Adler AS, Keating SM. A Potent Recombinant Polyclonal Antibody Therapeutic for Protection Against New Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants of Concern. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:555-563. [PMID: 37062677 PMCID: PMC10469345 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) possess mutations that prevent antibody therapeutics from maintaining antiviral binding and neutralizing efficacy. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) shown to neutralize Wuhan-Hu-1 SARS-CoV-2 (ancestral) strain have reduced potency against newer variants. Plasma-derived polyclonal hyperimmune drugs have improved neutralization breadth compared with mAbs, but lower titers against SARS-CoV-2 require higher dosages for treatment. We previously developed a highly diverse, recombinant polyclonal antibody therapeutic anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin hyperimmune (rCIG). rCIG was compared with plasma-derived or mAb standards and showed improved neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 across World Health Organization variants; however, its potency was reduced against some variants relative to ancestral, particularly omicron. Omicron-specific antibody sequences were enriched from yeast expressing rCIG-scFv and exhibited increased binding and neutralization to omicron BA.2 while maintaining ancestral strain binding and neutralization. Polyclonal antibody libraries such as rCIG can be utilized to develop antibody therapeutics against present and future SARS-CoV-2 threats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yao Y Chiang
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), San Carlos, California, USA
| | | | - Rena A Mizrahi
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), San Carlos, California, USA
| | - Ellen K Wagner
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), San Carlos, California, USA
| | - Ashley Gras
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), San Carlos, California, USA
| | - Ilana Segal
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), San Carlos, California, USA
| | - Peyton Witte
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), San Carlos, California, USA
| | - Alexis Enstrom
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), San Carlos, California, USA
| | | | | | - Tess Weinberger
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), San Carlos, California, USA
| | - David Tan
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), San Carlos, California, USA
| | | | | | - Yoong Wearn Lim
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), San Carlos, California, USA
| | - Adam S Adler
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), San Carlos, California, USA
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5
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Lim YW, Ramirez NJ, Asensio MA, Chiang Y, Müller G, Mrovecova P, Mitsuiki N, Krausz M, Camacho-Ordonez N, Warnatz K, Adler AS, Grimbacher B. Sequencing the B Cell Receptor Repertoires of Antibody-Deficient Individuals With and Without Infection Susceptibility. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:940-950. [PMID: 36826743 PMCID: PMC10276080 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most individuals with antibody deficiency (hypogammaglobulinemia) need immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IgG-RT) from healthy plasma donors to stay clear of infections. However, a small subset of hypogammaglobulinemic patients do not require this substitution therapy. We set out to investigate this clinical conundrum by asking whether the peripheral B cell receptor repertoires differ between antibody-deficient patients who do and do not need IgG-RT. METHODS We sequenced and analyzed IgG and IgM heavy chain B cell receptor repertoires from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from patients with low serum IgG concentrations who did or did not require IgG-RT. RESULTS Compared to the patients who did not need IgG-RT, those who needed IgG-RT had higher numbers of IgG antibody clones, higher IgM diversity, and less oligoclonal IgG and IgM repertoires. The patient cohorts had different heavy chain variable gene usage, and the patients who needed IgG-RT had elevated frequencies of IgG clones with higher germline identity (i.e., fewer somatic hypermutations). CONCLUSION Antibody-deficient patients with infection susceptibility who needed IgG-RT had more diverse peripheral antibody repertoires that were less diverged from germline and thus may not be as optimal for targeting pathogens, possibly contributing to infection susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neftali Jose Ramirez
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Yao Chiang
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), San Carlos, CA, USA
| | - Gabriele Müller
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pavla Mrovecova
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Noriko Mitsuiki
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Máté Krausz
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nadezhda Camacho-Ordonez
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adam S Adler
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), San Carlos, CA, USA.
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
- DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
- RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center, Freiburg, Germany.
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6
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Struble EB, Rawson JMO, Stantchev T, Scott D, Shapiro MA. Uses and Challenges of Antiviral Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051538. [PMID: 37242780 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases represent a major public health concerns and ever-present risks for developing into future pandemics. Antiviral antibody therapeutics, either alone or in combination with other therapies, emerged as valuable preventative and treatment options, including during global emergencies. Here we will discuss polyclonal and monoclonal antiviral antibody therapies, focusing on the unique biochemical and physiological properties that make them well-suited as therapeutic agents. We will describe the methods of antibody characterization and potency assessment throughout development, highlighting similarities and differences between polyclonal and monoclonal products as appropriate. In addition, we will consider the benefits and challenges of antiviral antibodies when used in combination with other antibodies or other types of antiviral therapeutics. Lastly, we will discuss novel approaches to the characterization and development of antiviral antibodies and identify areas that would benefit from additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi B Struble
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics CMC, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jonathan M O Rawson
- Division of Antivirals, Office of Infectious Diseases, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Tzanko Stantchev
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Dorothy Scott
- Division of Plasma Derivatives, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics CMC, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Marjorie A Shapiro
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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7
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Elsner C, Appeltrath GA, Konik M, Parreuter J, Broecker-Preuss M, Krawczyk A, Esser S, Sammet S, Karsten CB. False-Positive Screening and Confirmatory HIV Diagnostic Test in a Patient with Cured SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Not Mediated by Env/Spike Cross-Reactive Antibodies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051161. [PMID: 37243248 DOI: 10.3390/v15051161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection has been associated with false-positive HIV screening tests. The underlying mechanism is unclear, and for clinical cases, evidence beyond a temporal connection is missing. However, several experimental studies point toward SARS-CoV-2 spike/HIV-1 envelope (Env) cross-reactive antibodies (Abs) as a cause. Here, we present the first case of an individual with convalescent SARS-CoV-2 infection testing false positive in both an HIV screening and confirmatory test. Longitudinal sampling showed that the phenomenon was temporary but lasted for at least 3 months before waning. After excluding a multitude of common determinants for assay interference, we further show by antibody depletion studies that SARS-CoV-2-spike-specific Abs did not cross-react with HIV-1 gp120 in the patient sample. No additional case of HIV test interference was identified in a cohort of 66 individuals who presented to a post-COVID-19 outpatient clinic. We conclude the SARS-CoV-2-associated HIV test interference to be a temporary process capable of disturbing both screening and confirmatory assays. The assay interference is short-lived and/or rare but should be considered by physicians as a possible explanation for unexpected HIV diagnostic results in patients with a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Elsner
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Gwenllian A Appeltrath
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Margarethe Konik
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Janine Parreuter
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Martina Broecker-Preuss
- Laboratory Medicine Section, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Esser
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sammet
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christina B Karsten
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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8
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Entzminger KC, Fleming JK, Entzminger PD, Espinosa LY, Samadi A, Hiramoto Y, Okumura SCJ, Maruyama T. Rapid engineering of SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic antibodies to increase breadth of neutralization including BQ.1.1, CA.3.1, CH.1.1, XBB.1.16, and XBB.1.5. Antib Ther 2023; 6:108-118. [PMID: 37324547 PMCID: PMC10262839 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant XBB.1.5 has shown extraordinary immune escape even for fully vaccinated individuals. There are currently no approved antibodies that neutralize this variant, and continued emergence of new variants puts immunocompromised and elderly patients at high risk. Rapid and cost-effective development of neutralizing antibodies is urgently needed. Starting with a single parent clone that neutralized the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain, antibody engineering was performed in iterative stages in real time as variants emerged using a proprietary technology called STage-Enhanced Maturation. An antibody panel that broadly neutralizes currently circulating Omicron variants was obtained by in vitro affinity maturation using phage display. The engineered antibodies show potent neutralization of BQ.1.1, XBB.1.16, and XBB.1.5 by surrogate virus neutralization test and pM KD affinity for all variants. Our work not only details novel therapeutic candidates but also validates a unique general strategy to create broadly neutralizing antibodies to current and future SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alex Samadi
- Antibody Discovery, Abwiz Bio Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Yuko Hiramoto
- Antibody Discovery, Abwiz Bio Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Toshiaki Maruyama
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Toshiaki Maruyama, 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd Ste J, Antibody Discovery, Abwiz Bio, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. Tel: 858-352-6911;
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9
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Lin Z, Zou Z, Pu Z, Wu M, Zhang Y. Application of microfluidic technologies on COVID-19 diagnosis and drug discovery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:S2211-3835(23)00061-8. [PMID: 36855672 PMCID: PMC9951611 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has boosted the development of antiviral research. Microfluidic technologies offer powerful platforms for diagnosis and drug discovery for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) diagnosis and drug discovery. In this review, we introduce the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and the basic knowledge of microfluidic design. We discuss the application of microfluidic devices in SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis based on detecting viral nucleic acid, antibodies, and antigens. We highlight the contribution of lab-on-a-chip to manufacturing point-of-care equipment of accurate, sensitive, low-cost, and user-friendly virus-detection devices. We then investigate the efforts in organ-on-a-chip and lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) synthesizing chips in antiviral drug screening and mRNA vaccine preparation. Microfluidic technologies contribute to the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 research efforts and provide tools for future viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhun Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengyu Zou
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhe Pu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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10
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Beudeker CR, Vijlbrief DC, van Montfrans J, Rooijakkers SH, van der Flier M. Neonatal sepsis and transient immunodeficiency: Potential for novel immunoglobulin therapies? Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016877. [PMID: 36330515 PMCID: PMC9623314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates, especially preterm neonates, have the highest risk of sepsis of all age groups. Transient immaturity of the neonatal immune system is an important risk factor. Neonates suffer from hypogammaglobulinemia as nor IgA nor IgM is transferred over the placenta and IgG is only transferred over the placenta late in gestation. In addition, neutrophil numbers and complement function are also decreased. This mini-review focuses on strategies to improve neonatal host-defense. Both clinical and preclinical studies have attempted to boost neonatal immunity to lower the incidence of sepsis and improve outcome. Recent advances in the development of (monoclonal) antibodies show promising results in preclinical studies but have yet to be tested in clinical trials. Strategies to increase complement activity seem efficient in vitro but potential disadvantages such as hyperinflammation have held back further clinical development. Increase of neutrophil numbers has been tested extensively in clinical trials but failed to show improvement in mortality. Future research should focus on clinical applicability of promising new prevention strategies for neonatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coco R. Beudeker
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daniel C. Vijlbrief
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joris M. van Montfrans
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan H.M. Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michiel van der Flier
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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11
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Mizrahi RA, Lin WY, Gras A, Niedecken AR, Wagner EK, Keating SM, Ikon N, Manickam VA, Asensio MA, Leong J, Medina-Cucurella AV, Benzie E, Carter KP, Chiang Y, Edgar RC, Leong R, Lim YW, Simons JF, Spindler MJ, Stadtmiller K, Wayham N, Büscher D, Terencio JV, Germanio CD, Chamow SM, Olson C, Pino PA, Park JG, Hicks A, Ye C, Garcia-Vilanova A, Martinez-Sobrido L, Torrelles JB, Johnson DS, Adler AS. GMP Manufacturing and IND-Enabling Studies of a Recombinant Hyperimmune Globulin Targeting SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens 2022; 11:806. [PMID: 35890050 PMCID: PMC9320065 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventionally, hyperimmune globulin drugs manufactured from pooled immunoglobulins from vaccinated or convalescent donors have been used in treating infections where no treatment is available. This is especially important where multi-epitope neutralization is required to prevent the development of immune-evading viral mutants that can emerge upon treatment with monoclonal antibodies. Using microfluidics, flow sorting, and a targeted integration cell line, a first-in-class recombinant hyperimmune globulin therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2 (GIGA-2050) was generated. Using processes similar to conventional monoclonal antibody manufacturing, GIGA-2050, comprising 12,500 antibodies, was scaled-up for clinical manufacturing and multiple development/tox lots were assessed for consistency. Antibody sequence diversity, cell growth, productivity, and product quality were assessed across different manufacturing sites and production scales. GIGA-2050 was purified and tested for good laboratory procedures (GLP) toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and in vivo efficacy against natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice. The GIGA-2050 master cell bank was highly stable, producing material at consistent yield and product quality up to >70 generations. Good manufacturing practices (GMP) and development batches of GIGA-2050 showed consistent product quality, impurity clearance, potency, and protection in an in vivo efficacy model. Nonhuman primate toxicology and pharmacokinetics studies suggest that GIGA-2050 is safe and has a half-life similar to other recombinant human IgG1 antibodies. These results supported a successful investigational new drug application for GIGA-2050. This study demonstrates that a new class of drugs, recombinant hyperimmune globulins, can be manufactured consistently at the clinical scale and presents a new approach to treating infectious diseases that targets multiple epitopes of a virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena A. Mizrahi
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Wendy Y. Lin
- Alira Health, Inc., Framingham, MA 01702, USA; (W.Y.L.); (S.M.C.); (C.O.)
| | - Ashley Gras
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Ariel R. Niedecken
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Ellen K. Wagner
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Sheila M. Keating
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Nikita Ikon
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Vishal A. Manickam
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Michael A. Asensio
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Jackson Leong
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Angelica V. Medina-Cucurella
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Emily Benzie
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Kyle P. Carter
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Yao Chiang
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Robert C. Edgar
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Renee Leong
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Yoong Wearn Lim
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Jan Fredrik Simons
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Matthew J. Spindler
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Kacy Stadtmiller
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Nicholas Wayham
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Dirk Büscher
- Grifols S.A., 08174 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (D.B.); (J.V.T.)
| | | | | | - Steven M. Chamow
- Alira Health, Inc., Framingham, MA 01702, USA; (W.Y.L.); (S.M.C.); (C.O.)
| | - Charles Olson
- Alira Health, Inc., Framingham, MA 01702, USA; (W.Y.L.); (S.M.C.); (C.O.)
| | - Paula A. Pino
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (P.A.P.); (A.H.); (A.G.-V.); (L.M.-S.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (J.-G.P.); (C.Y.)
| | - Amberlee Hicks
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (P.A.P.); (A.H.); (A.G.-V.); (L.M.-S.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (J.-G.P.); (C.Y.)
| | - Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (P.A.P.); (A.H.); (A.G.-V.); (L.M.-S.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (P.A.P.); (A.H.); (A.G.-V.); (L.M.-S.); (J.B.T.)
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (J.-G.P.); (C.Y.)
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (P.A.P.); (A.H.); (A.G.-V.); (L.M.-S.); (J.B.T.)
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (J.-G.P.); (C.Y.)
| | - David S. Johnson
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
| | - Adam S. Adler
- GigaGen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (R.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.R.N.); (E.K.W.); (S.M.K.); (N.I.); (V.A.M.); (M.A.A.); (J.L.); (A.V.M.-C.); (E.B.); (K.P.C.); (Y.C.); (R.C.E.); (R.L.); (Y.W.L.); (J.F.S.); (M.J.S.); (K.S.); (N.W.); (D.S.J.)
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12
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Lyu M, Shi X, Liu X, Liu Y, Zhu X, Liao L, Zhao H, Sun N, Wang S, Chen L, Fan L, Xu Q, Zhu Q, Gao K, Chen H, Zhu Y, Li Z, Guo W, Zheng Y, Gu Y, Liu L, Wang M, Liu Y. Generation and Screening of Antigen-Specific Nanobodies from Mammalian Cells Expressing the BCR Repertoire Library Using Droplet-Based Microfluidics. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7970-7980. [PMID: 35604850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanobodies, also known as VHHs, originate from the serum of Camelidae. Nanobodies have considerable advantages over conventional antibodies, including smaller size, more modifiable, and deeper tissue penetration, making them promising tools for immunotherapy and antibody-drug development. A high-throughput nanobody screening platform is critical to the rapid development of nanobodies. To date, droplet-based microfluidic systems have exhibited improved performance compared to the traditional phage display technology in terms of time and throughput. In realistic situations, however, it is difficult to directly apply the technology to the screening of nanobodies. Requirements of plasma cell enrichment and high cell viability, as well as a lack of related commercial reagents, are leading causes for impeding the development of novel methods. We overcame these obstacles by constructing a eukaryotic display system that secretes nanobodies utilizing homologous recombination and eukaryotic transformation technologies, and the significant advantages are that it is independent of primary cell viability and it does not require plasma cell enrichment in advance. Next, a signal capture system of "SA-beads + Biotin-antigen + nanobody-6 × His + fluorescence-labeled anti-6 × His (secondary antibody)" was designed for precise localization of the eukaryotic-expressed nanobodies in a droplet. Based on this innovation, we screened 293T cells expressing anti-PD-L1 nanobodies with a high positive rate of targeted cells (up to 99.8%). Then, single-cell transcriptomic profiling uncovered the intercellular heterogeneity and BCR sequence of target cells at a single-cell level. The complete complementarity determining region (CDR3) structure was obtained, which was totally consistent with the BCR reference. This study expanded the linkage between microfluidic technology and nanobody applications and also showed potential to accelerate the rapid transformation of nanobodies in the large-scale market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghua Lyu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuyang Shi
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Yang Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xijun Zhu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | | | - Na Sun
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Linzhe Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Linyuan Fan
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qumiao Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Kai Gao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Huaying Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yonggang Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zida Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Weijin Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Ying Gu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | | | - Ya Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518100, China
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13
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Strohl WR, Ku Z, An Z, Carroll SF, Keyt BA, Strohl LM. Passive Immunotherapy Against SARS-CoV-2: From Plasma-Based Therapy to Single Potent Antibodies in the Race to Stay Ahead of the Variants. BioDrugs 2022; 36:231-323. [PMID: 35476216 PMCID: PMC9043892 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is now approaching 2 years old, with more than 440 million people infected and nearly six million dead worldwide, making it the most significant pandemic since the 1918 influenza pandemic. The severity and significance of SARS-CoV-2 was recognized immediately upon discovery, leading to innumerable companies and institutes designing and generating vaccines and therapeutic antibodies literally as soon as recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein sequence was available. Within months of the pandemic start, several antibodies had been generated, tested, and moved into clinical trials, including Eli Lilly's bamlanivimab and etesevimab, Regeneron's mixture of imdevimab and casirivimab, Vir's sotrovimab, Celltrion's regdanvimab, and Lilly's bebtelovimab. These antibodies all have now received at least Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) and some have received full approval in select countries. To date, more than three dozen antibodies or antibody combinations have been forwarded into clinical trials. These antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 all target the receptor-binding domain (RBD), with some blocking the ability of the RBD to bind human ACE2, while others bind core regions of the RBD to modulate spike stability or ability to fuse to host cell membranes. While these antibodies were being discovered and developed, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have cropped up in real time, altering the antibody landscape on a moving basis. Over the past year, the search has widened to find antibodies capable of neutralizing the wide array of variants that have arisen, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. The recent rise and dominance of the Omicron family of variants, including the rather disparate BA.1 and BA.2 variants, demonstrate the need to continue to find new approaches to neutralize the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus. This review highlights both convalescent plasma- and polyclonal antibody-based approaches as well as the top approximately 50 antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, their epitopes, their ability to bind to SARS-CoV-2 variants, and how they are delivered. New approaches to antibody constructs, including single domain antibodies, bispecific antibodies, IgA- and IgM-based antibodies, and modified ACE2-Fc fusion proteins, are also described. Finally, antibodies being developed for palliative care of COVID-19 disease, including the ramifications of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiqiang Ku
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
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14
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Huynh HH, Bœuf A, Derbez-Morin M, Dupuy AM, Lalere B, Vinh J, Delatour V. Response to Letter to the Editor regarding "Development of an antibody-free ID-LC MS method for the quantification of procalcitonin in human serum at sub-microgram per liter level using a peptide-based calibration". Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:4921-4922. [PMID: 34215916 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huu-Hien Huynh
- Biomedical and Organic Chemistry Department, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), Paris, France.,Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, SMBP, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS FRE2032, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Bœuf
- Biomedical and Organic Chemistry Department, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), Paris, France.
| | - Maxence Derbez-Morin
- Biomedical and Organic Chemistry Department, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anne-Marie Dupuy
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Hormonologie, CHU Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Béatrice Lalere
- Biomedical and Organic Chemistry Department, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Vinh
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, SMBP, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS FRE2032, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Delatour
- Biomedical and Organic Chemistry Department, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), Paris, France
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Prabakaran P, Rao SP, Wendt M. Animal immunization merges with innovative technologies: A new paradigm shift in antibody discovery. MAbs 2021; 13:1924347. [PMID: 33947305 PMCID: PMC8118498 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1924347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal-derived antibody sources, particularly, transgenic mice that are engineered with human immunoglobulin loci, along with advanced antibody generation technology platforms have facilitated the discoveries of human antibody therapeutics. For example, isolation of antigen-specific B cells, microfluidics, and next-generation sequencing have emerged as powerful tools for identifying and developing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). These technologies enable not only antibody drug discovery but also lead to the understanding of B cell biology, immune mechanisms and immunogenetics of antibodies. In this perspective article, we discuss the scientific merits of animal immunization combined with advanced methods for antibody generation as compared to animal-free alternatives through in-vitro-generated antibody libraries. The knowledge gained from animal-derived antibodies concerning the recombinational diversity, somatic hypermutation patterns, and physiochemical properties is found more valuable and prerequisite for developing in vitro libraries, as well as artificial intelligence/machine learning methods to discover safe and effective mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponraj Prabakaran
- Biologics Research US, Global Large Molecules Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Sambasiva P Rao
- Biologics Research US, Global Large Molecules Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Maria Wendt
- Biologics Research US, Global Large Molecules Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
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